Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
b
1
= 1
,
_
b
1
a
,
_
b
b
1
=
b
1
(associative and identity)
a 1 =
b
1
(Inverse)
a =
b
1
(identity)
Number Line
The set of numbers that corresponds to all point on number lines is called the set of real
number. The real numbers on the number line are ordered in increasing magnitude from the left
to the right
For example for 3.5,
3
2
and can be shown on a real number line as
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
5
4
3 2 1 0
1 2 3 4
Mathematics KFP00105
Topic 1 : Number System
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Symbol Description Example
a = b
a < b
a > b
a equal to b
a less than b
a greater than b
3 = 3
4 < 4
5 > 0
Note: The symbols < or > are called inequality sign
All sets of real numbers between a and b, where a < b can be written in the form of intervals as
shown in the following table.
Type of Interval Notation Inequalities Representation on the number line
Closed interval [a, b] a x b
Open interval (a, b) a < x < b
Half-open interval (a, b] a < x b
Half-open interval [a, b) a x < b
Open interval (, b) < x < b
Half-open interval (, b] < x b
Open interval (a, ) a < x <
Half- open interval [a, ) a x <
Note :
The symbol is not a numerical. When we write [a, ), we are simply referring to the interval
starting at a and continuing indefinitely to the right.
Example
List the number described and graph the numbers on a number line.
(a) The whole number less than 4
(b) The integer between 3 and 9
(c) The integers greater than -3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
6
3.5
a b
a b
a b
a b
a
b
a
b
3
2
Mathematics KFP00105
Topic 1 : Number System
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Solution
(a) W = {0 , 1, 2 , 3}
(b) Z = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(c) Z ={-2, -1, 0 }
Example
Represent the following interval on the real number line and state the type of the interval.
(a) [-1, 4] (b) {x : 2 < x < 5}
(c) [2, ) (d) {x : x 0, x R}
Solution
(a) closed interval
(b) open interval
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
7
-1 4
2 5
Mathematics KFP00105
Topic 1 : Number System
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(c) half-open interval
(d) half-open interval
INTERSECTION AND UNION
Intersection and union operation can be performed on intervals.
For example,
A = [1 , 6) and B = (2, 4),
Intersection of set A and set B is a half-open interval [1,4).
The union of set A and set B is given by A B = (2, 6) is an opened interval.
All these can be shown on a number line given below:
A B
A B
2 1 4 6
Example
Solve the following using the number line
(a) [0, 5) (4, 7) (b) (, 5) (1, 9)
(c) (, 0] [0, ) (d) (4, 2) (0, 4] [2, 2)
Solution
(a)
0 4 5 7
[0, 5) (4, 7) = [0, 7)
(b)
1 5 9
(, 5) (1, 9) = (1, 5)
8
2
0
B
A
Mathematics KFP00105
Topic 1 : Number System
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(c)
0
(, 0] [0, ) = (, ) = R
(d) Consider (4, 2) (0, 4]
4 0 2 4
(4, 2) (0, 4] = (4, 4]
Thus, ((4, 2) (0, 4]) [2, 2) = (4, 4] [2, 2)
So by using number line,
4 2 2 4
(4, 4] [2, 2) = [2, 2)
Example
Given A = {x : -2 < x 5} and B = {x : 0 < x 7}. Show that A B = (0, 5].
Solution
2 0 5 7
(2, 5] (0, 7] = (0, 5]
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Mathematics KFP00105
Topic 1 : Number System
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Exercise
1. Given {-7, - 3 , 0,
5
1
,
2
,
4
, 0.16, 0.8181}. List the numbers for
(a) N (b) Z (c) Q (d) R (e) Q
Ans : (a) none
(b) {-7, 0,
4
}
(c) {-7, 0,
5
1
,
4
, 0.16, 0.8181}
(d) {-7, - 3 ,
4
, 0,
5
1
,
2
, 0.16, 0.8181}
(e) {- 3 ,
2
}
2. Express each of there numbers as a quotient
b
a
(a) 0.444 (b) 0.5353 (c) 1.777
Ans : (a)
9
4
(b)
99
53
(c)
9
17
3. Write down the properties of the real numbers that are used to prove the statement below
(a) x (x + z) = xy + xz
= yx + zx
= (y + z) x
(b) (-3) + (b + 3) = (-3) + (3 + b)
= (-3 + 3) + b
= 0 + b
= b
Ans : (a) distributive, commutative, distributive
(b) commutative, associative, inverse,
identity
4. Represent these intervals on a number line.
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Mathematics KFP00105
Topic 1 : Number System
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_
(a) [2, 5] (b) (4, 5]
(c) (8, 8) (d) [2, )
5. Write down the following solution set in an interval notation.
(a) {x : x 6} (b) {x : 3 x < 6}
(c) {x : 5 < x 5} (d) {x : 0 x 4}
(e) {x : x 8} {x : x 13} (f) {x : x 4}
6. Given A = [2, 5], B = (3, 5], C = (7, 7) and D = [3, ). Find
(a) A B (b) A B
(c) A C D (d) C D A
Answer
1. (a)
2 5
(b)
-4 5
(c)
-8 8
(d)
-2
2. (a) [6, )
(b) [-3, 6)
(c) (-5, 5]
(d) [0, 4]
(e) (, 8][12, ); half- open interval
(f) (-, 4] ; half-open interval
3. (a) [2, 5]
(b) (-3, 5]
(c) [2, 5]
(d) [2, 5]
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