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Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 153182, 2007

HIGH FREQUENCY EXPRESSIONS FOR THE FIELD


IN THE CAUSTIC REGION OF A CYLINDRICAL
REFLECTOR PLACED IN CHIRAL MEDIUM
M. Faryad

Microwave Lab
Department of Electrical Engineering (Telecom)
National University of Sciences and Technology
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Q. A. Naqvi
Electronics Department
Quaid-i-Azam University
Islamabad, Pakistan
AbstractHigh frequency eld expressions for a two dimensional
reector are derived. The reector is placed in a homogenous and
reciprocal chiral medium. Since geometrical optics fails at caustics
so Maslovs method has been used to nd the eld expressions which
are also valid around caustics. Examples of parabolic and circular
reectors have been considered.
1. INTRODUCTION
Asymptotic ray theory (ART) or the geometrical optics approximation
is widely used to study various kinds of problems in the areas of
electromagnetics, acoustic waves, seismic waves, etc. [13]. It is
also well known that the geometrical optics fails in the vicinity of
caustic. So, in order to study the eld behavior near caustic, other
approach is required. Maslov proposed a method to predict the eld
in the caustic region [4]. Maslovs method combines the simplicity
of asymptotic ray theory and the generality of the Fourier transform
method. This is achieved by representing the geometrical optics elds
in terms of mixed coordinates consisting of space coordinates and wave
vector coordinates. That is by representing the eld in terms of six

Also with Electronics Department, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.


154 Faryad and Naqvi
coordinates. It may be noted that information of ray trajectories
is included in both space coordinates R = (x, y, z) and wave vector
coordinates P = (p
x
, p
y
, p
z
).
Solving the Hamiltonian equations under the prescribed initial
conditions, one can construct the geometrical optics eld in space R,
which is valid except in the vicinity of caustic. Near the caustic, the
expression for the geometrical optics eld in spatial space is rewritten
in mixed domain. The expression in mixed domain is related to the
original domain R through the asymptotic Fourier transform.
Focusing systems have been analyzed by many authors [521]. A
number of research problems have been analyzed using the Maslovs
method [1021]. In present discussion, our interest is to study GO elds
associated with a cylindrical reector placed in a lossless, homogeneous
and reciprocal chiral medium. Number of caustics, locations of
the caustics, and nite eld around the caustics is of interest. In
Section 2, we have discussed geometrical optics (GO) method and
Maslovs method in ordinary medium. Extension of GO to reciprocal,
homogenous and lossless medium is discussed in Section 3. In section 4
we have determined GO eld around a cylindrical reector placed in
chiral medium, and have determined nite eld around around caustics
using Maslovs Method. In Sections 4.1 and 4.2 we have considered the
parabolic and circular cylindrical reectors as examples. Results and
plots around caustics are discussed in Section 5. Concluding remarks
are presented in Section 6.
2. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS AND MASLOVS METHOD
IN ORDINARY MEDIUM
Consider the scalar wave equation
(
2
+ k
2
n
2
)u(r) = 0 (1)
where r = (x, z),
2
=
2
/x
2
+
2
/z
2
, k =

is wavenumber,
n is index of refraction of the medium, which in our problem is a
constant. Medium is homogeneous and isotropic. Solution of (1) may
be assumed in the form of asymptotic series in powers of (jk)
1
as
u(r) =

m=0
A
m
(r)
(jk)
m
exp(jk) (2)
Substituting (2) in (1) and equating coecients of k
2
we get eikonal
equation as [22]
()
2
n
2
= 0 (3)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 155
Equating co-ecient of k we get transport equation
2A. + A
2
= 0 (4)
where we have retained only A
0
and has denoted it with A. Since we
have assumed k to be large so we have neglected higher order terms.
We dene wave vector p = and Hamiltonian H = (p.pn
2
)/2,
so the eikonal equation becomes H = 0. Equation (3) can be solved
by method of characteristic, as follow
dx
d
= p
x
(5a)
dz
d
= p
z
(5b)
dp
x
d
=
H
x
= 0 (5c)
dp
z
d
=
H
z
= 0 (5d)
where is parameter along the ray. Solution of Hamiltons equations
(5) is
x = + p
x
(6a)
z = + p
z
(6b)
p
x
= p
x0
(6c)
p
z
= p
z0
(6d)
where (, ) and (p
x0
, p
z0
) are initial values of (x, z) and (p
x
, p
z
)
respectively. The phase function is given by
=
0
() +
_

