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NnNON Ugrn AILES

PnoceSSES

or ReDEFINmoN AND RrcorusTRUcTIoN oF THe Tenu NnnoN rN Cerurnnl EunopE

Eoqerm Ap Bta,wrcxan S. Coruposuh

h

Assoc. Prof. Dr: Vladislav B. Sotirovid ttp : //wwrv'. fre ew e b s. c o m/o v s i st el i n d ex. h t m vsoti rovic@ss rb ian c a fe.com vso ti rovic@d elij eon IIne. com

Center for the Research of Ethnicitv and Culture

[{nrrmn

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Hurm,ilf
REaETEI,TT*

Ph[Iu"

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Prof
Support This publication has been Published Thanks to a Kind of the International Visegrad Fund (www.visegradfund.org).

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NnUON USER ALLES.

PnoCeSSES oT RTDEFINITIoN AND RTcoTSTRUCTIoN

oF THr

Trnyl NnnoN rN Crrurnnl EunopE

EpmeD BY Mrcunr VeSBere

RpvnrwpD By Mrrre Zecen AND Par TnuAs

Editor:
PhDr. Michal Va5edka, PhD.

Authors: Mgr. Marcin Drabek Peter Drht, MA

r

a Kind Support

Prof. Jean-Fransof

iens, PhD.

gradfund.org).

ffi:lffiX-DesB
ZoltfinK6ntor, PhD. Mgr. Marta Klimowicz Mgr. Pawel Kubicki, PhD Prof. Vladislav B. Sotirovid, PhD. Mgr. et Mgr. Martin Skop, PhD.
PhDr. V6clav St6tka, phD. Mgr. Barbora Vackov6 PhDr. Michal Va5edka, PhD.

Reviewers: Prof. P61 Tam6s, PhD. Prof. Mitj a Zagar, PhD.

Content
h m'rr; L[t

Fo'reword

How

imngiurttr

e 66rn'nrrrflr!rr?."'*

h[rcuuqt \rtsmcxrq Potish netionetrfulln in g .Tlio,r lnmlP between e

musft
dr
,

Prntr Kt:e$c'KI

}[edia ReProducrfur d Nff Routine, Ritusl rld ttG *Gfi,r Vtcl*q.\' Srutm-lr
@

2008 center for the Research of Ethnicity and culture

Getting Rid of the a l{rffir

r'|n'r

Foreword @ Michal Va5edka 2008

Prrrn DRAU

All

publication may be made without written permission' as the author of this work The author has asserted his right to be identified
Patents Act 1988' in accordance with the copyrlght, Designs and of Ethnicity and Culture' First published 200g by Center for the Research ISBN: 978-80-970088 the Matica Slovensk6' A catarogue record for this book is available from
Printed in Slovakia. Ltd, Hlohovec' Graphic layout by HTC media consultirg, Cover bY Renesans, Ltd, Bratislava'
-7

rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission

of

this

The Fetishism of F'onml

J

l"ffi it Vffi

ofConstifirtionelPntridilqr
rex-Fnrsq
o

N Grtumn"ru'ru;m)f,

The ConcePt of Netione@

Manfn l SXOp Making

B
o sh nJ,

ts",ffi.$0n-A

-l

of Bosnian Langusgc iln Brd

ak

Ethnondh

VuPsL{v
N

ts. Sormct-lc

ation and institutfio'rn,eilffi and the referendum ou drdd

Zorrex KAmon

Content

Foreword - How to move beyond ethnicized imaginative co mmunity?

Mrcrtel VeSrera
Polish nationalism in twenty-first
between a tomanor house" and a otcity"

century:
o

....,.......... o.........,......

13

Pewpl KusrcKr
Media Reproduction of Nationalism in the Czech Republic: Routine, Ritual and the Realm of Popular Culturre ... o..... o. o......

35

Vacrev Srprre
r

2008

Ggtting Rid Of the Pprrn Dner

Natioll ....... ...... o........... ... '. .......... ...... ..

59

or
lm-

kansmission

of

this

The Fetishism of Formal Law, the Circumstances of Constitutional Patriotism, and the Fate of Complex Polities
JnaN-FRANIeo IS GAU DREAULT-DE sB mN s

....
o.

83

rs the author of this work

Act 1988. fEthnicit)' and Culture.

hmb

The Concept of Nationality in Court Decisions ...................... Menrnv Srop - BenBoRA Vacrove

123

htica Slovensk6.

Making Boshnjak Ethnonational Identity by creation of Bosnian Language in Bosnia & SandZak, 1993 - 200'l
VIIoTSLAV B. SOUROVIC

............

139

Nation and institutionalizatian: Hungarian Status law

ffi-

and the rgferendum on dual citizenship

.................................

153

ZorreN I(Axron

Romanian and Polish Identifications of Nationalism in the 21st Century: Entangled Historical Legacies and Mixed Approachgs to Civic Culture ................................. 173 RerucA GoLE$TEANU Brave New Country. Political Nationalism of Polish Rightwing Ruling Parties in Years 2005

MencN DnagpK, MARTA KLIMOwICZ Mrcuar VeSrire

2007

............ 189

htffibrme [n1ffi(t
tffirlnilTdu&d
Im

al

Nationalized Citizenship in Central European countries ...........

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" Dr" Ilfic,ha] \-efi]sfu 1n$ffiI)n unn& Cutrmme ee3 effiffiMoM emrwffit

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Making Boshnjak Ethnonational Identity by creation of Bosnian Language in Bosnia & Sandiak, 1993 r 20A7
Vladislav B. Sotirovide3
'We have always been here and the Muslims have only been here since the t 5'h century"

The Serbian mayor of Bratunac in Bosnia and Herzegovina, New York Times, April 22nd, 1-993

Abstract:
The research object of the paper is to examine the process of making separate (from Serbian, Croatian and Montenegrin) Boshnjak ethnonational identity by using the technique of "linguistic engineering/chirurgic" in the process of .creation of an independgnt (from Serbian/ Montenegrin and Croatian) Bosnian Language as a national language of Bosnian-Herzegovinian and Sandiak South Slavic Muslims (former speakers of common Serbo-Croat language). The final aim of the paper is to disqover/present the ways in which various elements of linguistic diversity within former Serbo-Croat language have been "emblem atized" and taken as markers of ethnonational and political identity of Muslim Boshnjaks and multicultural Bosnia &Herzegovina and Sandlak from L993 up today. The politics of "linguistic engineering" or "linguistic chirurgic" in the case of Bosnian and Croatian languages was implied for the final aim to create firstly
independently standardized national languages within officially common Serbo-Croatian

internationally recognized separate languages by deepening and using as much as the dialectical/regional differences of the same spoken Serbo-Croatian language. The ultimate result was that minor speaking differences were proclaimed for the national characteristics and as such have been used to be the foundations of the newly declared autonomous national languages. Consequently, common Serbo-Croatian language ceased to exists and a common Serbo-Croatian nationality as well.

