Review Exercises for Chapter 3

92. f !x" ! "3x # 4

317

y
5

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 4
x

"2

"1

f !x"

389

323

"5

2
1
5 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5

2
3
4
5

93. Answers will vary.

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

1.

f !x" ! 6.1x

2.

f !x" ! 30x

3. f !x" ! 2"0.5x

f !$3 " ! 30$3 ! 361.784

f !2.4" ! 6.12.4 # 76.699

4. f !x" ! 1278x%5

5.

f !$" ! 2"0.5!$" # 0.337

f !x" ! 7!0.2x"
f !" $11 " ! 7!0.2"$11 "

f !1" ! 12781%5 ! 4.181

f !x" ! "14!5x"

6.

f !"0.8" ! "14!5"0.8" ! "3.863

# 1456.529
7. f !x" ! 4x

8. f !x" ! 4"x

9. f !x" ! "4x

Intercept: !0, 1"

Intercept: !0,1"

Intercept: !0, "1"

Horizontal asymptote: x-axis

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 0

Horizontal asymptote: x-axis

Increasing on: !" %, %"

Decreasing on: !" %, %"

Decreasing on: !" %, %"

Matches graph (c).

Matches graph (d).

Matches graph (a).

10. f !x" ! 4x # 1

12. f !x" ! 4x, g!x" ! 4x " 3

11. f !x" ! 5x

Intercept: !0, 2"

g!x" ! 5x"1

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 1

Since g!x" ! f !x " 1", the graph

of g can be obtained by shifting
the graph of f one unit to the right.

Increasing on: !" %, %"

Because g!x" ! f !x" " 3, the

graph of g can be obtained by
shifting the graph of f three units
downward.

Matches graph (b).

2
2
14. f !x" ! !3 " , g!x" ! 8 " !3 "

1
13. f !x" ! !2 "

g!x" ! " !12 "

x#2

Because g!x" ! "f !x" # 8, the graph of g can be

obtained by reflecting the graph of f in the x-axis and
shifting the graph of f eight units upward.

Since g!x" ! "f !x # 2", the graph of g can be obtained

by reflecting the graph of f about the x-axis and shifting
"f two units to the left.
15. f !x" ! 4"x # 4

y
8

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 4
x

"1

f !x"

4.25

4.063

4.016
2

x
2

318

Chapter 3

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

17. f !x" ! "2.65x#1

16. f !x" ! "4x " 3

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 0

Horizontal asymptote: y ! "3

x

"2

"1

f !x"

"3.063

"3.25

"4

"7

"19

"2

"1

f !x"

"0.377

"1

"2.65

"7.023

"18.61

y
6

1
6 5 4 3 2 1

3
6

2
3

4
5

12

15

7
8

19. f !x" ! 5x"2 # 4

18. f !x" ! 2.65x"1

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 4

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 0
x

"3

"1

"1

f !x"

0.020

0.142

0.377

7.023

f !x"

4.008

4.04

4.2

y
8

5
4

3
2
2

1
3

x
4

1
21. f !x" ! !2 "

"x

20. f !x" ! 2x"6 " 5

Horizontal asymptote: y ! "5

# 3 ! 2x # 3

Horizontal asymptote: y ! 3

"2

"1

f !x"

"4.984

"4.5

"4

"3

"1

f !x"

3.25

3.5

y
8

6
4

2
2

x
2

10
2

4
6

x
4

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

22. f !x" ! !18 "

x#2

"5

Horizontal asymptote: y ! "5

"3

"2

"1

f !x"

"4

"4.875

"4.984

"5

2
4
6

23.

3x#2 ! 19

24.

3x#2 ! 3"2
x # 2 ! "2

!13 "x"2 ! 81
!13 "x"2 ! 34
!13 "x"2 ! !13 ""4

x ! "4

25.

26.

e5x"7 ! e15

e8"2x ! e"3
8 " 2x ! "3

5x " 7 ! 15
5x ! 22
x!

x " 2 ! "4

"2x ! "11

22
5

x!

