HOISTING

J3010/3/1

UNIT 3

HOISTING

OBJECTIVES

General Objective

: To understand the concept of dynamics of rotation.

Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you should be able to: > apply basic principle on which all these machines are based. > recognize the effect of combining a hoist drum of moment inertia I with a hanging load of mass M and weight W = mg. > sketch and recognize all force and torque that involve on these machines. > use suitable concepts to solve related problem. > calculate all these topic questions correctly.

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INPUT

3.0

INTRODUCTION We study the effect of combining a hoist drum of moment of inertia with a hanging load of mass M and Weight W = Mg.

In this topic we are concerned in dynamics of rotation.

3.1

INERTIA COUPLE Comparing the formulae P = Ma and T = I , it is seen that moment of inertia I plays the same part in a change of angular motion as mass M does in change of linear motion. By analogy with the idea of inertia force we may regard the torque T as being balanced by inertia couple, I , which sense is opposite to that of the angular acceleration , (Fig. 3.1). The problem is then in effect reduced to a static one. The reality of the effect of an inertia couple will be appreciated by anyone who has tried to accelerate a bicycle wheel rapidly by hand. Although the weight may carried wholly by the bearings an effort is required to set the wheel spinning. An inertia couple is, of course, reactive.

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Fig. 3.1 Example 3.1 A 30 kg flywheel, revolving at 5.24 radls has a radius of gyration of one meter. Calculate the torque which must be applied to bring the flywheel to rest in 10 seconds.

Solution 3.1 Moment of inertia of the flywheel, I = mk

2

= 30x1

I = 30kgm Deceleration,

1 = 0 + t

0 = 5.24 + ( )10

= 0.524rad l s 2
Torque, T = I

= 30x0.524 T = 15.72Nm

3.2

ACCELERATED SHAFT Consider a shaft (Fig. 3.2) carrying a rotor having a moment of inertia about the shaft axis.

Fig. 3.2 If the bearing friction is equivalent to a couple Tf . Then, in order to accelerate the shaft and rotor the driving torque T must balance both the inertia couple I and the friction couple Tf . Thus, T = I + T
f

Example 3.2 A flywheel has a moment of inertia of 10 kg.m . Calculate the angular acceleration of the wheel due to a torque of 8 Nm if the bearing friction is equivalent to a couple of 3 Nm. Solution 3.2: Given: I = 10 kgm
2 2

T = 8 Nm T = I + T
f

Tf = I = 3 Nm

I = T T
f

I = 8 3 Nm I = 5 Nm

10

radls

3.3

SHAFT BEING BROUGHT TO REST If the shaft is being brought to rest by a braking torque T the friction couple Tf assist the braking action so that T and Tf together must balance the inertia couple I ; is now a retardation its sense being opposite to that of the motion (Fig.3.3).

Fig. 3.3 Thus, T+Tf = I

If there is no braking torque, the friction couple alone brings the shaft to rest. Then, Tf = I

Note, in both cases, that (a) the friction couple T f opposes the motion. (b) the inertia couple I opposes the change of motion.

Example 3.3 A flywheel together with its shaft has a total mass of 300 kg and its radius of gyration is 900 mm. If the effect of bearing friction is equivalent to a couple of 70 Nm, calculate the braking torque required to bring the flywheel to rest from a speed of12 revis in 8 s. Solution 3.3 Given: Thus, N = l2 rev/s = l2 x 2 = 75.4 rad/s Retardation, =

t
75.4 8
2

= 9.42 radis I of flywheel and shaft = Mk

2

= 300 x 0.9

2 2

= 243 kg m Inertia Couple = 1

= 243 x 9.42 = 2290 Nm

Activity 3A

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT 1NPUT! 3.1 A drum rotor has the moment of inertia 31.8 kg.m . Find the time taken for the rotor to reach a speed of 3600 revimin from rest if the driving force torque is 55 Nm and the friction torque is 5 Nm. The rotating table of the vertical boring machines has a mass of 690 kg and a radius of gyration of 700 mm. Find the torque required to accelerate the table to 60 revimin in three complete revolutions from rest. A light shaft carries a turbine rotor of mass 2 tonnes and a radius of gyration of 600 mm. The rotor required a uniform torque of 1.2 kNm to accelerate it from rest 6000 revimin in 10 min. Find: (i) (ii) 3.4 the friction couple, the time taken to come to rest when steam is shut off.
2

3.2

3.3

A winding drum of mass 200 tonne has a radius of gyration of 3 m. Find the constant torque required to raise the speed from 40 to 80 revimin in 60 seconds if the friction torque is 15 kNm. If the wheel is rotating freely at 80 revimin and a brake is applied bringing it to rest in 120 rev. Find the brake torque assuming uniform retardation.