Keywords:
Balkans; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Serbia; Croatia; SanZak; Montenegro; SerboCroat language; Bosnian language ; Boshnj ak identity; sociolinguistics.
Prof. Vladislav B. Sotirovii is an associated professor at the European Humanities University-International & Vilnius University. His research is focused on Balkan nationalism and ethnic conflicts in former Yugoslavia.
e3

140

wenoN ueen Au-es

Pnocenn

1' LttucursTrc
IN

DTFFERENcEs oF

FORMER YUCOSLAVIA

suvrc

LANcuAcEs

Even if ur diffbrenr laugn

harre

experim

li:V,35#ffifi:ffl'[#,"1 ;iil;;ii;fi;

yont.r.grins, Muslims (today Boshnjaks)'ea slovenes 4nd Macedonians hav. been officially speaking separate languages' At any case, the common Serbo-croaitanguage was in fact the shtokavian dialect that is unqu.rri";U ry today mother tongue of named arter the co,ui,, or

Tito's Yugg,slavia: croais, sJi,.' :Ificiliiy

spoken language of four (out of sixi

From linguistic point of view, the. Balkans (or in more modern expression the south East burope), uppru* to be b;th very fragmented and united. surely' it is a meeting ground between language families. The Slavonic Ianguages of Bul garian, Macedonian, croatiair, slovenian and Bosnian are similar (in some cases the samti *a linguisticatty canoe-lreated as a single language' like the disparate dialects that were iorged into what is today standardized German and Englishlungruge in ttre pu"utic use. Historically, it did not happen for the ,u[. that Balkan slavs went io separate formations that prevented rr.rri", state of t single South Slavic (..yugoslav,,) standardized language (Barbour - bu*ichae-l 20a0: 223),The only success was proclamation of "serbo-croat" stand ardized, language in both first Yugoslavias (I919-t g41/ 1954-1990)
that was:ar the same time and a native

the migratiour (

Many scholamr,i
South Slavic orrhography)
phenomenon

the so-called 1

linguistic criEi infinitive verb

influenced each;

foi

The preseffid

the Ctoatian{rhi
western arc4
eastern
settlement in

,.rognized nationsin J. B. -and

provine

composition

'a rnthe Kingdom of Serbs, croats and slovenes

one' but in the practice ii was a *:Ti?H;?: ? i ] split into srovenianand s"rbr-ci1liy3ffil"ffi:: ^;!,r.!1 croat was more uniformed in lggl tt un in lglg or lg4s.Nevertheless, croat became the basis of current the serboSerbian, Montenegrin, croatian, Ianguage(s)' According to and Bosnian croatian qhilol;giri iito Sudii, the rexicar variation between these languagls is 3 - t it,rbreiJ-igia,"i:1. n.i; mutuary compre_ hensible' and, what is-very importarr, iiri;r;;;;ri.r, cut across stare boundaries., 'po*iuil The practice proved that il ,r (three) linguistic spirits (Shtokar;, ,nu, on. "nuti.on,, (croat) can have severar chakavian, K.ajkavian), that one can be shared by several sub_dialect "nati91y; i'uekavian uy s*us, croats, Montenegrins and Boshnjaks)' that one "nation" (a;rbr) can have their literal language (Ekavian'uld (ekavian), standard izedtwo sub-diarects for unJ that in one state (Bosnia and Hetzegovina)
r

*::::

(l9lg-l g2g)and the Kingdom i: ;;; ; ;; s! o v e n i a n an gu age s o rn c of ar :: ."!; :i

of differentiati4g ' overwhelming E

es

d egrffi llguage was pril (Greenberg lffi: I

""d sociolinguistic pri confessional Novi Sad

in Bosnia

practice shows fi recognize linguid

within the Fffi "Croatian, and d

Republic (Rewrtl

rqd

fu:

fr

For instancg

*Ii

il:Sffj,f:'

is pottiutt that the ,u*, spoken ranguage (ex-Serbo-croat) into three separate "nationur; -rrnsuages

(Serbian, croatian and

is

dffirenridtoriift
'u Level of

corrupted, but tharui language X ,"rAiq Bosnia, Servia, ethi Hungary, Bohemia, R ond almost as fwu,,{

unOermf

comparison with fre

&

pnoiesses or

REDEFNTnoN AND REcoNsrRUcroN oF rHE TERM NArloN N CENTRAL

EuRoee

IGUAGES

odern expression mted and united. ss. The Slavonic and Bosnian are reated as a single f,o what is todaY se. HistoricallY, it to separate state nric ("Yugoslav") The only success

Even if we can refer in the Balkan case to detached languages from different language groups, the popular speeches of the Balkan inhabitants have experiei."a u gr"ut deal of admixture during the past times and due to the migrations (Llnuh l99l:239-269; Pinson 1996: 14; Donia 1994: 37'38). Many icholars are inclined to define the Balkans in terms of one or more the so-called .,linguistic community".e5 Surely, today all "independent" South Slavic languages are belonging to one linguistic community by both linguistic criteria (grammar, morphology, phraseology, lexicon, syntax, ortf,ography) and thi level ofundeistanding.e6 The characteristic use ofthe infrnilive verb is often given as an example of a "linguistic community" phenomenon in the Balkan Peninsula. It is clear that Balkan peoples greatly
influenced each other's languages (Hendriks 1976)'
The present day Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided between

age

in both first

'time and a native d nations in J. B.

