InferringPhylogeneticTrees Inferring Ph logenetic Trees Todaysquestions: T d ti I. Buildingtreestutorial I B ildi i l II.

Theproblemofhomoplasy
Why do small populations become inbred? -Because eventually, all individuals become related.

I. Readingtrees HowdoesthisdifferfromtheGreatChainofBeing?

I.Phylogenetic treestutorial Workinteamsof3.Middlepersonasthescribe(does thewriting).Asyouworkthroughthequestions,be the writing). As you work through the questions, be suretoexplainyourlogictoeachother. Pleaseaskusforhelp,ifyouneedit!
Traits that ancestors have are basal traits, groups are only basal if they are the ancestor themselves.

Current Current phylogenyof themammals, estimatedfrom DNAsequence data

Monotremes Marsupials Golden mole, tenrec Elephant shrews Aardvark Elephants Hyraxes y Dugong, manatees Armadillos Anteater Sloths Flying shrews, tree shrews Prosimians Monkeys Apes Rabbits Rodents Moles, Moles hedgehogs Hyenas, weasels, wolves Seals, sea lions Pangolin Horses, rhinos H hi Camels, pigs, cows Hippos, whales, dolphins Bats

II.Theproblemofhomoplasy (versushomology) Examplesoftraitsthataresimilar,butnotbecause theywereinheritedfromacommonancestor: Bodyshapeindolphinsandicthyosaurs Flippersinpenguinsandseals Flippers in penguins and seals Eyepositionincrocodilesandhippos Cameraeyeinoctopusandvertebrates y p

1.Isthefurofchimpsandthehairofhumanshomologous?
Homologous because they have common ancestor. Mammal common ancestor has fur.

2.Whalesanddolphinshaveonlytracesoffur.Humans p y havelittlehair.Arethesetraitlosseshomologous?
Homoplasy because it's more likely that their common ancestor has fur, so they couldn't have loss it due to common ancestor. We just both have loss of hairs because both our environment selected for loss of fur/ hair.

3.Whatdoesthehypothesisofhomoplasy predictabout geneticanddevelopmentalsimilarity?

That they are only similar because the environment they live in are similar or very different but select for the same trait.

Whatcauseshomoplasy? Inmorphologicaltraits:Convergentevolutiondueto: I h l i l t it C t l ti d t
Environments that make similar demands on species so they develop similar traits.

Reversal (particularly (particularly importantin DNA DNA sequence data):