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3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

240s 354 Nm (i) 446 Nm, (ii) 16.9 min

140.5 kNm, 68.8 kNm.

INPUT

THE HOIST Four cases will be considered: the load is rising or falling, being accelerated or brought to rest. In every case two equations can be written down: (a) the equation for the balance of couples at the hoist drum (b) the equation for the balance of forces at the load. In every case we recall that the friction couple at the bearing or rope will oppose the rotation and the inertia couple will oppose the change of rotation. For acceleration, a is upwards, hence the inertia force is downwards. If angular acceleration, is anticlockwise, the inertia couple is clockwise. If rotation of the drum is anticlockwise the friction couple acts clockwise.

3.4

LOAD RAISED AND WITH ACCELERATING UPWARD For rotation of the hoist drum the driving torque T must balance the friction couple Tf, , the inertia couple I and the torque Pr due to the tension P in the rope at the drum.

Fig. 3.4

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Thus, Angular Motion: T = I + Pr + Tf For Linear motion of the load, the tension P in the rope at the load must balance both the dead weight and the inertia force Ma. Thus, Linear Motion: P = Mg + Ma

Example 3.4 A hoist drum has a moment of inertia of 85 kgm and is used to raised a lift of 2 mass 1 tonne with an upward acceleration of 1.5 mis . The drum diameter is 1 m. Determine: (a) the torque required at the drum (b) the power required after accelerating for 3 seconds from rest.
2

Solution 3.4 (a) The torque required at the hoist drum is made up of three parts. 1. 2. 3. torque I required to accelerate the drum torque Wr required to hold the dead weight of the lift. torque Mar required to accelerate the lift. W = Mg = 1000 x 9.8 = 98000 N I = 85 kgm
2

M = 1000kg

a 1.5 2 = = 3rad i s r 0.5

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Thus, Total torque = I + Wr + Mar = (85 x 3) + (9800 x 0.5) + (1000 x 1.5 x 0.5) = 5905 Nm (b) After 3 seconds, the lift speed. v = at = 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 mis (This is the speed of the drum circumference)

Therefore angular velocity of the drum, v 4.5 = = 9rad i s r 0.5

Power required = torque x angular velocity =T = 5905 X 9 =53.15 Kw This the power required at the instant after 3 seconds.

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3.5

LOAD FALLING AND ACCELERATING DOWNWARDS (NO DRIVING TORQUE ACTING) The load is allowed to fall freely, resisted only by friction and inertia force and couples. The rotation of the hoist drum, the accelerating torque Pr due to rope tension must balance both the friction couple Tf and the inertia couple I.

Fig. 3.5 Thus, Angular Motion: Pr = Tf + I For linear motion of the load the accelerating force due to the weight must balance the upward tension P in the rope and the inertia force Ma. Thus, Linear Motion: P = Mg - Ma

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Example 3.5 A hoist drum has a mass of 360 kg and a radius of gyration of 600 mm. The drum diameter is 750 mm. A mass of 1 tonne hangs from a light cable wrapped round the drum and is allowed to fall freely. If friction couple at the bearings is 2.7 k Nm. Calculate the runaway speed of the load after falling for 2 seconds from rest. Solution 3.5 Given: Md = 360 kg k = 600 mm = 0.6 m Rd = 0.375 m 0 = 0 radis
2

Dd = 750 mm = 0.75 m M = 1 tonne = 1000 kg I = Mk

2 2

Tf = 2700 Nm t=2s

= 360(0.6) = 129.6 kgm

Linear Motion:

P = Mg - Ma = M(g - a) P = 1000(9.81 - r) = 9810 - 75

a = r

Angular Motion: Pr = Tf + I = 2700 + 129.6 P= 2700 + 129.6 0.375

2

= 3.62 radis Then,

1 = 0 + t = 0 + 3.62 (2) = 7.24 radis v = r 1 = (0.375) 3.62 = 2.71 mis

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3.6

LOAD FALLING AND BEING BROUGHT TO REST We now consider the braking of the hoist drum as the load falls. The accelerations are therefore reversed as compared with the previous case. For rotation of the drum the braking torque T is assisted by the friction couple to balance the accelerating torque Pr due to the rope tension and the inertia couple I.