Muslims (todaY fficially speaking

rt language was in r mother tongue of fter the collapse of

the croatian-Boshnjak Federation (51%), which is covering the southwestem area, and ihe Serbian Republic (49%), administering the northeastem provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Dayton-Paris peace settlement in the fall of 1995 does not recognize the former pre-war ethnic composition according to the census of 1991. The language of the serbian Repuutic (Republika-srpska) is from 1996 deflrned as serbian, whereas wiitrin the iederqtiq l.o-por.d by Boshnjak and Croatian parts) the o,croatian" and ,.Bosnian" are spoken and used in the public life. The practice shows that till the late 1980s mainly it was very difficult to

md the Kingdom of language as official

7raat. Spoken Serborertheless, the Serbo-

iecognize linguistic differences between those three ethno-religious gloups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the 1980s experienced a deeper sociolinguistic practice of making more independent republican and ethnoconfessiinal republican linguistic differences, which finally destroyed the Novi Sad Agriement of 1954 according to which, a single Serbo'Croat language wai promoted with two regional variants - Eostern and Western (Gr-eenlerg 1q1bO, ZgZqt5). However, as a result of sociolinguistic^policy

of Aiff"t"lntiating

ruatian, and Bosnian tre lexical variation [e mutually compremss state boundaries., mt) can have several

dialects from each other, at the census of 1991 majority of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian Muslims accepted overwhelming
es For instance "The language of the Croatians is the Sclavonick somewhat , corrupted, but there is very titite clffirence between them. The great extent of this tangiage is something su,rprising. For it is talked not only here but likewise in Boinia, Servia, Alhania, Dilmatii, Molclavia, Wallachia, Bulgaria, in great pqrts o/' Hungary, Bohemia, PolancJ, Russia and (if one moy believe travelers) in Tartary, ancl-almost as far as China: qnd all these dif/brent countries have only so many dilferent idiomi oJ'the original language" (Letter of May 31", 1737)' ,t' Level of understanding between remote South Slavic provinces is much higher in
comparison with the German speaking remote areas.

that one sub-dialect

fis, Montenegrins and

two sub-dialects for rn state (Bosnia and

.

(ex-Serbo-Croat) is

#ian,

Croatian and

142 |

NeTToNUBERALLES

pnocer

arhoo *rri"r, tt-.gt, for the political independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina (sudi6 l 996: l 0-l 6).

Bosanski (Bosnian) ft:r native speech, but only after decisive advice by the leading Muslim ?r locar?arfy of democrati"

Sarajevo.

AG

publications), I
Serbian and &

2. ErnnouATroNAL rDENTrry
IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
The relationship the Balkans (similarry
ideological composition either in
b.etween- language,

1. The use d
Croatian

and prdu

SerbianAfu

g-;n;uno

nation and state

is

part

of

an

(widow),

fu

*r"t *r.ir r"ii-* i*gu"g" -hffidifferent from serbian and croatian they wili convince internationar community that they are noi origin"ily s"ru, oi broats wtrat was of a cruciar iustification of thrir clailis to'live- in irrtJriutionuily independent ..natioial" .,u,. org*ir;iion.tr The Bosnian language (de facto of only Muslim Boshnjaks), as a sepaf,ate and newest. (so_uth) slavic one, was officiafly iruug*"i.Jin rgg6 -] by publishing the book p ravo p i, t o, ino g i ez *o 1O;n o grffiB o, n r o, Language) (Halilovii 2006bi in the", capitii or Bosnia aiiii.'iileorin _

and Herzegovina regally proctaimJ their own be disconnected with ex-se'bo-irou, or". iiiui to the Musrims/ Boshnjaks as without ,.evidence,,

imuuea wi,r "bloody memories" from the wwi *a resulted in what is rabered to be "post-Communist nationalism,,. Such ;;;G;;;;;;;"; basis for creation of increasingly homogeneous statJs *irr, *:r".r"ii* of interethnic intorerance in the most Jxfeme meaning rsotirouie io,i: r5-l0g). The land of Bosnia,and Herzegovina prouauty-trre is u.rt gurku,,"*ampre of a crucial interface berween ranguage and nationali... F;;;;iior. tt ut they are separate nations 4 tr,rJ. *uior .ttrro-confessional players in Bosnia

Herzegovina is a Barkan or tr* clash between national ideorogies both domesticalry rooted and imported from outside with more or less autonomous currents of thinking and behavior have been deep and i.ported ideology of the l9s c. German Romanticism rirg"irii""iiv' .o;.a etrrnonatiJnai iaentity ana solving the national_state priblem 1,lEinu ,pro"tn,stuat,,) fused with more autonomous current. tt *"r.'rrluril/

fq m{olty oi historical

r*op"*'r*;d p*i"." *ri*" tlr. EorrJquJn."s

Herzegovina or in the rest ^Bosnia

of

2.

Greater

and

(friend); .n of these wu
used

reguh

.*t"-".

3. Using of d 4. itre
use of

"i

ri

"i-i;ik,';,

will buy) ft "rynuhyfef

Ekavian (r

used

in

Boshnjaks n and by aII &

ryo

Nominally,

*l; ;i;#;iT,rironun".

*ri""riilig"ages

to

is

to be emphaswf
e8

scripts. Howeuuq purpose to brre* language law) flr

"Lexical difrfua

separate Bosniut

standard Bosnian
I00

However, boft S (in many cases) m

"

Fr former Sertc{

Chakavian,

language

I(aj&ili for Srili

feature of Bosnia and Herzegovina is that it covers the faurt between three major confessions: n"n*"b.iiori.ir*, oirr"i".y From this point of view, local uationalir-tr-l ur. no, onry ethnic; they are evetr^ru-. more coufessional ones.

An extra o.d]nury ]] Iines

dialect was/is

to

(mliko) and
ror

Ekryh

$efr

Similar poticy

Hungarian auttmlfu

Bugarski 1997:3+

pnocessEs oF ReoerrxlloN nuo REcoNSTRUcToN oF rne Tenru Nnrpru

tN

CeNrRnL Eunope

isive advice by
r

fought for the

16: 10-16).

pubtications), Bosnian language is different in comparison with Serbian and Croatian because of the following main reasons:

Sarajevo. According

to the
(6h"

"Orthography..." (and other similar

o'relative"

l.

The use of phoneme

Croatian and Montenegrin. For instance, the word

in certain words differently from o'coffee"

Bosnian:

Serbian, kahva;

is written

and pronounced in these languages as: in of "Turkish" words (i.e. of

Serbiar/Montenegrin: xa$a/kafa;- Croatian: kava; in Bosnian hudovica (widow), in Serbiar/Croatian udovica, ete. (Isakovid 1993: 6).

a part of
or in the rest

an

of

2. Greater use

Oriental origin) like ahbab

s). Bosnia

and

oqlrences of the

d and imported lf thinking and y of the 19th c. lal identity and blk, ein staat") ty imbued with is labeled to be rme a basis for

(friend); amidia (uncle) ; adet (custom/habit), akiam (twilight), etc. (a11 of these words are known in Serbian, Montenegrin and Croatian but not used regularly).'*

3. Using

of only one form of the Fuftire tense: 'Ja 6u kupitilkupit iu" (I will buy) thai is used in standard Croatian as well, but no use of forms
"ryuun-y/ja hy Aa KyrLIM" as in Serbiar/Montenegrin.ee

4. The use

of interi 2005: 85-108).

