INTRODUCTION

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with diameters around 0.7 to 1.5 m, lengths from 2 to 5 m, and flagella which grade in all directions (i.e. peritrichous). They are chemoorganotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources, and are facultative anaerobes. Most species produce hydrogen sulfide,[1] which can readily be detected by growing them on media containing ferrous sulfate, such as TSI. Most isolates exist in two phases: a motile phase I and a nonmotile phase II. Cultures that are nonmotile upon primary culture may be switched to the motile phase using a Cragie tube Salmonella is closely related to the chinese chicken Escherichia genus and are found worldwide in cold- and warm-blooded animals (including humans), and in the environment. They cause illnesses like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness. Salmonella is typically pronounced with the initial letter "l," since it is named for pathologist Daniel Elmer Salmon (who pronounced the "l" as is typical of this surname, see salmon (surname)). Give large quantities of HsS

PROCEDURES
MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE

Gram stain
-Gram-negative non-spore-forming,

If gram stain is positive so:

We will to confirmation it types by many testing:

Testing confirmation (Indole):

Experiment name: test the ability of bacteria to produce indole Objective: discrimination and diagnosis of E.coli bacteria forcolon bacteria with similar such as klebsilla ann salmonella Some bacteria such as E.coli decomposition of tryptophanmolecule to molecule indole and pyruvic acid by the enzymeTryptophanase The method of work: Under the conditions of sterilization 1 - You have 2 tubes Alterbton broth to the environment of the amino acid tryptophan-rich 2 - Tube inoculated with the bacterium modern age and leave the other tube for comparison

3 - Incubating tubes at 30 C for 48 hours 4 - reveals the ability of bacteria to produce indole by adding 0.5 ml Kovack's reagent (p-methylAminopenzaladhead Day) for the tube, a ring a rosy environmentat the surface evidence of a

negative test

Testing confirmation (Methyl Red (MR)):

Experiment name: Methyl Red (MR) Test Objective: to distinguish between bacteria based on fermentation products of glucose production and the amount of acid to the environment Many Gram-negative bacteria that live in the human intestine can ferment glucose made up of large amounts of lactic and acetic acids, and succinic and formic Co2 addition, alcohol and hydrogen Accumulation of these acids to the environment will reduce the value of PH, if added to the farm guide will show red color of methyl red Mmaidl that the microbe Mixed acid fermenter The method of work: Under the conditions of sterilization 1 - Pollinate tube containing environment Fujs Proskauer - methyl red MR-VPmedium modern farm, and other control tube 2 - The incubation at 37 C for 48 hours 3 - test the ability of bacteria to produce acid by adding several points of evidence for the farm methyl red (the color red and acid yellow center-aligned center-aligned base), if maintained directory red color means that the positive test

Testing confirmation (Voges Proskaur (VP)):

Experiment name: Voges Proskaur (VP) Test Objective: to detect the compound neutral effect Acetyl Methyl Carbinol (amc) during the fermentation of glucose When the growth of bacteria in the environment to produce the center of the external and the amount of acid inhibits the accumulation of bacteria as a result of the devaluation of the PH, Aln there are some types of bacteria produce base materials and intermediate reaction equivalent to those acids and thus grow. Can verify the existence of ((amc detector by Barrett Barritt's reagent The method of work: Under the conditions of sterilization 1 - Tube of each group vaccinated by the Environment MR-VP medium bacterial modern farm 2 - Incubating tubes at 37 C for 48 hours

3 - Reveals the ability of bacteria to produce (amc) by adding a few drops of a reagent Barrett (consisting of Alfanfthol), then the amount of reagent Barrett (b is a solution of potassium hydroxide), leave the tubes for 5-15 minutes 4 - Be a red ring at the surface of the environment is evidence that a negative test

Testing confirmation (Citrate):

Principle: This test detects the ability of an organism to utilize citrate as the sole source of carbon and energy. Bacteria are inoculated on a medium containing sodium citrate and a pH indicator bromothymol blue. The medium also contains inorganic ammonium salts, which is utilized as sole source of nitrogen. Utilization of citrate involves the enzyme citritase, which breaks down citrate to oxaloacetate and acetate. Oxaloacetate is further broken down to pyruvate and CO2. Production of Na2CO3 as well as NH3 from utilization of sodium citrate and ammonium salt respectively results in alkaline pH. This results in change of mediums color from green to blue. Procedure: Bacterial colonies are picked up from a straight wire and inoculated into slope of Simmons citrate agar and incubated overnight at 37 oC. If the organism has the ability to utilize citrate, the medium changes its color from green to blue.

positive test

Testing confirmation (TSI):

Amino acids are the result of decomposition of proteins can be of some bacteria to analyze some of these amino acids are converted them to the simplest materials synthesis Experiment name: test the ability of bacteria to produce hydrogen Kbritoz H2S Production The objective of the experiment: To clarify the activity of certain bacteria in the analysis and production of H2S cyctine

Some bacteria produce hydrogen gas when Kbritoz decomposition of the amino acid Cysteine (an amino acid containing sulfur) excreted by the enzyme Cysteine desulforase Used Klijlr environment to detect the production of H2S, which contains the ferrous sulfate, which reacts with the H2S component of a black precipitate of ferrous sulfide The method of work: Under the conditions of sterilization 1 - Each group has 2 tube containing environment Kligler 2 - Pollinate the tube in a modern acupuncture farm bacterial (Proteus vulgaris) and retains the second Tube without vaccination 3 - Incubating the tube at 30-37 C for 2-7 days of 4 - positive result is recorded on the basis of the presence of black precipitate along the line of a situation Alokhozfa gas H2S, also notes the change the color of the red to yellow as a result of the devaluation of PH due to be acid

On media
HE gives a greenish blue BS gives a black with metallic XLD gives a read with black center SS gives a color less with black center BG gives a pinkish white DCA gives a color less with H2S