UMTS Guide

UMTS Overview
UM9001
Student Guide
UM9001SG.en.A4
Issue 1
June 2000
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How are we doing?

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Student Guide
UM9001SG.en.A4
Issue 1
June 2000
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Contents
About this information product
Reason for reissue
xi
Safety labels
xi
Conventions used
xi
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UMTS introduction
Overview
1-1
Evolution of wireless networks

Overview
1-2
History of mobile communication
1-3
Mobile communication evolution
1-4
GSM to UMTS evolution
1-6
UMTS evolution
1-8
UMTS objectives
1-9
UMTS background
Overview
1-11
UMTS spectrum
1-12
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General cellular concepts
1-13
UMTS characteristics
1-16
UMTS standards
Overview
1-21
Standards bodies
1-22
Standards organization
1-23
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UMTS architecture
Overview
2-1
UMTS reference model

Overview
2-2
Introduction
2-3
UMTS reference model diagram
2-5
User equipment
2-7
Access network
2-8
Access network entity functions
2-9
Radio interface
2-12
Core network
2-13
Core network entity functions
2-15
GSM and UMTS interworking
2-17
UMTS interfaces
Overview
2-20
UMTS interfaces
2-21
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C O N T E N T S
i v
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UMTS interfaces
Overview
3-1
Transmission methods
Overview
3-2
Multiple access techniques
3-3
Principles of CDMA
3-6
CDMA transmission principles
3-10
PCM 30 and PCM 24 carriers
3-12
Ethernet
3-14
Protocols in the UMTS network

Overview
3-18
Common Channel Signaling No.7
3-19
CSS No. 7 network structure
3-22
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
3-24
ATM in the UMTS network
3-29
TCP/IP
3-31
Uu interface (air interface)

Overview
3-36
UMTS frequency spectrum
3-37
Definitions of channel types
3-39
Physical channel types
3-40
Transport channel types
3-43
Mapping of transport channels to physical channels
3-45
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Physical channel frame structure
3-48
Spreading codes
3-51
Channel coding, multiplexing, and rate matching
3-55
Uplink spreading and modulation
3-56
Downlink spreading and modulation
3-58
Protocols on the Uu interface
3-60
Iu, Iur, Iub interfaces

Overview
3-62
Iu interface
3-63
Iub interface
3-66
Iur interface
3-71
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mobility management
Overview
4-1
Location data
Overview
4-2
Packet Mobility Management States
4-3
Mobile Station ISDN number
4-5
Mobile station identification numbers
4-7
Subscriber data
Overview
4-9
Network attachment
4-10
Locating a mobile subscriber
4-13
Location registration
4-17
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Idle mode procedures

Overview
4-19
Location update procedure
4-20
Request for service
4-22
Authentication
4-24
Ciphering
4-28
Update HLR/VLR
4-29
TMSI re-allocation
4-30
Periodic location update
4-32
Routing area update
4-33
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Call management
Overview
5-1
Mobile-to-land call scenario

Overview
5-2
Mobile-to-land call
5-3
Request for service
5-6
Authentication and ciphering
5-8
Equipment validation
5-9
Call setup
5-11
Call release phase (UE initiated)
5-14
Land-to-mobile call
Overview
5-16
Land-to-mobile call stages
5-17
Routing analysis
5-20
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Paging
5-22
5-24
5-25
Call setup
5-26
Call release (network initiated)
5-29
Mobile-to-mobile call scenario

Overview
5-31
Mobile-to-mobile call
5-32
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Radio resource management
Overview
6-1
Power control
Overview
6-2
Introduction
6-3
Open loop
6-5
Closed loop
6-7
Power control overload
6-9
Handover control
Overview
6-10
Introduction
6-11
Soft handover
6-12
Soft handover flow
6-13
Softer handover
6-15
Hard handover
6-16
Hard handover flow
6-17
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C O N T E N T S
v i i i
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UMTS services
Overview
7-1
UMTS services concept

Overview
7-2
Comparing UMTS to GSM
7-3
Virtual Home Environment
7-5
Open Services Architecture
7-9
Service providers
7-11
Phased UMTS service evolution
7-12
Bearer capabilities
Overview
7-13
Bearer capability function and control
7-14
Circuit-switched and packet-switched bearer capabilities
7-15
Teleservices
Overview
7-17
Circuit and packet-switched teleservices
7-18
Speech
7-19
Emergency call
7-20
Short Message Service
7-21
Fax
7-22
Supplementary and multimedia services

Overview
7-23
Supplementary service concepts
7-24
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Supplementary services inherited from GSM
7-26
UMTS services
7-31
Multimedia services
7-32
Multicall example
7-33
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
GL
Glossary
GL-1
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
IN
Index
IN-1
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
C O N T E N T S
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About this information product
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Purpose
Reason for reissue
This information product is designed to provide students with:
An overview of UMTS technology
An understanding of the technology used to build a UMTS

solution.
Not applicable to this document. This is the first issue.
Safety labels
This document does not contain any handling instructions. For this
reason, no notices regarding hazards when using the equipment
described here are necessary.
Conventions used
Abbreviations used in this document are explained in the Glossary.
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UMTS introduction
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Describe the evolution of wireless networks to the current third

generation systems
Identify the main objectives for developing the Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System (UMTS)
Describe the main characteristics of UMTS
State how the UMTS standards are organized.
This chapter contains the following topics:

1-2
UMTS background
1-11
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Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
After completing this topic, you will be able to:
Describe the evolution of wireless networks to the present day

third generation systems
Identify the factors that have lead to the development of UMTS.
This topic contains the following:

History of mobile communication
1-3
1-4
1-6
UMTS evolution
1-8
UMTS objectives
1-9
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1-2
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History
of mobile communication
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
The goal of wireless communication is to allow users to access the

capabilities of traditional fixed networks, and now the Internet, at any
time regardless of location or mobility.
There are many types of wireless services, with varying degrees of
mobility. For example:
Cellular systems
Cordless systems
Wireless PBX
Paging
Mobile satellite services.
Cellular systems
Cellular systems divide a geographic area into a series of cells (or

base stations). Each cell has its own radio transmitter and receiver.
When a cellular phone moves out of the coverage area of a cell, it is
handed over to a closer cell. Analog cellular systems include AMPS
and TACS. Digital cellular systems include GSM, CDMA IS-95 and
UMTS.
Cordless systems
Cordless phones are the wireless counterpart of standard telephones.

The handsets typically operate within 50 to 100 m of the users base
station, which is connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN).
Wireless private branch

exchanges
Paging
Mobile satellite services
Wireless private branch exchanges (PBX) provide cordless telephony

within the premises of the PBX owner.
Paging is the generic term for messaging services. Radio messaging
services allow short messages to be transmitted in one direction to a
specific user, regardless of the users location. The message may be a
tone signal or text.
Cellular-based terrestrial wireless networks are not economically
viable or physically practical in some areas (remote,
sparsely-populated regions, large expanses of water).
Mobile satellite services can provide coverage to such areas, using
spectrum specifically allocated for satellite operation.
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Mobile
communication evolution
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Evolution steps
Diagram
Second generation
systems
Mobile communication has evolved in three stages:

1.
First generation - analog.

Speech only.
2.
Second generation - digital.

Speech and low-speed data.
3.
Third generation - integration of all wireless services (fixed,

cellular, cordless, satellite, etc.) into one universal mobile
telecommunication system (UMTS).
Speech and high-speed data.
Global evolution of wireless systems:
Low-rate digital speech coding techniques and the continuous increase

in the device density of integrated circuits led to digital second
generation systems such as GSM. Digital systems can support more
users per base station per MHz of spectrum than analog systems.
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UMTS introduction
The GSM second generation standard has evolved into GSM Phase
2+. This is a midway point between second and third generation
systems. Many GSM Phase 2+ features (in particular GPRS) have
paved the way for UMTS.
UMTS Phase 1 will implement a shared GSM/UMTS core network,
based on enhancements to existing GSM Phase 2+ network elements.
Third generation systems
Third generation (3G) systems come under the umbrella term of

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000). They will
provide a globally integrated system for delivering wideband
information and services to mobile users over fixed, wireless and
satellite networks.
3G standards are being developed in Europe, Asia, and the United
States, overseen by the International Telecommunications Union
(ITU). The IMT-2000 specification is an overall guideline for all 3G
systems, and will ensure worldwide compatibility between systems.
UMTS is a successor to GSM and due to GSMs worldwide
penetration, is expected to become the most important 3G standard.
Both terrestrial and satellite standards will be defined. The satellite
standards are not yet as well defined as the terrestrial version.
UMTS will provide wideband radio access with flexible bandwidth on
demand (from just a few hundred bits per second up to 2 Mbits/s).
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GSM
to UMTS evolution
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Why we need UMTS
UMTS is driven by ever increasing worldwide demand for high-speed

mobile data services. For example:
Internet access
Commercial and entertainment applications
Mobile multimedia (audio, video and data)
Integrated office services - fax, messaging, email
File transfer.
Existing second generation GSM systems are based on narrowband

technology and cannot provide the necessary bandwidth to support
these services:
System
Maximum data rate
High Speed Circuit Switched

Data (HSCSD)
115.2 kbits/s
General Packet Radio Services

(GPRS)
171.2 kbits/s
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM

Evolution (EDGE)
384 kbits/s
Users expect seamless and global access to telecommunications

services across fixed and mobile networks. UMTS will combine high
speeds with integrated fixed, wireless and satellite network access. It
will also support the increasing convergence between telecoms and IT
applications.
UMTS data rates
UMTS uses wideband technology, providing variable bandwidth on

demand and data rates of up to 2 Mbits/s.
UMTS supports the following data rates:
GSM Phase 2+ features
Up to 144 kbits/s for fast moving users (cars, planes)
Up to 384 kbits/s for slow moving users (pedestrian)
Up to 2 Mbits/s for indoor / stationary users.
Several recent developments in GSM have paved the way for UMTS:
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
Further GSM evolution is limited by its narrow bandwidth.
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HSCSD
GPRS
UMTS introduction
HSCSD introduced the first GSM high-speed data capability by

combining up to 8 time slots per call into one higher bandwidth
channel.
GPRS introduced packet switching capability in GSM. Traditional
circuit switched services (including HSCSD) reserve transmission
capacity to a single subscriber for the entire connection time, whether
or not the connection is used for all of that time.
With packet switching, capacity is allocated only while there is data to
be sent and is released when it is not needed. Network resources are
used much more efficiently as a result.
Data is split into small, fixed length packets before being transferred
through the network. Each packet has a header containing the
originating and destination address. When the packets arrive at their
destination they are reassembled.
GPRS provides very fast data transmission and high throughput rates.
Because it uses radio resources only when there is data to be sent, it
is ideally suited for bursty applications (which send large amounts
of information at irregular intervals) such as mobile Internet services
and email.
EDGE
EDGE is an enhancement of GPRS which applies new modulation

techniques to provide even higher data rates (up to 384 kbits/s) and
improved network capacity.
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UMTS
evolution
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Shared GSM / UMTS
networks
UMTS Phase 1 (estimated for rollout in 2002) is based on an evolved

GSM standard which provides complete interoperability between
UMTS and GSM, based on intersystem handover and roaming.
UMTS Phase 1 will share common core network elements with GSM.
It is likely to be used to provide coverage for localised areas of
exceptionally high demand in existing GSM Phase 2+ networks.
Although GSM and UMTS can interwork with each other, they have a
different architecture and different air interfaces. GSM uses
narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology.
UMTS uses broadband Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
Global UMTS
UMTS Phase 2 (estimated for rollout in 2005) will provide worldwide

UMTS network harmonisation with mass market access to UMTS and
seamless global roaming.
All IP networking
The UMTS standards provide for eventual all-IP networking in

which both speech and data services will be provided using IP
technology. Speech will be supported by Voice Over Internet Protocol
(VOIP). VOIP will support voice calls over the Internet and other
packet networks.
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UMTS
objectives
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Summary
High-speed data
The following objectives were set for UMTS:
High-speed data
New services
Worldwide roaming
High speech and service quality
Multi-environment support
Circuit switching and packet switching support
Low cost.
The UMTS core network will support:
Packet-switched data services up to 2 Mbits/s peak bit rate per

user
Circuit-switched data services up to 64 kbits/s peak bit rate per

mobile terminal. Mobile terminals will be able to support
multiple 64 kbits/s sessions.
Variable bandwidth (from less than 8 kbits/s up to 2 Mbits/s) will be

available on demand, depending on the requirements of the requesting
service.
New services
Worldwide roaming
UMTS will provide a range of new services (including Internet and

multimedia services). These will be available regardless of the users
location, the network supplying the service, and the users terminal
equipment type.
Users will be able to roam in any other UMTS (and GSM) network
and transparently access UMTS services anywhere in the world.
Tailored services available to users in their home network will be
available to them in exactly the same manner elsewhere. In UMTS
this is known as the Virtual Home Environment (VHE) concept. VHE
includes basic and customised services, speech quality, and account
management facilities.
High speech and service

quality
Multi-environment support
Speech and service quality will at least match that provided by

existing fixed networks. A standard default speech coder has been
defined for use in all UMTS systems.
UMTS will provide access to all applications, regardless of the
network type that operates the application (fixed, cellular, cordless,
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UMTS objectives
UMTS introduction
satellite). It will also provide seamless handover between different

IMT-2000 environments (terrestrial or satellite).
To achieve this, UMTS will support interworking with the following
networks:
Circuit and packet

switching support
PSTN
ISDN
GSM
IP.
UMTS will support circuit-switched data and voice service

interworking with the PSTN/ISDN. Handover between GSM and
UMTS circuit switching systems will be transparent to users.
UMTS will support packet-switched data interworking with the
Internet and other IP networks.
Low cost
UMTS is expected to achieve mass market coverage and attract strong

competition between suppliers. This will encourage the provision of
relatively low cost equipment and services.
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UMTS background
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Describe the UMTS spectrum allocation
Describe the main characteristics of cellular networks
Describe the main characteristics of UMTS.

UMTS spectrum
1-12
1-13
1-16
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UMTS background
UMTS introduction
UMTS
spectrum
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
European band allocation
The IMT-2000 bandwidth was allocated by the ITUs World

Administrative Radio Conference.
60 MHz of bandwidth from the 2 GHz spectrum was allocated to
UMTS (FDD systems):
1920 MHz to 1980 MHz uplink
2110 MHz to 2170 MHz downlink.
Frequency allocations for other IMT-2000 systems:
Diagram
Example UMTS allocation
1900 MHz to 1920 MHz for UMTS TDD systems (licensed

operation)
2010 MHz to 2025 MHz for UMTS TDD systems (unlicensed

operation)
1980 MHz to 2010 MHz (uplink) and 2170 MHz to 2200 MHz
(downlink) for mobile satellite systems.
European frequency allocation for UMTS:
The UK allocated its UMTS licences by auction in spring 2000:

Licence
Company
Price paid
Licence A
TIW UMTS (UK)
4.38 billion
Licence B
Vodafone
5.96 billion
Licence C
BT (3G)
4.03 billion
Licence D
One2One Personal
Communications
4.0 billion
Licence E
Orange 3G
4.09 billion
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General
cellular concepts
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
Cell types
This topic reviews the principal concepts involved in cellular

networks:
Cell types
Frequency reuse
Handover
Roaming.
A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system. A given geographical area

is divided into separate cells, each of which has a transmitter/receiver.
In UMTS, a cell is defined as the geographical area that can be
identified by a mobile station from the cell identification that is
broadcast by the cell.
The size of a cell is determined largely by its transmission power.
There are a number of different cell types:
Cell type
Size
Typical radius
Description
Satellite cell
Very
large
100 km and more
Expensive and
currently only used
for specialised user
groups.
Macrocell
Large
3 km to 20 km
Used to provide
coverage over
large areas and for
medium to fast
moving users.
Microcell
Small
100 m to 200 m
Used to provide
high capacity
coverage in
localised areas
(such as city
centers).
Usually serve slow
moving or static
users.
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UMTS introduction
Cell type
Size
Typical radius
Description
Picocell
Very
small
Less than 50 m
Used for very

small indoor areas
such as a floor of
an office building.
Not widely used in
GSM but expected
to be used by
UMTS and other
third generation
systems to provide
extremely high
data rates to a few
localised areas of
demand.
Frequency reuse
The spectrum allocated for a cellular network is limited. As a result

there is a limit to the number of frequencies (channels) available. A
cellular network can only service large numbers of subscribers if the
frequencies allocated to it can be reused. Frequency reuse allows a
much higher subscriber density per MHz of spectrum.
Frequency reuse is implemented by reusing the same channels in
multiple cells in the network. Cells using the same frequency set are
known as co-channel cells.
In systems like GSM, which are based on frequency/time slot
separation of different user signals, the distance between cells
containing the same frequency must be wide enough to keep
co-channel interference at acceptable levels.
In UMTS, different user signals are identified by locally unique codes
rather than by frequency/time slot. Consequently co-channel
interference is less of an issue and frequencies can be reused by
adjoining cells.
Handover
In cellular systems, continuous coverage is achieved by performing a

handover (seamless transfer of a call from one base station to another)
when a mobile station approaches the edge of the cell it is currently
in. This requires the mobile to retune to another channel, either in the
current cell or in a different cell.
The network decides when handover is necessary. The mobile station
acts on instruction by the network.
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Roaming
UMTS introduction
Roaming allows users to access mobile services and functions when

they are physically located outside their home network. They may be
in another service providers network or in another country.
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UMTS background
UMTS introduction
UMTS
characteristics
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
Duplex transmission
This topic summarizes the key characteristics of UMTS systems:
Full duplex transmission
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Soft handover
Power control
Multi-service access
Virtual Home Environment (VHE).
All cellular systems use duplex operation - simultaneous transmission

and reception of signals in both directions.
There are two duplex transmission modes:
Mode
Description
Frequency Division Duplexing

(FDD)
The transmit and receive signals

use separate frequencies.
Frequencies are allocated in pairs
- one is used for transmit and the
other for receive signals.
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
The transmit and receive signals

use the same frequency but at
different times (time slots). The
time slot cycle is so fast that the
transmit and receive appears
simultaneous to users.
UMTS supports both FDD mode and TDD mode.

The TDD standards are not yet well defined and TDD has significant
performance limitations except in cases of indoor and stationary
coverage. As a result, FDD is expected to be used for wide area and
medium range coverage (macrocells and microcells). TDD mode is
expected to be used mainly for indoor coverage and low
mobility/stationary users.
All cellular systems use multiple access techniques. These divide the
available radio frequency spectrum into distinct segments so that
multiple users can share the same frequency allocation.
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There are several different multiple access techniques:

Multiple access type
Description
Frequency Division Multiple

Access (FDMA)
The available spectrum is

divided into equal bandwidth
radio channels (frequencies).
Each user is assigned a specific
radio channel.
Time Division Multiple Access

(TDMA)
Each radio channel is further

divided by time into multiple
time slots (GSM uses eight time
slots). Each user is assigned a
specific frequency/time slot
combination, so each radio
channel carries multiple TDMA
channels and can therefore
suppport multiple users.
GSM uses TDMA together with
FDMA.
Code Division Multiple Access

(CDMA)
Uses spread spectrum

technology, in which the signals
associated with a call are spread
across the entire available radio
channel.
Multiple users share the same
radio channel, but each user is
allocated a unique code before
transmission over a carrier
channel. Only signals which use
that users code are extracted at
the receiver end - signals from
other users are ignored as
background noise.
UMTS uses CDMA. It supports two variants:
Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA)

Used in Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) systems.
Time-division CDMA (TD-CDMA)

Used in Time Division Duplexing (TDD) systems.
W-CDMA will be the most widely used variant.

W-CDMA and TD-CDMA
compared
W-CDMA air interface

Duplexing method
FDD
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UMTS introduction
Multiple access method
W-CDMA
Channel bandwidth
5 MHz
Carrier spacing raster
200 kHz
Chip rate
3.84 Mchip/s
Spreading factor
Variable (4 - 256)
User data rate
8 - 384 kbits/s
TD-CDMA air interface
CDMA concepts
Duplexing method
TDD
Multiple access method
TD-CDMA
Channel bandwidth
5 MHz
Carrier spacing raster
200 kHz
Chip rate
3.84 Mchip/s
Spreading factor
16
User data rate
8 kbits/s to 2 Mbits/s
This topic describes the main features of CDMA:
Before a data signal is transmitted over the air interface it is

mixed with a much higher data rate signal to spread it across the
available frequency channel. The original signal data bits are
mixed with a periodically repeated bit sequence of high rate
spreading bits.
The spread signal covers a wider bandwidth than required by the
original data signal. This makes the signal much more robust
since the overall effect of interference on any one part of the
signal is proportionately less over a wider bandwidth. The greater
the spread of the signal (spreading factor) the greater the
immunity from interference.
The received signal is despread to retrieve the original data

signal.
Each user is allocated a different spreading code. The same code

is used to despread the received signal. Signals with other
spreading codes are ignored by the receiver.
After spreading, each data bit is represented by a number of

chips (data bits plus spreading bits). The spreading factor is the
chip rate divided by the original data bit rate. For example, seven
chips per data bit gives a spreading factor of seven.
Because unique codes are used to separate different user signals,

in CDMA systems all users can share the same frequencies.
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Diagram
CDMA advantages
Soft handover
UMTS introduction
CDMA spreading and coding:
CDMA has significant advantages:
Resistance to narrowband interference
High capacity. The fixed capacity limit on the number of

simultaneous users per cell is very high. However, in practice
there is a soft limit when the increased background noise from
additional users exceeds a workable threshold.
Simplified frequency planning. The same frequencies can be

reused by adjacent cells so there is no need to plan frequency
reuse distances as in TDMA and FDMA systems.
This is because multiple signals within a frequency are separated
by their spreading codes.
Soft handover.
In UMTS, the connection between the mobile station, known as User

Equipment (UE), and the UTRAN can use multiple simultaneous
radio links. Depending on the UE specification, it may support two or
three active links - to different cells or to different transmitters within
a cell.
A multi connected UE receives signals from more than one cell or
transmitter. Multiple cells can receive the signal from the UE.
If the UE needs to be handed over from one attached cell/transmitter
to another attached cell/transmitter, the new radio link is added before
the old one is dropped. This is soft handover.
Soft handover provides better coverage in areas that are prone to
fading (such as inside buildings).
In practice, soft handover can only take place between
cells/transmitters which share the same physical radio channel.
Power control
Power control is an important issue in CDMA. Multiple users in a cell

share the same frequencies, so multiple user signals are transmitted on
one channel. This means that any UE which is transmitting at high
power (close to the base station) is likely to drown out other user
signals.
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UMTS introduction
To avoid this, the power level received at the base station must be
maintained at the same level for all UEs, regardless of their position
in the cell. This is achieved in UMTS by using very fast (1500 cycles
per second) power control adjustment.
Multi service access
UMTS allows users to access multiple services simultaneously (voice,

web surfing, email).
In the downlink (base station to UE) different services are time
multiplexed and transmitted on the same physical data channel.
Exceptionally, if a very high data rate is required for one or more of
the requested services, the transmission is sent over several parallel
physical data channels.
In the uplink (UE to base station) the services are divided before
transmission and sent on separate physical data channels.
The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is an important UMTS feature.