0
n
2
d =
0
() + n
2
(7)
where
0
() is initial phase at (, ). The solution of transport equation
is [22]
A(r) = A
0
()J
1/2
(8)
where A
0
() is initial eld and J =
D()
D(0)
, where D() = (x, z)/(, )
is the Jacobian of transformation from ray co-ordinates (, ) to space
co-ordinates (x, z). Now we can write approximate solution of (1),
known as GO solution, as
u(r) = u
0
()J
1/2
exp(jkn
2
) (9)
156 Faryad and Naqvi
where u
0
() = A
0
() exp{jk
0
()}. Equation (9) predicts innite
amplitudes at points where J = 0 which is not realistic. This situation
can be avoided and nite eld around caustic may be found as follow
using Maslovs Method [4, 11].
The solution may be assumed in the form of the Fourier transform
and is given as
u(r) =

T(x, p
z
) exp[jk(x, p
z
) + p
z
z]dp
z
(10)
Equation (10) can be solved using stationary phase method in the
region much away from the caustic. The resulting solution is GO
solution so it should agree with GO solution given by (9). Identifying
the solution with (9), explicit expression for (x, p
z
) and T(x, p
z
) can
be obtained. Although solution agrees at stationary points of p
z
but
we assume that they agree for all values of p
z
. The eld near caustics
is given as
u(r) =

k
j2

A
0
()

J
p
z
z

1/2
exp[jk{
0
+n
2
z
0
p
z
+zp
z
}]dp
z
(11)
where z
0
is the value of z at stationary point of p
z
, given by (6a). The
expression J
pz
z
can be calculated more simply as
J
p
z
z
=
1
D(0)
(x, p
z
)
(, )
(12)
3. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS IN CHIRAL MEDIUM
Chiral medium supports left circularly polarized (LCP) and right
circularly polarized (RCP) modes. There are more than one ways
to dene constitutive relations of chiral medium and we will use DBF
constitutive relations as follow [23]
D = (E+ E) (13a)
B = (H+ H) (13b)
where , and is permittivity, permeability and chirality constants
of the medium. and has usual dimensions and has the
dimension of length. Using these constitutive relations, solution of
Maxwells equations results in coupled dierential equations. If we use
the following transformation [23], we can have uncoupled dierential
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 157
equations
E = Q
L
j
_

Q
R
(14a)
H = Q
R
j
_

Q
L
(14b)
where Q
L
and Q
R
, represents LCP and RCP waves, respectively, and
satisfy the following equations
_

2
+ k
2
n
2
1
_
Q
L
= 0 (15a)
_

2
+ k
2
n
2
2
_
Q
R
= 0 (15b)
where n
1
=
1
1k
and n
2
=
1
1+k
are equivalent refractive indices of
the medium seen by LCP and RCP waves respectively, and k =

.
Equation (15) shows that elds in chiral medium may be treated in
a manner similar to ordinary medium if we use the transformation (14).
So GO solution for chiral medium can be obtained in a manner similar
to ordinary medium as is discussed in Section 2. Now we have two types
of polarizations so, we have to solve for both waves independently. The
total eld will be the superposition of two contributions.
4. GEOMETRIC OPTICS FIELD OF A CYLINDRICAL
REFLECTOR PLACED IN CHIRAL MEDIUM
Reection of plane waves traveling in chiral medium has been
considered by [24]. We recapitulate it here to introduce our notations
and to present it in a form suitable for our present work. Consider
reection of RCP wave from perfect electric conducting (PEC) plane
lying along xy-plane as shown in Figure 1. An RCP wave traveling
with phase velocity

kn
2
and amplitude unity, is incident on the plane
making angle with z-axis. Reected wave is composed of two waves
with opposite handedness. An LCP wave is reected making angle
RCP
LCP
RCP
Z
1


, ,

Figure 1. Reection of RCP waves from PEC plane.