Fig. 3.6 Thus, Angular Motion: T + Tf = Pr + I

Linear Motion: P = Mg + Ma

Example 3.6 The maximum allowable pull in a hoist cable is 200 kN. Calculate maximum 2 load in tones which can be brought to rest with a retardation of 5 mis . The 2 hoist drum has a moment of inertia of 840 kgm and a diameter of 2.4 m. What is the corresponding braking torque on the drum?

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Solution 3.6 Given: Pmax = 200 x 10 Nm I = 840 kgm

2 3

a = - 5 mis Dd = 2.4 m rd = 1.2 m

a = r = a 5 2 = = 4.16 radis r 1.2

Linear Motion: P = Mg + Ma 200 x 10 = M (g + a) = M (9.81 + 5) 200x10 3 M = kg 14.81 M = 13.5 tonne Angular Motion: T + Tf = Pr + I T = Pr + I - Tf = 200 x 10 (1.2) + 840 (4.16) Tf There is no braking torque, Tf = I T = 200 x 10 (1.2) + 3494.4 3494.4 T = 240 k Nm
3 3 3

3.7

LOAD RISING: COMING TO REST UNDER FRICTION ONLY Since there is no braking torque applied, the drum is retarded by the torque Pr due to the rope tension and the friction couple Tf . These two couples must balance the inertia couple of the drum.

Fig. 3.7 Thus, Angular Motion: I = Tf + Pr Linear Motion: P + Ma = Mg

Example 3.7 In an experiment, a hoist drum has a diameter is 500 mm. It is used to raised load 50 kg and coming to rest under friction. The upward acceleration is 3.0 2 mis . The friction couple is 0.35 Nm. Find the moment of inertia of the drum. Solution 3.7 a = r For the linear motion, = a r = 3 0.25 = 12 radis
2

P + Ma = Mg P = Mg Ma P = M (g - a) P = 50 (9.81 3) P = 340.5 N

For the angular motion,

I = Tf + Pr I = 0.35 + 340.5 (0.25) I = 0.35 + 85.12 I = 85.47 I = 85.47 12

2

I = 7.12 kgm NOTE:

Students are required to grasp firmly the following rules: 1. 2. 3. the friction couple opposes the rotation the inertia couple opposes the change of rotation the inertia force opposes the change of linear motion.

It may remarked also that in every case the direction of the rope tension P and the load weight W is unaltered, although their effect may be to accelerate or to retard the load.

Activity 3B

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT! 3.5 A load of mass 8 tonne is to be raised with a uniform acceleration of 1.1 mis by means of a light cable passing over a hoist drum of 2 m diameter. The drum has a mass of 1 tonne and a radius of gyration of 750 mm. Find the torque required at the drum if friction is neglected. What is the power exerted after 4 seconds from rest. A mine cage of mass 4 tonne is to be raised with an acceleration of 1.5 mis using a hoist drum of 1.5 m diameter. The drums mass is 750 kg and its radius of gyration is 600 mm. The effect of bearing friction is equivalent to a couple of 3 kNm at the hoist drum. What is the power required when the load has reached a velocity of 6 mis? What is the power required at a uniform velocity of 6 mis?. A hoist has a winding drum 0.9 m effective diameter and a radius of gyration of 0.35 m, the mass of the drum being 100 kg. A load of 320 kg is to be raised 36 m, the mass of the lifting rope being 1 kgim. If the acceleration is 2 1.8 mis until a constant velocity of 6 mis is reached, find the power necessary just at the end of the acceleration. A winding drum raises a cage of mass 500 kg through a height of 120 m. The winding drum has a mass of 250 kg and an effective radius of 0.5 m and a radius of gyration of 0.36 m. The mass of the rope is 3 kgim. The cage has at first an acceleration of 1.5 mis until a velocity of 9 mis is reached after hich the velocity is constant until the cage nears the top, when the final retardation is 6 mis . Find : (i) the time taken for the cage to reach the top (ii) the torque which must be applied to the drum at starting (iii) the power at the end of the acceleration period.
2 2 2 2

3.6

3.7

3.8

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3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

87.8 kN m, 386.4 kW 299.5 kW, 259 kW 25.45 kW (i) 17.08 s (ii) 4957 Nm (iii) 82.2 kW

INPUT

3.8

LOAD BALANCING SYSTEM We shall now consider some simple cases of the motion of two masses connected by a light inextensible string. We note that a string connecting two masses in motion is in a state of tension and that the string exerts forces on the masses equal to the tensions at its ends. If the string is light (that is, if its weight is neglected) the tension is the same throughout its length. On the other hand, if the string is heavy the tension will in general vary from point to point, depending upon the weight per unit length. If the string is extensible the tension will vary with the extension. Also, if the string passes round a pulley the tension is only the same on the two sides if the pulley is smooth and the string is light. Otherwise the tension in the string where it leaves the pulley depends upon the coefficient of friction and the length of string in contact. In such an ideal case the tension throughout the string will be constant.