11
2

x ! "2
27. e8 # 2980.958

28. e5%8 # 1.868

29. e"1.7 # 0.183

30. e0.278 ! 1.320

32. h!x" ! 2 " e"x%2

31. h!x" ! e"x%2

x

"2

"1

"2

"1

h!x"

2.72

1.65

0.61

0.37

"0.72

0.35

1.39

1.63

y
3

7
6
5
4

4 3

3
4 3 2 1

33. f !x" ! e x#2

34. s!t" ! 4e"2%t, t > 0

"3

"2

"1

1
2

f !x"

0.37

2.72

7.39

20.09

0.07

0.54

1.47

2.05

2.43

y
y
7
5

4
3
2

1
6 5 4 3 2 1

1
1

319

320

Chapter 3

&

35. A ! 3500 1 #

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

0.065
n

'

10n

or A ! 3500e!0.065"!10"

12

365

Continuous
Compounding

$6569.98

$6635.43

$6669.46

$6692.64

$6704.00

$6704.39

&

36. A ! 2000 1 #

0.05
n

'

30n

or A ! 2000e!0.05"!30"

12

365

Continuous

$8643.88

$8799.58

$8880.43

$8935.49

$8962.46

$8963.38

37. F!t) ! 1 " e"t%3

(a) F! 12" # 0.154

(b) F!2" # 0.487

(c) F!5" # 0.811

3
38. V!t" ! 14,000! 4"

(a)

39. (a) A ! 50,000e!0.0875"!35" # $1,069,047.14

15,000

(b) The doubling time is

ln 2
# 7.9 years.
0.0875

10

(b) V!2" ! 14,000!34 " ! $7875

2

(c) According to the model, the car depreciates most

rapidly at the beginning. Yes, this is realistic.
40. Q ! 100!12 "

t%14.4

(a) For t ! 0: Q ! 100!12 "

0%14.4

(c)

! 100 grams

(b) For t ! 10: Q ! 100!12 "

10%14.4

# 61.79 grams

Mass of 241Pu (in grams)

100
80
60
40
20
t
20

40

60

80 100

Time (in years)

41.

43 ! 64

42.

3
log25 125 ! 2

log4 64 ! 3
44.

e0 ! 1
ln 1 ! 0

253%2 ! 125

45.

f !x" ! log x
f !1000" ! log 1000
! log 103 ! 3

43.

e0.8 ! 2.2255 . . .
ln 2.2255 . . . ! 0.8

46. log9 3 ! log9 91%2 ! 21

321

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

48. f !x" ! log4 x

47. g!x" ! log2 x

g!

1
8

"!

f!

! " ! log2 2"3 ! "3

log2 18

1
4

"!

log4 14

49. log4!x # 7" ! log4 14

! "1

x # 7 ! 14
x!7

50. log8!3x " 10" ! log8 5

51. ln!x # 9" ! ln 4

52. ln!2x " 1" ! ln!11"

x#9!4

3x " 10 ! 5

2x " 1 ! 11
2x ! 12

x ! "5

3x ! 15

x!6

x!5
53. g!x" ! log7 x x ! 7y
Domain: !0, %"

g!x"

1
7

"1

7
1

x!

1
2

49

2
1

50

x!1

x
1

10

x-intercept: !1, 0"

log5 x ! 0

Vertical asymptote: x ! 0

Domain: !0, %"

x-intercept: !1, 0"

54. g!x" ! log5 x 5y ! x

Vertical asymptote: x ! 0

55. f !x" ! log

&3x ' 3x ! 10

x ! 3!10 y"

Domain: !0, %"

1
25

1
5

25

g!x"

"2

"1

56. f !x" ! 6 # log x

0.03

0.3

30

f !x"