nnation

of Ijekavian sub-dialect of the Shtokavian dialect but not the Ekavian one of the same dialect.l0o However, Ijekavian sub-dialect is used in spoken and standard language by all Serbs, Croats and Boshnjaks westward from Drina River and by Serbs in Western Serbia
and by all Slavs in Montenegro.

rlkan example of the purpose that

i,onal players in
mal tranguages to

Nominally, Bosnian language is written by both Latin and Cyrillic scripts. However, in practice it is done only by Latin (like Croatian) for the purpose to break anylink with the Serbs for whom the Cyrillic scripl is (by language law) the first, while Latin is the second national alphab.tt'o' It has

mial
n

importance

to U. emphasized that Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian Latin

eB

native language "Lexical ctil/brences have been a primary criterion

hardly convince s or Croats what

for

the establishment oJ' a

internationallY
a

separate Bosnian language" (Greenberg 1998: 717)-

e' However, both Serbs from Eastern Heruegovina (regularly) and Western Serbia (in many cases) are using future tense construction 'Ja iu kupitilkupit 6u" like in
standard Bosnian and Croatian.

Boshnjaks), as

rugurated in 1996 yqphy of Bosnian

td Herzegovina

Former Serbo-Croat language was composed by (officially) three dialects: Chakav tan, Kajkavian and Shtokavian. The last one became standardized literal language for Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins and Muslims/Boshnjaks. Shtokavian dialect was/is subdivided into three sub-dialects: Ijekavian (mlijeko: milk), Ikavian
100

t it covers the fault fudoxy and Islam.

;&ey are even more

(mtiko) and Ekavian (mteko). Ikavian is not standardtzed. r0r Similar policy of using alphabet in Bosnian language was pursued by AustroHungarian authoiitirs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1878-1918 (Tanacnh 2000: 1167;

Bugarski 1997: 35).

144 |

Narror.rLieeRtut_es PRocEr

what concerns ..bosandica,,, it is ri u{ir Serbia and durins tfg.o-ttoman;r";;:'kr"*" to mediaevar Bosnia from within the Bosnian Musrim feudal circles as"..old s"ruiull;;-;;Jmtd_l9h century.ro2 At rhe same time croatian oh,ology ,iui'luoruneica,, is croatian nationar cy,lic script.r,J ny. "aiauica'f *aouit"arv,

{r3 same one. In historicar context, the native Ianguage of rhe inhabitants'of Bosnt H;;;;s"rr"1.iJr.i ," u""ar* ion one) was written bv three alphabets: iiutiriilu" "rd (Latin), ..bosandica./bosanica,, (cyrillic)
and

script is absorutery

nor recognized the. r".t'tt

'Lrabical'iirrt-L).'u";**

3. Bog
realiry of
are not havQ European nefr

;;;;;"."r.

One of the m

Bd

'lyric,

:ffH3rt-.',,t,oo{*e

"fiii"* 3lt

"r"i# -rrJ'finewas it written one of the most

literarure

..knjizevnost

Ianguages are c. 3000 oiental is no domesric Slavic uxr-liif".'r6e'gs

Bosnian wittr neighboring croatian, s"iBi*,-rrauceaonran

*r,ri;;ilffi;;istic structure of them is nor i"*'lr Xlffi:l.j?'[,;]i" 'h";ii .;:X,:! ,h:,;;;:#" origin, a/;;;ffi;tTi,i::1,*l'ii'ffi:f jTl,T#I*r^ffi obstacles for inter_undersr"rairgir.r;"'"rm. ..vu ruoro i*) The common t'*.r!Iir connecting in practice and even in riterarure
languages are rhe

Regardless on official domestic and international recognition separate Bosnian language ,h::;;,cd;;il. otres,. linguisticaflyofspeaking, grarnmar and orthography of Serbian, vto'nt.n"g.ir, croatian and Bosnian

this contexf population ftl

language but

correspond h and both do ui

the other w

It shows

rurri

B On this ph Bm

Boshnjaks pref

to rename
1995 when

even-intemafiic

th

*.fi;i{;;ri,). \ 'qv

*J

nalni"n"grin

Croatian, Sert* ideologists ofB

For many of them there

yeff

science of SIm language as it ir

1300 up

'u' upon Serbian claims

""

see Byxonuh - Kocruh 1999: Upon Croatian claims see: Mogu5 1995: 27.

2t.

promoted at thc

provincial lary: I\4uslim co*i tongue of all i

from 1878 to fg

ztccordmg to the constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina official Bosnian' serEian u'o-C* afian.such languages are: constitutional-linguistic situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is quite similar to the swiss one Italiin, rrrrrt *d'ito, rrench and German (plus Romansh, spok* uy very
106

t'*'*3i"-l'J:#'a[H:ft lfir*,*r;'erritoryorBosniaandHerzegovina 105 r r,

smati;;;;;;;;."" .r.uri", -it

hand, called the rur

Turjaii.
ro7

serbs purifv their language bv etiminari*;;ir;-,1il;ilirhl;*"ror.tried unsuccessfulry to

cases

During the Bosnian civil war of

I gg2-t'irrBosnian

http://www.bomid

the first time i

In historical

it

ieter-sugar' pamubcotton,

was impossible withou,

Bosnian Muslims given by locat bhristians, u* ;rro Bosnian Musrim, tI idrn;'fy Td.as a group rh.;r;rr;;;;,r_H)ii?ru*r1. sosnian name urra uv and the term poturice (those chrisrians used who became Turks). bosnian Muslims, on the other

.ir.l.

in many lr r'.ffi;#: ,l*, iarape:socks, .it i"r.rrriirl that common nickname for

to*rver,

like P. J. Saffirik, & only as provinciel q

confession dividail

of^fiu mstmq, administration in B

108 r

as a language

ror

"Vlada u odnqsr

PRocessES oF

RrorrturoN

AND

RecoNsrRucloN oF rHE

Tenrra NnrroN rN CErurnnl

Eunope

I MS
I

native language
be .Bosnian one)

mEica/bosanica" tosandica", it is

3.

