Introduction To WAN

CS441: Introduction to WANs
Introduction to WAN Plan

Differentiate between a LAN and WAN Identify the devices used in a WAN List WAN standards Describe WAN encapsulation Classify the various WAN link options Differentiate between packet-switched and circuit-switched WAN technologies Compare and contrast current WAN technologies Describe equipment involved in the implementation of various WAN services Recommend a WAN service to an organization based on its needs Describe DSL and cable modem connectivity basics Describe a methodical procedure for designing WANs Compare and contrast WAN topologies
Justinian Anatory, Faculty of ECSE
page 1
WAN technology/terminology
Devices on the subscriber premises are called customer premises equipment (CPE). The subscriber owns the CPE or leases the CPE from the service provider. A copper or fiber cable connects the CPE to the service providers nearest exchange or central office (CO). This cabling is often called the local loop, or "last-mile".
CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) are equipments located at the customers site, they are owned, operated and managed by the customer.
page 2
A dialed call is connected locally to other local loops, or non-locally through a trunk to a primary center. It then goes to a sectional center and on to a regional or international carrier center as the call travels to its destination. A demarcation point is where customer premises equipment (CPE) ends, and local loop begins. The local loop is the cabling from demarcation point to Central Office (CO).
page 3
Devices that put data on the local loop are called data circuit-terminating equipment, or data communications equipment (DCE). The customer devices that pass the data to the DCE are called data terminal equipment (DTE). The DCE primarily provides an interface for the DTE into the communication link on the WAN cloud. The DTE/DCE interface uses various physical layer protocols, such as V.35. These protocols establish the codes and electrical parameters the devices use to communicate with each other.
page 4
WAN Devices
Modems transmit data over voice-grade telephone lines by modulating and demodulating the signal. The digital signals are superimposed on an analog voice signal that is modulated for transmission. The modulated signal can be heard as a series of whistles by turning on the internal modem speaker. At the receiving end the analog signals are returned to their digital form, or demodulated
page 5
WANs - Data Link Encapsulation

The data link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites, and the mechanisms for transferring the resulting frames. A variety of different technologies are used, such as ISDN, Frame Relay or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). These protocols use the same basic framing mechanism, high-level data link control (HDLC)
page 6
WAN Technologies WAN Technologies Overview

Dedicated T1, E1, T3, E3 xDSL SONET Circuit Switched POTS ISDN
Switched Packet Switched X.25 Frame Relay and ATM
Analog Dial-up modems Cable modems Wireless

Covers a relative broad area Use transmission facilities leased from service provider Carries different traffic (voice, video and data)
page 7
Dedicated Digital Services

Dedicated Digital Services provide full-time connectivity through a pointto-point link T series in U.S. and E series in Europe Uses time division multiplexing and assign time slots for transmissions
page 8
T1 PCM Frame Structure

Channel Grouping : 24 voice channels are grouped into a frame Sampling Rate : each channel is sampled at a rate of 8 kHz Quantization : 8-bits are assigned to each sample 1.544 Mbps data rate: 8 bits are inserted into each channel, or time slot so, 24 channels will have 192 bits Since sampling rate is 8kHz, so 1 frame take 1/8000 or 125 msec ONE more bit is added, for frame synchronization, to each PCM frame making it 193 bits To send 193 bits within 125 msec., the transmission rate is 1.544 Mbps T1 = 1.544 Mbps E1 = 2.048 Mbps T3 = 44.736 Mbps E3 = 34.368 Mbps
page 9
Digital Subscriber Lines

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a broadband technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data to service subscribers. The term xDSL covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL technologies. DSL technology allows the local loop line to be used for normal telephone voice connection and an always-on connection for instant network connectivity. The two basic types of DSL technologies are asymmetric (ADSL) and symmetric (SDSL). All forms of DSL service are categorized as ADSL or SDSL and there are several varieties of each type. Asymmetric service provides higher download or downstream bandwidth to the user than upload bandwidth. Symmetric service provides the same capacity in both directions.
page 10
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines

Plain old telephone service (POTs) Splitter A three node device for splitting voice signal and ADSL signal. It provides a low pass filter between the copper line node and the telephone node, and provides a high pass filter between the copper line node and the ADSL modem node. Thus, between the ADSL node and the telephone node the splitter attenuates all signals
page 11
Synchronous Optical Network