"2

"1

8
6

log x ! "6

1
1

10

6 # log x ! 0

Vertical asymptote:
x!0

Domain: !0, %"

x-intercept: !3, 0"

x ! 10"6

x
2

x ! 0.000001

1
2

2
2

x-intercept: !0.000001, 0"

Vertical asymptote: x ! 0

57. f !x" ! 4 " log!x # 5"

"4

"3

"2

10

f !x"

6.3

6.6

6.8

6.9

"1

1
7

Domain: !"5, %"

f !x"

x-intercept: !9995, 0"

3.70

3.52

3.40

3.30

3.22

6
5
4

Since 4 " log!x # 5" ! 0 log!x # 5" ! 4

3
2

x # 5 ! 104
4

x ! 10 " 5 ! 9995.
Vertical asymptote: x ! "5

1
6

4 3 2 1

322

Chapter 3

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

58. f !x" ! log!x " 3" # 1

Domain: !3, %"

log!x " 3" # 1 ! 0
log!x " 3" ! "1
x"3!

f !x"

1.3

1.5

1.6

1.7

5
4
3
2
1
1

10"1

1 2

4 5 6 7 8 9

2
3
4
5

x ! 3.1
x-intercept: !3.1, 0"
Vertical asymptote: x ! 3
59. ln 22.6 # 3.118

60. ln 0.98 # "0.020

61. ln e"12 ! "12

62. ln e7 ! 7

63. ln!$7 # 5" # 2.034

64. ln

65. f !x" ! ln x # 3
6
5

x-intercept: ln x # 3 ! 0

ln x ! "3

ln!x " 3" ! 0

x " 3 ! e0

x!4

!e"3, 0"

Domain: !3, %"

x ! e"3

66. f !x" ! ln!x " 3"

Domain: !0, %"

& 83 ' # "1.530

Vertical asymptote: x ! 0

x-intercept: !4, 0"

Vertical asymptote: x ! 3

1
2

1
4

3.5

4.5

5.5

f !x"

3.69

4.10

2.31

1.61

"0.69

0.41

0.69

0.92

((

67. h!x" ! ln!x2" ! 2 ln x

Domain: !" %, 0" ! !0,%"

x-intercepts: ! 1, 0"

Domain: !0, %"

1
4

1
4 3 2 1

68. f !x" ! 14 ln x

ln x ! 0

ln x ! 0

x ! e0
3

2
3

x!1

x-intercept: !1, 0"

69.

0.5

"1.39

1.39 2.20

h ! 116 log!a # 40" " 176

h!55" ! 116 log!55 # 40" " 176
# 53.4 inches

Vertical asymptote: x ! 0

Vertical asymptote: x ! 0

2.77

70. s ! 25 "

13 ln!10%12"
ln 3

# 27.16 miles

1
2

3
2

5
2

"0.17

0.10

0.17

0.23

0.27

71. log4 9 !
log4 9 !

log 9
# 1.585
log 4
ln 9
# 1.585
ln 4

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

72. log12 200 !

log12 200 !

log 200
# 2.132
log 12

73. log1%2 5 !

ln 200
# 2.132
ln 12

75. log 18 ! log!2

log1%2 5 !

log 5
# "2.322
log!1%2"

& 32"

76. log2

ln 0.28
# "1.159
ln 3

log3 0.28 !

1
! log2 1 " log2 12 ! 0 " log!22
12

! log 2 # 2 log 3

! "2 log2 22 " log2 3 ! "2 "

# 1.255

77. ln 20 ! ln!22

log 0.28
# "1.159
log 3

74. log3 0.28 !

ln 5
# "2.322
ln!1%2"

& 3"

log 3
log 2

# "3.585
78. ln 3e"4 ! ln 3 # ln e"4

& 5"

79. log5 5x2 ! log5 5 # log5 x2

! ln 3 " 4

! 2 ln 2 # ln 5 # 2.996

! 1 # 2 log5 x

# "2.90

81. log3

80. log10 7x 4 ! log 7 # log x 4

! log 7 # 4 log x

6
3

$x

! log3!3

! 1 # log3 2 "