158 Faryad and Naqvi

1
= sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin) and with amplitude of
2 cos
cos +cos
1
. The phase
velocity of LCP wave is

kn
1
. An RCP wave is reected making angle
and amplitude
cos cos
1
cos +cos
1
. If we take > 0, then n
1
> n
2
and

1
< i.e. LCP wave bends towards normal, this is because it is
slower than RCP. If < 0, the situation reverses, and in the rest of
paper we will consider only > 0. Two points are to be noted here,
rstly, when = 0, then n
1
= n
2
= 1 and
1
= , so RCP wave
diminishes and LCP wave has amplitude unity. This is the case of
reection of RCP wave from PEC plane in simple isotropic medium.
Secondly, greater the value of , the greater is the dierence between
and
1
.
Similarly when an LCP wave with unit amplitude is incident on
PEC plane making angle with z-axis, as shown in Figure 2, we get
two reected waves of opposite handedness. An RCP wave is reected
at angle
2
= sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin) with amplitude
2 cos
cos +cos
2
, and an LCP
wave at angle and amplitude
cos cos
2
cos +cos
2
. Since
2
> , the RCP
wave bends away from z-axis because it is faster than LCP. Again
we can see that, rstly, for = 0, we get only an RCP wave with
amplitude unity and
2
= . Secondly as increases, the dierence
between
2
and increases.
LCP LCP
RCP
Z
2


, ,

Figure 2. Reection of LCP waves from PEC plane.
When both LCP and RCP hit PEC plane boundary there are four
reected waves. We will calculate the GO eld for these four waves
separately. To nd the reected wave vectors of these waves we will
consider cylindrical boundary as a plane, locally. Henceforth, we will
designate these waves as RR, RL, LL and LR. Quantities designated as
RR and RL are RCP and LCP reected wave components, respectively,
when RCP is incident. Quantities designated as LL and LR are LCP
and RCP reected waves, respectively, when LCP is incident wave.
Consider a two dimensional conducting curved surface which is
uniform in y-direction and is dened by = g(), as shown in Figure 3.
The reector is placed in homogenous and reciprocal chiral medium
dened by constitutive relations (1). Let two plane waves are traveling
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 159
X
Z
LCP+RCP
LR
LL+RR
=g( )
normal
RL


, ,


Figure 3. Cylindrical reector in chiral media.
in chiral medium along z-axis of opposite handedness. Solutions of
(15) for plane waves traveling along positive z-axis can be found as
Q
L
= (a
x
+ ja
y
) exp(jkn
1
z)
Q
R
= (a
x
ja
y
) exp(jkn
2
z)
where a
x
and a
y
are unit vectors along x and y axis respectively. We
suppress the polarization, and henceforth it will remain suppressed,
and take the incident elds to be of unit amplitudes as follow
Q
L
= exp(jkn
1
z) (16a)
Q
R
= exp(jkn
2
z) (16b)
Consider the case of normal incidence such that these waves are
incident at angle with surface normal a
n
of the surface of the
reector. The surface normal is given by
a
n
= sina
x
+ cos a
z
(17)
where is the angle made by the normal with z-axis, and is given by
sin =
g

()
_
1 + g
2
()
(18a)
160 Faryad and Naqvi
cos =
1
_
1 + g
2
()
(18b)
Prime represents the derivative. The reected wave vectors of LL, RR,
RL and LR waves are given as
p
LL
= n
1
sin2a
x
n
1
cos 2a
z
(19a)
p
RR
= n
2
sin2a
x
n
2
cos 2a
z
(19b)
p
RL
= n
1
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}a
x
n
1
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}a
z
(19c)
p
LR
= n
2
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}a
x
n
2
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}a
z
(19d)
The initial elds and initial phases on the surface of the reector for
these rays are given as
A
0LL
=
cos cos
2
cos + cos
2
(20a)
A
0RR
=
cos cos
1
cos + cos
1
(20b)
A
0RL
=
2 cos
cos + cos
1
(20c)
A
0LR
=
2 cos
cos + cos
2
(20d)

0LL
= n
1
(20e)

0RR
= n
2
(20f)

0RL
= n
2
(20g)

0LR
= n
1
(20h)
The Jacobian of transformations for these rays are given as
J
LL
= 1 2n
1

