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=
Domain:
Range:
3
t
t
2
t
2
t
3
2
1
1
2
3
x
y
( ) y Cos x =
Domain:
Range:
For this one, you draw the inverse!
3 2 1 1 2 3
t
2
t
2
x
y
1
( ) y Cos x
=
Domain:
Range:
t
t
2
t
2
t
3
2
1
1
2
3
x
y
( ) y Tan x =
Domain:
Range:
3 2 1 1 2 3
t
2
t
2
x
y
1
( ) y Tan x
=
Domain:
Range:
What is really important to notice here is that the range of the Capital Letter Trig Functions are the exact
same as the range of the lower case letter trig functions. We have all the outputs, but without the repeated
outputs. What I mean is
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
x
y
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
x
y
these two graphs are similar,
but the first graph has many places
where the height is , while the
second graph has only one place
where the height is .
4
Look at the inverse functions The output of the inverse functions is an angle. What quadrants are the
outputs in?
1
( ) y Sin x
= :
1
( ) y Cos x
= :
1
( ) y Tan x
= :
Put your calculator in degree mode.
1. Lets solve the following equations using our calculators:
(a) sin( ) 0.6 u = (b) cos( ) 0.1 u = (c) tan( ) 5 u =
(d) cos( ) 0.2 u = (e) tan( ) 0.5 u = (f) cos( ) 0.9 u =
We know these equations have an many solutions (infinite!). We will use our calculators to help us find them.
Lets look specifically at (a).
To get u alone, we need to take the inverse sine of both sides:
1 1
sin( )) ( (0.6) Sin Sin u
=
Why does that get u alone? Because we have learned that functions and their inverses undo each other.
Thus
1
sin( )) ( Sin u u
= . So we know
1
(0.6) Sin u
= .
Thus we get:
1
(0.6) 36.87
o
Sin u
= ~
This is just one solution, instead of the infinite number of solutions. The reason we dont get the infinite
number of solutions is because of our restricted domain.
By restricting the domain, weve given the calculator a way to solve these problems by creating an inverse
function and using that inverse function to find the angle.
2. Find one solution to the equations above, using your calculator.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) (f)
2. Now find all solutions to the equations above!
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) (f)
5
To rephrase:
Sine, cosine, and tangent do not have inverse functions. However, our calculators do have the inverse
function capabilities on it. What is it actually taking the inverse of, since we have established that sine,
cosine, and tangent do not have inverse functions?
In other words, what is the calculator doing, when we see a screenshot like this?
The answer is that in order for us to deal with sine, cosine, and tangent and have inverse functions, if
we restrict the domain, we will have one-to-one functions, meaning that they then have inverses.
Section 3: Why These Particular Restrictions?!? What if we had other restricted domains?
1. Could we have defined ( ) y Sin x = so that it
has a restricted domain of } { | 0 x x t s < ? If
so, is this a good choice for the restriction? If
not, why not?
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
x
y
Heres the thing. You might say Mr. Shah, I already knew how to solve cos( ) 0.2 u = . I know what
quadrants the angles are in (I and IV), and I can find the reference angle by using the calculator.
We did that in class! So I know the solutions are approximately
78.46 360
o o
k + and 281.54 360
o o
k + (where k e ). Whats new here? Whats the big idea?
Here it is. To solve sin( ) 0.6 u = algebraically, we need to get u alone. The only way we can do that is by
taking the inverse sine of both sides. But thats impossible, because sine does not have an inverse.
However, by harnessing the power of creating a new sine function with a restricted domain, we can
come up with an inverse function. And that inverse function will at least give us one of the solutions we
care about. And then we can use our wits and enlarged intellects to find all solutions.
6
2. Could we have defined ( ) y Sin x = so that it
has a restricted domain of
3 } | / 2 / 2 { x x t t s < ? If so, is this a good
choice for the restriction? If not, why not?
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
x
y
3. Could we have defined ( ) y Sin x = so that it
has a restricted domain of / 2 0} { | x x t s < ?
If so, is this a good choice for the restriction??
If not, why not?
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
x
y
4. Could we have defined ( ) y Tan x = so that it
has a restricted domain of
/ { | } 3 2 / 2 x x t t s < ? If so, is this a good
choice for the restriction?? If not, why not?
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
x
y
5. Could we have defined ( ) y Cos x = so that it
has a restricted domain of
/ 2 { / 2} | x x t t s < ? If so, is this a good
choice for the restriction? If not, why not?
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
x
y
7
6. What are the qualities we are looking for that makes a restricted domain of our trig graphs a good
one?
You may be wondering why the official ones were chosen, if there are many choices for the restricted
domain. They were chosen because they were easy to work with. Thats all. It was arbitrary.
7. Below is a graph for cos( ) y x = . Come up with a new restricted domain for ( ) y Cos x = (one that is
different than the restricted domain on the second page) that could also work
7t
2
3t
5t
2
2t
3t
2
t
t
2
t
2
t
3t
2
2t
5t
2
3t
7t
2
1
1
x
y