86. ln

! log7 x1%2 " log7 4

1
log3 x
3

1
log7 x " log7 4
2

1
log3 x
3

&y "4 1'

! 2 ln

&y "4 1'

! ln!x # 3" " )ln x # ln y*

! 2 ln! y " 1" " 2 ln 4

! ln!x # 3" " ln x " ln y

! 2 ln! y " 1" " ln 16, y > 1

88. log6 y " 2 log6 z ! log6 y " log6 z2

87. log2 5 # log2 x ! log2 5x

! log6

91.

! log7 $x " log7 4

! ln 3 # ln x # 2 ln y

&x #xy 3' ! ln!x # 3" " ln xy

89. ln x "

84. ln 3xy2 ! ln 3 # ln x # ln y 2

! 2 ln x # 2 ln y # ln z

85. ln

$x

& 2" " log3 x1%3

! log3 3 # log3 2 "

83. ln x2y 2z ! ln x2 # ln y 2 # ln z

82. log7

3 x
! log3 6 " log3 $

& '

x
1
4 y ! ln
ln y ! ln x " ln $
4
4
$
y

1
3 x # 4 # log y7
log8!x # 4" # 7 log8 y ! log8 $
8
3
3
! log8! y7 $
x # 4"

323

y
z2

90. 3 ln x # 2 ln!x # 1" ! ln x3 # ln!x # 1"2

! ln x3!x # 1"2

92. "2 log x " 5 log!x # 6" ! log x"2 " log!x # 6"5
! log

x"2
!x # 6"5

! log

1
x2!x # 6"5

324

93.

Chapter 3

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1
ln!2x " 1" " 2 ln!x # 1" ! ln$2x " 1 " ln!x # 1"2
2
! ln

$2x " 1

!x # 1"2

94. 5 ln!x " 2" " ln!x # 2" " 3 ln x ! ln!x " 2"5 " ln!x # 2" " ln x3
! ln!x " 2"5 " )ln!x # 2" # ln x3*
! ln!x " 2"5 " ln x3!x # 2"
! ln

95. t ! 50 log

!x " 2"5
x3!x # 2"

18,000
18,000 " h

(a) Domain: 0 h < 18,000

(b)

(c) As the plane approaches its absolute ceiling, it climbs at

a slower rate, so the time required increases.

100

(d) 50 log

18,000
# 5.46 minutes
18,000 " 4000

20,000

Vertical asymptote: h ! 18,000

96. Using a calculator gives
s ! 84.66 # !"11 ln t".

100.
ln

6x ! 6"3

x!3

x ! "3

! ln 6

6log6 x

x ! 4 ! 16

105.

ex ! 12

106.

ln ex ! ln12

14e3x#2 ! 560
e3x#2 ! 40
ln e3x#2 ! ln 40
3x # 2 ! ln 40

!ln 40" " 2

# 0.563
3

2 #3

107. e4x ! ex

e3x ! 25

109. 2x # 13 ! 35
2x ! 22
x ! log2 22
!

4x ! x 2 # 3

3x ! ln 25
x!

x!

x ! e4

ln e3x ! ln 25

x ! ln 12 # 2.485

108.

103. ln x ! 4

6"1

x ! 16

x ! ln 6 # 1.792

x ! e"3 # 0.0498

x ! ln 3

102. log6 x ! "1

104. ln x ! "3

99. ex ! 3

8x ! 83

101. log4 x ! 2

ex ! 6
ex

1
98. 6x ! 216

97. 8x ! 512

log 22
ln 22
or
log 2
ln 2

x # 4.459

0 ! x 2 " 4x # 3
0 ! !x " 1"!x " 3"

ln 25
# 1.073
3

x ! 1 or x ! 3

110. 6x " 28 ! "8

6x ! 20
log6 6x ! log6 20
x ! log6 20
x!

ln 20
# 1.672
ln 6