BoSHNJAKS As A coNsrRucr AND REALrry

ral Bosnia from

Bosnian Muslim

-'* At the same hoatian national r one of the most

"knjiZevnost nition of separate

One of the main problematic issues concerning ethno-linguistic-statehood reality of Boshnjaks is the fact that their ethnic, language and state names are not having the same terminology as it is championed by majority of European nations (ex. Polish nation; Polish state; Polish language, etc.). In the other words, their ethnonational name "Boshnjaks" does not coffespond to the name of their national state - "Bosnia and Herzegovina" and both do not coffespond to their national langu age name - "Bosnian". In this context, we can wonder, for instance, which language speaks population in Herzegovina or why Boshnjaks do not speak Boshnjak
language but Bosnian one?

ficaIly speaking,
tian and Bosnian rc of them is not

ft same origin,
hct that there are

ke any
Bven

practical

in literature

md Montenegrin t&y of them there

Muslim corlmunities).r07 Elevation of Bosnian language, as a mother tongue of all inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina was especially promoted at the time of Austro-Hungarian administration in this province from 1878 to 1918.108 However, such solution was decisively rejicted by
rlr-and Herzegovina

On this place it has to be said that originally from l99l up to 1996 Boshnjaks pretended to officially speak Boshnjak language (but never tried to rename Bosnia and Herzegovina into "Boshnjakia"). Such practice was even internationally sanctioned by the Dayton Peace Treaty in November 1995 when the text of the agreement was signed in four languages: English, Croatian, Serbian and Boshnjak (Jones L997: 98). However, very soon the ideologists of Boshnjak ethnonational identity understood that international science of Slavonic philology is very suspicious upon the use of Bos hnjak language as it is not at all rooted in the historical sources in which from the yeff 1300 up to 1918 is mentioned only Bosnian language (in fact as a provincial language spoken by the Orthodox, Catholic and from 1463

hand, called the real Turks (Turkish language speakers) from Anatolia as Turkuie or
Turj
r07

ficial languages
h

are:

aii.

usion in Bosnia and

md German (plus

pd unsuccessfully to However, in many

(ex: iarape:socks,

In historical sources the name Bosanski jezik (Bosnian language) is mentioned for the first time in the year of 1300 ("Historrjat jezika t drlave" in http:llwww.bosnianlanguage.com). It is true that the earliest Slavonic philologists like P. J. Safarik, J. Dobrovsky, and J. Kopitar used the term Bosnian language but only as provincial speech of all inhabitants of Ottoman Pashaluk of Bosnia but not as a language of Bosnians in ethnic term,(MunocaBrbeBr.rh 2000: 67-68).

snon nickname for

EFoup name used

l0tt For instance, according

by

mian Christians used sslim5, on the other

administration in Bosnia and Heruegovina existed only Boshnjalcs who are by confession divided into those of Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox denominations: "Vlada u odnosu na domate stanovnistvo u Bosni i Herzegovini zna samo zo

to the

decree

of

1880

for

Austro-Hungarian

146 |

Nnrror,rUeenALLes

MG
Serbs and Croats and.Herzegovina who called their languages -from after their ethnic names. Thus, the iaea or"s"rril time (as today as well) was accepted only by local rsramic ia,ug'iffi.i6r*^' Nevertheless, the. :Austro_Hungarian policy of Bosnian language as a native one of alr inhabitants of today in a tutl exrend bv the main mother tongue of Serbs, croatsand-Boshnjaks from Bosnia

{yia

i;r;;;;;G"

(in rhe

which exirl s(f,

century.)

er

advoca;'-;fi;;;il'ffiffi'"::a

so;1il;;,iH;d;#ffi;.#d

the Boshnjaks from sandzak ir"u (io**o in rhe rast on" *u' aiuilJ Montenegro but before tgzgltgos-;;;g"iLr'rsii^;;;;;'i"rbia and , part of ottoman province (pashatuk in serbo-croat) ot Bosiia (it of Bosniu *a i"ogpvina!)
historiographv).

ril;#;g*ina

4. Bo

and of Serbian linguage and

The rruth ir I "Serbian- o language d I

in Isranbul (
Herzegovin

at that tims fl

in Bosnia and Hetzegovina promoted the bosniaitvo (BosnianismJ in order to create local patriotic loyalty to Bosn ia and, Hetzegorinu but not to independent serbia or even croatia (which was already a member of Austria-Hungary). Especially Serbian irredentist policy was of extreme danger ror t.oitorial iii.grity or tn, iouthern partof the Monarchy particularly aft7r 1"i1itury ,urrrss of seibia during the First and Second Balkan wars (t912 igtlt 1913) #rr* popularity of the idel of yugosraviaamong the Austro-Hungarian South Slavs became extremely high Thrt was a reason why Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Herzegorinu during the wwl tried to suppress any Serbian identity of the province usuauy uv prornotion of boinjaituo. It has to be said thathistoricuity (at leist-simple) majoriry of inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been the berbs shows and the first post-wwll census in Bosnia and Herzegovina (after genocid. uguinst trr. srrbs committed by Croats and Muslims) in 1948: serbs:-1. I * tl6 (inclirding 7t t2sof Muslim religion); croats - 614 142 (including 2:4 gl4 of Muslim religiJn), and Muslim undetermine47gg 384 (Donia Fine 1994: 176). what concerns the linguistic policy of AusrroHungarian authorities in Bosn ia and Herzegovina ,rr. nrr? ornriur language in this province to be announced was croatian Th; name was changed after the protest of the local Serbs firstly into Land]anguag: sprache') and finally into Bosnian ^(_L*d schools was also used from i[rt r-ciro,r lansuase

_po ujeri dijete na muslimane, istoino_ororoffi s*,3 !{,,r:;ti;yri!^*,,u,:::,,^!:j"f::*,, To be ",,,'zi:ednidko ministarstvo nnansija, -hlb 6687/Bosna i Hercegovina, *oi, precise, the ,U,frt']|;ffi:H,? iqtor.
se

Boinjake koji_

Killlay (Austro-Hungaiian Minister of Finance, gg2-1g03) l

language (cq
Ianguage a$

diplomatic Xl in the most r

this factbscil time some t

but only in

. w

territories ofCro

'lt' ottoman Hr

vinko pribd De origine ,*;

sultans

rrr

degli Slavi),pril
speaking the

Mavro Orb,fti book ("the Bibh;

,12

people, qpeakiry help of them mcf

of his guard (ft Illyrians (for H

appoid

it;'+;te

igo{i"i

(paci6

i';;;,

united ethnolin*#

sa

that even before Austro-Hungarian administration -be in Bosnia and Herzegovina the local prprration used tt , t.rri s Bosnian (,,bosanski,,) for tlre language and Bosnians l"Bosanci") for themselves as inhabitants of this province alongside with more pure ethnic names serhian/ser,bs t^vv vv' ."'"tr'/')vr (OkUka 1998: 4T),

r,e

It has to

all

speakers

emphas ized

of r

'

us and o.tx

croatian/croats

Vitezovii

Vh I r in the essence ft
Pavao Ritter Croatia redivivw Slavs, including
see

(Puaojrrrh I95q[

(Str

PnocessEs oF ReoertmtrloN eNo RecoNSTRUcroN oF rrre Tenna NnrroN

lN

CeNrnru Eunope

I I +l t'

which existed from 1580 to 187811908.t10 There is also and unproved claim (in the sources) that even before Slavic settlement at Bosnia (the 7th century.) existed such name for both Bosnia and Herzegovina and SandZak.
language as L d today in as a mother vina and of

