Unit 1 Topic 2.

1 Materials Fluid Flow Factors that affect fluid flow: - Pressure - Heat - Gradient - Surface texture - Shape of pipe - Viscosity Fluids - Any substance that can flow Density - The measure of mass per unit volume Density = mass/volume Up thrust the upward force on an object submerged in the fluid caused by pressure Archimedes Principle: the size of the force is equal to the weight of the fluid that has been displaced by the object Note: when an object is completely submerged, the mass of the fluid displaced is equal to the volume of the object multiplied by the density of the fluid Weight of fluid displaced: W = mg Floating Note: when an object is at the surface there is no up thrust because there is no fluid being displaced - When the object sinks, the deeper it sinks the greater the volume of fluid it displaces therefore increasing the up thrust force acting on it - If up thrust and weight are balanced, the object floats Note: so for the object to float it would have to sink until it displaces its own weight in the fluid The Hydrometer floating at different depths Note: instrument used to determine the density of the fluid - Hydrometers have a constant weight In less dense fluids

The hydrometer will sink more because it must displace more fluid to balance out its weight Note: there are scale markings on the side of a hydrometer that indicate the density of the fluid Fluid Movement Smaller area to air resistance = reduced opposing/slowing down force Laminar/Streamline Flow: occurs at lower speeds, smooth flow where pressure is even everywhere, always at steady speeds in the same direction (constant velocity) Turbulent Flow: as speed increases, the behavior of the object flowing becomes unpredictable and velocity constantly changes and pressure increases, eddy currents are also made which increases drag force (if it was cars it would also increase fuel consumption Newtonian liquids: liquids that follow Isaac newtons formulae Drag Act Viscous drag: the friction force in fluids Viscous: the thickness of the fluid Note: if the frictional force caused by the movement through a fluid is small we say that viscosity is low Coefficient of viscosity: Greek letter eta, n Rate of flow of a fluid moving through a pipe is inversely proportional to viscosity Factors that affect viscosity: - Temperature: increasing temperature decreases viscosity Note: for gases, viscosity increases with temperature Terminal Velocity Acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the earth = 9.81ms-2 Newtons second law: a = sum of Fxm Take account and sum up all the forces acting on the object falling through a fluid, we can find the resultant force and therefore find the resulting acceleration

Forces we take into account: - Weight - Up thrust - Viscous drag

Viscous Drag - The friction force between a solid and a fluid Terminal velocity is proportional to the square of the radius - The larger the sphere the faster it falls