A key requirement of a universal coverage system is that users can
access their personalised services anywhere, regardless of individual
network boundaries or the terminal used.
The VHE provides a standard component set for service providers,
network operators and terminal equipment. These standard
components allow subscriber services to be built, deployed and
managed with a standardised application interface. This allows
transparent portability of services across different networks and
between terminals. Roaming users can access their usual services with
exactly the same look-and-feel (tailored services, quality, security
and billing functions) as in their home network.
VHE is an extension of the CAMEL (Customised Applications for
Mobile networks Enhanced Logic) used in GSM GSM Phase 2+
networks. CAMEL and VHE will interwork to provide a smooth
transition path from GSM to UMTS.
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UMTS standards
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
List the standards bodies which are responsible for administering

the UMTS standards
Describe how the UMTS standards are organized.

Standards bodies
1-22
Standards organization
1-23
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UMTS introduction
Standards
bodies
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Structure
3GPP structure
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is responsible

for overall control of the standards for third generation
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000)
systems.
The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is responsible

for the UMTS subset.
3GPP is made up of a number of international standards bodies,
including:
-
ETSI (Europe)
ARIB /TTC (Japan)
ANSI T1 (United States)
TTA (Korea).
The following Technical Specification Groups make up the Third

Generation Partnership Project (3GPP):
Group
Identifier
Core Network
TSG-CN
Radio Access Network
TSG-RAN
Terminals
TSG-T
Service and System Aspects
TSG-SA
A number of Working Groups report to each Technical Specification

Group.
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UMTS introduction
Standards
organization
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Structure
3GPP specification series:

21 series
Requirements specifications
22 series
Service aspects
23 series
Technical realization
24 series
Signaling protocols
25 series
UTRA aspects
26 series
Codecs
27 series
Data
28 series
Reserved for future use
29 series
Signaling protocols (NSS)
30 series
Programme management
31 series
UIM (User Identity Module)
32 series
Operation and Maintenance
33 series
Security aspects
34 series
Test specifications
35 series
Algorithms
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UMTS architecture
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Describe the layout of the UMTS network architecture
Describe the function of each UMTS network entity.

2-2
UMTS interfaces
2-20
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UMTS architecture

Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Describe the layout of the UMTS network architecture
Describe the function of each UMTS network entity.

Introduction
2-3
2-5
User equipment
2-7
Access network
2-8
2-9
Radio interface
2-12
Core network
2-13
2-15
2-17
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Introduction
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Summary
The UMTS architecture comprises three parts (or domains):
Core network
Access network
User equipment.
User equipment refers to the mobile devices used to access UMTS

services. The user equipment has a radio interface to the access
network. The access network manages access to the core network for
all authorised users within its coverage area. The core network
provides the central switching, transmission and service provisioning
functions required to provide UMTS services.
The access network and core network communicate by the Iu
interface. The access network and the user equipment communicate by
the Uu interface.
A UMTS network may consist of one or more access networks (using
different radio access systems) linked to the same core network.
Together they form a single UMTS network.
Diagram
Integrated packet and

circuit switching
High-level illustration of the UMTS architecture:
The UMTS system provides integrated support for packet-switched

and circuit-switched traffic. In general terms, packet switching is used
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Introduction
UMTS architecture
for high-rate data transmissions, circuit switching is used for voice

and low-rate data transmissions.
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UMTS
reference model diagram
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Diagram
UMTS reference model illustration:
Legend:
AuC
Authentication Center
EIR
Equipment Identity Register
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UMTS architecture
G-MSC
Gateway Mobile Switching Center
HLR
Home Location Register
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
IP
Internet Protocol
3G-MSC
Mobile Switching Center
PSTN
Public Switched Telecommunications Network
RNC
Radio Network Controller
3G-SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node
UE
User Equipment
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User
equipment
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
UE functionality
Components
User Equipment (UE) is the UMTS term for the mobile devices that
allow users to access UMTS network services. For example:
Mobile phone
Palmtop PC
PC card
Personal digital assistants (PDA).
UE functionality includes:
Support for data services at varying bit rates of up to 2 Mbit/s.
Support for voice services and for a range of voice quality.
Data rather than voice emphasis. Data retrieval rather than data
creation.
Variety of input mechanisms: voice, pen, hot-keys, menu

selection. Traditional keyboard-style input is too bulky.
Typical applications: surfing the Internet, reading files and email,

accessing schedule information from PC, multimedia (audio,
video).
A UE can support up to three simultaneous active UMTS

connections (one voice and two data).
UMTS Phase 1 supports dual-mode UEs for GSM/UMTS.
The UE and the UTRAN communicate over the Uu interface (the

radio interface).
User equipment has two components:
Mobile Equipment (ME). The ME is the terminal itself. It

performs all radio transmission, reception and processing
functions.
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM). A removeable card

which uniquely identifies a UMTS user for authentication
purposes, holds subscription-related information and provides
additional security features.
A valid USIM is always required to access any UMTS services
(except emergency calls).
The ME and the USIM are interoperable, regardless of their respective

manufacturer, card issuer or operator.
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UMTS architecture
Access
network
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
The access network is known as the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Network (UTRAN) and performs the following functions:
Call set up and handover
User access to the core network.
The UTRAN performs a similar role to the Base Station Subsystem

(BSS) in GSM.
Access network entities
A UTRAN contains the following network entities:
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Node B.
Most UTRAN functions are performed by the Radio Network

Controller (RNC) entity.
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Access
network entity functions
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Radio Network Subsystem
The UTRAN consists of a series of Radio Network Subsystems

(RNS). The RNS is an abstract term that collectively defines the
entities which manage the resources and transmission/reception for a
particular set of cells. A cell is a geographical area that can be
identified by a UE from a broadcast cell identification.
Each RNS contains:
One Radio Network Controller (RNC).
One or more Node Bs. Each Node B controls multiple UMTS

cells.
When a UE is connected to the UTRAN, one RNS is the Serving

RNS and controls the connection. A different RNS (a Drift RNS)
can support the Serving RNS by providing radio resources if the
connnection between the UTRAN and the UE needs to use cell(s)
controlled by that RNS. The Serving RNS always controls the
connection between the UE and the UTRAN.
The Drift RNS and the Serving RNS are connected by the Iur
interface.
The Radio Network Controller (RNC) controls the allocation and use
of the radio resources in an RNS and performs most of the intelligent
processing for the UTRAN. Each RNC controls one or more Node Bs.
RNC functions include:
Assigning and releasing radio channels. These may be locally

controlled by the RNC or controlled from a neighbouring RNC
Monitoring and maintaining connection quality
Handover control
Operations and maintenance:
Configuration management
Alarm and fault reporting
Performance monitoring.
Macro diversity combining and splitting functions.
Macro diversity refers to the capability of a UMTS UE to receive

signals from more than one cell and vice versa - multiple cells can
receive the signal from a UE. The cells can be controlled by different
Node Bs.
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Macro diversity:
A UE can be connected simultaneously to two or more cells,

providing a multi-path communication channel. User data is split and
carried over several channels.
Macro diversity has two advantages:
Sending the data across multiple channels reduces the impact of

interference in any one path, providing improved overall
connection quality
It allows seamless handover of the UE between currently

connected cells (soft handover). In soft handover the UE
always keeps at least one active connection to one of the cells, so
the radio path does not have to be dropped and reconnected (as is
required in GSM).
The RNC manages the data splitting/combining and handover function

across the multiple paths.
The RNC performs a similar function to the Base Station Controller
(BSC) in GSM networks, but has more intelligence.
RNC interfaces:
Iub interface to the Node Bs
Iu interface to the core network
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Iur interface to other RNCs. An RNC can be interconnected to

multiple other RNCs
Interfaces to the Operations and Maintenenace Center, local

maintenenace terminals, and Short Message Service center.
Circuit switched and packet switched traffic is separated at the RNC

and carried independently to the core network.
Node B
Diagram
Node Bs are logical nodes that are responsible for radio transmission
and reception between the User Equipment (UE) and UMTS cells.
One Node B serves multiple cells
Each Node B is controlled by one RNC
Node Bs can support Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD),

Time Division Duplexing (TDD) or dual-mode operation.
Main components of the core network:
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UMTS architecture
Radio
interface
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Structure
Functions
The UMTS radio interface is the Uu interface between the UE and the
UTRAN.
The radio interface comprises three protocol layers:
Physical layer
Data link layer
Network layer.
The radio interface provides:
Bearer channels (the underlying physical channels) which carry

data over the radio path
Logical channels. The bearer channels are divided into a series of

logical channels which each carry a particular type of data. There
are two categories of logical channels:
-
Signaling and control channels. These carry system data and

signaling information used in functions such as cell
management and call set up.
Traffic channels. These carry user data traffic. Different

traffic channels provide different transmission speeds and
error correction levels.
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UMTS architecture
Core
network
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
The UMTS core network is responsible for:
Transmission and switching
User management
User services provisioning
Interworking with external networks.
The core network provides integrated support for packet and circuit
switched traffic.
Most UMTS core networks are likely to evolve from an existing
network infrastructure (GSM, PDN, N-ISDN, B-ISDN).
Services
Interworking
Core network entities
Services supported by the UMTS core network include:
Voice
Universal messaging (integrated email, voicemail, SMS)
Video
Wireless internet access
File transfer
Interworking is supported to:
PSTN
GSM
N-ISDN
IP
The core network is logically divided into a circuit switching domain

and a packet switching domain. The network entities are grouped into
functional areas accordingly:
Entities to support packet-switched services
Entities to support circuit-switched services
Entities common to packet and circuit-switched services.
Packet switching entities:
Serving GPRS Support Node (3G-SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (3G-GGSN)
Domain Name Server (DNS)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
Firewall
Packet charging gateway.
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Core network
UMTS architecture
Circuit switching entities:
Mobile Switching Center (3G-MSC)
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
Visitor Location Register (VLR).
Shared packet and circuit switching entities:
Home Location Register (HLR)
Authentication Center (AuC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR).
Separation of the circuit switching and packet switching domains is

also achieved by separate logical interfaces between the core network
and the UTRAN:
In the circuit domain the Iu-cs interface interconnects the UTRAN

and the core network and terminates at the 3G-MSC.
In the packet domain the Iu-ps interface interconnects the UTRAN

and the core network and terminates at the 3G-SGSN.
Other areas that can be considered as part of the core network

include:
Network management systems (such as billing and provisioning,

and service management)
Operations and Maintenance Center (OMC).
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Core
network entity functions
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Serving GPRS Support
Node
The Serving GPRS Support Node (3G-SGSN) is responsible for

providing packet services in the core network. (The 3G-MSC provides
circuit switched services.) Packet data traffic flows from the UTRAN
into the core network and initially terminates at the 3G-SGSN. It is
then forwarded to the 3G-GGSN for onward transmission.
Functions of the 3G-SGSN include:
Session management
Mobility management
Subscriber database management (over an interface to the HLR)
Maintaining charging data (for radio network usage).
The 3G-SGSN provides interfaces to the UTRAN, the HLR and the
3G-GGSN. User data transport between the 3G-SGSN and the
UTRAN is IP based. Signaling transport is IP or SS7-based.
Gateway GPRS Support
Node
The 3G-GGSN is the gateway for UMTS packet services to external

packet data networks such as the Internet. It routes packet data from
the core network to the external network on request by the 3G-SGSN.
The 3G-GGSN connects to the 3G-SGSN by an IP-based interface.
Functions of the 3G-GGSN include:
Domain Name Server

Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol
Server
Firewall
Packet Charging Gateway
3G-Mobile Switching
Center
Gateway services between UMTS and external packet data

networks
User data screening and security
Maintaining charging data (for external data network usage).
The Domain Name Server (DNS) performs IP address translation.

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server manages
the allocation of IP configuration information, by automatically
assigning IP addresses to systems which are configured to use DHCP.
The firewall protects the core network IP backbone from attack by
external packet data networks. One set of DHCP, DNS, and firewall is
required per GGSN.
The Packet Charging Gateway (PCG) transfers charging information
from the SGSN and GGSN to the network operators billing center.
The 3G-Mobile Switching Center (3G-MSC) is the main entity for
providing circuit switched services in the core network. The 3G-MSC
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UMTS architecture
controls mobile originated and mobile terminated circuit switched

calls and provides the corresponding signaling interfaces to other
networks.
Functions of the 3G-MSC include:
Mobility management. Handling attach and authentication

functions, HLR updates, SRNS (Serving RNS) relocation
Call management. Handles call setup messages to and from the

UE
Subscriber administration
Circuit switched data services (such as fax and modem)
Supplementary call services such as call forwarding
Charging.
The 3G-MSC can be implemented by either of the following methods:
Gateway MSC
Visitor Location Register

(VLR)
Enhanced version of the GSM MSC
UMTS-specific MSC solution such as Lucents Softswitch MSC.
The Gateway MSC (GMSC) provides interconnection between the

UMTS core network and external PSTN/ISDN networks.
The Visitor Location Register (VLR) stores service data for all mobile
subscribers currently located in the geographical area controlled by the
VLR.
In the circuit switching domain the VLR is integrated with the
3G-MSC. In the packet switching domain the VLR is integrated with
the 3G-SGSN.
Equipment Identity
Register
The Home Location Register (HLR) stores subscriber data. The

UMTS network uses it to determine which services the subscriber
may access and how they are charged.
The Authentication Center (AuC) is closely related to the HLR. It
generates, stores and manages subscriber data. The network uses this
authentication data to verify that users are genuine subscribers, thus
preventing unauthorised access to the network.
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) stores UE related data and can
be used to identify faulty or stolen equipment.
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GSM
and UMTS interworking
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Core network
Phase 1 UMTS uses the GSM Phase 2+ (GPRS) network

infrastructure as a shared GSM/UMTS core network. The network
infrastructure includes entities such as the 3G-SGSN, 3G-GGSN and
3G-MSC.
Access network
Most UMTS networks are likely to evolve from existing GSM

systems. As a result, they will initially contain two types of access
network (the GSM BSS and the UMTS UTRAN). UMTS supports
handover between GSM BSS and UTRAN cells in both directions
(BSS to UTRAN and UTRAN to BSS).
User equipment
The UMTS UE supports dual GSM/UMTS functionality.
Interworking Functions
Interworking Functions (IWF) are used to connect the UTRAN and

the GSM network by the Iu interface.
IWFs manage the following functions:
Transfer of speech and circuit switched low rate data services

from the RNC to a GSM MSC over the GSM A interface.
Transfer of packet switched data services from the RNC to a

3G-SGSN over the Gb interface.
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UMTS implementation
example existing GSM
operator
UMTS architecture
The following diagram illustrates how an existing GSM operator

might implement UMTS:
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UMTS implementation
example - greenfield
operator
UMTS architecture
The following diagram illustrates how an operator who does not have
an existing GSM network might implement UMTS:
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UMTS architecture
UMTS interfaces
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
After completing this topic, you will be able to name the interfaces in
a UMTS network.
UMTS interfaces
2-21
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UMTS architecture
UMTS
interfaces
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Principal interfaces
Other interfaces
The main UMTS interfaces are:

Interface
Description
Uu
Radio interface between the

UTRAN and the UE. The U u
interface is an open standard
interface.
Iu
Interface between the core

network and the UTRAN. Also
known as a reference point.
Equivalent to the A interface in
GSM systems. The RNC is the
UTRAN access point for the I u.
The I u interface is an open
standard interface.
Iub
Interface between an RNC and a

Node B.
Iur
Logical interface between two

RNCs. Although it logically
represents a point to point link
between RNCs, the physical
connection may not be a point to
point link. Provides radio
interface mobility for UEs
connected to the UTRAN,
including handover between
RNSs. The Uu interface is an
open standard interface.
Other UMTS interfaces include:

Interface
Description
Ga
Interface between the 3G-GGSN

and the charging gateway.
Gn

and the 3G-SGSN.
Gs
Interface between the

3G-MSC/VLR and the SGSN.
Gr
Interface between the 3G-SGSN

and the HLR.
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UMTS interfaces
UMTS architecture
Interface
Description
Gf
Interface between the 3G-SGSN

and the EIR.
Gc

and the HLR.
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Overview
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Objectives
Contents
Name the different transmission methods on the interfaces
Name the different lower layer protocols
State the main characteristics of the UMTS air interface
State the function(s) and protocols used on the different

interfaces.

3-2
3-18
3-36
3-62
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Overview
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Objectives
Name and describe different techniques of multiple access
State the advantages of spread spectrum transmission techniques
Describe the principles of CDMA
Name and describe the different transmission methods used on

the different UMTS interfaces.

3-3
Principles of CDMA
3-6
3-10
3-12
Ethernet
3-14
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Multiple
access techniques
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Main types
Optimization techniques must be applied, to maximum the use of

limited radio resources. One of the limited resources in radio based
transmission techniques is bandwidth. Therefore methods have been
developed to ensure that a number of users can access the given
bandwidth simultaneously.
In cellular and cordless terminology the three main types of multiple
access used to optimize use of the radio frequency spectrum are:
Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
In FDMA, each call is carried on a separate frequency channel.

The following figure illustrates the concept:
Power
Call 3
Call 2
Call 1
Time
Frequency
FDMA for GSM900 involves the division of 25 MHz bandwidth into

124 radio frequency carriers. For GSM1800 the 75 MHz bandwidth is
divided into 374 radio frequency carriers.
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Time Division Multiple

Access (TDMA)
UMTS interfaces
A given radio frequency is divided into a set of time slots. Each call,
may it transport data, speech or signaling is assigned to a specific
time slot.
Power
Time
Call 1
Call 2
Call 3
Frequency
For a given bandwidth and thus a fixed maximum overall data rate,
the number of time slots is limited by the minimum data rate needed
for the individual calls. In the GSM system, each radio frequency
carrier (200 kHz) is further divided into a set of only eight time slots.
In practice TDMA and FDMA are often combined to enhance the
number of calls that can be handled simultaneously.
Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA)
A spread spectrum technology is used, in which the radio signals

associated with a call are spread across a broad frequency spectrum.
Each call in the spectrum is differentiated from other calls (in the
same spectrum) by assigning a unique code sequence to each calls
signal.
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Power
Call 10
Call 9
Call 8
Call 7
Call 6
Call 5
Call 4
Time
Call 3
Call 2
Call 1
Frequency
Radio signals in the same frequency but with a different code appear
as noise to the receiving end.
This technique provides a capacity improvement of 2- to 8-fold over
the FDMA and TDMA access methods. CDMA is often combined
with TDMA or FDMA techniques to enhance the number of calls that
can be handled simultaneously.
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Principles
of CDMA
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Why use spreading?
Spreading a (narrowband) signal widens its spectrum while its power

decreases (signal energy remains constant). The effect is reversible by
applying the spreading procedure once again.
On the transmission path the spread signal may be superimposed by a
(narrowband) interferer. Applying the spreading procedure once again
at the receiving end of the transmission path restores power and the
spectrum of the original signal. At the same time the interferer
signals spectrum is widened and its power decreased. Bandpass
filtering can remove most of the spread interferer signal. This
drastically increases the signals resistance against jamming on the
transmission path.
Power
Power
Interferer
Spread
Frequency
Frequency
De-spread
Power
Frequency
The quotient bandwidth to data bit rate is called the processing

gain.
Spreading principle
A given data signal is spread by mixing it with a periodically repeated

bit sequence. A sequence consisting of n bits must have n times the
bit rate of the data signal itself. That way every bit of the data signal
can be assigned to a complete bit sequence.
The mixing is achieved by exclusively-oring the signal with the
spread sequence signal. This operation is reversible, that means, when
the resulting signal is exclusively-ored with the spread sequence signal
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once again, the original signal is restored.

A
A XOR B
(A XOR B) XOR B
After spreading, each bit of the original data signal is represented by

n bits. Thus the bandwidth of the resulting signal becomes n times the
bandwidth of the original data signal this is why n is called the
Spreading Factor (SF).
Data Signal
1
0
Spread Sequence
Signal
SF=8
1
0
Resulting Signal (XOR)

1
0
In CDMA terminology the bits of the spread sequence are called

chips. Consequently the spread sequence signal has a chip rate of
n times the bit rate of the original data signal. The spread factor is
defined as the quotient chip rate to bit rate and equals the processing
gain.
Why use coding?
To maximise the given bandwidth, the bandwidth is channelized.