(21a)
J
RR
= 1 2n
2

(21b)
J
RL
= 1

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 161

n
1

cos
_
+ sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)
_
+ tan sin
_
+ sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)
_
(21c)
J
LR
= 1

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

n
2

cos
_
+ sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)
_
+ tan sin
_
+ sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)
_
(21d)
and the GO eld for each ray can now be written as
u
LL
(r) = A
0LL
() exp
_
jk(
0LL
() + n
2
1
)
_
J
1/2
LL
(22a)
u
RR
(r) = A
0RR
() exp
_
jk(
0RR
() + n
2
2
)
_
J
1/2
RR
(22b)
u
RL
(r) = A
0RL
() exp
_
jk(
0RL
() + n
2
1
)
_
J
1/2
RL
(22c)
u
LR
(r) = A
0LR
() exp
_
jk(
0LR
() + n
2
2
)
_
J
1/2
LR
(22d)
The equations of caustics where Jacobian becomes zero are given by
n
1
=
1
2

(23a)
n
2
=
1
2

(23b)
n
1
=
_
cos
_
+sin
1
_
n
2
n
1
sin
__
+tan sin
_
+sin
1
_
n
2
n
1
sin
___

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos

(23c)
n
2
=
_
cos
_
+sin
1
_
n
1
n
2
sin
__
+tan sin
_
+sin
1
_
n
1
n
2
sin
___

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos

(23d)
Since GO becomes innite at caustics, so we nd approximate eld at
caustics by Maslovs Method. To calculate eld at caustic by (11) we
162 Faryad and Naqvi
need expression (12) which are found below
J
LL
p
zLL
z
= 2n
1
sin
2
2

(24a)
J
RR
p
zRR
z
= 2n
2
sin
2
2

(24b)
J
RL
p
zRL
z
=
n
1
sin
2
{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

(24c)
J
LR
p
zLR
z
=
n
2
sin
2
{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

(24d)
and the nite elds around the caustics, using (11) and (24) are given
by
u
LL
(r) =

k
j2
_

A
0LL
()
_
J
LL
p
zLL
z
_
1/2
exp
_
jk
_

0LL
+n
2
1
z
0LL
p
zLL
+zp
zLL
__
dp
zLL
(25a)
u
RR
(r) =

k
j2
_

A
0RR
()
_
J
RR
p
zRR
z
_
1/2
exp
_
jk
_

0RR
+n
2
2
z
0RR
p
zRR
+zp
zRR
__
dp
zRR
(25b)
u
RL
(r) =

k
j2
_

A
0RL
()
_
J
RL
p
zRL
z
_
1/2
exp
_
jk
_

0RL
+n
2
1
z
0RL
p
zRL
+zp
zRL
__
dp
zRL
(25c)
u
LR
(r) =

k
j2
_

A
0LR
()
_
J
LR
p
zLR
z
_
1/2
exp
_
jk
_

0LR
+ n
2
2
z
0LR
p
zLR
+zp
zLR
__
dp
zLR
(25d)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 163
4.1. Parabolic Cylindrical Reector
Consider the parabolic reector dened by = f
2
/4f where f is
focal length of parabola. Using (18)
cos =
2f
_

2
+ 4f
2
(26a)
sin =

_

2
+ 4f
2
(26b)

=
cos
2

2f
(26c)
Substituting (26b) in (21) we get Jacobians as follow
J
LL
=1 n
1

cos
2

f
(27a)
J
RR
=1 n
2

cos
2

f
(27b)
J
RL
=1
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
2f
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

n
1
cos
2

cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
(27c)
J
LR
=1
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
2f
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

n
2
cos
2

cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
(27d)
and the GO eld is found using (20) and (27) in (22) as
u
LL
(r) =
_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
1
)

_
1 n
1

cos
2

f
_
1/2
exp(jkn
2
1
) (28a)
u
RR
(r) =
_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
2
)
164 Faryad and Naqvi

_
1 n
2

cos
2

f
_
1/2
exp(jkn
2
2
) (28b)
u
RL
(r) =
_
2 cos
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
2
)
[1
n
1
cos
2

cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
2f
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