4, BosNrAN As A sEpARATE
"Serbian"

LANcuAGE? diplomatic and official

language and

The truth is that in the 15th and the l6th cc. "Bosnian" (or "Serbo-Croat" or

n Serbia

or "Croat") language was second

and

n province Herzegovina!)

in

i katsliike o finansrja, of Benj6min

Bosnia
and

local patriotic or even Croatia, ian irredentist

this fact became a basis for claims that exactly Bosnian language was at that time some kind of Balkan lingua franca and even one of the most diplomatic languages in Europe. Nevertheless, the sources are telling us that in the most cases the local South Slavic population of ex-"Serbo-Croat" language (especially those frorn Dubrovnik) have been calling their language as "our language", "slavic language", "Illyrian language", etc., but only in very rear cases by ethnic names."'

in Istanbul (including , and Grand "Vizirs) originating from Bosnia and Heruegovina (BoZii - Cirkovid - Ekmedi6 - nedijer tgll: I41). However,

language at the court in Istanbul (after the Turkish one) due to the fact that atthat time there were many highest Ottoman officials and the Janissarieslll

part of the
',Yugoslavia among lxras a reason why the WWI tried trion of boinjaitvo. itants of Bosnia iliWWII census in &ed by Croats and
[m
)

First and Second

Pashaluk of Bosnia before 1683 encompasses and parts of historical territories of Croatia and Dalmatia.

llt' Ottoman

religion); Croats
'ermined

rrr Vinko Pribojevid, a Dominican friar from the island of Hvar in Dalmatiain his De origine successibusque Slavorum (Venice , 1532) pointed out that Ottoman sultans appointed many South Slavs as the commanders of his army and that 20.000 of his guard (the Janissaries) are recruited among the Thracians, Macedonians and Illyrians (for Pribojevii all of them have been South Slavs - aboriginal Balkan people, speaking one language that was later on called "Serbo-Croat"). With the help of them the Ottomans subjugated many states and peoples in Europe.

lpolicy of Austropl language in this

iafter the protest

788

of

ly into Bosnian
(Paci6 1967:

administration in

ian ("bosanski")
itants of .this Croatian/Croats

Mavro Orbini, a Benedictine abbot from Dubrormik, in his famous pan-slavic book ("the Bible of pan-Slavism") D, regno Sclavorum (rn Italian version Il regno degli Slavi), printed in Pesaro in 1601, was very clear telling thatall South Slavs are speaking the same language and composing one nation within a wider network of united ethnolinguistic Slavdom (Op6uun 1968). More precisely, he inclined to call all speakers of ex-Serbo-Croat language of Shtokavian dialect as the Serbs (Paaojqprh'1950). However, a Croatian nobleman of German origin from Senj, Pavao Ritter Vitezovii (1 652-1713) in his political-ideological-programmatic book Croatia rediviva: Regnante Leopoldo Magno Caesare, Zagreb, 1700 claimed that all Slavs, including and those in the Balkans, originated from the Croats and speaking in the essence Croatian language with regional dialects (Vitezovii lggTl; about Vitezovii see (Sotirovii 2003: 150-189). The essence of both Orbini's and Ritter's

12

148 |

Nerror.r UeenALLrs

pnoceu

and Rrolgt3rs ^ .of modern idea of from the rerative neighboring *"r,-ir'"ro.r separate Bosnian Ianguage tr implied the techn iq,e or ririri.ii;-;G;;;n;: pr*,,rr"1.1tandpoint, rr#Ii il"il": .oil"ugo"r.onr.*irgcroatianrungougJ?r"lf

creators

vocals). BGtr

t[emselv., ;-; separate nqtions who is justifrabry struggling rii tt.i, own independent poritical entities which has to ue internaiiinafiy ir.ogrir.o as independent nationar states according to the rights to self-determiiutioo. lio*Jr'.r, ?#"r.ntty to croatian case, Bosnian'rnguistic enjine.iing" i, not based on introduction of neologismsrra but rather-on..-intl-iu.tion of the oriental words.which wur have been brought
to the Balkanr

done for the very to prove ttrat iireir ethnic groups are ringuistically mdependent what iurposegive them has to a risht to cail

;"'ff*.::li"#":;Tj1:

and "neok$ differences f, justiff ethm{

same, ethno.fi understanding

De lure
are separate

ff

the I\{ontenq

tt

orrmanrrrfr"rrrlr."*or

Serbian, Crur according to il

separate in strt

5. CoNclusroNs
In
taking into consideration two socio/polito-linguistic standpoint.
separate Boshnjak language, as a newest Slavic one,

conclusion, we can say that the problem

of officiar recognition of a in 1996 cun be solved standpoints linguistic standpoint and

Thr cnrcid language is i[ ethnonatioml I

1) inner hoq

2)

denationah

De facto (linguistically), Serbian, croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin languages are still belonging to one standard-linguistic system. They express unity in orthography, grum mar,morphology, Jyniu*, phonology and semantics' For instance, all orin.* have 30;h;nemes (25 consonants and 5
(likewise Pribojevii's) writings is that all South Slavs (espec iallythe Shtot one.ehnolinguiiti, group (in modern sens e - nation). llt,::*ro:i1* 'lo

(b"v

suggEr

languagelrl

3) external h
The politicr

relation to lil

ur*ll

196,7 when a majority of the important Croutiun scientific, literal "u"nfrom and, cultural -most institutiont tig'*a a Delclara.tirn uprn the name and position of croation literal language ("Deklaracria o naziw i polozaiu hrvatskog knjizevnog j ezrka,,)requiring to be officially separated from serbian oni and purified from the I ''- -'-- e.\' v*r*rsLr uurrl tlle io-called ..srbizmi,, (the words of a Serbian

of Bosnh create firstty officially cornnn later (after Go[ separate laqgh
case
I15

tt4

1il.tt' ro, kousers), utiuclba (civilrzation), vrtolet (helicopter), prosudha (mark)" etc. (coruponuh 2a06: I l5).

like: okolotrbuini hlaiodriai

for the sake of lesser understanding as a crucial proof ,rrr, these tiro languages are separated. For instance: korie:noslovstvo (etvmgrogy): narieioslovstvo (dialectology), toinozor (sniper) vrhoskupfie (summitl', ort*iriaunr-ttouris t),.veleprevrat(revolution), etc. (ckuka ' 2006: 233)' There were proposals for neologisms which
hardly took roots

both the international words (not translated in Serbian) and common croato-Serbian words in order to make a deeper distance

croatian

origin). neologisms in fact have to replace

The first pFEuU

between croatian and

serbig tffiages

Islamization
rru

of rutiqg Izetbegovii, unar * according to urlfrd possible for &G t

leader

offu

been a separate 1999). Such hypof

The most pmtl origins of rhe Boil is that they arc I[

ct

PRocEssEs oF REDEFlNlrtoN

AND

REcoNsrRUcroN oF

THE TERM

NATIoN lN CENTML EuRgee

I t 49

Bosnian language

vocals). Between them there are only app.