Channelization is achieved by spreading and despreading the multiple
signals with individual code sequences. Thus they can be
superimposed in a common frequency band on the transmission path.
On the receiving end the signal with the matching code sequence can
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Principles of CDMA
UMTS interfaces
be restored reliably while signals with non matching codes sequences

appear as low level noise.
Power
The following figure shows the channelization process:
Code 1
Code 1
Code 2
Code 2
Code 3
Code 3
Code 4
Code 4
Frequency
Coding principle
Preconditions to the usability of code sequences are:
Auto-correlation as high as possible
Cross-correlation between separate codes as low as possible.
The better these conditions are met, the better signal separation by
applying the codes in question is possible. There are several different
algorithms known to produce codes that meet these conditions in
varying degrees. In ideal cases the code sequences are orthogonal,
which means the autocorrelation equals one and the crosscorrelation
equals zero. In this case mixing a spread signal with its own code will
only restore the signal itself without any noise.
In reality ideal orthogonality cannot be achieved. Therefore all signals
spread with different codes will add a certain noise to the wanted
signal in the despreading process.
Adaptive spreading
The spread factor is defined by chip rate/bit rate. So for a given

bandwidth the maximum chip rate is determined and the maximum
possible bit rate of data signals is limited to the maximum chip rate
(spread factor equals one). When the spread factor equals one no
processing gain can be achieved, and no code can be applied to
enable multiple access this is the trivial case.
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UMTS interfaces
On the other hand when the spread factor increases, the processing
gain increases too. Because a higher spread factor provides more
chips per bit longer code sequences are possible. That means more
different codes can be applied and thus more channels can be
established. However, this results in a lower maximum data bit rate
per channel. Additionally an increasing number of simultaneously
transmitted channels increases the noise for a certain channel on the
receiving end.
These facts lead to the idea of adaptive spreading. For different
services, demanding different bit rates, the spread factor is adoptively
adjusted. For example, in a given bandwidth you can provide a few
high bit rate services or a great number of low bit rate services
simultaneously, or any mixture of that. In addition, if the data signal
allows, you may start with high data bit rates (low spread factor) if
the traffic is low and decrease the data bit rate (increase spreadfactor)
when more channels are required or when signal detection becomes
difficult because of increasing interferences in the transmission band.
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CDMA
transmission principles
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Multipath transmission
Normally a radio transmitted signal is distorted on its transmission

path by multiple reflections on different surfaces (this is known as
multipath problem). Thus a signal arrives more than once at the
receiver which can be interpreted as a superposition of several
identical signals with different phases and amplitudes.
Phase detection
Detection of the data signal requires phase detection anyway because

the data signal is restored only if the correct code is applied exactly
on the same chip position in both the spreading and the despreading
procedure (correlation). This is achieved by shifting the code applied
to the incoming signal until the resulting signal can be regarded as a
valid data signal.
If the incoming signal is distorted by multipath transmission, the
receiver may detect the original data signal on more than one code
phase displacements.
Rake receivers
If a single receiver can detect the data signal on varying code phase
displacements then several receivers can detect the signal at a certain
code phase displacement for each of them simultaneously. If
afterwards the different phase displacements are restored to a common
phase then the different data signals can be added, providing an
increased signal amplitude.
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This is achieved by employing so called Rake receivers with K

fingers which can correlate and track K multipath components of the
data signal separately.
Cell interference
cancellation
Once one of n data signals assigned to a certain cell is detected at the

Base Station (Node B) its interfering influence to all other n-1 signals
can be calculated and eliminated.
Starting with detecting the strongest signal and removing the
interference it causes for the rest of the signals, the next signal can be
detected more reliably. In an iterating process the signal to
interference ratio is thus lowered for the weaker data signals. This
may lead to an increased number of channels that can be transmitted
simultaneously or to a better quality of service, depending on the
preferences of the network provider.
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PCM
30 and PCM 24 carriers
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Overview
On the interfaces between the Node B, RNC and core network (IU
interfaces) only the physical layer, the traffic data transmission and
signaling data for call handling are defined. Transmission of data for
operation and maintenance purposes (O&M), however, is proprietary.
There are two different physical layers for the data transmission over
the IU interface:
Physical transmission
PCM 30 (E1)
Time slot structure PCM

30 (E1)
PCM 30 (E1)
PCM 24 (T1).
Physical transmission based on the principles of PCM 30 according to

CCITT Recommendation G732 provides a data transmission rate of
2048 kbit/s. With time-division multiplexing, 31 traffic channels can
be transmitted. The traffic channels are transmitted in individual 8 bit
time slots. Thus, the length of a time slot is 3.9 s, and the
transmission rate on each of the traffic channels is 64 kbit/s. These 31
traffic channel time slots and one time slot used for synchronization
purposes are combined into one frame.
The time slot structure for an Iu interface frame (PCM30) is:
Time slot usage
Time slot 0 of a frame is always used for synchronization purposes.

Time slots 1 to 31 can be used either for exchanging signaling
data between a Node B and an RNC or as traffic channels.
PCM 24 (T1)
The physical transmission on the Iu interface is based on the

principles of PCM 24 transmission according to CCITT
Recommendation G703, G704, G711, G733 and G834, for a data
transmission rate of 1544 kbit/s. With time-division multiplexing,
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24 traffic channels can be transmitted. The traffic channels are

transmitted in individual 8 bit time slots. The 24 traffic channel time
slots and one bit used for carrying framing and supervision
information are combined into one frame. Each PCM24 frame
includes 193 bits. The transmission rate on each of the traffic
channels is 64 kbit/s, and the transmission rate on the framing slot is
8 kbit/s. There is no dedicated channel for transfer of signaling.
Time slot structure PCM
24 (T1)
The time slot structure for an Iu interface frame (PCM24) is:
Time slot usage
Time slot 0 (1 Bit) of a frame is used for carrying of framing and

supervision information.
time slots 1 to 24 can be used either for exchanging signaling
data between a Node B and an RNC or as traffic channels.
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Ethernet
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What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a digital transmission standard for 10 Mbit/s Local Area

Networks (LANs). It has been developed mainly by the Digital
Corporation, the Intel Corporation and the Xerox Corporation. In
IEEE 802.2 and IEEE 802.3 the bus topology, the access protocol and
the standard medium are defined.
Bus topology
Ethernet establishes a packet oriented transmission for a so called

Broadcast LAN. This means every station can send to every station,
and every station can see all packets. An important restriction is the
limitation to only one packet on the wire at a certain time.
Access protocol
Access is granted via the Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision

Detect (CSMA/CD) method. Each station monitors permanently the
net and starts sending only if the net is quiet: Listen before talk. If
two or more stations try to send simultaneously a collision occurs that
is detected by a DC voltage check: Listen while talk. In this case all
senders send a jam signal and stop. Each station starts again after a
pseudo-random backoff period.
This access protocol leads to a deterioration of throughput when
traffic increases. In fact transmission can be called quite good if
average traffic does not exceed 30 percent of the total capacity
(average total deteriorate about 3 Mbit/s). Above this traffic load
transmission quality decreases and at about 80 percent of the
maximum load nearly every second data packet is lost and has to be
transmitted again.
MAC packet structure
The structure of the individual packets is described in IEEE 802.3 and

called Medium Access Control (MAC).
Each packet starts with a preamble, an 8 byte long fixed pattern. The
destination address and then the source address follow, each consisting
of 6 bytes. In the next 2 Bytes the Logical Link Control (LLC) type
and the length of the contained data are determined. Next follows the
data in variable length, from 46 up to 1500 bytes. The packet finishes
with a 4 byte long checksum.
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UMTS interfaces
The packet structure is:

1
DestinationAddress
SourceAddress
Preamble
Addresses
46 - 1500
Data
Type- / LengthDefinition
Checksum
An ethernet station address consists of 48 bits and must be worldwide

unique.
The first 24 bits identify the vendor of the network element. The last
two bits are flags and determine whether the preceding 46 bits address
a group of network elements (Bit G set) and/or locally administered
addresses (bit L set).
The address structure is:
Vendor
Identification
2 Bits L
G
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Ethernet
Logical Link Control types
UMTS interfaces
The Logical Link Control, LLC, (described in IEEE 802.2) determines

the handling method of the link. Three types of LLC are
distinguished:
LLC type 1 structure
Type 1 establishes a connectionless, unconfirmed link of one out

of three possible subtypes:
-
Point-to-point: One Source Service Access Point (SSAC)

sends data to a single Destination Service Access Point
(DSAC)
Multicast: One Source SSAC sends data to a group of

DSACs
Broadcast: One SSAC sends data to all other (D)SACs.
Type 2 establishes a connection-oriented, confirmed, reliable

point-to-point link with flow control. This type is regarded less
efficient than type 1.
Type 3 establishes a connectionless, confirmed point-to-point

link. In practise this type has low relevance.
In LLC type 1 packets the data block of the MAC packet starts with
two Bytes called Destination Selector (DSEL) and Source
Selector (SSEL). The Selectors may identify certain ISO Network
Layers or global all DSAPs. From the Network Layers point of view
a Subnetwork Point of Attachment (SNAP) is identified by the
MAC address and the LLC Selector.
The structure is:
Destination
Selection
Data (44 - 1498)
Source
Selection
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Ethernet variants
UMTS interfaces
Several variants are established which differ in speed, signaling type,

used equipment and the limitations to number and positions of
connected network elements. Generally, they can be identified by the
following naming convention:
<Speed in Mbit/s> <signaling Type> <Maximum Segment Length>
The data of three most common types are:
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
10 Base T
Signaling type
base band
base band
base band
Cable type
50 Ohm
coaxial
thickwire
50 Ohm
coaxial,
RG58
twisted pair
unshielded
category 3, 4
or 5
Max. length of
mixed segments
(containing NEs)
500 m
185 m
100 m
Max. no. of NE per

segment
100
Distance btw. NEs
fixed
positions: NE
every 2.5 m
allowed
min. 0.5 m
N/A
Max. length of link

segments (not
containing NEs)
500 m
500 m
100 m
Max. dist. btw.

repeater and
adjacent segment
50 m
50 m
50
Max. bridgeable
distance
3000 m
1955 m
N/A
30
10 Base T does not support mixed segments with multiple NEs

connected. Multiport repeaters or hubs are used instead. When a 10
Base T segment is used in mixed configurations it counts as a link
segment.
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Overview
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Objectives
Contents
Name the different levels of the Common Channel Signaling

System (CCS) No.7 protocol
Name the different network elements in a CCS No.7 network
Explain the principles of Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Explain the usage of Asynchronous Transfer Mode in the UMTS

network
Explain the principles of TCP/IP.

3-19
3-22
3-24
3-29
TCP/IP
3-31
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Common
Channel Signaling No.7
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Signaling information
Signaling information is the information sent between two entities,

that is needed for processing calls, performing data base queries or to
control the network.
Common channel signaling
A signaling system is called a Common Channel Signaling (CCS)

system if the signaling information related to a group of circuits may
be transported over a separate common signaling link. The signaling
information is sent in labeled messages. The label identifies the
related user information.
Signaling specifications
Depending on the country where the network is implemented two

different types of CCS No.7 signaling may be used for the transfer of
messages. Which signaling type is used depends on which protocol
specification is used in the country. The possible specifications are:
ITU-T specification
ANSI specification.
Because both specifications are based on the same principles and have
the same structure, the following topics are valid for both versions.
OSI-Model
Usage of CCS No.7
CCS No.7 functional

blocks
CCS No.7 is a multi-level protocol that has some similarities to the

layered architecture of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model.
The CCS No.7 messages are used in the network (except the Iub and
the Uu interface) for:
Setting up, maintaining and disconnecting calls between the

RNC-MSC, MSC-MSC and optional between the MSC-PSTN.
This is done by using circuit related signaling messages.
Performing data base queries between the MSC, VLR, HLR,

AUC and the EIR. This is done by using non circuit related
signaling (for example a location update).
The CCS No.7 protocol is a layered protocol and therefore consists of

several functional blocks. Each block of the model will have its own
task and users. The functional blocks of CCS No. 7 are:
Message Transfer Part (MTP)
Telephone User Part (TUP)
ISDN User Part (ISUP)
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CCS No.7 structure
UMTS interfaces
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Transaction Capabilities (TC), also called Transaction Capabilities

Application Part (TCAP).
A fundamental principle of the CCS No.7 structure is that the

functional blocks can be divided into a common function and separate
User Parts (UP). The common function is represented by the MTP
layer. The User Parts are TUP, ISUP, SCCP and TCAP.
Structure of the CCS No.7 protocol:
Users of CSS No.7
OSI layer
TC User
7
4-6
Transactions
Capabilities
Telephone
User Part
(Level 4)
Signaling
Connection
Control Part
(Level 4)
Message Transfer Part

(Levels 1-3)
ISDN User
Part
(Level 4)
The overall function of the Message Transfer Part (MTP) is to serve

as a transport system for the different User Parts. The transport system
provides reliable transfer of signaling messages between locations of
communicating user functions.
The reliable message transfer includes the following functions:
Framing
Error checking
Acknowledgment of received messages
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Telephone User Part
UMTS interfaces
Address the message to the correct hardware entity
Deliver the message to the correct user at the remote side

(software address).
Telephone User Part (TUP) is the User Part that offers the functions
needed in the Public Subscriber Telephony Network (PSTN). In this
network TUP is used for setting up, maintaining and disconnecting
telephone calls made by analogue subscribers.
Nowadays most operators are using ISDN User Part (ISUP) instead of
Telephone User Part, because it offers more services that can be used
in a modern telecommunication network.
ISDN User Part
ISDN User Part (ISUP) is the User Part that offers the functions
needed in the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). In this
network ISUP is used for setting up, maintaining and disconnecting
telephone calls made by digital subscribers. ISUP can be seen as an
expansion of the TUP protocol, because it offers a large set of extra
services to the calling and called subscriber. Examples of services are
Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP) and Connected Line
Identification Presentation (COLP).
Because the PLMN also connects digital subscribers and can also be
compared to the ISDN network, within the PLMN also the ISUP
protocol is used for call control purposes.
Signaling Connection
Control Part
When the administration requires sophisticated services, the use of

intermediate components like Signaling Connection Control Part
(SCCP) may be necessary. These intermediate services are for
example needed in the Intelligent Network or the UMTS network. For
some of these services even the CCS No. 7 block Transaction
Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) is required in addition to SCCP.
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UMTS interfaces
CSS
No. 7 network structure
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CSS No. 7 network
structure
CSS No. 7 network structure:
SEP
HLR
STP
SEP
SEP
GMSC
MSC
= Signaling Links
= Voice Circuits
CSS No. 7 network

elements
Point code
Originating Point Code and

Destination Point Code
The CCS No.7 network consists of different network elements:

Part
Function
Signaling Transfer
Point (STP)
The STP acts as a transfer point (tandem) for

the signaling messages. Voice/data trunks
normally will not be connected to this office.
Signaling End Point

(SEP)
The SEP acts as a signaling end point for

signaling messages. In a UMTS network the
MSC and Gateway MSC (GMSC) are
defined as SEPs.
Every entity in the CCS No.7 network will be allocated its own
unique identity known as the Point Code (PC). The point code is
actually the address for the transfer of the signaling information to
that specific point in a network. No two points in the network can
have the same address.
Each signaling message contains always the originator of the message
as well as the destination of the message. Inside the message the
originator is referred to by the Originating Point Code (OPC). The
destination of the message is referred to by the Destination Point
Code (DPC).
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Point code example
UMTS interfaces
Usage of the OPC and DPC for routing signaling messages through a
CCS No. 7 network:
Message
Message
PC=300
OPC = 200
OPC = 200
STP
DPC = 400
DPC = 400
SEP
SEP
PC=200
PC=400
= Signaling Links
= Voice Circuits
ITU-T point codes
Point codes have a 14 bit structure in a CCS No. 7 network based on

the ITU-T standard.
ANSI point codes
Point codes have a 24 bit structure in a CCS No. 7 network based on

the ANSI standard.
Signaling data link
Point codes in a CCS No.7 network are connected (level 1) with each
other via a Signaling Data Link (SDL). Normally this is a 64 kbit/s
time slot of a PCM carrier.
According to the ITU-T a maximum of 16 SDLs are allowed between
two point codes.
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Asynchronous
Transfer Mode
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Overview
Principle of ATM
In the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) the user data and

signaling data are transmitted in packets with a fixed size. The packets
are called ATM cells. They do not have a specific position in a time
slot pattern. The packets are generated and transmitted asynchronously
by the terminal devices.
The connection lines transmit the data in 53-byte packets with a
transmission rate of 155 Mbit/s.
The ATM cells are marked with identifiers to assign the ATM cells to
a certain connection.
One 155 Mbit/s connection line can transmit 300225 cells
simultaneously. This number of cells can be assigned to different users
according their respective needs. User data with different cell rates or
changing cell rates can be transmitted efficiently over a 155 Mbit/s
connection line.
The ATM network transmits the cells with the high bit rate
independent of the type of service. The terminal devices adapt the
different types of services to the ATM network.
Established connections do not have specific cell rates. The used cell
rate is scalable. During a connection, a user can change the number of
cells used in a way that only the required number of cells is used.
ATM services
The Asynchronous Transfer Mode offers the following services:
Point-to-point multimedia transmission between two end-users
High data rate broadcast connections
Multimedia conferences
Internet services
Virtual Backbone Network and Virtual Switched Network
Services in a service-independent access network.
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Structure of an ATM cell
UMTS interfaces
An ATM cell consists of 53 bytes. Five bytes are occupied for control
information and 48 bytes are occupied for user information.
Structure of an ATM cell:
Control information
Generic Flow Control

Virtual Path Identifier
(GFC)
(VPI)
Virtual Channel Identifier
(VPI)
(VCI)
(VCI)
Payload Type
CLP
(VCI)
(PT)
Header Error Control
(HEC)
5 Bytes
User information
48 Bytes
The control information consists of the following parts:

Part
Function
Generic Flow
Control
Controls the traffic at the receive side.
Virtual Path
Identifier and Virtual
Channel Identifier
Marks a virtual connection on a connecting

line.
Only used between a terminal device and a

network node.
All ATM cells of the same connection have

identical VPI and VCI values.There are
certain values for the following applications:
Idle cells
Unassigned cells
Point-to-point connections
Broadcast connections
Operation, Administration and

Maintenance information
Resource management cells.
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Part
Function
Payload Type
Defines the type of an ATM cell:
Cell Loss Priority
Cell contains user information
Cell contains Operation, Administration

and Maintenance information
Cell contains resource management

information.
Marks the priority of an ATM cell.

Cells with the value CLP=1 will be rejected
in case of an overload.
Header Error Control
ATM connection setup
Contains check bits for the other parts of the

control information.
Before two terminal devices communicate to each other a signaling

connection is established. Using this connection, it is checked whether
the required cell rate is available and whether the quality of service is
in the allowed range. A virtual connection is set up, which checks the
conditions at the terminal devices and at the ATM switching devices.
Only if all conditions are met, a connection between two terminal
devices will be established.
Setup of an ATM connection:
User "A"
ATM cell
ATM line
155 Mbit/s
VPI=20, VCI=20
Network node
"A"
ATM line
155 Mbit/s
ATM cell
VPI=30, VCI=30
User "B"
ATM cell
ATM line
155 Mbit/s
VPI=40, VCI=40
Network node
"B"
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The ATM connection is set up in the following way:

1.
User A requests a connection to user B with the following

requirements:
Destination
Type of service
Quality requirements.
This request is sent to the network node A.
Synchronous Transport
Module
ATM Adaptation Layer
2.
The network node A selects a connection line to the next

network node B. This line is defined by the assignment of the
VPI and VCI values for the incoming cells to certain values for
the outgoing cells. Additionally, a specific cell capacity is
reserved.
3.
The following cells containing user data are marked with the VPI
and VCI values for the outgoing cells.
4.
Network node B detects that the destination is assigned to its

own network node. A signaling connection to user B is
established. It is checked whether the terminal device can
communicate with the device of user A.
5.
Network node B assigns new VPI and VCI values to the

incoming cells.
6.
A communication path between user A and user B is

established that transmits cells containing user data.
The data on a 155 Mbit/s connection are combined in a Synchronous

Transport Module (STM-1). An STM-1 contains the user information
and the overhead with control information.
The ATM Adaptation Layers (AAL) adapt the different types of
services to the ATM network. The AALs adapt the characteristics of
each type of service to the characteristics of the ATM network.
The following ATM Adaptation Layers exist:
AAL Type
Characteristics
Application
AAL 1
Has:
Used for:
Maximum propagation
delay time
Transmission of voice
data
Constant bit rate
Line oriented.
Transmission of data
with N*64 kbit/s
Circuit-switched
applications.
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AAL Type
Characteristics
Application
AAL 2
Has:
Used for:
Variable bit rate
Line oriented.
Transmission of voice
data
Transmission of data
with N*64 kbit/s
Circuit-switched
applications.
AAL 3
Have:
Used for:
AAL 5
Time independent
Variable bit rate
Connection oriented.
AAL 4
Data transmission.
Has:
Used for:
Time independent
Data transmission
Variable bit rate
Connectionless.
Connection between
LANs and ATM
networks.
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ATM
in the UMTS network
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
UMTS network with ATM

components
In the UMTS network, the ATM protocol is used to transport the user
and signaling information between the different network elements.
ATM provides the required quality of service for both the packet data
and the circuit-switched data.
UMTS network with ATM components:
Packet data
network
PSTN/ISDN
MSC/VLR
GGSN
Iu(ps)
Iu(cs)
IP ATM
switch
Iu
Iu
Iu
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Iub
ATM
concentrator
Iub
Iub
Node B
Usage of the ATM protocol
Node B
GSM
BTS
The ATM protocol is used at the following interfaces:

Interface AAL
Services
Iu(cs)
AAL 1
Used for:
AAL 2
Narrowband speech
AAL 5
Digital information services (for example

ISDN)
Low bit rate circuit-switched services (for

example modem services from/to
PSTN/ISDN)
Non-real time packet data.
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UMTS interfaces
Interface AAL
Services
Iu(ps)
Used for:
AAL 5
Iu
Iur
Iub
ATM concentrator
High bit rate packet-switched services.
AAL 2
Used for:
AAL 5
Narrowband speech
Digital information services (for example