]
1/2
exp(jkn
2
1
) (28c)
u
LR
(r) =
_
2 cos
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
1
)
[1
n
2
cos
2

cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
2f
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

]
1/2
exp(jkn
2
2
) (28d)
equations of caustics are written using (23) and (26b) as
n
1
=
f
cos
2

(29a)
n
2
=
f
cos
2

(29b)
n
1
=
2f
cos
2

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos

_
cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
(29c)
n
2
=
2f
cos
2

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos

_
cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)} + tan sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
(29d)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 165
and (24) becomes
J
LL
p
zLL
z
=n
1
sin
2
2
cos
2

f
(30a)
J
RR
p
zRR
z
=n
2
sin
2
2
cos
2

f
(30b)
J
RL
p
zRL
z
=
n
1
cos
2
sin
2
{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
2f
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

(30c)
J
LR
p
zLR
z
=
n
2
cos
2
sin
2
{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
2f
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

(30d)
The nite elds around caustics are found for each ray as follow.
Using (26a)
= 2f tan, = f
cos 2
cos
2

(31)
For LL ray,
=
x
p
xLL
=
x + 2f tan
n
1
sin2
(32a)
p
zLL
= n
1
cos 2 (32b)
dp
zLL
= 2n
1
sin2d (32c)
putting (20), (30a) and (32) in (25a), we get nite eld around caustic
for LL ray as
u
LL
(r) =

2kfn
1
j
_

_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
sec
exp[jkn
1
{2f xsin2 z cos 2}] d (33)
For RR ray
=
x
p
xRR
=
x + 2f tan
n
2
sin2
(34a)
p
zRR
= n
2
cos 2 (34b)
dp
zRR
= 2n
2
sin2d (34c)
166 Faryad and Naqvi
Using (20), (30b) and (34) in (25b) we get
u
RR
(r) =

2kfn
2
j
_

_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
sec
exp[jkn
2
{2f xsin2 z cos 2}] d (35)
For RL ray
p
zRL
= n
1
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)} (36a)
dp
zRL
= n
1
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}{
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos }
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

d
(36b)
=
x
p
xRL
=
x + 2f tan
n
1
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
(36c)
Using (20), (30c) and (36) in (25c) we get
u
RL
(r) =

kfn
1
j
_

_
2
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_

_
cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
1/2

_
_
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+n
2
cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

_
_
1/2
exp[jkn
1
{
RL
+zp
zRL
}]d
(37)
where

RL
+ zp
zRL
= f
n
2
cos 2
n
1
cos
2

(x 2f tan) sin{ + sin


1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}

_
z f
cos 2
cos
2

_
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
For LR ray
p
zLR
= n
2
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)} (38a)
dp
zLR
= n
2
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}{
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos }
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

d
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 167
(38b)
=
x
p
xLR
=
x + 2f tan
n
2
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
(38c)
using (20), (30d) and (38) in (25d) we get
u
LR
(r) =

kfn
2
j
_

_
2
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_

_
cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
1/2

_
_
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+n
1
cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

_
_
1/2
exp[jkn
2
{
LR
+zp
zLR
}]d
(39)
where

LR
+ zp
zLR
= f
n
1
cos 2
n
2
cos
2

(x2f tan) sin{ + sin


1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}

_
z f
cos 2
cos
2

_
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
4.2. Circular Cylindrical Reector
As an other example consider circular cylindrical reector dened by
=
_
a
2

2
where a is the radius of cylinder. Using (18)
cos =

a
(40a)
sin =

a
(40b)

=
1

(40c)
Substituting (40b) in (21) we get Jacobians as follow
J
LL
= 1 2
n
1

a cos
(41a)
168 Faryad and Naqvi
J
RR
= 1 2
n
2

a cos
(41b)
J
RL
= 1
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
a cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

n
1

cos{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)} + tan sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
(41c)
J
LR
= 1
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
a cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

n
2

cos{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)} + tan sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
(41d)
GO eld using (41) and (20) in (22) is given as
u
LL
(r) =
_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
1
)

_
1 2
n
1

a cos
_
1/2
exp(jkn
2
1
) (42a)
u
RR
(r) =
_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
2
)

