The Grinding Machine

The grinding machine consists of a power driven grinding wheel spinning at the required speed (which is determined by the wheels diameter and manufacturers rating, usually by a formula) and a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the work-piece. The grinding head can be controlled to travel across a fixed work piece or the workpiece can be moved whilst the grind head stays in a fixed position. Very fine control of the grinding head or tables position is possible using a vernier calibrated hand wheel, or using the features of numerical controls. Grinding machines remove material from the workpiece by abrasion, which can generate substantial amounts of heat; they therefore incorporate a coolant to cool the workpiece so that it does not overheat and go outside its tolerance. The coolant also benefits the machinist as the heat generated may cause burns in some cases. In very high-precision grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders) the final grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 200 mm (less than 1/100000 in) per pass this generates so little heat that even with no coolant, the temperature rise is negligible.

QUESTION 1.What is the Grinding Machine? 2.Why the Grinding Machine make a coolant? 3.How we can control the Grinding machine ? 4.How many precision of Grinding Machine?

The CNC Machine

Numerical control (NC) is the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstractly programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled manually via handwheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s, based on existing tools that were modified with motors that moved the controls to follow points fed into the system on punched tape. These early servomechanisms were rapidly augmented with analog and digital computers, creating the modern computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools that have revolutionized the machining processes. In modern CNC systems, end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs. The programs produce a computer file that is interpreted to extract the commands needed to operate a particular machine via a postprocessor, and then loaded into the CNC machines for production. Since any particular component might require the use of a number of different toolsdrills, saws, etc., modern machines often combine multiple tools into a single "cell". In other cases, a number of different machines are used with an external controller and human or robotic operators that move the component from machine to machine. In either case, the complex series of steps needed to produce any part is highly automated and produces a part that closely matches the original CAD design.

QUESTION 1.What is the CNC Machine? 2.When CNC Machine were built? 3.How the CNC Machine in modern system? 4.How to make the CAD or CAM program?

The Success Key of BlackBerry in Indonesia

Compared to all countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia does have the largest number of BlackBerry users. So what makes this phone so successful? There are about three million BlackBerry subscribers in Indonesia. This figure is believed to still be growing along with the incessant activity of RIM's marketing partners in Indonesia. Indonesia itself has a mobile market with a rate of more than 180 million subscribers. Behind the success of the BlackBerry was not spared from the habits of the users in Indonesia. It is utilized RIM to continue to aggressively promote their products. "The people of Indonesia is fond of texting. So they get a better experience with the fuel features, email and social media. That's what makes the BlackBerry sold in Indonesia," said Francois Mahieu, Senior Director, Head of Product Management Asia Pacific Rim. In addition, RIM also implement their various strategies such as building community, providing a diverse selection of products, or offer efficiency and durability of products that claimed to be the best in its class.

QUESTION 1.How many people in Indonesia making use of BlackBerry? 2.What makes this phone so successful? 3.Who is senior Director of BlackBarry?