ISDN)
Low bit rate circuit-switched services (for

example modem services from/to
PSTN/ISDN)
High bit rate packet-switched services
Non-real time packet data.
AAL 2
Used for:
AAL 5
Control information for the radio resources

and transport network
User voice and packet data information

.
AAL 2
Used for:
AAL 5
Control information for the Node Bs, radio

resources, and transport network
Signaling messages
User voice and packet data information.
Using the ATM concentrator, it is possible to transport GSM and other

user data over the same link as the UMTS data.
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TCP/IP
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
TCP/IP is a layered set of protocols.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) transmits data from one
terminal device to another. It keeps track of what is sent, and
retransmits anything that was not transmitted. If any message is too
large to be transmitted as a whole, TCP will split it up into several
datagrams, and make sure that they all arrive correctly.
The Internet Protocol (IP) finds a route for the data from one terminal
device to another.
Principles of TCP/IP
TCP/IP is built on connectionless technology. Information is

transferred as a sequence of datagrams. A datagram is a collection of
data that is sent as a single message. Each datagram is sent through
the network individually.
At some level, information to be transmitted is broken up into
datagrams. These datagrams are treated by the network as completely
separate. In some networks the length of the datagrams is limited. So
the protocols will break these datagrams up into smaller datagrams.
Each of these datagrams will be sent to the other end. At that point,
they will be put back together into the datagram with the original
length.
While those datagrams are in transit, the network does not know that
there is any connection between them. It is possible that a datagram
with a higher number will arrive before a datagram with a lower
number. If an error occurs in the network and a datagram is not
transmitted, the datagram must be sent again.
TCP/IP services
The list of services offered by TCP/IPincludes:

Service
Description
File transfer
The file transfer protocol (FTP) allows a user

on any computer to get files from another
computer, or to send files to another computer.
Remote login
The network terminal protocol allows a user to

log in on any other computer on the network.
All data which are entered are sent directly to
the other system.
Computer mail
This allows a user to send messages to users

on other computers.
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TCP/IP
Internet address
UMTS interfaces
Service
Description
Network file
systems
This allows a system to access files on another

system. A network file system provides the
illusion that disks or other devices from one
system are directly connected to other systems.
Remote execution
This allows to run a particular program on a

different computer.
Name servers
In large networks, there are a number of

different collections of names that have to be
managed. This includes users and their
passwords, names and network addresses for
computers, and accounts. Databases for these
names are kept on a small number of systems.
Other systems access the data over the
network.
The internet address is used to address datagrams in a network. The

address consists of 32 bits.
Example for an internet address: 128.6.4.7
An internet address consists of 3 parts:
TCP/IP layers
Network number (8, 16 or 24 bits)
Subnetwork number (0 - 22 bits)
Host number (2 - 24 bits).
TCP/IP applications use the following layers:
Ethernet as a protocol to manage a specific physical medium
Internet Protocol which provides the basic service of transmitting

datagrams to their destination
Transmission Control Protocol
Application protocol.
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The layers of a TCP/IP application are:

Application Protocol
(DNS, FTP, HTTP ...)
(TCP, UDP)
Internet Protocol
(IP, ICMP)
Network Interface Protocol
(Ethernet, Frame Relay, ATM ...)
Application layer
The application protocols run on top of TCP/IP. If data has to be

transmitted by a certain application, the application gives the data to
the TCP. TCP makes sure they are delivered to the other end. Since
TCP and IP take care of all the networking details, the applications
protocols can treat a network connection as if it was a simple byte
stream.
At the source terminal device, the application layer converts the input
data in such a format that it can be transmitted by the TCP/IP layers.
At the destination, the transmitted data are re-converted from the
TCP/IP format into the application format.
Transmission Control
Protocol layer
The TCP layer is responsible for the following tasks:
Breaking up the information into datagrams
Reassembling the datagrams at the other end
Re-sending anything that gets lost
Putting datagrams back in the right order.
TCP has to know how large a datagram the network can handle.
Actually, the TCPs at each end communicate how big a datagram they
can handle, and use the smallest size.
TCP defines the route on which the datagrams are sent through
several networks, keeps track of the routes to all of the destinations
and handles incompatibilities among different transport media.
The TCP layer hands over a datagram with a destination to the IP
layer. IP does not know how this datagram relates to any datagram
before it or after it.
After the TCP has broken the data into datagrams it puts a header at
the front of each datagram.
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TCP/IP
UMTS interfaces
The header includes the following information:
Internet Protocol layer
Source Port and Destination Port numbers
Sequence Number
This is used to assemble the datagrams in the right order at the
other end, and to check if all datagrams have been transmitted.
Acknowledgment Number
To make sure the datagram has arrived at its destination, the
recipient has to send back an acknowledgment.
If the sender does not get an acknowledgment within a
reasonable amount of time, the data will be sent again. The
Acknowledgment Number is used to control how much data can
be transmitted.
The TCP layer sends datagram to the IP layer. TCP has to tell IP the
Internet address of the terminal device at the other end. IP routes the
datagram and sends it to the other end. To allow gateways or other
intermediate systems to forward the datagram, IP adds its own header.
The header includes the following information:
Data routing
Source Address and Destination Address

Internet addresses of the source and destination
Protocol number
The protocol number is used by the IP at the other terminal
device to send the datagram to the TCP.
Checksum
The checksum allows the IP at the other end to verify that the
header was not damaged during transmission.
Time to Live
The Time to Live is a number that is decremented whenever the
datagram passes through a system. When it goes to zero, the
datagram is discarded. This is done in case a loop develops in the
system.
IP assumes that a system is attached to a local network. This system

can send datagrams to any other system within its own network.
If the system wants to send a datagram to a system of a different
network, gateways are necessary. The gateway connects a network
with one or more other networks. Gateways have more than one
network interface. The software on that gateway forwards datagrams
from one network to the other.
Routing in IP is based entirely upon the network number of the
destination address. Each gateway has a table of network numbers.
For each network number, a gateway is listed. This is the gateway
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TCP/IP
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gives access to that network. The gateway does not have to be

connected directly to the network.
When a terminal device sends a datagram, it first checks to see if the
destination address is on the systems own local network. If so, the
datagram can be sent directly. Otherwise, the system expects to find
an entry for the network that the destination address is on. The
datagram is sent to the gateway listed in that entry.
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UMTS interfaces
U u interface (air interface)

Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Introduction
Contents
Specify the difference between physical channels and transport

channels
Identify the different channels defined on the air interface (Uu

interface)
Define the coding principles
Define the overall protocol structure of the air interface.
The Uu interface or air interface is one of the most important

interfaces. This interface is thoroughly specified to achieve a full
compatibility between mobile stations of various manufacturers and
networks of different operators.
3-37
Definitions of channel types
3-39
3-40
3-43
Mapping of transport channels to physical channels
3-45
3-48
Spreading codes
3-51
Channel coding, multiplexing, and rate matching
3-55
3-56
3-58
Protocols on the U u interface
3-60
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UMTS
frequency spectrum
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Down-link
2200 MHz
Up-link
2100 MHz
Frequency bands for UMTS/IMT-2000 designated by WARC1992:
1900 MHz
Recommended frequency
allocation
In 1992 the World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC)

designated the frequency bands for UMTS/IMT-2000.
2000 MHz
Recommendation
Unpaired Band: 20 + 15 MHz (1885-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz) for TDD
Paired Band:
2 x 60 MHz (1920-1980 MHz and 2110-2170 MHz) for FDD
Satellite Band: 2 x 30 MHz (1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz)
Reality
Neighboring and rival

frequency allocations
In many areas part of the recommended IMT-2000 band is already

used by other Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN).
Neighboring and rival frequency allocations in some regions:
Land
TDD
18851920
UMTS (WARC 92)
EU
GSM 1800
Uplink
GSM 1800
Downlink
1710-1785
1805-1880
Land Satellite
FDD
FDD Land
Uplink Uplink TDD
1920-1980
19802010
Land
FDD
Uplink
20102025
2110-2170
Satellite
FDD
Downlink
21702200
DECT
TDD
EU
1880-1900
PHS
TDD
Asia, Australia, NZ
1893.5-1919.6
PCS 1900
Uplink
America
1700
Europe
1750
1850-1910
1800
1850
1900
PCS 1900
Satellite
Downlink FDD Uplink
1930-1990
1950
Reserved
19902025
2000
2110-2165
2050
2100
2150
Satellite
FDD Downlink
21652200
2200 MHz
In CEPT countries the WARC-1992 spectrum is designated for UMTS

except the band from 1885 MHz to 1900 MHz which is already
allocated for DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone). In the
UK, licenses for bands of 2 * 10 MHz and 2 * 15 MHz were
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UMTS interfaces
auctioned in April 2000. In Europe licences are being awarded or

auctioned during 2000.
African and Arabian states
North America
At the time of writing, African and Arabian states were following the
discussions in other countries and actively participating in conferences
dealing with spectrum.
In North America the frequency band from 1850 MHz to 1990 MHz
is already used by the Personal Communication System (PCS). This
frequency band is also used for GSM 1900.
The PCS frequency band is split into licences of 2 * 5 MHz (one for
uplink and one for downlink) and 2 * 15 MHz. This split into
5 MHz blocks had to be regarded during development of the UMTS
standards: The bandwidth for an UMTS carrier is 5 MHz, including
the necessary guard bands.
Most of the upper part of the UMTS/IMT-2000 spectrum is not yet
allocated and can therefore possibly be used for UMTS.
South America
Asia and Pacific
Example for one UMTS

operator
The South American spectrum situation is presently fragmented. The

future plans for UMTS/IMT-2000 are not yet known.
Asian and Pacific countries are likely to follow the WARC-1992
spectrum allocations. In some countries parts of the spectrum are
already in use by other services. For example in Japan where the band
from 1893.5 MHz to 1919.6 MHz is allocated for the Personal Handy
System (PHS).
Example of a frequency allocation in the uplink band for one UMTS
operator:
GSM Operator
UMTS Operator 1
Micro Layer
3 MHz
4.4 MHz
UMTS Operator 2
Macro Layer
5 MHz
5 MHz
2.7 + 4.4 + 5.0 + 2.5 = 14.6 MHz
Note: The minimum gaps to the neighboring GSM 1800 operator

(3 MHz) and to the neighboring UMTS operator (5 MHz) are fixed.
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Definitions
of channel types
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
On the air interface there are three types of channels:

1.
Physical channel
2.
Transport channel
3.
Logical channel.
This topic lists the definitions of these channel types as defined in

3G TR 25.990 version 3.0.0.
Physical channel (FDD)
In Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode, a physical channel is

defined by code, frequency, and in the uplink, relative phase.
Physical channel (TDD)
In Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode, a physical channel is defined

by code, frequency, and time slot.
Transport channel
Logical channel
The channels offered by the physical layer to layer 2 for data

transport between peer Layer 1 entities are denoted as transport
channels. Different types of transport channels are defined by how
and with which characteristics data is transferred on the physical
layer, for example whether using dedicated or common physical
channels.
A logical channel is an information stream dedicated to the transfer of
a specific type of information over the radio interface. Logical
channels are provided on top of the Medium Access Control (MAC)
layer.
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UMTS interfaces
Physical
channel types
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Downlink physical
channels
Functions of downlink
physical channels
Arrangement of downlink physical channels:
Explanation of downlink physical channels:

Channel
Full name and Function
SCH
Synchronization Channel.
This is used by the mobile to synchronize to a
base station, and comprises of a primary and a
secondary channel, which are transmitted
simultaneously.
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Channel
Full name and Function
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel.

This is a fixed rate (30 kbit/s, SF = 256)
downlink physical channel that carries a
pre-defined bit/symbol sequence. The CPICH is
used as a phase reference for the other downlink
physical channels.
A Primary Common Pilot Channel must always be
present.
One or several Secondary Common Pilot Channels
may be present. They may be the reference for the
Secondary CCPCH and the downlink DPCH. If this
is the case, then the UE is informed about this by
higher layer signaling.
CCPCH
Common Control Physical Channel.

This is the carrier for either the Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH), the Paging Channel (PCH), or
the Forward Access Channel (FACH).
If the CCPCH carries the BCCH, then it is the
Primary CCPCH, if it carries either the PCH or
FACH, it is called the secondary CCPCH.
DPCH
Dedicated Physical Channel.

This carries the downlink Dedicated Channel
(DCH) transport channel, together with Layer 1
data comprising the Channel Associated Pilot,
Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits, and Transport
Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) bits.
Thus the DPCH can be considered to be formed
from the Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(DPDCH) carrying the Dedicated Channel (DCH),
and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(DPCCH) carrying the Layer 1 data, and time
multiplexed together.
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel.

This downlink channel is shared by several users
based on code multiplexing.
Additional downlink physical channels for special
purposes are defined in 3G TS 25.211.
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Uplink physical channels
Functions of uplink
physical channels
UMTS interfaces
Arrangement of uplink physical channels:
Functions of uplink physical channels:

Channel
Full name and function
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel.

This carries the Random Access Channel (RACH).
DPCH
Dedicated Physical Channel.

This carries the uplink Dedicated Channel (DCH)
transport channel, together with Layer 1 data
comprising the Channel Associated Pilot, Transmit
Power Control (TPC) bits, and Transport Format
Combination Indicator (TFCI) bits.
Thus the DPCH can be considered to be formed
from the Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(DPDCH) carrying the Dedicated Channel (DCH),
and the Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(DPCCH) carrying the Layer 1 data for link
maintenance, which are fed separately to the I port
and the Q port of the mobiles modulator.
PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel.

This channel carries the Common Packet Channel
(CPCH).
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Transport
channel types
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview of transport channels:

Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Common Transport
Channels
Forward Access Channel (FACH)

Random Access Channel (RACH)
Channels
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Dedicated Transport
Channels
Functions of transport
channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Explanation of the transport channels:

Channel
BCH
Broadcast Channel.
Downlink only.
The BCH broadcasts system and cell-specific
information. The BCH is always transmitted from
the Node B over the entire cell with a low fixed
bit rate.
PCH
Paging Channel.
Downlink only.
The PCH pages a User Equipment (UE) when the
system only knows the Location Area, but not the
specific cell location of this UE. The PCH is
always transmitted from the Node B over the
entire cell.
FACH
Forward Access Channel.

Downlink only.
The FACH carries control information to a User
Equipment (UE) when the system knows the
location cell of the UE. It may also carry very
short packets of user data. The FACH is always
transmitted from the Node B over the entire cell.
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Channel
DSCH
Downlink Shared Channel.

Downlink only.
The DSCH is a downlink transport channel which
is shared by several UEs. It is used to carry
low-to-intermediate volume traffic data or
dedicated control data.
RACH
Random Access Channel.

Uplink only.
The RACH carries control information from a User
Equipment (UE) to a Node B. It may also carry
very short packets of user data.
CPCH
Common Packet Channel.

Uplink only.
The CPCH carries small and medium sized
packets. It is a contention based random access
channel used for transmission of bursty data
traffic. CPCH is associated with a dedicated
channel on the downlink which provides power
control for the uplink CPCH.
DCH
Dedicated Channel.
The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a downlink or
uplink transport channel. It carries different types
of data, or comtrol information.
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Mapping
of transport channels to physical channels
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
Downlink channel mapping
Explanation of downlink
channel mapping
The transport channels are mapped to the physical channels that are
transmitted over the air interface. Different transport and physical
channels are used in the uplink and downlink directions. According to
the type and data rate of the transport channel, coding and
multiplexing/demultiplexing may be applied prior to the data being
carried by the physical channel.
Mapping of transport channels to physical channels in the downlink
direction:
The three common control channels, BCH, PCH, and FACH, each
have individual coding schemes and physical channel mappings:
The BCH is always mapped to a unique Primary Common

Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH)
The PCH and the FACH are multiplexed onto the Secondary
Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH).
The DCH channels (DCCH and DTCH) are coded and multiplexed to
form a Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH). This CCTrCH
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Mapping of transport channels to physical
channels
UMTS interfaces
is then mapped onto one physical channel or demultiplexed onto

several physical channels, according to its data rate. The Dedicated
Physical Channel (DPCH) that is used for the CCTrCH only carries
data from the DCH transport channel, and this DCH data is not
multiplexed with data from other transport channels.
If a mobile is in soft handover, the same data may be received by the
mobile from multiple base stations, each using different physical
channels.
Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits and Transport Format
Combination Indicator (TFCI) bits are added (as Layer 1 information)
to the DCH before it is transmitted over the physical channel. During
soft handover, the TPC bits received from the neighbour base stations
will be different from those received from the serving base station.
The TFCI bits are identical.
Uplink channel mapping
Explanation of uplink
channel mapping
Mapping of transport channels to physical channels in the uplink

direction:
The Random Access Channel (RACH) is the only uplink common

control channel. It uses unique coding, and is mapped to a Physical
Random Access Channel (PRACH) that is only used for the RACH
transport channel.
The DCH channels (DCCH and DTCH) are coded and multiplexed to
form a Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH). This CCTrCH
is then mapped onto one physical channel or demultiplexed onto
several physical channels, according to its data rate. The Dedicated
Physical Channel (DPCH) that is used for the CCTrCH only carries
data from the DCH transport channel, and this DCH data is not
multiplexed with data from other transport channels.
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Mapping of transport channels to physical
channels
UMTS interfaces
If a mobile is in soft handover, the same data may be received by the

mobile from multiple base stations, each using different physical
channels.
Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits and Transport Format
Combination Indicator (TFCI) bits are added (as Layer 1 information)
to the DCH before it is transmitted over the physical channel.
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Physical
channel frame structure
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
A frame and time slot structure is used for all information transmitted
on both the uplink and the downlink physical channels.
Time multiplexing is used for:
Interleaving
Transmission of multiple services (voice, email, web access. and

so on) and control data on a Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPCH). In most cases, one (DPCH) is used. For very high data
rates of the composite data stream, multicode transmission on
several (DPCH) is possible.
Important! Time multiplexing is not used to separate different users

like the time slot structure in GSM.
Frame structure
Frame structure of a physical channel:

One Super Frame
(720 ms)
One Radio Frame

(10 ms)
Frame 0
Slot 0
Frame 1
Slot 1
One Slot
Frame 71
Slot i
Slot 14
Data
(0.666 ms)
Description of the frame

structure
Frame i
Description of the frame structure:

Structure
element
Description
Superframe
A superframe has a duration of 720 ms and

consists of 72 radio frames.
Radio frame
A radio frame is a processing unit which has a

duration of 10 ms and consists of 15 time slots.
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Structure of a time slot
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Structure
element
Description
Time slot
A time slot is a unit which consists of a set of

information symbols.
The number of symbols depends on the spreading
factor:
Number of chips per time slot = 2560 (fixed)
Number of symbols per time slot = 2560 /

(spreading factor)
Upper limit: 2560/4 = 640 symbols per time
slot for spreading factor 4
Lower limit: 2560/256 = 10 symbols per time
slot for spreading factor 256
In the downlink one symbol represents two

data bits because Quaternary Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) is used.
Structure of a time slot for the Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH):
Uplink DPDCH / DPCCH

Data
Nx data bits
DPDCH
(variable rate)
DPCCH
(fixed rate)
Pilot
Npilot bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
FBI
NFBI bits
TPC
NTPC bits
TSlot = 2560 chips, 10 * 2 bits (k = 0 6)
Downlink DPCH
DPDCH
DPCH
(fixed rate)
Data1
N1 data bits
DPCCH
TPC
NTPC bits
TFCI
NTFCI bits
DPDCH
DPCCH
Data2
N2 data bits
Pilot
Npilot bits
TSlot = 2560 chips, 10 * 2 bits (k = 0 7)
Uplink DPCH
In the uplink, the Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) and the
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) are I/Q multiplexed.
The uplink Dedicated Physical Channel DPCH is transmitted
continuously.
The DPDCH is modulated on the I branch. The spreading factor and
thus the user data rate may vary from frame to frame to match the
data rate requirements of the different services.
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The DPCCH is modulated on the Q branch. The spreading factor and

thus the data rate are fixed.
Downlink DPCH
DPCH control fields
In the downlink, the Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) and

the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) are time
multiplexed. Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) can be used for the
downlink DPCH. The spreading factor and thus the data rate are
fixed.
Description of the Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
control fields:
Control field
Description
Pilot
A predetermined bit pattern used by the rake

receiver to estimate channel conditions.
This bit pattern is also used for coherent
demodulation of the remaining DCH data.
TFCI
The Transport Format Combination Indicator

(TFCI) is optional. It is only used when formats
(multiplexing or spreading factor) vary from frame
to frame.
TPC
The Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits indicate an

increase or decrease of transmit power.
FBI
The Feedback Indicator (FBI) bits are used for

transmit diversity working.
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Spreading
codes
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Spreading code layers
Channelization codes
Channelization Code Layer and Scrambling Code Layer:
The channelization codes ensure the separation between different

physical channels. For this purpose Orthogonal Variable Spreading
Factor (OVSF) codes are used. These OVSF codes ensure that a
number of mobiles can share the same RF channel (frequency)
without causing unacceptable interference.
OVSF codes are arranged as a tree:
C4, 1 = (1,1,1,1)
C2, 1 = (1,1)
C4, 2 = (1,1,-1,-1)
C1, 1 = (1)
C4, 3 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C2, 2 = (1,-1)
C4, 3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
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The code tree defines the code length that provides the specified
spreading factor. The higher user data rate services use shorter codes,
and hence lower spreading factors (and associated despreading gain).
Uplink usage of
channelization codes
For each call, the mobile is allocated at least one uplink

channelization code, for the uplink Dedicated Physical Control
Channel (DPCCH). Usually, at least one further uplink channelization
code is allocated for an uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(DPDCH). Additional uplink channelization codes may be allocated if
the mobile needs more than one DPDCH. All the channelization codes
used for the DPDCH must be orthogonal to the channelization code
used for the DPCCH.
Because the different mobiles using the same RF channel (frequency)
use unique uplink scrambling codes, no coordination between the
allocation of uplink channelisation codes to different mobiles is
needed. They are allocated in a predefined order that takes advantage
of the design of the scrambling codes used by the mobile transmitter.
The mobile and the network may negotiate the number and length
(spreading factor) of the channelization codes needed for the call, and
the network allocates the necessary codes.
Restrictions in the uplink
A single mobile cannot use all the channelization codes

simultaneously. A channelization code can only be used by a mobile if
no other code on the path from the specific code, to the root of the
code tree, or in the sub tree below the specific code, is used by the
same mobile. Thus the number of available channelization codes is
not fixed, but depends on the data rate and associated spreading factor
of each physical channel used.
Downlink usage of
channelization codes
The channelization code for the Primary Common Control Physical