_
1 2
n
2

a cos
_
1/2
exp(jkn
2
2
) (42b)
u
RL
(r) =
_
2 cos
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
2
)
[1
n
1

cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
a cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

]
1/2
exp(jkn
2
1
) (42c)
u
LR
(r) =
_
2 cos
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
exp(jkn
1
)
[1
n
2

cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 169

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
a cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

]
1/2
exp(jkn
2
2
) (42d)
equations of caustics are found using (40b) in (23) as
n
1
=
1
2
a cos (43a)
n
2
=
1
2
a cos (43b)
n
1
=
_
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)} + tan sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_

a cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
(43c)
n
2
=
_
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)} + tan sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_

a cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
(43d)
and using (40b) in (24) we have
J
LL
p
zLL
z
=2
n
1
sin
2
2
a cos
(44a)
J
RR
p
zRR
z
= 2
n
2
sin
2
2
a cos
(44b)
J
RL
p
zRL
z
=
n
1
sin
2
{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
cos{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}

_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
a cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

(44c)
J
LR
p
zLR
z
=
n
2
sin
2
{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}

_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+ n
1
cos
a cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

(44d)
Finite eld around caustics are found as follow.
170 Faryad and Naqvi
From (40a)
= a sin, = a cos (45)
For LL ray,
=
x
p
xLL
=
x + a sin
n
1
sin2
(46)
using (20), (32b), (44a) and (46) in (25a) we get
u
LL
(r) =

kan
1
j
_

_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
[cos ]
1/2
exp[jkn
1
{2a cos xsin2 z cos 2}]d (47)
For RR ray
=
x
p
xRR
=
x + a sin
n
2
sin2
(48)
using (20), (34b),(44a) and (48) in (25b)we get
u
RR
(r) =

kan
2
j
_

_
cos cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
[cos ]
1/2
exp[jkn
2
{2a cos xsin2 z cos 2}]d (49)
For RL ray
=
x
p
xRL
=
x + a sin
n
1
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
(50)
using (20), (36b), (44b) and (50) in (25c) we get
u
RL
(r)=

kan
1
j2
_

_
2 cos
3
2

cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_

_
cos{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)} + tan sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
_
1/2

_
_
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2
+ n
2
cos
_
n
2
1
n
2
2
sin
2

_
_
1/2
exp[jkn
1
{
RL
+ zp
zRL
}] d
(51)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 171
where

RL
+ zp
zRL
=
n
2
n
1
a cos (x a sin) sin{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
{z a cos }} cos{ + sin
1
(
n
2
n
1
sin)}
For LR ray
=
x
p
xLR
=
x + a sin
n
2
sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
(52)
using (20), (38b), (44c) and (52) in (25d) we get
u
LR
(r) =

kan
2
j2
_

_
2 cos
3
2

cos + cos{sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_

_
cos{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}+tan sin{+sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
_
1/2

_
_
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2
+n
1
cos
_
n
2
2
n
2
1
sin
2