Makes use of fiber optical for transmission A digital transmission standard called Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) is developed in mid-1980s by Bellcore & ANSI. SONET is similar to Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Uses lasers to divide the wavelength of the light into sections that can carry large amounts of data (Wave Division Multiplexing) Very expensive; used by large ISPs and other Internet backbone entities. Unit of transmission capacity is referred as Synchronous Transport Signal levels or Optical Carrier levels STS-1 (or OC-1) line speed is 51.84 Mbps STS-2 (or OC-3) line speed is 155.52 Mbps STS-n (or OC-n) line speed is n x STS-1 (or OC-1)
page 12
Analog Services
Dial-up Modems (switched analog) Standard that can provides 56 kbps download speed and 33.6 kbps upload speed. With the download path, there is a digital-to-analogue conversion at the client side. With the upload path, there is a analogue-to-digital conversion at the client side.A-to-D conversion introduces quantization error making the overall s/n ratio lower. Hence, the upload path can not support a data rate as high as the download path
page 13
Cable Modems (Shared Analog)

Cable TV provides residential premises with a coaxial cable that has a bandwidth of 750MHz The bandwidth is divided into 6 MHz band using FDM for each TV channel A "Cable Modem" is a device that allows high-speed data access (Internet) via cable TV network. A cable modem will typically have two connections because a splitter delivers the TV bands to TV set and the internet access bands to PC via a cable box The splitter delivers the TV bands to TV set and the internet access bands to PC via a cable box
page 14
Wireless
Terrestrial Bandwidths typically in the 11 Mbps range Cost is relatively low Line-of-sight is usually required Usage is moderate Satellite Can serve mobile users and remote users Usage is widespread Cost is very high
page 15
Circuit Switched
Plain Old Telephone System (POTS)
Not a computer data service POTS is an important component of our communication infrastructure and It is still the standard for designing reliable networks Fixed Time Division Multiplex is used in POT network for users to share transmission line in a rigid manner. Each user may access the transmission line one by one, in different time period. Each user is assigned a channel (sometime referred as time slot) for him to transmit his data. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is used to convert analogue voice signal into digital form. PCM takes place at the telephone exchange centers (or CO) where subscriber lines terminate.
page 16
Circuit Switched Services

B Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) D Historically important--first dial-up digital serviceB Max. bandwidth = 128 kbps for BRI (Basic Rate Interface) 2 B channels @ 64kps and 1 D channel @ 16kps B channels are voice/data channels; D for signaling
page 17
Integrated Services Digital Network
page 18
Packet Switched Services

X.25 (Connection-oriented) Reliable--X.25 has been extensively debugged and is now very stable--literally no errors in modern X.25 networks Store & Forward--Since X.25 stores the whole frame to error check it before forwarding it on to the destination, it has an inherent delay (unlike Frame Relay) and requires large, expensive memory buffering capabilities. Frame Relay (Connectionless) More efficient and much faster than X.25 Used mostly to forward LAN IP packets
page 19
Frame Relay
Frame Relay differs from X.25 in several aspects. Much simpler protocol that works at the data link layer, not the network layer. Frame Relay implements no error or flow control. The simplified handling of frames leads to reduced latency, and measures taken to avoid frame build-up at intermediate switches help reduce jitter.
Most Frame Relay connections are permanent virtual circuit (PVCs) rather than Switched Virtual Circuit (SVCs).
Frame Relay provides permanent shared medium bandwidth connectivity that carries both voice and data traffic.
page 20
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Communications providers saw a need for a permanent shared network technology that offered very low latency and jitter at much higher bandwidths. ATM has data rates beyond 155 Mbps. ATM is a technology that is capable of transferring voice, video, and data through private and public networks. It is built on a cell-based architecture rather than on a frame-based architecture. ATM cells are always a fixed length of 53 bytes. The 53 byte ATM cell contains a 5 byte ATM header followed by 48 bytes of ATM payload. Small, fixed-length cells are well suited for carrying voice and video traffic because this traffic is intolerant of delay. Video and voice traffic do not have to wait for a larger data packet to be transmitted. The 53 byte ATM cell is less efficient than the bigger frames and packets of Frame Relay A typical ATM line needs almost 20% greater bandwidth than Frame Relay
page 21
WAN Technology: Comparison
>155 Mbps
<45 Mbps
page 22
Three Layer Model
page 23
WAN Topologies
Full-Mesh Star or Hub-andSpoke
Partial-Mesh
page 24

Introduction To WAN

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CS441: Introduction to WANs