Channel (CCPCH) is predefined for all cells within the network. The
BCH broadcasts the channelization code used for the Secondary
Common Control Physical Channel.
The channelization codes for the downlink Dedicated Physical
Channels are allocated by the network. The mobile is informed which
channelization codes to receive in the downlink Access Grant
message. The set of channelization codes may change during a call,
for instance, after a handover or change of service type. This change
of channelization code set is negotiated over the Dedicated Control
Channel (DCCH).
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Restrictions in the downlink
The same restrictions regarding the code assignment that apply to the
uplink on a per mobile basis, apply on the downlink on a per cell
basis.
Uplink usage of
scrambling codes
Each subscribers mobile is assigned a unique code, not repeated at

other cells, in order to allow for successful identification during
intercell handover.
The uplink uses either short or long scrambling codes, according to
the capabilities of the base station receiver used. In both cases
complex scrambling is used, in which each code allocation consists of
a pair of I & Q codes.
Short scrambling codes are used in cells that have a sophisticated
receiver, with a multiple user detector and interference canceller.
Using a short code the cross correlation between different physical
channels and users does not vary with time, as it does when a long
code is used. Consequently the cross correlation matrices in the
advanced receiver do not have to be updated as frequently, thus
reducing the complexity of receiver design.
The base station informs the mobile of its code allocation using the
Access Grant message (although it is possible to change the code
allocation during a call).
Where multiple user detection is not performed at the base station,
long codes are used, owing to their better interference averaging
properties. Each long code maps to an indicated short code, and the
Access Grant message informs the mobile if it has to use the indicated
short code, or the corresponding long code.
Downlink usage of
scrambling codes
A total of 512 scrambling codes are available, divided into 32

subgroups of 16 codes each, as an aid to rapid cell searching. A
scrambling code is assigned to a cell at initial deployment, and the
mobile is advised of the code during its cell search process.
As a solution to cell congestion, the facility to assign more than one
scrambling code to a cell may be adopted in the future.
Random access codes

(uplink)
The base station broadcasts a cell specific spreading code for the
preamble part of the Random Access Message. Additional codes may
be broadcast if the traffic loading is high. These preamble spreading
codes have to be coordinated between cells to avoid interference. A
real valued 256 chip orthogonal Gold code is used, and all 256 codes
may be used by the system.
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A preamble signature code is used that carries one of 16 different

orthogonal complex signatures of length 16, based on a set of
orthogonal Gold codes of length 16. The base station broadcasts the
signatures that may be used in a cell.
The preamble signature specifies one of the 16 nodes in the code tree
that correspond to channelization codes of length 16. The sub tree
below the specified node spreads the message part of the Random
Access Message.
In addition to spreading, the message part is also scrambled with a
106 ms complex code. This code is cell specific, and is associated
with the spreading code used for the preamble part. Although the
scrambling code is the same for each access slot, the scrambling
codes do not collide in different access slots, as the slots are time
shifted by 1.256 ms.
Synchronisation codes
Synchronisation is required for the mobile to decode the downlink

data when first receiving a base station, and in the uplink direction for
the base station to decode the mobiles random access requests.
Primary and secondary codes are orthogonal Gold codes of
length 256, formed by combining pairs of m-sequence codes. They
are transmitted at the system chip rate.
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Channel
coding, multiplexing, and rate matching
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
Diagram of coding,
multiplexing, and rate
matching
Multiple services (for example, voice, data, email) with, in general,

different Quality of Service requirements, are time multiplexed and
form a Coded Composite Transport Channel (CCTrCH). The CCTrCH
is mapped to one or several physical data channels.
Channel coding, rate matching and channel multiplexing:
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Uplink
spreading and modulation
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Spreading and modulation
Uplink spreading and modulation for Dedicated Physical Data

Channel (DPDCH) and Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(DPCCH):
cos (t)
D
I
Cscramb
DPDCH
Real
p(t)
I+jQ
OVSF Code
Q
DPCCH
Imag
Spreading of DPDCH and

DPCCH
p(t)
sin (t)
Dual channel Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation is used,

with the uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) and
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) are mapped to the I and
Q branches of the modulator, respectively.
The I and Q branches are spread to the chip rate with two Orthogonal
Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes and then multplied by the
power offsets D and C. Afterwards they are scrambled using a
mobile specific scrambling code cscramb.
When more than one code is used for transmission, additional uplink
DPDCHs may be transmitted on either the I or Q branches. For each
branch, each additional DPDCH is assigned its own channelization
code. Uplink DPDCH channels on different branches may share a
common channelization code.
Spreading of PRACH
Modulation
The message component of the Physical Random Access Channel

(PRACH) is spread and modulated in a similar manner as the uplink
dedicated physical channels, as described above. The uplink DPDCH
is replaced with the data part, and the DPCCH is replaced with the
control part. The scrambling code that is used for the message
component is chosen based on the base station specific preamble code
in use.
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is used with a chip rate of
3.84 Mchips/s. To reduce the linearity requirements on the power
amplifier, and improve its efficiency, the scrambling codes are
designed such that N-1 out of N consecutive chips produce 90
rotations of the I and Q multiplexed data channels and control
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channels. The remaining 1 out of N chips produce 0, 90, or 180

rotation.
In addition to the design of the scrambling codes, compatible uplink
channelization codes have to be chosen.
This limits the phase transitions of the baseband signal, prior to input
to a pulse-shaping filter. This filter ensures that the resulting
modulated signal is constrained within the RF spectrum channel mask
(the adjacent channel interference is limited).
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Downlink
spreading and modulation
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Spreading and modulation
Downlink Spreading and Modulation for Dedicated Physical Data

Channel (DPDCH) and Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(DPCCH):
cos (t)
OVSF Code
I
DPCH
and
CCPCH
Serial to
Parallel
Conversion
Multiplexing of SCH
Real
p(t)
I+jQ
OVSF
Code
Q
Spreading of DPDCH and

DPCCH
Cscramb
sin (t)
p(t)
Imag
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation is used. Pairs of

baseband data bits are taken in serial form and applied in parallel to
the I and Q branches of the spreading and modulation chain. The I
and Q branches are then spread to the chip rate with the same
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code and scrambled
using the same cell specific scrambling code cscramb.
Downlink Multiplexing of Synchronization Channel (SCH):
Each physical channel uses a different channel code, but the same
scrambling code.
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In addition to the Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCH) and the

Common Control Physical Channels (CCPCH), the Synchronization
Channel (SCH) is also multiplexed onto the downlink transmission.
The Synchronization Channel is transmitted intermittently, one code
word per slot, and is multiplexed onto the downlink after the DPCH
and CCPCH have been scrambled. Thus the SCH is not orthogonal to
the other downlink channels.
Modulation
As on the uplink, Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) with a chip

rate of 3.84 Mchips/s is used on the downlink, with similar pulse
shaping and filtering.
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Protocols
on the U u interface
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Protocol layers
The Uu interface is layered into three protocol layers:

1.
The physical layer (L1)
2.
The data link layer (L2)

Layer 2 is split into the following sublayers:
3.
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC).
Network layer (L3).
Layer 3 and RLC are divided into Control (C) and User (U) planes.
PDCP and BMC exist in the U plane only.
In the C plane, Layer 3 is partitioned into sublayers where the lowest
sublayer, denoted as Radio Resource Control (RRC), interfaces with
Layer 2 and terminates in the UTRAN. The higher layer signaling
such as Mobility Management (MM) and Call Control (CC) are not
given in this topic.
Overall protocol structure
Radio interface protocol architecture (Service Access Points are given

as ovals):
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Explanation of overall
protocol structure
UMTS interfaces
Each block in the previous figure represents an instance of the

respective protocol. Service Access Points (SAP) for peer-to-peer
communication are marked with ovals at the interface between
sublayers. The SAP between MAC and the physical layer provides the
transport channels. The SAPs between RLC and the MAC sublayer
provide the logical channels. In the C-plane, the interface to higher L3
sublayers (CC, MM) is defined by the General Control (GC),
Notification (Nt) and Dedicated Control (DC) SAPs.
The connections between RRC and MAC as well as RRC and L1
provide local interlayer control services.
Equivalent control interfaces exist between:
RRC and the RLC sublayer
RRC and the PDCP sublayer
RRC and BMC sublayer.
These interfaces allow the RRC to control the configuration of the

lower layers. For this purpose separate Control SAPs are defined
between RRC and each lower layer (PDCP, RLC, MAC, and L1).
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Iu, I ur, I ub interfaces

Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Introduction
Identify the interfaces within the UTRAN
State the functionality of the different interfaces.
This topic describes the interfaces of a Radio Network Controller

(RNC).
The principal interfaces are:
Contents
The Core Network (or Iu ) interface through which the RNC

communicates with the Mobile Switching Centers (MSC) for
circuit switched, and the Serving General-packet-radio-service
Support Node (SGSN) for packet data.
Neighboring RNC (or Iur ) interface through which the RNC

communicates with surrounding RNCs when the serving RNC
requires radio resources that are available from cells controlled
by a neighboring RNC, in order to maintain a connection on the
air interface.
The Node B (or Iub) interface through which the RNC

communicates with the BTSs or Node Bs that it controls.

Iu interface
3-63
Iub interface
3-66
Iur interface
3-71
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u interface
Overview
The Iu interface can support:
The interconnection of RNCs with Core Network Access Points

within a single PLMN
The interconnection of RNCs with Core Network Access Points

irrespective of the manufacturer of any of the elements
All UMTS services.
The Iu interface facilitates the use of the same RNC, MSC or SGSN
in all PLMNs. Independence between the protocol layers and between
control and user planes are maintained on the Iu interface. The Iu
interface allows independent evolution of technologies within the
Core, Radio Access and Transport Networks. The Iu interface is an
open and multi-vendor interface.
Iu interface location
The Iu interface is specified at the boundary between the Core

Network (CN) and UTRAN. From the Iu perspective, the Core
Network access point is either an MSC or an SGSN and the UTRAN
access point is an RNC.
Location of the Iu interface in the UMTS network:
UTRAN
Core Network (CN)
Node B
RNC
MSC
Node B
Iu(cs) Interface
Iu(ps) Interface
Node B
RNC
SGSN
Node B
Iu Interface
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Iu interface types
UMTS interfaces
There are two types of the Iu interface:
Iu(cs) interface
The Iu interface towards the packet-switched domain of the core
network is called Iu(ps) interface.
Iu(ps) interface
The Iu interface towards the circuit-switched domain is called
Iu(cs) interface.
There may be at most two distinct Iu interface instances for any RNC
- one towards the circuit-switched domain and one towards the
packet-switched domain.
In the separated core network architecture, this means that there are
separate signaling and user data connections towards the two domains.
This applies in both transport and radio network layers.
In the combined architecture, there are separate connections in the
user plane (in both transport and radio network layers). In the control
plane, there are separate SCCP connections to the two logical
domains.
In either architecture, there can be several RNCs within UTRAN and
so UTRAN may have several Iu access points towards the Core
Network. As a minimum, each Iu access point (in UTRAN or CN)
shall independently fulfil the requirements of the Iu specifications.
Iu interface connection
principles
The Iu interface has a hierarchical architecture where one higher layer

entity controls several lower layer entities.
The CN - UTRAN signaling connection end points have the following
hierarchy:
Iu interface characteristics
Each MSC may be connected to one or more RNCs
Each RNC shall be connected to no more than one SGSN
Each SGSN may be connected to one or more RNCs
Each RNC shall be connected to no more than one MSC.
The protocol stack used on the Iu interface follows a layered structure,

although the naming of the layers is not consistent with the OSI
7-layer model.
In the radio network layer control plane, the functional split and the
common procedures are identical for the two domains, but parameters
in the procedures may differ. The UE - CN signaling transferred
transparently through UTRAN may also be different.
The Iu interface supports a common set of services to the two Core
Network domains, and therefore the radio network layer user data
protocol is defined commonly for both Iu(ps) and Iu(cs) interfaces. The
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protocol has a number of modes of operation to allow features to be

activated on a per RAB basis.
For the transport network layer, different protocol stacks are used
towards each Core Network domain.
Coordination between Iu
instances
It is the responsibility of the UTRAN to coordinate the two Iu

interface instances for one user equipment (UE).
The following coordination functionality is required due to the
existence of two CN domains:
Handling of two Iu connections

The SRNS shall be able to handle two Iu connections, one for
each CN domain, for one UE. This implies:
-
Functionality to set up and associate a second Iu connection

to an already established RRC connection
Transferals of control signaling between UE and respective

CN node, by using one RRC connection between UE and
SRNC and the two Iu connections
Release of one Iu connection, while keeping the other Iu

connection and the RRC connection.
When receiving a page request from a CN node for a UE that

already has an established RRC connection (and associated UE
identity at the RNC receiving the request), no CN page shall
be performed. Instead a corresponding notification shall be sent
by the SRNC to the UE via the established RRC connection
A special relocation coordination is needed when two Iu

interfaces, towards the two CN nodes for a specific UE, shall be
moved from one RNC to another RNC
When receiving a cipher request, from a CN node, for a UE, a

special coordination is also needed. This coordination is FFS.
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I....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ub interface
Overview
Iub interface location
The logical interface between an RNC and a Node B is the Iub

interface.
The Iub interface is specified at the boundary between the Radio
Network Controller (RNC) and the Node B.
Location of the Iub interface in the UMTS network:
UMTS Core Network
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
RNC
Iub
Iub
Node B
Uu
General principles and

specifications
RNC
Iur
Iub
Node B
Iub
Node B
Uu
Node B
Uu
Uu
The general principles for the specification of the Iub interface are:
Transmission sharing between the GSM/GPRS Abis interface and

the Iub interface shall not be precluded
The functional division between RNC and Node B shall have as

few options as possible
The Iub interface should be based on a logical model of Node B
Node B controls a number of cells and can be ordered to

add/remove radio links in those cells
Neither the physical structure nor any internal protocols of the

Node B shall be visible over the Iub interface and are thus not
limiting factors. For example, when introducing future technology
Operation and Maintenance of Node B hardware and software

resources is not a part of the Iub interface standardization
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Iub interface capabilities
Radio application related

signaling
UMTS interfaces
Complex functionality shall as far as possible be avoided over

the Iub interface
The Iub functional split shall take into account the probability of
frequent switching between different channel types.
The Iub interface has the following capabilities:
Radio application related signaling
Iub/Iur Dedicated Channel (DCH) data stream
Iub Random Access Channel (RACH) data stream
Iub Forward Access Channel (FACH) data stream
Iub Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) data stream.
The Iub interface allows the RNC and the Node B to negotiate about
radio resources, for example to add and delete cells controlled by the
Node B to support communication of the dedicated connection
between UE and SRNC. Information to control the broadcast and
paging channels, and information to be transported on the broadcast
and paging channels, also belong to this category .
Iub/Iur DCH data stream
The Iub interface provides means for transport of uplink and downlink
DCH Iub frames between RNC and Node B. The DCH Iub frame
header includes uplink quality estimates and synchronization
information. The DCH Iub frame body comprises of data to be
transferred over the radio interface. The DCH Iub frames can be
carried on pre-defined transmission links or switched connections.
One Iub/Iur DCH data stream is carried on one transport bearer.
Iub RACH data stream
The Iub interface provides means for transport of uplink RACH

transport frames between RNC and Node B. The RACH transport
frame header includes synchronization information. The RACH
transport frame body includes the data received over radio interface.
The transport frames can be carried on pre-defined transmission links
or switched connections. One Iub RACH data stream is carried on one
transport bearer. For each RACH in a cell, an Iub RACH data stream
must be established over the Iub interface.
Iub FACH data stream
The Iub interface provides means for transport of downlink FACH

transport frames between RNC and Node B. The FACH transport
frame header includes synchronization information. The FACH
transport frame body includes the data to be sent over radio interface.
The transport frames can be carried on pre-defined transmission links
or switched connections. One Iub FACH data stream is carried on one
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transport bearer. For each FACH in a cell, a Iub FACH data stream
must be established over the Iub interface.
Iub DSCH data stream
The Iub interface provides the means for transport of Downlink Shared
Channel (DSCH) data frames between RNC and Node B. The DSCH
Iub frame body comprises of data to be transferred over the radio
interface. The DSCH Iub frames can be carried on pre-defined
transmission links or switched connections. One Iub DSCH data
stream is carried on one transport bearer.
Iub interface protocols
A clear separation exists between the radio network layer and the
transport layer. Therefore, the radio network signaling and Iub data
streams are separated from the data transport resource and traffic
handling . This resource and traffic handling is controlled by the
Transport Signaling. The Transport Signaling is carried by a Signaling
Bearer over the Iub interface.
Transport network logical

resources
Node B Control Port
The following transport network logical resources exist on the Iub

interface:
Node B Control Port
Communication Control Port
Traffic Termination Point
Iub Dedicated Channel (DCH) Data Port
Iub Random Access Channel (RACH) Data Port
Iub Forward Access Channel (FACH) Data Port
Iub Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) Data Port
Iub Time Division Duplex Uplink Shared Channel (TDD USCH)

Data Port
Iub Paging Channel (PCH) Data Port.
The Node B Control Port:
Exchanges the signaling information for the logical O&M of

Node B
Creates Node B Communication Contexts
Configures the common transport channels that Node B provides

in a given cell
Creates PCH and BCH control information between the RNC and
the Node B.
The Node B Control Port corresponds to one signaling bearer

between the controlling RNC and the Node B. There is one Node B
Control Port per Node B.
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Iub interface
UMTS interfaces
Communication Control
Port
A Communication Control Port corresponds to one signaling bearer

between the RNC and Node B for the control of Node B
Communication Contexts. One signaling bearer between RNC and
Node B can at most correspond to one Communication Control Port.
Node B may have multiple Communication Control Ports (one per
Traffic Termination Point). The Communication Control Port is
selected at creation of the Node B Communication Context.
Traffic Termination Point
Traffic Termination Point represents DCH, DSCH and TDD USCH

data streams belonging to one or more Node B Communication
Contexts (UE contexts), which are controlled via one Communication
Control Port. The Traffic Termination Point is thus a descriptive entity
which is neither controlled over Iub nor by O&M.
Iub DCH Data Port
One Iub DCH Data port represents one user plane transport bearer.
One user plane transport bearer will carry only one DCH data stream
except in the case of coordinated DCHs, in which case the data
streams of all combined DCHs shall be multiplexed on one and the
same user plane transport bearer.
Iub RACH Data Port
An Iub RACH Data Port represents a user plane bearer carrying one
Iub RACH Data Stream between the Node B and the RNC. There is
one RACH Data Port for each RACH channel of Node B.
Iub FACH Data Port
An Iub FACH Data Port represents a user plane bearer carrying one
Iub FACH Data Stream between the Node B and the RNC. There is
one CCH Data Port for each FACH channel of Node B.
Iub DSCH Data Port
An Iub DSCH Data Port represents a user plane bearer carrying one
Iub DSCH Data Stream between the Node B and the RNC. For each
DSCH, that is used by an individual UE, there is one Iub DSCH Data
Port per Node B exclusively assigned to the communication context
of that UE. In FDD each DSCH is associated with a downlink
DPCCH.
Iub TDD USCH Data Port
An Iub TDD USCH Data Port represents a user plane bearer carrying
one Iub TDD USCH Data Stream between the Node B and the RNC.
For each USCH, that is used by an individual UE, there is one Iub
TDD USCH Data Port with data exclusively assigned to the Node B
communication context of that UE.
Iub PCH Data Port
An Iub PCH Data Port represents an Iub PCH Data Stream between the
Node B and the RNC.
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Iub interface
Iub interface functions
UMTS interfaces
The Iub interface has the following functions:
Management of Iub Transport Resources
Logical OA&M of Node B

-
Iub Link Management
Cell Configuration Management
Radio Network Performance Measurements
Resource Event Management
Common Transport Channels Management
Radio Resource Management
Radio Network Configuration Alignment.
System Information Management
OA&M Transport
Traffic Management of Common Channels
Admission Control
Power Management
Data Transfer.
Traffic Management of Dedicated Channels

-
Radio Link Management/Supervision
Channel Allocation / De-allocation
Power Management
Measurement Reporting
Dedicated Transport Channel Management
Data Transfer.
Traffic Management of Downlink Shared Channels (FFS)

-
Channel Allocation / De-allocation
Power Management
Transport Channel Management
Radio Link Management
Data Transfer.
Timing and Synchronization Management

-
Transport Channel (Frame) Synchronization
Node B-RNC Synchronization
Inter Node B Synchronization.
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I....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ur interface
Overview
The logical interface between two RNCs is called the Iur interface.
The Iur interface facilitates:
Iur interface location
Inter-connection of RNSs from different manufacturers
Support of continuation between RNSs of the UTRAN services

offered via the Iu interface
Separation of Iur interface Radio Network functionality and

Transport Network functionality to facilitate introduction of
future technology.
The Iur interface is specified at the boundary between two Radio

Network Controllers (RNC).
Location of the Iur interface in the UMTS network:
UMTS Core Network
Iu
Iu
RNS
RNS
RNC
Iub
Iub
Node B
Uu
Iur interface capabilities
RNC
Iur
Iub
Node B
Iub
Node B
Uu
Uu
Node B
Uu
The Iur interface has the following capabilities:
Radio application related signaling
Iur/Iur Dedicated Channel (DCH) data stream
Iur Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) data stream
Iur Time Division Duplex Uplink Shared Channel (TDD USCH)

data stream
Iur Random Access Channel (RACH) / Common Packet Channel

(CPCH) data stream
Iur Forward Access Channel (FACH) data stream.
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Iur interface
UMTS interfaces
Radio application related

signaling
The Iur interface supports radio interface mobility between RNSs, of

UEs having a connection with UTRAN. This capability includes the
support of handover, radio resource handling and synchronization
between RNSs.
Iur/Iur DCH data stream
The Iur interface transports uplink and downlink Iub/Iur DCH frames
carrying user data and control information between SRNC and
Node B (DRNS), via the DRNC.
Iur DSCH data stream
Iur TDD USCH data stream
Iur interface protocols
An Iur DSCH data stream corresponds to the data carried on one

DSCH transport channel for one UE. A UE may have multiple Iur
DSCH data streams. The Iur interface provides the transport of uplink
and downlink MAC-common and shared channel SDUs. In addition,
the interface provides the SRNC for queue reporting and a means for
the DRNC to allocate capacity to the SRNC.
An Iur USCH data stream corresponds to the data carried on one
USCH transport channel for one UE. A UE may have multiple Iur
USCH data streams.
A clear separation shall exist between the Radio Network Layer and
the Transport Layer. Therefore, the radio network signaling and Iur
data streams are separated from the data transport resource and traffic
handling. Data transport resource and traffic handling is controlled by
Transport Signaling. The Transport Signaling is carried by a Signaling
Bearer over the Iur interface.
Iur interface protocol structure:
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Iur interface functions
UMTS interfaces
The Iur interface has the following functions:
Transport Network Management
Traffic management of Common Transport Channels
Preparation of Common Transport Channel resources
Paging
Traffic Management of Dedicated Transport Channels

-
Radio Link Setup / Addition / Deletion
Measurement Reporting
Traffic Management of Downlink Shared Transport Channels and

TDD Uplink Shared Transport Channels
-
Radio Link Setup / Addition / Deletion
Capacity Allocation
Measurement reporting for common and dedicated measurement

objects.
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Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Identify the numbering structures used within UMTS
Name the idle mode tasks
State the differences between a location area and a routing area

update.