Example 3.8 A load of mass 230kg is lifted by means of a rope which is wound several times round a drum and which then supports a balance mass of 140 kg. As the load rises the balance mass falls. The drum has a diameter of 1.2 m and a radius of gyration of 530 mm and its mass is 70 kg. The frictional resistance to the movement of the load is 110 N, and that to the movement of the balance mass 90 N. The frictional torque on the drum shaft is 80 Nm. Find the torque required on the drum, and also the power required at an instant when the load has an upward velocity of 2.5 mis and an upward 2. acceleration of 1.2 mis

Solution 3.8

1.2 mis

T1

T2

230 kg

140 kg

Fig. 3.8. Let T1 and T2 be the tensions in the rope (Fig. 3.8). Then, T1 = m1 g + m1a + R f (frictional resistance)

T1 = 230x9.81 + 230x1.2 + 110 and T2 = m2 g m2 a + mb (balance mass)

T2 = 140x9.81 140x1.2 T1 T2 = 1527N

110

Torque to accelerate loads = 1527 x 0.6 = 916.2 Nm Torque to accelerate drum = 70 x 0.53 x = 119.3 Nm Total torque, = 916.2 + 119.3 = 1035.5 Nm = 1035.5 x = 4.32 kW
2

1.2 + 80 0.6

Power,

2.5 W 0.6

Activity 3C

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT INPUT! 3.9 Two particles of masses m1 and m2 kg are connected by a light inextensible string passing over a small smooth fixed pulley. Find the resulting motion of the system and the tension in the string.

3.10

Two particles of masses 6 and 10 kg are connected by a light string passing over a smooth pulley. (i) their common acceleration (ii) the tension in the string (iii) the force on the pulley.

3.11

A lift of mass 900 kg is connected to a rope which passes over a drum of 1 m diameter and a balance mass of 450 kg is attached to the other end of the 2 rope. The moment of inertia of the drum is 100 kgm and it is driven by a motor through a reduction gear (25 to 1) of 90 percent efficiency. Neglecte the inertia of the gears, calculate the motor torque for a lift acceleration of 3 mis . If the maximum output of the motor is 15 kW, what will be the maximum uniform speed of the lift?
2

Feedback To Activity 3C

Have you tried the questions????? If YES, check your answers now 3.9 2m1 m2 m1 + m 2 g
-2

T=

3.10 3.11

(i)

2.45 ms

(ii)

1 gN 2

(iii)

15 g N

215 Nm, 3.06 mis

SELF-ASSESSMENT 3

You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 3 given on the next page. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck. 1. The rotor of an electric motor of mass 200 kg has a radius of gyration of 150 mm. Calculate the torque required to accelerate it from rest to 1500 revimin in 6 seconds. Friction resistance may be neglected. The flywheel of an engine consists essentially of a thin cast-iron ring of mean diameter 2 m. The cross-section of the ring is 50 mm by 50 mm. Calculate the moment of inertia of the flywheel and find the change in speed of the flywheel if a constant torque of 110 Nm acts on it for 5 seconds. Density of cast iron = 7850 kgim . 3. The flywheel of an engine has a mass of 80 kg and a radius of gyration of 2 220 mm. If the engine rotating parts have a moment of inertia of 4.2 kg m . Find the torque necessary to accelerate the engine and flywheel from rest to 1500 revimin in 20 seconds. Assume a constant friction torque of 6 Nm. A loaded mine skip has a mass of 13.5 Mg. When at rest at the bottom of the pit, it is supported by a length of 1.5 km of rope of mass 10 kgim. The moment of inertia of the rotating parts of the winding gear is 500 Mg m and the radius of the winding drum is 2.4 m. During winding, the skip has a constant acceleration of 0.9 mis at the beginning and the same retardation at the end, with a constant velocity of 15 mis between these periods. Find the maximum power required from the driving motor.
2 2 3

2.

4.

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1. 2. 3. 4.

118 N m 123.5 kgm , 42.4 revimin 69.4 Nm 5.36 MW.

2

If all your answers are correct, CONGRATULATIONS!!!!.