_
_
1/2
exp[jkn
2
{
LR
+zp
zLR
}]d
(53)
where

LR
+ zp
zLR
=
n
1
n
2
a cos (x a sin) sin{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
{z a cos }} cos{ + sin
1
(
n
1
n
2
sin)}
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Contour plots of (33), (35), (37), (39), (47), (49), (51) and (53) are
given in Figure 4 to Figure 11, respectively. Each gure contains four
plots, that is, for k =0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1. We have taken kf = 100 for
parabolic reector and ka = 100 for circular reector. Integration has
been performed from = /4 to = /4. In these plots horizontal
axis is kz and vertical axis is kx. Variation of magnitude of the elds
is shown versus kz in Figure 12 to Figure 19.
From equation (6)
n
1
= n
2
=
_
(x )
2
+ (z )
2
(54)
172 Faryad and Naqvi
Figure 4. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
LL
| of parabolic cylindrical
reector with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05
and (d) k = 0.1.
Figure 5. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
RR
| of parabolic cylindrical
reector with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05
and (d) k = 0.1.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 173
Figure 6. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
RL
| of parabolic cylindrical
reector with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05
and (d) k = 0.1.
Figure 7. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
LR
| of parabolic cylindrical
reector with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05
and (d) k = 0.1.
174 Faryad and Naqvi
Figure 8. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
LL
| of circular cylindrical reector
with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05 and (d)
k = 0.1.
Figure 9. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
RR
| of circular cylindrical
reector with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05
and (d) k = 0.1.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 175
Figure 10. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
RL
| of circular cylindrical
reector with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05
and (d) k = 0.1.
Figure 11. Equi-amplitude plots of |u
LR
| of circular cylindrical
reector with kf = 100 for (a) k = 0, (b) k = 0.01, (c) k = 0.05
and (d) k = 0.1.
176 Faryad and Naqvi
Figure 12. Plots of |u
LL
| of parabolic cylindrical reector at x = 0
for k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
Figure 13. Plots of |u
RR
| of parabolic cylindrical reector at x = 0
for k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
so equations of caustics for u
LL
and u
RR
of parabolic cylindrical
reector, (29a) and (29b), are same and is given below using (19a)
and (19b) in (6a) and (6b).
x = z = 0 (55)
This is the same equation as given in [13] for the case of normal
incidence when parabolic reector is placed in ordinary medium. This
is also true for circular reector as is evident from (43a) and (43b) and
equation of caustic is
x =
a
4
(3 sin sin3) (56a)
x =
a
4
(3 cos cos 3) (56b)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 177
Figure 14. Plots of |u
RL
| of parabolic cylindrical reector at x = 0
for k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
Figure 15. Plots of |u
LR
| of parabolic cylindrical reector at x = 0
for k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
Again these are the same equations as given in [13] for the case of
normal incidence when circular reector is placed in ordinary medium.
So caustics for LL and RR rays coincide for all values of k. This
behavior is depicted in Figures 4, 5, 12 and 13 for parabolic cylindrical
reector and in Figures 8, 9, 16 and 17 for circular reector. For
k = 0, n
1
= n
2
= 1 and
u
LL
= u
RR
= 0 (57)
for both circular and cylindrical reectors. As value of k increases,
magnitude of the eld around caustic increases.
Equations of caustics of RL and LR rays are given by (29c)
and (29d) for parabolic and by (43c) and (43d) for circular reector,
178 Faryad and Naqvi
Figure 16. Plots of |u
LL
| of circular cylindrical reector at x = 0 for
k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
Figure 17. Plots of |u
RR
| of circular cylindrical reector at x = 0 for
k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
respectively. From Figures 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18 and 19, it can be
seen that as k increases, caustic of RL ray moves to left and caustic of
LR ray moves to right. The greater is k, the larger is the gap between
focal region of RL and LR ray. The behavior of the eld around caustic
is shown in the gures for dierent values of k. When k = 0
u
RL
= u
LR
=

2kf
j
_

sec exp{jk(2f xsin2 z cos 2)}d


(58)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 76, 2007 179
Figure 18. Plots of |u
RL
| of circular cylindrical reector at x = 0 for
k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
Figure 19. Plots of |u
LR
| of circular cylindrical reector at x = 0 for
k = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1.
for parabolic and
u
RL
= u
LR
=

ka
j
_

_
cos exp{jk(2a cos xsin2z cos 2)}d (59)
for circular reector. The equations of caustics reduce to (55) and (56)
for parabolic and circular reector respectively. Which is the case of an
ordinary medium. The eld expression (58) and (59) are in agreement
with [13] for normal incidence.
180 Faryad and Naqvi
6. CONCLUSIONS
It is found that excitation of a cylindrical reector, placed in reciprocal
and homogenous chiral medium, by plane wave may yield four focal
points. Two of them are located at the same location as if the reector
is placed in ordinary medium. Other two focal points are on the
opposite sides of caustic located at ordinary medium location. If LCP
waves is moving slower than RCP (for > 0) then it is focused near
to reector and RCP wave is focused away from the reector. The
situation is reversed for < 0. It is also noted that if medium becomes
achiral = 0, eld of LL and RR becomes zero and that of RL and LR
reduces to the case of ordinary medium. As the chirality parameter
increases, the gap among the caustics increases.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to thank National Center for Physics (NCP) for
sponsoring visit of Prof. Kohei Hongo to Qaud-i-Azam University,
Islamabad.
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