Location data
4-2
Subscriber data
4-9
4-9
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Location data
Overview
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Objectives
Contents
Describe the three MM states for a UMTS mobile
Name the numbers used for UE identification.

4-3
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4-7
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Packet
Mobility Management States
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PMM states for UMTS
The Packet Mobility Management (PMM) activities related to a

subscriber are characterized by one of three different PMM states.
The MM states for a UMTS subscriber (PMM) are:
PMM-DETACHED
PMM-IDLE
PMM-CONNECTED.
Each state describes a certain level of functionality and information

allocated. The information sets held at the UE and the 3G-SGSN are
denoted MM context.
PMM-DETACHED state
In the PMM-DETACHED state there is no communication between

the UE and the 3G-SGSN. The UE and 3G-SGSN hold no valid
location or routing information for the UE, so the UE is not reachable
by a 3G-SGSN.
In order to establish MM contexts in the UE and the 3G-SGSN, the
UE shall perform the PS attach procedure. When the PS signaling
connection is established between the UE and the 3G-SGSN for
performing the PS attach, the state changes to PMM-CONNECTED in
the 3G-SGSN and in the UE.
PMM-IDLE state
The UE location is known in the 3G-SGSN with an accuracy of a

routing area. Paging is needed in order to reach the UE. The UE and
3G-SGSN have established MM contexts.
The UE shall perform a routing area update if the RA changes.
Signaling towards the HLR is needed if the 3G-SGSN does not have
an MM context for this UE.
The UE and 3G-SGSN shall enter the PMM-CONNECTED state
when the PS signaling connection is established between the UE and
the 3G-SGSN.
PS detach changes the state to PMM-DETACHED.
PMM-CONNECTED state
The UE location is known in the 3G-SGSN with an accuracy of a

serving RNC. In the PMM-CONNECTED state, the location of the
UE is tracked by the serving RNC. The UE performs the routing area
update procedure when RAI in the MM system information changes.
When an UE and a 3G-SGSN are in the PMM-CONNECTED state, a
PS signaling connection is established between the UE and the
3G-SGSN.
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The UE shall enter the PMM-IDLE state when its PS signaling

connection to the 3G-SGSN has been released or broken. This release
or failure is explicitly indicated by the RNC to the UE or detected by
the UE.
After a signaling procedure (for example routing area update), the
3G-SGSN may decide to release the PS signaling connection, after
which the state is changed to PMM-IDLE.
PS detach changes the state to PMM-DETACHED.
PMM state model
The MM states for a UMTS subscriber (PMM) are:
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Mobile
Station ISDN number
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Mobile Station ISDN
number
The Mobile Station ISDN number (MSISDN) is the directory number

allocated to the mobile subscriber. It is dialed to make a telephone
call to the mobile subscriber.
The MSISDN consists of:
Field
Description
CC
The Country Code (CC) indicates the country in which the

UE is registered.
NDC
The Network Destination Code (NDC) is part of the

national number and is allocated to each PLMN.
SN
The Subscriber Number (SN) identifies each subscriber

within a PLMN.
The maximum number of digits of the Digit Subscriber Number is a

standard of 12 in accordance with ITU Recommendation. Previously
the maximum number of digits allowed was limited to 10.
MSISDN representation
The MSISDN can be graphically represented as:
The composition of the MSISDN is such that it can be used as a

global title address in the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
for routing messages to the HLR of the mobile subscriber.
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Mobile Station Roaming

Number
Mobility management
The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is the number required

by the gateway 3G-MSC to route an incoming call to a UE that is not
currently under the gateways control.
Using the MSISDN a mobile-terminated call is routed to the gateway
3G-MSC. Based on this MSISDN the gateway 3G-MSC requests for a
MSRN to route the call to the current visited 3G-MSC.
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Mobile
station identification numbers
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
International Mobile
Subscriber Identity
A UE is identified by its International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI). The IMSI is embodied in the SIM of the mobile equipment. It
is provided by the UE anytime it accesses the network.
An IMSI code has three components:
IMSI representation
Field
Description
MCC
The Mobile Country Code (MCC) component of the IMSI

is a 3digit code that uniquely identifies the country of the
domicile of the subscriber. It is assigned by the ITU-T.
MNC
The Mobile Network Code (MNC) component is a 2digit

code that identifies the home PLMN of the mobile
subscriber. It is assigned by the government of each
country.
MSIN
The Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN) is a

code that identifies the mobile subscriber within a PLMN.
It is assigned by an operator.
The IMSI can be represented graphically as:
The overall number of digits in an IMSI code does not exceed 15.
Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity
The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is an identity alias

which is used instead of the IMSI when possible. The use of a TMSI
ensures that the true identity of the mobile subscriber remains
confidential by eliminating the need to transfer an IMSI code
unciphered over a radio link.
A unique TMSI is allocated within a VLR and the area controlled by
a VLR, or within an 3G-SGSN and the area controlled by an
3G-SGSN. This TMSI, which is only valid within the area supervised
by the VLR or 3G-SGSN, is used to identify the subscriber in
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messages to and from the UE. When a change of location area also
involves a change of VLR area or 3G-SGSN area, a new TMSI code
is allocated and communicated to the UE. The UE stores the TMSI on
its SIM.
The TMSI allocated within an 3G-SGSN is called Packet TMSI
(P-TMSI)
The TMSI consists of four octets coded using a full hexadecimal
representation.
Local Mobile Station
Identity
The Local Mobile Station Identity (LMSI) is temporary subscriber

data. Note that the use of the LMSI is optional.
In order to speed up the search for subscriber data in the VLR a
supplementary LMSI can be defined. The LMSI is allocated by the
VLR at location updating and is sent to the HLR together with the
IMSI. The HLR makes no use of it but includes it together with the
IMSI in all messages sent to the VLR concerning that UE.
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Subscriber data
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Describe how the network attachment procedure is performed
Explain the concept of a location area and a routing area
Describe the functions of the HLR, VLR and 3G-SGSN in

relation to mobility management.

Network attachment
4-10
4-13
4-17
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Network
attachment
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Definition
Network attachment is the process of selecting an appropriate cell by

the UE to provide the available services, and making its location
known to the network.
The process starts when the UE is switched on, and ends when the
UE enters the idle mode. In idle mode the UE does not have a traffic
channel allocated to make or receive a call, but the PLMN is aware of
the existence of the UE within the chosen cell.
Network attachment
process
The network attachment process consists of the following stages:

Stage
Description
PLMN selection
When a UE is switched on it attempts to make

contact with a PLMN by reading the received
system information from the available PLMNs.
Then a suitable PLMN is chosen.
Cell selection
Cell selection is the process of selecting an

appropriate cell by the UE to provide the
available services.
Location
registration
In order to initiate a call or to receive a call,

the UE tunes to the control channel of the
chosen cell. Then, it registers its presence in
this cell (registration process) by means of a
location updating procedure.
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Graphical representation
PLMN selection
mechanism
Mobility management
The network attachment process is:
The UE normally operates on its home PLMN. However a visited

PLMN may be selected.
The particular PLMN to be contacted can be selected either in one of
the following modes:
Cell selection process
Mode
Description
Automatic
This mode utilizes a list of PLMNs in priority order.

The highest priority PLMN which is available and
allowed is selected.
Manual
In manual mode, the UE indicates to the user which

PLMNs are available. The user chooses one of the
PLMNs from the list and the UE tries to obtain
normal service on this PLMN.
Whenever a PLMN is selected, the UE shall attempt to find a suitable

cell of that PLMN to camp on according to the following steps:
1.
Create a candidate list of potential cells to camp on.
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Mobility management
Two searching procedures are possible:
Suitable cell criteria
No suitable cell found
a.
Initial Cell Selection

This procedure requires no prior knowledge of which RF
channels are UTRA carriers. The UE shall scan all RF
channels in the UTRA band to find a suitable cell. On each
carrier, the UE searches first for the scrambling code of the
strongest cell, in order to find out which PLMNs are
available. If the selected PLMN is found, the search of the
rest of carriers may be stopped. After the UE has found one
suitable cell for the selected PLMN, the UE shall create a
candidate list consisting of this cell and its neighboring
cells, as received in measurement control information via the
selected cell.
b.
Stored Information Cell Selection

This procedure requires stored information of carrier
frequencies and optionally also scrambling codes
information from previously received measurement control
information elements. After the UE has found one suitable
cell for a selected PLMN the UE shall create the candidate
list consisting of this cell and its neighboring cells, as
received in measurement control information via the selected
cell.
2.
For each cell on the candidate list fulfilling all criteria for a
suitable cell, calculate a cell selection value and a quality value.
3.
Among the cells with a good cell selection value choose the cell
with the highest quality value to camp on.
The requirements that a suitable cell must satisfy (before a UE can

provide service from it) are:
The cell should be a cell of the selected PLMN
The cell should not be barred
The cell is not part of a forbidden registration area
The cell selection criteria are fulfilled
The cell is not an operator-only cell.
If the UE is unable to find a suitable cell to access, it attempts to

access an acceptable cell irrespective of the PLMN identity, and enters
a limited service state in which it can only attempt to make
emergency calls.
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Locating
a mobile subscriber
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Call to an active mobile
subscriber
As an active UE moves around in the coverage area of a PLMN, it

reports its movements so that it can be located when required using
the location update procedure.
When a Mobile-services Switching Center (MSC) in the network
needs to establish a call to an UE operating in its area the following
happens:
Network configuration
A page message is broadcast which contains the identification

code of the UE.
Not every RNC in the network is requested to transmit the page
message. The broadcast is limited to a cluster of radio cells that
together form a location area. The last reported position of the
UE identifies the location area to be used for the broadcast.
The UE monitors the page messages transmitted by the radio cell

in which it is located and, on detecting its own identification
code, responds by transmitting a page response message to the
Node B.
Communication is then established between the MSC and the UE

via the Node B that received the page response message.
The configuration of a PLMN is designed so that an active UE

moving in the networks area is always able to report its position.
A network consists of different areas:
PLMN area
PLMN area
Location area
Routing area
MSC area
VLR area.
A PLMN area is the geographical area in which land mobile

communication services are provided to the public by a particular
PLMN operator. From any position within a PLMN area, the mobile
user can set up calls to another user of the same network, or to a user
of another network. The other network may be a fixed network, a
GSM PLMN, or another type of PLMN. Other network users, and
users of other networks, can also call a mobile user who is active in
the PLMN area.
When there are several PLMN operators, the geographical areas
covered by their networks may overlap. The extent of a PLMN area is
normally limited by national borders.
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Location areas
Mobility management
To eliminate the need for network-wide paging broadcasts, the PLMN

needs to know the approximate positions of the UEs that are active
within its coverage area. To enable the approximate position of any
UE to be represented by a single parameter, the total area covered by
the network is divided into location areas.
A Location Area (LA) is a cluster of one or more radio cells. The cell
cluster fulfills the following requirement:
Location area example
Location area identity
The Node Bs in a location area are controlled by one or more

RNCs
RNCs that serve the same location area are always connected to
the same MSC
Radio cells with Node Bs controlled by a common RNC can lie

in different location areas.
The location and MSC areas can be shown as:
Every radio transmitter in the PLMN broadcasts, via a control

channel, a Location Area Identity (LAI) code to identify the location
area that it serves.
When an UE is not engaged in a call, it automatically scans the
control channel broadcasts transmitted by the base stations in the
locality and selects the channel that is delivering the strongest signal.
The LAI code broadcast by the selected channel identifies the location
area in which the UE is currently situated. This LAI code is stored in
the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) of the mobile equipment.
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As the UE moves through the network area the signal received from
the selected control channel gradually diminishes in strength until it is
no longer the strongest. At this point the UE re-tunes to the channel
that has become dominant and examines the LAI code that it is
broadcasting. If the received LAI code differs from that stored on the
SIM, then the UE has entered another location area and initiates a
location update procedure to report the change to the 3G-MSC. At the
end of the procedure the LAI code in the SIM is also updated.
Location area identity
format
Routing area
A location area identity (LAI) code identifies the location area in a

PLMN. The LAI code has three components:
Field
Description
MCC
The Mobile Country Code (MCC) is a 3-digit code that

uniquely identifies the country of domicile of the mobile
subscriber (for example, Germany is 262, and Brunei is
528). It is assigned by the ITU-T.
MNC
The Mobile Network Code (MNC) is a 2-digit or 3digit

code that identifies the home PLMN of the mobile
subscriber. If more than one PLMN exist in a country, a
unique MNC is assigned to each of them. It is assigned by
the government of each country.
LAC
The Location Area Code (LAC) component identifies a

location area within a PLMN. It has a fixed length of 2
octets and can be coded using hexadecimal representation.
It is assigned by an operator.
LAI can be represented as:
A Routing Area (RA) can consist of one or more cells and is always
served by only one 3G-SGSN. However, one 3G-SGSN could serve
more than one routing area.
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Routing area identity
MSC areas
Mobility management
The Routing Area Identity (RAI) is composed of the following

elements:
Field
Description
LAI
The Location Area Identity (LAI) code identifies the

location area in a PLMN.
RAC
The Routing Area Code (RAC) identifies a routing area

within a location area and has a fixed length of 1 octet.
RAI can be represented as:
An MSC area is a region of the network in which UMTS operations

are controlled by a single MSC.
An MSC area consists of one or more location areas. The boundary of
an MSC area follows the external boundaries of the location areas on
its periphery. Consequently, a location area never spans the boundary
of an MSC area.
VLR areas
A VLR area is a region of the network that is supervised by a single

Visitor Location Register (VLR). In theory, a VLR area may consist
of one or more MSC areas. In practice, however, the functions of the
VLR are always integrated with those of the MSC so that the terms
VLR area and MSC area have become synonymous.
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Location
registration
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Location data storage
HLR
The location information of the subscriber is stored on four different

locations:
HLR
3G-SGSN
3G-MSC/VLR
SIM card.
The HLR contains information relevant to mobile subscribers who are

fee-paying customers of the organization that operates the PLMN.
The HLR stores two types of information:
Subscription information
The subscription information includes the identity code and
directory number allocated to the subscriber, the type of
service(s) provided, and any related restrictions
Location information
The location information includes the address of the VLR in the
area where the subscribers UE is currently located, and the
address of the associated 3G-MSC.
The location information enables incoming calls to be routed to the

UE. The absence this information indicates that the UE is inactive and
cannot be reached.
When an UE moves from one VLR area to another, the location
information in the HLR is updated with the new VLR and 3G-MSC
addresses. The VLR then creates a new entry for the UE, using
subscription data copied from the HLR.
Provided that an interworking agreement exists between the network
operators concerned, data transactions can cross both network and
national boundaries.
3G-SGSN
A 3G-SGSN contains a RAI and a P-TMSI. This information is used

by the 3G-SGSN when handling calls to or from an UE in the area.
When an UE moves from one routing area (RA) to another, then the
3G-SGSN detects that it is an intra SGSN routing area update by
noticing that it also handles the old RA. In this case, the 3G-SGSN
has the necessary information about the UE and there is no need to
inform the GGSNs or the HLR about the new UE location. Otherwise
it is an inter SGSN routing area update.
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VLR
A VLR contains a data record for each of the UE that are currently
operating in its area. Each record contains a set of subscriber identity
codes, related subscription information, and a LAI. This information is
used by the 3G-MSC when handling calls to or from an UE in the
area.
When an UE moves from one area to another, the responsibility for its
supervision passes from one VLR to another. A new data record is
created by the VLR that has adopted the UE, and the old record is
deleted.
Provided that an interworking agreement exists between the network
operators concerned, data transactions can cross both network and
national boundaries.
SIM
The SIM contains the LAI, RAI, TMSI and the P-TMSI. The TMSI is
a temporary subscriber identification. The TMSI is allocated by the
VLR during location update. The P-TMSI is allocated by the
3G-SGSN during routing area update.
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Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
After completing this topic you will be able to:
Describe how the location update procedure is performed
Explain the need for authentication and describe the process
Describe how the routing area update procedure is performed.

4-20
Request for service
4-22
Authentication
4-24
Ciphering
4-28
Update HLR/VLR
4-29
TMSI re-allocation
4-30
Periodic location update
4-32
Routing area update
4-33
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Mobility management
Location
update procedure
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
The location update process and its different stages are explained in
more detail using call scenarios shown in the following figures:
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Mobility management
Location update stages
The following gives the different stages in the location update

procedure:
............................................................................................................................................................
Request for
service:
The UE detects that it has entered a new location

area and requests to update its location. The new
3G-MSC/VLR identifies the UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
Authentication:
The new 3G-MSC/VLR requests to the AUC for

authentication parameters. Using these parameters
the UE is authenticated.
............................................................................................................................................................
Ciphering:
Using the parameters which were made available

earlier during the authentication the uplink and the
downlink are ciphered.
............................................................................................................................................................
Update
HLR/VLR:
The new 3G-MSC/VLR requests to update the UE

location in the HLR. The UE is de-registered in
the old VLR.
............................................................................................................................................................
TMSI
The UE is assigned a new TMSI.
re-allocation:
Important! The authentication and ciphering stages are optional.
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Mobility management
Request
for service
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Message flow
Message flow description
In the following location update scenario, it is assumed that a UE

enters a new location area that is under control of a different VLR
(referred to as the new VLR) than the one where the UE is currently
registered (referred to as the old VLR).
The following figure shows the steps of the mobile location update
scenario:
The UE enters a new cell area, listens to the location area identity
(LAI) being transmitted on the broadcast channel (BCCH), and
compares this LAI with the last LAI (stored in the SIM) representing
the last area where the mobile was registered:
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE detects that it has entered a new location area and transmits a
Channel Request message over the Random Access Channel (RACH).
............................................................................................................................................................
Once the RNC receives the Channel Request message, it allocates a

Dedicated Channel (DCH) and forwards this channel assignment
information to the UE over the Forward Access Channel (FACH). It is
over the DCH that the UE will communicate with the RNC and
3G-MSC.
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Request for service
Mobility management
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE transmits a Location Update Request message to the RNC

over the DCH. Included in this message are the UE Temporary
Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) and the old Location Area
Identification (old LAI). The UE can identify itself either with its
IMSI or TMSI. In this example well assume that the mobile provided
a TMSI.
The RNC forwards the location update request message to the
3G-MSC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The VLR analyzes the LAI supplied in the message and determines
that the TMSI received is associated with a different VLR (old VLR).
In order to proceed with the registration, the IMSI of the UE must be
determined. The new VLR derives the identity of the old VLR by
using the received LAI, supplied in the Location Update Request
message. It also requests the old VLR to supply the IMSI for a
particular TMSI.
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Mobility management
Authentication
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Since the air interface is vulnerable to fraudulent access, it is

necessary to determine if the IMSI received from the UE is from the
SIM that was assigned this IMSI. To prevent access of unregistered
users authentication of subscribers is used.
Authentication is built around the notion an Authentication Key (Ki)
that resides in only two places:
In an Authentication Center (AUC)
In the users SIM card.
Since the authentication key, Ki, is (or should) never be transmitted, it

is virtually impossible for unauthorized individuals to obtain this key
to impersonate a give mobile subscriber.
Authentication parameters
The UE is authenticated by the VLR with a process that uses three

parameters:
RAND, which is completely random number
SRES, which is an authentication signed response. It is generated

by applying an authentication algorithm (A3) to RAND and Ki
Kc, which is a cipher key. The Kc parameter is generated by

applying the cipher key generation algorithm (A8) to RAND and
Ki.
These parameters (named an authentication triplet) are generated by

the AUC at the request of the HLR to which the subscriber belongs.
The algorithms, A3 and A8, are defined by the PLMN operator and
are executed by the SIM.
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Authentication
Mobility management
Authentication process
The following figure gives a graphical representation of the

authentication process:
Authentication process
steps
During the authentication process the following steps are performed:

1.
An authentication triplet (SRES, RAND and Kc) is generated by

the AUC and sent to the VLR to which the subscriber belongs.
2.
To authenticate a subscriber, the VLR sends an authentication

request message to the UE. The message contains the RAND
parameter from an authentication triplet.
3.
The UE applies the A3 algorithm to the received RAND and the