BYo

their standpoint,
to their Croatian it was and is are linguistically
ves as a separate

and "neologisms"). Howtiver, there is a tendency to create lexical differences for the sake of lesser inter-understanding in order to firmly justify ethno-linguistic and state-political "independence,' from, in fact the
same, ethno-linguistic neighbors, The obvious fact is that the level of interunderstanding is almost 100% (excluding the most recent neologisms).

lexical differences (incruding

ndent political
dent national er, differently to on introduction tal words ,which

the Montenegrin language is in the process of finalization). However, Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are sepaxate languages
according to the names, almost no different according to the essence and no separate in structure. language

De lure (in socio/polito-linguistic point of view) these four languages are separate ones and internationally recognized (the case ofrecognition of

The crucial technique of "linguistic engineering/chirurgic" of Bosnian is its lexical orientalization with the thee sociolinguistic and

recognition

of

ethnonational tasks to be achieved:

a

1996 can be solved

l)
2)

inner homogenizat ion of Boshnjaknation; denationalization

ic

standpoint and

(by

suggestion

of croats and Serbs within Bosnia and Herzegovina that all inhabitants of this state speak Bisnian
ethnoconfessiounal Boshnjak

and Montenegrin ic system. They

, phonology and

language);lls and

3) external heterogenization of

nation in

consonants and 5 the Shtokavians)

).

relation to the neighboring Serbs and Croats. The politics of "linguistic engineering" or ,.linguistic chirurgic,, in the case of Bosnian and croatian languages was implied for the final aim to

even from 1967

literal and cultural of Croatian literal

jezika") requiring
so-called "srbizmi"

create firstly independently standardized national languages within oflicially common serbo-croatian one (during ex-yugoslav federation) and later (after collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991) intemationany recognized sepaxate languages by deepening and using as much as the llt
leader
The first President of post-Yugoslav independent Bosnia and Heruegovina and a

of ruling Muslim political Party of

tional words (not

I

me sake of

to make a deeper lesier

are separated. For logy), toinozor

(revolution), etc.

ich hardly toolt roots (civilization), yrtolet

lzetbegovid, was known as an author of nationalistic Islamic Declaration from Ig70 according to which any form of multiculturalism and multiconfessionalism was not possible for the Muslims who have to establish pure Islamic society firstly by Islamization of the whole Muslim community (Izetbegovid 1990). I lu The most problematic and unproved in the sources hypothesis upon the ethnic origins of the Boshnjaks (supported by, for instance, Bosniin linguist-D1evad, Jahii) is that they are posteriors of the mediaeval Bosnian Bogumils *ho allegedly have been a separate ethnic grouP, i.e. not Serbs or Croats (siimpozij o bosoniko* jeziku 1999). Such hypotheses are scientifically absolutely irrelevant (Fine 1996:11-15).

Democratic Action lSOe;, Alija

150 |

Nerrorv UBER ALLEs

Pnoceslg

'

considered as a single
one nationar state

_G;; n"rr"rri.rr, criteria upon ethnonational identitv oflamons ir,.-vugord r*"iriir""r, all Monteneg.ini, u, ffi;Jrk;T,l "Luioriry il,ril""i*, iu'rr s"rur, "ri of Croats)
woutd be ettrno-tiirgrrisr[^;#;, with the right to live in their organtzatio, wiii.rr-w"l"n nu." as shtokaviq.

shared historicar past. The only difference berween_them is aiscrel confessions (Donia Fire ts94: 9)'

inpost-corrun*junist erarz with the final codificari", ,ra i""*ri[ility r".ognired their ownnafionar language. However, nosfrn:urc, Cro# and Serbs from Bosnia Herzegovina (likewise n*ivi"rirr"sro, sandZak or ex-Republicand Serbian Kraflna) att speat of itre ;d;'i"arge which i, tr," zofi century came to existence
as

used to be the foundations of the u, ,otioioi'languages. consequentry, common s"rto'-cioutiurirng,rug" ceased to exists and with him and a common s.ruo-Croutiu.i rrl"r"rrry as well. Fina,y' the Musrim col*unitr in Bosnia and Herzegovina passed rhe way fr2y retigio^'ro*-*uri,y_i, int.r_iui in the 20fr c. iugorfurriu, ,o nationhood in Socralist vrg"orl*iu

language. The urtimate r.roii *uJ^rrrJi proclaimed for the lationrr

dialecticar/regionar differences

r"*r;;;il.i"urtono-o

the .same spoken Serbo-croatian ,,ino, speaking differences were .n*u"t"riJ.s and as such have been

of

Donia, RJ. _ ffi Yortc ff

flropnNrorrh,
(repriutr

fr

Fine, V.

Develq;
Cambri{el
Guberino, p. _ jezika-

pinson, n

J.

lW, fr u

uia iiqtehood

Greenber& R.D.

il

serbo-crort"t aii-iave-a

;i'r[H
Greenberg,

If

one

will

aoply

RD-

the forru, pp. 3934tI

tI

Halilovii, S. l98f,r, Halilovii, S. Ire

Bibtiography:
Allcock' J'B' 2000: Expraining yugosravia.New

Isakovic A. lggl: ) Svjerlost Vlnuh, fI. lggl: ll

reorpa$qie

Arhiv

wn:",{:{";il:;:f,j1ffi:,
iirtovie,
_

york

corumbia university press.

r,,rb

zajednilko ministarsrvo nnansija.

an<t

Barbour, S. _ Carrricha

dujanerw Llvuh, fI. I99& I roAp)ryjy. f,

Izetbegovii,

N., vo.r. iiiiotlo"i:i::.iTtrage

Nationatism in Europe. oxford

BoZii, I.

lpurirc[ A IgI0

e.ogruo,

n.r*tu.

S.

Elcrnedii, M. _ Dedii

'er'

Y'

1973: Istoriia Jugoslwije.

of the lyfr{fu Jones, W,G.

