Plantdiversification Plant di ersification Todaysquestion: y q I. Whatarelandplants? p p II. Whatadaptationsallowedplantstocolonizeland anddiversify?

Cuticleandstomata Vasculartissue y p y Theembryophyte condition Pollen Seeds

Human and the 6th Extinction: - Use to be that mass extinction was random, but humans are not sudden, but selective. So species that

Arethefollowing Are the following groupsmonophyletic?

paraphyletic.

Nonvascularplants Non vascular plants Seedlessvascularplants p

paraphyletic.

Vascularplants
monophyletic.

Seedplants
monophyletic.

Gymnosperms
monophyletic.

Conifers(redwoodsandjunipers, C if ( d d dj i andpinesetal.)
paraphyletic.

Howbigaretodaysliverworts,mosses,andhornworts, andwhattypesofhabitatsdotheyoccupy?
Compared to wet land plant, prefer wetter environments since they don't have vascular tissues to transfer up water.

Howbigaretoday sgymnospermsandangiosperms,and How big are todays gymnosperms and angiosperms and whattypesofhabitatsdotheyoccupy?
Relatively large, and wide variety of habitat.

Whatdotheseobservationsimplyabouttrendsinland Wh t d th b ti i l b tt d i l d plantevolution?
Small-->Big Wet-->Dry

II.Whatadaptationsallowedplantstocolonizelandand diversify? A. Abilitytoavoiddesiccation 1. Cuticle a. Whatiscuticle? a What is cuticle?

Waxy layer made from surface epidermal cells that prevents water loss.

b.Markitsoriginonthetree b. Mark its origin on the tree

Common ancestor of land plant, because they need it to prevent water loss.

c.Whatisitsadaptivesignificance?

2.Poresandstomata Poresarefoundinliverworts;allotherlandplantshave stomata. photosynthesis:CO2 +H2O (CH2O)n +O2 a. Whatarepores?Whatarestomata? p

-Pores are opening for gas exchange. -Stomata have both pores and guard cells (regulate size of pore).

b. Maptheiroriginonthetree. c. Whatistheadaptivesignificanceofporesand stomata? stomata?

-Pores first, then stomata. -Common ancestor of liverwort and land plants have pores, then a separate node for development of stomata.

Morphological innovation that allows more efficient prevention of water loss through gas exchange.

B.Transportingwaterandnutrients Vasculartissueconsistingoftracheids ortracheids +vessels

Reinforced with cellulose and lignins.

1. Whatisvasculartissue? 1 Wh t i l ti ?
-Cell layers that allow water/ sap transport up a plant and support the structure.

2. Mapitsoriginonthetree.
-Tracheid first, vessels later. -Base of vascular plants.

3. Whatisitsadaptivesignificance?
-Increase height, so they could get more sunlight.

C.Theembryophyte condition Gametangia arestructuresthatenclosegameteproducing cells. Inlandplants,theeggisretained ontheparentandtheembryo developsinsidethegametangium develops inside the gametangium (insteadofreleasingzygotes) Whatistheadaptivesignificanceoftheembryophyte condition? condition?
Head start, allows embryo to avoid desication and to grow big enough to do photosynthesis.

D.Pollen Cellsthatareencasedinatoughcoatofsporopollenin; somegiverisetospermcells. Transportedfromoneplanttoanotherbywind,animals, orwater. Whatistheadaptivesignificanceofpollen?(Hint:inferns, mosses,andotherplantsthatlackpollen,spermhaveto d th l t th t l k ll h t swimtotheeggand/orhitcharideonlegsoftinyinsects.)

E.Theseed Anembryowithafoodsupply,surroundedbyatoughcoat.
- Embryo is multicellular. - Food supply is like placenta.

Transportedawayfromtheparentbywind,animals,water.

Whatistheadaptivesignificanceoftheseed?(Hint:in ferns,mosses,andotherplantsthatlackseeds,the f d th l t th t l k d th dispersalstageisasinglecelledspore.)

Most vulnerable stage is done while in parent, and there's a food supply.

Spores-->Single cell that germinates into multicellular individual. Produced through meiosis. Spore vs. Seed: Unicellular vs multicellular embryo. Food supply. Both have tough coat. Not fertilized vs. already fertilized.