Ki key taken from the SIM. The result is the value of SRES.
The UE also applies the A8 algorithm to the received RAND and
the Ki. The result is the value of Kc to be used later when the
radio link is switched to ciphered mode.
4.
The resulting SRES is returned to the VLR for verification.
5.
The VLR authenticates the subscriber if the SRES value returned

by the UE is equal to that in the triplet involved.
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Authentication
Mobility management
Message flow
The following figure shows the step in the authentication phase:
The steps in the authentication phase are as follows:

............................................................................................................................................................
The new VLR sends a request to the HLR/AUC (Authentication

Center) requesting the authentication triplets (RAND, SRES, and
Kc) available for the specified IMSI.
............................................................................................................................................................
The AUC, using the IMSI, extracts the subscribers authentication key
(Ki). The AUC then generates a random number (RAND), applies the
Ki and RAND to both the authentication algorithm (A3) and the
cipher key generation algorithm (A8) to produce an authentication
Signed Response (SRES) and a Cipher Key (Kc). The AUC then
returns to the new VLR an authentication triplet: RAND, SRES, and
Kc.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC/VLR keeps the two parameters Kc and SRES for later
use and then sends a message to the UE. The UE reads its
authentication key (Ki) from the SIM, applies the received random
number (RAND) and Ki to both its authentication algorithm (A3) and
cipher key generation algorithm (A8) to produce an authentication
signed response (SRES) and cipher key (Kc). The UE saves Kc for
later, and will use Kc when it receives command to cipher the
channel.
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Authentication
Mobility management
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE returns the generated SRES to the 3G-MSC/VLR. The VLR

compares the SRES returned from the UE with the expected SRES
received earlier from the AUC. If equal, the mobile passes
authentication. If unequal, all signaling activities will be aborted. In
this scenario, well assume that authentication passes.
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Mobility management
Ciphering
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Message flow
The following figure shows the steps in the ciphering phase:
The steps in the ciphering phase are as follows:

............................................................................................................................................................
The new 3G-MSC/VLR requests the RNC to cipher the radio channel.
Included in this message is the Cipher Key (Kc), which was made
available earlier during the authentication.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC retrieves the cipher key, Kc, from the message and then
transmits a request to the UE requesting it to begin ciphering the
uplink channel.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE uses the cipher key generated previously when it was

authenticated to cipher the uplink channel, and transmits a
confirmation over the ciphered channel to the RNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC upon ciphering the downlink channel sends a cipher

complete message to the 3G-MSC.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Mobility management
Update
HLR/VLR
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Message flow
At this point, we are ready to inform the HLR that the UE is under
control of a new VLR and that the UE can be de-registered from the
old VLR.
The following figure shows the steps in the update location phase:
The steps in the update HLR/VLR phase are:

............................................................................................................................................................
The new VLR sends a message to the HLR informing it that the given
IMSI has changed locations and can be reached by routing all
incoming calls to the VLR address included in the message.
............................................................................................................................................................
The HLR requests the old VLR to remove the subscriber record
associated with the given IMSI. The request is acknowledged.
............................................................................................................................................................
The HLR updates the new VLR with subscriber data (mobile
subscribers customer profile).
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Mobility management
TMSI
re-allocation
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
At this point in time, the HLR and old VLR have been informed
that the UE has registered with an 3G-MSC under the control of the
new VLR.
The remaining task for the new VLR is to allocate and transmit a new
TMSI to the UE. For security reasons, the radio channel is encrypted
before sending the new TMSI to the UE.
Message flow
The following figure shows the steps of the TMSI Re-allocation

phase:
The steps in the TMSI re-allocation phase are:

............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC forwards the location update accept message to the UE.
This message includes the new TMSI.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE retrieves the new TMSI value from the message and updates
its SIM with this new value. The mobile sends then an Update
Complete message back to the 3G-MSC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC requests from the RNC that the signaling connection be
released between the 3G-MSC and the UE.
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Mobility management
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC releases its portion of the signaling connection when it

receives the Clear Complete message from the RNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC sends a radio resource Channel Release message to the

UE and then frees up the Dedicated Channel (DCH) that was
allocated previously. The RNC then informs the 3G-MSC that the
signaling connections has been cleared.
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Mobility management
Periodic
location update
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Definition
At the discretion of the network operator, every UE may be required

to initiate a location update procedure at regular intervals, regardless
of its movements. The length of the interval is broadcast via the
control channel and may vary from 6 minutes to 25.5 hours. The
timing function is performed by the UE itself.
The periodic location update supplements the normal procedure. Its
purpose is to refresh location information that may have been lost or
become unreliable.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Mobility management
Routing
area update
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Routing area update

procedure
Periodic routing area

update
Message flow
The PLMN shall provide information for the UE to be able to:
Detect when it has entered a new cell or a new RA
Determine when to perform periodic RA updates.
A Routing Area (RA) update takes place when an attached UE detects

that it has entered a new RA or when the periodic RA update timer
has expired. If the network operates in mode I, then an UE that is
both PS attached and CS attached shall perform the Combined RA/LA
Update procedures.
A periodic RA update is always an intra 3G-SGSN routing area
update.
In UMTS, an RA update is either intra SGSN or inter SGSN RA
update, either combined RA/LA update or only RA update, either
initiated by an UE in PMM-CONNECTED or in PMM-IDLE state.
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Routing area update
Mobility management
The intra and inter SGSN RA update cases are contained in the
procedure illustrated the figure below:

............................................................................................................................................................
The RRC connection is established, if not already done. The UE sends

a routing area update request message to the new 3G-SGSN.
Update type shall indicate:
RA update
Combined RA/LA update
Combined RA/LA update with IMSI attach
Periodic RA update.
Sending the routing area update request message to the 3G-SGSN

triggers the establishment of a signaling connection between UTRAN
and 3G-SGSN for the concerned UE
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Routing area update
Mobility management
............................................................................................................................................................
If the RA update is an inter SGSN routing area update and if the UE

was in PMM-IDLE state, the new 3G-SGSN sends 3G-SGSN Context
Request message to the old 3G-SGSN to get the MM and PDP
contexts for the UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
Security functions may be executed. If the security functions do not

authenticate the UE correctly, then the routing area update shall be
rejected, and the new 3G-SGSN shall send a reject indication to the
old 3G-SGSN. The old 3G-SGSN shall continue as if the 3G-SGSN
Context Request was never received.
............................................................................................................................................................
If the RA update is an inter SGSN routing area update, the new

3G-SGSN sends an 3G-SGSN Context Acknowledge message to the
old 3G-SGSN.
The old 3G-SGSN marks in its context that the 3G-MSC/VLR
association and the information in the GGSNs and the HLR are
invalid. This triggers the 3G-MSC/VLR, the GGSNs, and the HLR to
be updated if the UE initiates a routing area update procedure back to
the old 3G-SGSN before completing the ongoing routing area update
procedure.
............................................................................................................................................................
If the RA update is an inter SGSN RA update and if the UE was in

PMM-IDLE state, the new 3G-SGSN sends update PDP Context
Request (new 3G-SGSN address, QoS negotiated, 3G-SGSN Tunnel
Endpoint Identifier, GGSN Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) to the GGSNs
concerned. The GGSNs update their PDP context fields and return an
update PDP Context Response (GGSN Tunnel Endpoint Identifier).
............................................................................................................................................................
If the RA update is an inter SGSN RA update, the new 3G-SGSN

informs the HLR of the change of 3G-SGSN by sending update
Location (SGSN number, 3G-SGSN address, IMSI) to the HLR.
............................................................................................................................................................
If the RA update is an inter SGSN RA update, the HLR sends Cancel

Location (IMSI, Cancellation Type) to the old 3G-SGSN with
cancellation type set to update procedure. The old 3G-SGSN
acknowledges with Cancel Location Ack (IMSI).
............................................................................................................................................................
If the RA update is an inter SGSN RA update, the HLR sends Insert

Subscriber Data (IMSI, subscription data) to the new 3G-SGSN. The
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Routing area update
Mobility management
new 3G-SGSN validates the UEs presence in the (new) RA. If due to
regional subscription restrictions the UE is not allowed to be attached
in the RA, the 3G-SGSN rejects the routing area update request with
an appropriate cause, and may return an Insert Subscriber Data Ack
(IMSI, 3G-SGSN area restricted) message to the HLR. If all checks
are successful then the 3G-SGSN constructs an MM context for the
UE and returns an Insert Subscriber Data Ack (IMSI) message to the
HLR.
............................................................................................................................................................
If the RA update is an inter SGSN RA update, the HLR acknowledges

the update Location by sending update Location Ack (IMSI) to the
new 3G-SGSN.
............................................................................................................................................................
10
The new 3G-SGSN validates the UEs presence in the new RA. If due
to roaming restrictions the UE is not allowed to be attached in the
3G-SGSN, or if subscription checking fails, then the 3G-SGSN rejects
the routing area update with an appropriate cause. If all checks are
successful the new 3G-SGSN responds to the UE with Routing Area
Update Accept (P-TMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI signature).
............................................................................................................................................................
11
The UE confirms the reallocation of the TMSIs by returning a

Routing Area Update Complete message to the 3G-SGSN.
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Call management
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
List the stages that are encountered in a mobile-to-land call
State which messages are sent in each mobile-to-land call stage
List the stages that are encountered in a land-to-mobile call
State which messages are sent in each land-to-mobile call stage
List the stages that are encountered in a mobile-to-mobile call
State which messages are sent in each mobile-to-mobile call

stage.

5-2
Land-to-mobile call
5-16
5-31
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5-1
Call management

Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
After competing this topic, you will be able to:
List the stages that are encountered in a mobile-to-land call
State which messages are sent in each call stage.

Mobile-to-land call
5-3
Request for service
5-6
5-8
5-9
Call setup
5-11
5-14
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Call management
Mobile-to-land
call
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Due to the amount of messages sent to setup and disconnect a

mobile-to-land call, the call flow in this topic is explained by dividing
the call into a number of stages.
The following figure shows the different stages of an mobile-to-land
call:
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Mobile-to-land call
Call management
Call Stages
The following gives the different stages that are encountered during a
mobile-to-land call:
............................................................................................................................................................
Request for
service:
The UE request the RNC for a connection

to setup a call.
............................................................................................................................................................
Authentication:
The 3G-MSC/VLR requests the AUC for

authentication parameters. Using these
parameters the UE is authenticated.
............................................................................................................................................................
Ciphering:
Using the parameters which were made

available earlier during the authentication
the uplink and the downlink are ciphered.
............................................................................................................................................................
Equipment
validation:
The 3G-MSC/VLR requests the EIR to

check the IMEI for validity.
............................................................................................................................................................
Call setup:
Using the RNC, the 3G-MSC, 3G-GMSC

and the PSTN the speech path is setup.
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Mobile-to-land call
Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
Call release:
The speech path is released.
Important! The authentication, ciphering and equipment validation

phases are optional. The service provider may decide that some of
these phases might not take place.
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5-5
Call management
Request
for service
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
In the following scenario it is assumed that the UE is already

registered with the system and has been allocated a Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity (TMSI).
A mobile originated call starts by the user entering the directory
number digits, associated with the person to be called, on the UE
handset. The user presses the send key after all digits have been
entered.
Message flow
The following figure shows the different messages sent during the
request for service phase:
The following provides a description for each message sent in the

request for service phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
UE transmits a connection request message over the Random Access

Channel (RACH) to the RNC to acquire a signaling connection.
............................................................................................................................................................
Once the RNC receives the connection request message, it allocates a

Dedicated Channel (DCH) and forwards this channel assignment
information to the UE over the Forward Access Channel (FACH). It is
over this DCH that the UE will communicate with the RNC and
3G-MSC until a traffic channel is assigned.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE transmits a service request message to the RNC over the

DCH. Included in this message is the UE TMSI (if available) and
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Request for service
Call management
Location Area Identification (LAI). The RNC forwards the service

request message to the 3G-MSC/VLR.
Important! In the messages flow some of the displayed messages are
not named by their correct name. This is deliberately done to make
the flow less complex and therefore better understandable.
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Call management
Authentication
and ciphering
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
The Authentication and ciphering phases that might be performed here

to setup a mobile-to-land call are exactly the same as seen before in
the location update scenarios.
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Call management
Equipment
validation
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
IMEI
The mobile-equipment validation process is the means by which a

specific piece of mobile equipment can be identified regardless of the
user. It is needed to prevent the use of stolen, unauthorized, or
malfunctioning equipment in the network.
Each piece of mobile equipment is uniquely identified by an
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) code.
The IMEI code, which is incorporated into the equipment by the
manufacturer, has three components:
Type Approval Code (TAC)
Final Assembly Code (FAC)
Serial Number (SNR)
Software Version (SV).
The IMEI code is secure and physically protected against

unauthorized change.
EIR
The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is responsible for storing the

IMEI codes that identify the mobile equipment deployed in the UMTS
system.
Steps in equipment
validation phase
After the authenticating and ciphering the radio channel, the 3G-MSC
has the possibility to interrogate the UE for its equipment number.
Using the number, the 3G-MSC checks the equipment validity against
information in the Equipment Identity Register (EIR).
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Call management
Message flow
equipment validation phase:

equipment validation phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC transmits a request to the UE requesting it to respond

with its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE upon receiving this request, reads its equipment serial number
and returns this value to the 3G-MSC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC then requests the EIR to check the IMEI for validity.
The EIR will first check if the IMEI value is within a valid range, if
it is, it checks if the IMEI is on a suspect or invalid equipment list.
............................................................................................................................................................
The EIR returns to the 3G-MSC the results of the IMEI validation. If
the results are negative, the 3G-MSC might abort the call or possibly
let the call continue but inform the network service provider of the
event.
In this scenario, well assume that the IMEI is valid.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Call management
Call
setup
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
After the UE is authenticated, ciphered and the terminal identity is

checked, the call setup is performed.
Message flow
The following figure shows the different messages sent during the call
setup phase:
The following provides a description for each message sent in the call
setup phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
After the UE has ciphered the radio channel, it transmits a call setup
request message to the 3G-MSC/VLR . Included in this request
message are the dialed digits. Upon receiving the call setup request
message, the 3G-MSC requests the VLR to supply the subscriber
parameters necessary for handling the call.
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Call setup
Call management
The VLR will check for call barring conditions, such as the UE being
barred from making specific outgoing calls (for example international
calls), or possibly if some supplementary services are active which
prevent the call from being granted. If the VLR determines that the
call cannot be processed, the VLR will provide the reason to the
3G-MSC. In this scenario, well assume that this procedure is
successful. The VLR returns a message to the 3G-MSC containing the
service parameters for the particular subscriber.
............................................................................................................................................................
After analyzing and determining the validity of the dialed digits, the
3G-MSC informs the UE that the call is proceeding.
............................................................................................................................................................
For allocating the necessary air-interface capacity, the 3G-MSC

requests the RNC to setup the Radio Access Bearer (RAB) for the
UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
To allocate the necessary Iu-interface capacity, the 3G-MSC and the

RNC will setup a ATM bearer for the UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC activates the downlink DCH bearer and sends a RAB setup
message to inform the UE that a new bearer channel is available.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE tunes to the new assigned bearer and acknowledges this to

the RNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC informs the 3G-MSC that the RAB has been setup.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC sends a network setup message to the PSTN requesting

that a call should be setup. Included in the message are the UE dialed
digits (DD) and details specifying which trunk should be used for the
call.
............................................................................................................................................................
The PSTN may involve several switching exchanges before finally

reaching the final local exchange. The final exchange will generate the
ringing tone over the trunk, or series of trunks (if several intermediate
switching exchanges are involved), to the UE. The PSTN notifies the
3G-MSC with a network alerting message when this event occurs.
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Call setup
Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
10
The 3G-MSC informs the UE that the destination number is being

alerted. Note, this is primarily a status message to the UE. The UE
will hear a ringing tone from the destination local exchange through
the established voice path.
............................................................................................................................................................
11
When the destination party goes off-hook, the PSTN informs the
3G-MSC of this event. This event usually triggers the beginning of
billing. At this point, the UE will be connected to the destination
party.
............................................................................................................................................................
12
The 3G-MSC informs the UE that the connection has been

established.
............................................................................................................................................................
13
The UE acknowledges the receipt of the connect message.

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Call
release phase (UE initiated)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Under normal conditions, the termination of a call is performed either

by the UE or by the called party (in this case: network initiated). In
this scenario, well assume that the UE initiates the release of the call.
Message flow
release phase:
release phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
The mobile user initiates the release of the call by pressing the end
button (the button might be labeled with a different term) on the UE.
As a result of this, the UE sends a Disconnect message to the
3G-MSC.
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Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
The B-party (in this case the PSTN party) is notified of the
termination of the call by a Release message from the 3G-MSC. The
end-to-end connection is terminated.
............................................................................................................................................................
When the 3G-MSC determines that the call has no more reason to
exist (no side tasks to complete, for example: charging indication) a
Release message is sent to the UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE acknowledges the call release by replying with a release

complete message.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC requests the RNC to release the RAB by sending a

RAB assignment request message, with the instruction to release the
connection.
............................................................................................................................................................
The ATM connection between the 3G-MSC and the RNC is released.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC informs the UE that the RAB on the air-interface will be
released.
............................................................................................................................................................
This is acknowledged by the UE by sending the RAB release

complete message
............................................................................................................................................................
Finally the RNC informs the 3G-MSC that the RAB on the
air-interface is released by sending the RAB assignment complete
message.
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Call management
Land-to-mobile call
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
After competing this topic, you will be able to:
List the stages that are encountered in a land-to-mobile call

5-17
Routing analysis
5-20
Paging
5-22
5-24
5-25
Call setup
5-26
5-29
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Land-to-mobile call
Call management
Land-to-mobile
call stages
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Due to the amount of messages sent to setup and disconnect a

land-to-mobile call, the call flow in this topic is explained by dividing
the call into a number of stages.
The following figure shows the different land-to-mobile call stages:
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Land-to-mobile call
Call management
Stages
The following gives the different stages that are encountered during a
land-to-mobile call:
............................................................................................................................................................
Routing analysis:
The UE terminated call is routed to the

visited 3G-MSC using information from the
HLR and VLR.
............................................................................................................................................................
Paging:
The 3G-MSC initiates a communication

with the UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
Authentication:
The 3G-MSC/VLR requests the AUC for

authentication parameters. Using these
parameters the UE is authenticated.
............................................................................................................................................................
Ciphering:
Using the parameters which were made

available earlier during the authentication
the uplink and the downlink are ciphered.
............................................................................................................................................................
Equipment
validation:
The 3G-MSC/VLR requests the EIR to

check the IMEI for validity.
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Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
Call setup:
Using the RNC, and the 3G-MSC the

speech path is setup (during the routing
analysis phase the speech path between the
PSTN, the 3G-GMSC and the 3G-MSC
already has been created).
............................................................................................................................................................
Call release:
The speech path is released.
Important! The authentication, ciphering and equipment validation

phases are optional. The service provider may decide that some of
these phases might not take place.
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Land-to-mobile call
Call management
Routing
analysis
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
In the following scenario it is assumed that the UE is already

registered with the system and has been allocated a Temporary Mobile
Identity Number (TMSI).
In this scenario, the land subscriber dials the directory number of a
mobile subscriber and with the result that the call enters the UMTS
network via a Gateway 3G-MSC (3G-GMSC).
Message flow
routing analysis phase:

routing analysis phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
The PSTN routes the call to the 3G-GMSC that is serving this
directory number. The number is routed to the 3G-MSC based on the
Mobile Subscriber ISDN number (MSISDN).
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-GMSC, not knowing the location of the UE, sends a message
(including the MSISDN) to the HLR, requesting location information
of this subscriber.
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Routing analysis
Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
The HLR knows the location of the UE and the address of the serving
VLR. The HLR will request the VLR to provide routing information
for this UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
The VLR returns a directory number where the UE can be reached to

the HLR (the MS Roaming Number (MSRN)).
............................................................................................................................................................
The HLR forwards the roaming number to the 3G-GMSC.

............................................................................................................................................................
Using the MSRN, the call is routed from the 3G-GMSC to the visited
3G-MSC.
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Land-to-mobile call
Call management
Paging
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
At the moment that the 3G-MSC receives a call with a dialed number
equal to a MSRN, the 3G-MSC will request the VLR to provide
information about the UE.
In the UMTS network it is possible that one UE has multiple
connections active at the same time, and therefore it can occur that a
UE can be paged when a connection is already available. In this
scenario, it is assumed that the UE did not have a connection active
and therefore should be paged using the Paging Channel (PCH).
Message flow
paging phase:

paging phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC uses the location area identity, provided by the VLR, to
determine which RNCs should page the UE. The 3G-MSC transmits a
message to each of these RNCs requesting that a page be performed.
Included in the message is the TMSI (preferred), or the IMSI of the
UE.
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Paging
Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
Each of the RNCs broadcasts the TMSI/IMSI of the mobile in a page

message on the PCH.
............................................................................................................................................................
After detecting its TMSI/IMSI in a paging message, the UE responds

with a connection request message. The message is sent to the serving
RNC using the Random Access Channel (RACH).
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC that receives the connection request message, allocates a

DCH and forwards this channel assignment information to the UE
over the Forward Access Channel (FACH).
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE transmits a page response message to the RNC over the

DCH. Included in this message is the UE TMSI/IMSI and the
Location Area Identification (LAI).
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC forwards the page response message to the 3G-MSC.