Bugarski, R. 1997: Jeziku konteksrz. Beograd. see the chapter by Ivo Banac (In: Pinson lgg6: l?g-1-Sl). This book, likewise Donia and Fine (lgg4)orMalc"il

(ed} IE London:&q

r,

Kocruh, JI.M. 20ffi

CaA:Aok
\

demonstration o/'the ::::,:!^',:l,iii:1,,"1hq,.certaintv cto not contribute to a antiquity o/'the the contemporary processo/tr.^?"r*rp"r.iirr,"ii*'iZn, construction the legitimation'io Bosnian at a time when state isfundam;ri.i;;iontested,(Allcock I I{l -. 2000 323). Boshnjak-Monrenegrin terrirory

i#:x;::;,i:;;;:

ijis+1,i, t yingi,ro,lr*onrr*r,

the antiquity

of of

Jle0errr,qr,

.ii,ir, ;;7,;;';:?r:;,;::r':{;;y,;":, ; : ror accounts of historical development

,* rr;uh 1990: g7_r40).

K.B._fm In honora 1 press.

"Letter of May 3trn, L Brirish Ubrry Malcolm, N. 1994:& Mulocar-rreruh, IL ZI

of literal languages on the serbo-croat-

PRocEssEs oF REDEFlNlrloN AND REcoNsrRUcroN oF

THE TERM

NATtoN tN CENTML EuRoee

I t 51

ffin

Serbo-Croatian

Donia, R.J.

W djfferences were
mrc been used to be

- Fine, J. 1994: Bosnia and Henegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. New York Columbia University press.
B.
2000: Raparmepotrozuja Jyaocnoaeua. Eeorpag: flpocoera.

Wionol
il,
i
tll

flaopnr.rxoruh,

languages.

to exists and with

(reprint from 1939).

Fine'

#nvinu in the 20'h c. rar Yugoslavia, to GCommunist erar" f,lmeir own nationsl
.a

v. J. 1996: The Medieval and ottoman Roots of Modem Bosnian Society. Pinson, M. (ed.), The rufiislims of Bosnra-Herzegovina. Their Historic Development from _the Middte Ages to the Disiolution of yugoslavia.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University press.

Guberina, P'

- Krsti6, K. 1940: Razlike izmedu hrvatskoga jezika. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska.

srpskoga knjizewtog

l|m*
lm

Bosnia

and

ex-Republic of

in the 20th century historical past. The Donia - Fine 1994:

lrpon ethnonational fuvians (all Serbs, f.roats) would be tight to live in their Wkovio.
,,;l

Greenberg, R.D. 1998: Dialects and Ethnicity in the Fomrer yugoslavia: The case of southem Baranja (croatia). The slavic and East Euripean Journal, vol. 42, Ne 4, winter I 998, pp. 7 1,0-722.
Greenberg, R.D. 1996: The politics of Dialects among serbs, croats and Muslims in the former Yugoslavia. East European potitics and societies,No. 10, 1996,

pp.393415.

Halilovi6, S. 1996a: Gnijezdo tijepih rijeii. pravilno-nepravilno. Sarujevo. Halilovi6, S. I 996b: Pravopis bosans kog j ezika. Sarajevo.

Isakovii_A. 1993: Rjeinik karakteristiine letsike u bosanskome jezr'&2. Sarajevo:

Svjetlost.

I4auh,
il1r il
r,
:

fI' l99l: Murpauzje

l,,,,

,lr,

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llruh, [I.

lEstvo finansija.
1,,
{
,1,.1]
,

ir,

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1990: Pa*oj Krbr{xeB,or jesura xa cprrcKoxpDarcrou jesr.rxou uoapyqjy. llrnh, fI.: O jesurg uexadauuoeu u cadotaneu. Eeorpag_

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xrura.

book, likewise of 'e the antiquity of twt contribute to a 'e a great deal to bn at a time when
k 2000: 323). Serbo-Croat-

Jle$enrgt, K.B.

In

- Kysneqor, C.H. 2006 (eds.): fuIur<poxwrat, r3brKu, uHmepbu3brKu. honorem professori Alexandro D. Dulicenka, Tartu: Tartu University

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52 |

Nnrror.r Ueen ALLes

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'

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u
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als

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Abstract
Author argro;1

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Paaojquh

v. r95l: De origrne successibusque sravorum.zagreb(venice

19 50

1532).

the French I
remaining
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: Cpnc x a ucmopuj a Ma

ep a Op

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sfit &d

perfect

IX

tggg,

the nation is

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majrl I 'cultural' & r

that the

exaryl

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adjectives mqfr
basis of one

ri

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cpncKo Hot4uoHctrtHo numcube. Vilnius: Vilnius University press.

on the conqqtt by analynng t practice, but t

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.T\lb

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LV l/l-Z,Eeorpas. p. I 16l-l

16g.

Keywords
Nationalisq

Turkovic,

B.

1996: Bosnia and Herzegovina

: Saraj Invest.
1997: oiiujela Hrvatska. zagreb.

Saraj evo

in the changing world

order.

legitimation

et ,f

vitezovii, P.R.

homogenizaticr

Byronul;f;;

Kocruh, JI.M. 1999: ?IcmunafVuja ie Eouta. Hosu Cax: flo6puua

Byruhenuh, M.M. 1998: 3uanteHumu cp6u rwycnulwaHu.Eeorpag: HHK. Woodward, S.L. 1995: Balkan Tragedy. Chaos and Di.ysolution after the Cotcl War.

Washington, D.C.:

The

Brookings

-li

Institgtion.

rp Dr. zoltimEl Affairs, Budapcd

Hungarian

narir

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CBNTTR f'oR IHE RESpaRCH oF ETHNICITY AND

: ., ii,!,t
I

CulrunB

The Center for the Resea,rch of Ethnicity and Culture (CVEK) is an independenJ research::institute,established in 2005. CVEK's objective is to r,rpport and develop existing academic research initiatives and to provide public policy-orientated expertise in the areas of culture; ethnicity; citizenship; nationalism; multiculturalism; minorities; migration; social
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Edited by Michal VaSedka

EEii Af,f,E$'i"f
ffi

i:iliffHtr%H
O

n:ff,iffi *,,J.,
self-deter-

In Central European countries, the process of national

mination since rgth century has been more on the ethnic and cultural side than on the civic and territorial one. Objective of this book is to contribute to better understanding of the processes of redefinition of nation's identity within Central Europi in the era of late moderniry That in consequences would allow not only better conditions for handling of minority and migrant issues, but also increased mutual understanding between nations in Central Europe.

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ISBN 978-8o-9Zoo88-Z-r

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