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Land-to-mobile call
Call management
Authentication
and ciphering
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
The Authentication and ciphering phases that might be performed are

the same as seen before in the location update scenarios and therefore
not further discussed.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Call management
Equipment
validation
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
The Equipment validation phase is done in the same way as in the

mobile-to-land scenario and therefore not further discussed.
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Land-to-mobile call
Call management
Call
setup
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
After the UE is authenticated, ciphered and the terminal identity is

checked, the call setup is performed.
Message flow
setup phase:
setup phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
After the 3G-MSC has checked the UE identity, the 3G-MSC sends a
call setup message to the UE informing that a call should be setup.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE, upon receiving a setup message, performs compatibility

checking before responding to the message (it is possible that the UE
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Call setup
Call management
might be incompatible for certain types of call setups). Assuming that

the UE passes compatibility checking, it acknowledges the call setup
with a call setup acknowledge message.
............................................................................................................................................................
For allocating the necessary air-interface capacity, the 3G-MSC

requests the RNC to setup the Radio Access Bearer (RAB) for the
UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
To allocate the necessary Iu-interface capacity, the 3G-MSC and the

RNC will setup a ATM bearer for the UE.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC activates the downlink DCH bearer and sends a RAB setup
message to inform the UE that a new bearer is available.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE tunes to the new assigned bearer and acknowledges this to

the RNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC informs the 3G-MSC that the RAB has been setup.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE will begin alerting the user after it receives the RAB. Once
audible alerting has started, the UE confirms this by sending an
alerting message to the 3G-MSC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC, upon receiving an alerting message from the UE, starts
generating audible ringing to the calling party and sends a network
alerting via the 3G-GMSC to the PSTN. Prior to this point, the calling
party heard silence.
At this point in the call, the UE is alerting the called party by
generating an audible tone to the calling party. One of three events
can occur: calling party hangs-up, mobile subscriber answers the
phone, or the 3G-MSC times-out waiting for the mobile subscriber to
answer. Since a RAB is a valuable resource, UMTS does not allow a
UE to ring forever.
............................................................................................................................................................
10
In this scenario, it is assumed that the mobile subscriber answers the

phone. The UE, in response to this action stops alerting and sends a
connect message to the 3G-MSC.
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Land-to-mobile call
Call setup
Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
11
The 3G-MSC removes audible ringing to the PSTN and connects the
PSTN trunk to the RNC ATM channel. To indicate this to the remote
side, the 3G-MSC sends a connect message to the originating
exchange in the PSTN. The caller and called party now have a active
speech path.
In the originating PSTN exchange the reception of connect message
typically denotes the beginning of the billing process.
............................................................................................................................................................
12
The 3G-MSC sends the UE a connect acknowledgment message.

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Land-to-mobile call
Call management
Call
release (network initiated)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Message flow
Under normal conditions, the termination of a call is performed either

by the UE or by the called party (in this case: network initiated). In
this scenario, well assume that the called party (the network) initiates
the release of the call.
network originated call release phase:
release phase:
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC receives a release message from the network to

terminate the end-to-end connection.
............................................................................................................................................................
This causes the sending of a disconnect message towards the UE.
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Call management
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE answers by a release message, which results that the 3G-MSC

releases the connection to the PSTN.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC acknowledges the call release to the UE by sending a

release complete message.
............................................................................................................................................................
The 3G-MSC requests the RNC to release the RAB by sending a

RAB assignment request message, with the instruction to release the
connection.
............................................................................................................................................................
The ATM connection between the 3G-MSC and the RNC is released.
............................................................................................................................................................
The RNC informs the UE that the RAB on the air-interface will be
released.
............................................................................................................................................................
This is acknowledged by the UE by sending the RAB release

complete message.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Call management

Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
After competing this topic you will be able to:
List the stages that are encountered in a mobile-to-mobile call

5-32
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Call management
Mobile-to-mobile
call
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Phases of a
mobile-to-mobile call
The mobile-to-mobile call is established using the same phases as

explained for the mobile-to-land and the land-to-mobile calls.
The mobile-to-mobile call phases can be subdivided in two parts:
Originating mobile part
The originating mobile part where the phases are the same as
those of a mobile-to-land call, except that the call setup phase is
partially performed. Which means that only the call setup with
mobile is done
The terminating mobile part consist of the same phases as the

land-to-mobile call scenario except again that the call setup phase
performs only the call setup with mobile.
The phases of an originating mobile are:

............................................................................................................................................................
Request for service.

............................................................................................................................................................
Authentication (optional).
............................................................................................................................................................
Ciphering (optional).
............................................................................................................................................................
Equipment validation (optional).

............................................................................................................................................................
Call setup.
............................................................................................................................................................
6
Terminating mobile part
Release.
The phases of a terminating mobile are:
............................................................................................................................................................
Routing analysis.
............................................................................................................................................................
Paging.
............................................................................................................................................................
Authentication (optional).
............................................................................................................................................................
Ciphering (optional).
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................................
Equipment validation (optional).

............................................................................................................................................................
Call setup.
............................................................................................................................................................
Release.
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Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Name the differences between open loop and closed loop power
control
List the two closed loop power control types and list their
differences
Name the three different handover types
State the differences between the three different handover types.

Power control
6-2
Handover control
6-10
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6-1
Power control
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Name the parameters used by the UE to perform open loop

power control
State how the quality of the air-interface interacts with closed

loop power control
State how the signal to noise ratio of the air-interface interacts

with closed loop power control
Name the solutions that can be taken if the power can not be
increased anymore, by the closed loop power control process.

Introduction
6-3
Open loop
6-5
Closed loop
6-7
6-9
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Power control
Introduction
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Description
Power Control enables the UE and/or the BTS to increase or decrease

the transmission power for the up and downlink air-interface
connection.
Power control is mainly performed for the following reasons:
UTRAN signals
Keep the QoS (data rate, delay, BER) within the required limits
Generated as little interference as possible for the other users
Save battery power for the UE.
In the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) a big

number of mobile stations use the same frequency band at the same
time for their data transfer. At the receiving side a mixture of all the
transmitted signals is received and the information of each UE must
be decoded.
Interference
Due to the characteristics of the W-CDMA air-interface the signals

transmitted for and by each mobile station will be seen as background
noise/interference for the signal of each other mobile station.
Noise level
If in a cell the signal of one mobile station is very powerful compared

to the signal of an other mobile, it could occur that the signal of
weaker mobiles disappears in the noise generated by the powerful
mobile.
Power overload
By increasing the transmit power of the weaker mobile, the signal will
be made recognizable again generated noise. The difficult part of
power control in W-CDMA is that due to the increasing power of the
weaker mobile, it is possible that the power of other mobiles also
need to be increased. This will result that the total noise level in the
cell will increase, and probably the power level of the most powerful
mobile needs to be increased again.
This will finally result that (if no extra precautions are taken) each
mobile will transmit at it maximum power, and almost none of these
signals are decodable (power overload).
Bit error rate
After a message is received and the contents has been decoded, the
UE and the RNC estimate the Bit Error Rate (BER) for the message.
If the BER is to high, the transmit power of the sending side should
be increased. If the BER is less than necessary, the transmit power at
the sending side may be decreased.
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Power control
Introduction
Power control
The power control process in the UTRAN is a very difficult and

precise task. If the process is not performed correct, this could cause
that the data of a number of mobiles is lost and that for other mobiles
the BER would be to good.
Because of the complexity, the power used by the UE and the Node B
is controlled using the following processes:
Open loop power control
Closed loop power control:

-
Inner loop
Outer loop.
In the following topics the power control processes are discussed in

more detail.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Power control
Open
loop
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Loop parameters
Connection setup
Preamble messages
Open loop power control is performed by the UE when a message

needs to be sent over the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
for one of the following reasons:
Requesting a RCC connection
Sending small packets of data (when no periodic measurements

for a closed loop operation are available).
The following open loop parameters are provided by the network to

the UE:
The initial preamble power used by the UE (for example:

interference and path loss)
The preamble power ramp step
The maximum number of preamble retransmissions.
At the moment that an UE wants to setup a connection, it uses the

random access procedure to indicate this to the Node B with the
strongest signal. To determine the amount of power that should be
used for the transmission of the initial message, the UE will use the
loop data provided by the network.
Before sending the actual data over the PRACH the UE will send a
number of preamble messages with an increasing power, to determine
if the Node B can be reached.
Important! To reduce the interference/noise in the network, the
preamble message is not sent directly at the maximum allowed power
in the cell, but will slowly be ramped to this level.
Power increment
After sending a preamble message the UE will listen for a specified

time to the Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH) if the Node B has
received the message. After sending the first preamble message, the
following can occur:
1.
The Node B did receive the message and returned a AICH

message. The UE will use the transmission power indicated in
the AICH for the transmission of the actual data block.
2.
The Node B did not receive the preamble message and therefore
the UE will not receive an AICH message. After a predifined
time, the preamble message is retransmitted using more power.
These two steps are repeated until the maximum number of preamble
transmissions is reached.
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Power control
Open loop
Preamble example
The following figure shows how the open loop power control process
is used on the PRACH to determine and adjust the amount of transmit
power.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Power control
Closed
loop
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Closed loop power control is performed by the UE and the Node B

under control of the RNC. The closed loop process is used whenever
the RNC has a connection with the UE.
Note that per UE only one closed loop process is performed and is
independent of the number of radio access bearers used by the UE.
Closed loop
Signal to noise ratio
Bit error rate
For this type of power control the word closed loop is used, because:
The Node B will report the quality of the air interface to the
RNC (loop)
From the reported data the RNC determines the power control
characteristics that must be used by the Node B (closed).
Due to fading effects (for example: Rayleigh fading, shadowing) and

the interference of the other UEs in the frequency band, the signal to
noise ratio of a UE connection will vary very quickly in time.
Because of these rapid changes, the UE and the Node B must also
adjust their transmit power as often as possible.
Due to changing environment (multipath, UE speed) the BER of the
UE may be affected even while the signal to noise ratio has a constant
value.
Due to the slower characteristics of the BER changes, the transmit
power does not have to be adjusted for BER corrections as often as
for the signal to noise ratio power corrections.
Interactions
Closed loop types
Logically the power changes that are made to increase the signal to
noise ratio, will also influence the BER and visa versa. But due to the
importance of the quality of the signal, the BER is the leading factor
in the power control process.
In the closed loop power control process, the changes made to the
transmit power to adjust the signal to noise ratio is called Inner Loop
Power Control (ILPC). Changes made due to the BER are called
Outer Loop Power Control (OLPC).
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Power control
Closed loop
ILPC and OLPC
The following figure shows how the ILPC and OLPC power
management processes are related to each other:
In the closed loop power control process the following steps occur:
Maximum transmit power
1.
Up to 100 times a second, the Node B measurements are

forwarded to the RNC. From these measurements the RNC
determines the quality (BER, delay) of the air-interface.
2.
Using the outer loop power control the RNC determines if the
signal to noise ratio of this connection must be adjusted, or
should remain unchanged.
3.
1500 Times a second, the Node B estimates the signal to noise

ratio for this connection. Every time inner loop power control
compares the estimated signal to noise ratio to the target signal to
noise ratio that has been determined by the outer loop process.
4.
If the signal to noise ratio is lower than the target value the
power is decreased. If it is higher than the target value, the
power is decreased.
To assure that the UE will not increment its transmit power until the
maximum power of the UE is reached, the RNC can dynamically
adjust the maximum power that may be used by the UE for this
connection.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Power control
Power
control overload
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
functions
Call admission control
Congestion control
Solutions
In UMTS there are two main functions, which handle the power
control overload problem:
Call Admission Control
Congestion Control.
Call admission control is used to admit or deny new users, new radio
access bearers or new radio links. It must avoid overload situations
and decrease decisions on interference and resource measurements.
Congestion control is used to monitor, detect and handle situations
when the system is becoming overloaded or getting close to an
overload situation with the connected users. The congestion control
should then bring the system back to a stable state as seamless as
possible.
If the RNC determines that the power control process cannot solve the
quality problems of the connection, it can use the following solutions:
Decrease the data rate of the connection that generates the most
interference
Allow longer delays
Perform a intra-frequency handover for the UE that has a bad

quality
Perform a inter-frequency handover for the UE that generates the

most interference
Interrupt an existing call.
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Handover control
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
Name the three different handover types
State how the RNC determines that a handover should be

performed
Name the messages that are sent to perform a hard handover
Name the message that are used to perform a soft-handover.

Introduction
6-11
Soft handover
6-12
Soft handover flow
6-13
Hard handover
6-16
Hard handover flow
6-17
Softer handover
6-15
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Handover control
Introduction
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Handover
Measurements
Downlink measurements
Uplink measurements
Handover process
Handover types
In the UTRAN handovers can be performed due to following reasons:
If nothing is done, the connection with the UE will be lost
The UE generates to much interference in the current cell(s)
The distance between the UE and the Node B
The speed of the UE.
Using the measurements that are provided by the UE and the Node Bs
to which the UE is connected, the SRNC determines if a handover
should be performed.
The UE will report the following data about the downlink signal:
The received pilot signal strengths (current and neighboring cells)
Estimated bit error rate on the transport channel
Timing measurements
The signal to noise ratio
Total downlink received power.
Each Node B will report the following data about the uplink signal to
the RNC:
The bit error rate
The signal to noise ratio
Received signal strength
Timing characteristics.
Using the reported measurements the handover process in the RNC

determines if, and to which of the reported neighboring cells the
handover needs to be performed.
Depending on the reported measurements the following handover
types are possible:
A soft handover
A softer handover.
A hard handover.
In the following topics, these three handover types are discussed in

more detail.
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6-11
Handover control
Soft
handover
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Frequency reuse
Because the UMTS network uses the W-CDMA air-interface, it is

possible for one mobile station to have an active connection with
more than one Node B at the same time. (Note that this is only
possible if in the neighboring cell the same frequency is used as in the
serving cell.)
If an UE signal is received by more than one radio, the RNC will
combine the available signals and forwards it to the core network. If
the UE receives more than one signal, it also combines the signals
available.
Soft handover description
A soft handover is performed when the signal level of a neighboring

Node B (using the same frequency as the serving cell), rises above a
predefined threshold. The Serving RNC (SRNC) will then add an
extra radio connection between the UE and the SRNC using the new
Node B.
If the signal level of one of the serving cells drops below a predefined
threshold the SRNC can also decide to delete the radio link. Note that
the deletion of a link is also a part of the soft handover process.
Advantage
The soft handover has the following advantages:
The data transmission from and to the UE will not be interrupted

at the moment of the handover. After a notification, the UE will
suddenly receive its information from more than one Node B,
and more than one Node B will be decoding the data transmitted
by the UE.
The RNC and the UE will receive their information via multiple
connections. Of these signals the best signal can be selected.
Connection maximum
Although it is possible that the UE has a connection with more than

four Node Bs at the same time, the number of Node B connections is
preferably limited to four.
Drift RNC
If the UE reports a strong signal from a Node B that is connected to

another RNC, the SRNC can request the remote RNC to setup a
connection to the UE. The remote RNC and Node B are used for
forwarding the information between the UE and the SRNC by means
of the Iur-interface. In the UMTS documentation the remote RNC is
referred to as the Drift RNC (DRNC).
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Handover control
Soft
handover flow
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Message flow
The following figure shows the deletion of a radio link belonging to a

Node B controlled by another RNC than the SRNC:
The following provides a description for each message sent:

............................................................................................................................................................
The SRNC decides to remove a radio link connected to a DRNC. The

SRNC sends a message Active Set Update (Radio Link Deletion) to
the UE on the DCCH.
............................................................................................................................................................
The UE deactivates downlink reception via an old branch, and

acknowledges with a message Active Set Update Complete.
............................................................................................................................................................
The SRNC requests the DRNC to deallocate radio resources by

sending a message Radio Link Deletion.
............................................................................................................................................................
The DRNC sends a message Radio Link Deletion to Node B.
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Handover control
Soft handover flow
............................................................................................................................................................
Node B de-allocates radio resources. Successful outcome is reported

in a message Radio Link Deletion Response.
............................................................................................................................................................
The DRNC sends a message Radio Link Deletion Response to the

SRNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The SRNC initiates release of an Iur/Iub Data Transport Bearer using

the ALCAP protocol.
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Handover control
Softer
handover
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Description
Difference with soft

handover
In the UMTS network it is also possible to handover an UE to a Node

B which is covering the same cell as the serving Node B. This
situation occurs, when in a cell a number of radios are used, each
serving a dedicated part of the cell (sectorized cell).
The softer handover is almost similar to the soft handover. The
difference between these handover types is that power management
and timing values of the UE will remain unchanged, because the new
Node B is mounted at the same location as the serving Node B.
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Handover control
Hard
handover
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Description
A hard handover allows the SRNC to handover the UE connection to

the same or a different UMTS carrier frequency, or even to a carrier
of the GSM network.
A hard handover is performed when one of the following conditions
occur:
Transmission interruption
The present quality of the radio link has gone below a certain
threshold and that the perceived quality of another frequency is
such that it is better to continue the connection on the new
frequency
The signal to noise ratio of the cell is so poor that UE(s) which
causes the most interference must be handed over to another
frequency to increase the air interface quality.
For packet switched services with high data rate it is possible to

use a hard handover in order to save air capacity.
Note that at the moment that the hard handover is performed, the
transmission of the data is shortly interrupted.
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Handover control
Hard
handover flow
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Message flow
The following figure shows an example of a hard handover via the

Iurinterface, when the mobile is in DCH state:
The following provides a description for each message sent:

............................................................................................................................................................
The SRNC sends a Radio Link Setup Request message to the target
RNC.
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Handover control
Hard handover flow
Note: This message is not necessary when the target RNC is the
SRNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The target RNC allocates a Radio Network Temporary Identity

(RNTI) and radio resources for the RRC connection (if possible), and
sends a message Radio Link Setup to the target Node B.
............................................................................................................................................................
Node B allocates resources, starts physical layer reception, and

responses with a message Radio Link Setup Response.
............................................................................................................................................................
The target RNC initiates setup of an Iub Data Transport Bearer using
the ALCAP protocol. This request binds the Iub Data Transport Bearer
to a DCH. The request for setup of Iub Data Transport bearer is
acknowledged by Node B.
............................................................................................................................................................
When the Target RNC has completed the preparation phase, a Radio
Link Setup Response is sent to the SRNC.
SRNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The SRNC initiates setup of an Iur Data Transport Bearer using the
ALCAP protocol. The request for setup of Iur Data Transport Bearer
is acknowledged by the target RNC.
SRNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The SRNC sends a message Handover Command to the UE.

............................................................................................................................................................
When the RRC connection is established with the target RNC and
necessary radio resources have been allocated the UE sends a message
Handover Complete to the SRNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
The SRNC sends a message Radio Link Deletion to the source RNC.
Note: This message is not necessary when the source RNC is the
SRNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
10
The source RNC sends a message Radio Link Deletion to the source
Node B.
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Handover control
Hard handover flow
............................................................................................................................................................
11
The source Node B de-allocates radio resources. Successful outcome

is reported in a message Radio Link Deletion Response.
............................................................................................................................................................
12
The source RNC initiates the release of Iub Data Transport Bearer
using the ALCAP protocol.
............................................................................................................................................................
13
When the source RNC has completed the release a message Radio
Link Deletion Response is sent to the SRNC.
SRNC.
............................................................................................................................................................
14
The SRNC initiates release of the Iur Data Transport Bearer using
ALCAP protocol. The request for release of Iur Data Transport Bearer
is acknowledged by the source RNC.
SRNC.
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UMTS services
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
Contents
List the three key differences between the GSM and UMTS
service concept
List the components of the Virtual Home Environment
Draw a diagram showing the components of the Open Services

Architecture
List the bearer capabilities of UMTS
List the teleservice capabilities of UMTS
Identify the supplementary services inherited from GSM
Name an example of a multimedia service.

7-2
Bearer capabilities
7-13
Teleservices
7-17
7-23
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UMTS services

Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
List three important differences between the GSM and UMTS

service concept
Explain what is meant by the Virtual Home Environment
List the tools/platforms which enable the Virtual Home

Environment to be provided
Draw a model of the components of the Open Services

Architecture.

7-3
7-5
7-9
Service providers
7-11
Phased UMTS service evolution
7-12
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UMTS services
Comparing
UMTS to GSM
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Service objectives
GSM comparison
Global service availability
UMTS is driven by the following objectives:
User bandwidth on demand (8 kbits/s to 2 Mbits/s) to support

interactive and customized mobile multimedia services
Rapid and low-cost service creation and service deployment
Seamless service availability across service provider networks
Integration of fixed and mobile network services
Service differentiation by service providers.
The key differences are:
Global service availability outside the users home environment
Separation of services from the network
International telecommunications standards specify the

capabilities of bearers and services not the services themselves.
The aim of UMTS is to harmonize global standards within the

IMT-2000 framework so that services are available globally (subject to
terminal and network restrictions and commercial agreements).
It should be possible for a UMTS user to access the same services
when roaming in another network or when using a different terminal.
However, different radio access environments may give rise to
differences in quality of service.
By providing every user with a Virtual Home Environment (VHE),
which can be accessed when the user is roaming, services can be
provided seamlessly across UMTS networks.
Separation of services
from the network
UMTS uses an Open Services Architecture (OSA) built on using

standardized Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and
standardized protocols.
OSA, through the API, provides an abstracted view of the underlying
network technology. It is this abstraction that enables seamless
services to be provided.
The OSA concept was introduced in GSM.
Specifications
In UMTS the capabilities of a service using the OSA are defined.

3GPP specifications, unlike ETSI GSM specifications, do not specify
the exact way a service should operate or the functionality it should
offer. The capability definition includes how UMTS elements
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UMTS services
communicate, how data is stored and what quality of service levels

are required. This applies particularly to the second phase of UMTS
deployment, in which a marked trend towards all-IP networks is
forseen.
For supplementary services using circuit and packet-switched
domains, the UMTS specifications follow the same structure as in
GSM and define how a service functions, interacts and how the user
interfaces with the service.
The 3GPP standards relating to services are:
Specification series
Specifies ...
21
Requirements towards other specifications.
22
Services, service features and building

blocks or platforms.
23
Technical implementation.
24
Signaling protocols between user equipment

and core network.
29
Signaling protocols
For example, the following specifications define the Multicall

supplementary service:
Service differentiation
Technical specification
Specifies ...
3G TS 21.135
Multicall, Service Description, Stage

1
3G TS 23.135
Multicall Supplementary Service,

Stage 2
3G TS 24.135
Multicall Supplementary Service,

Stage 3
Based on the 3GPP specifications, service providers can offer

value-added services to users which can be quite different from each
other or from those offered by another service provider.
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Virtual
Home Environment
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Concept
The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is a new telecommunications

concept. The vision is that a user can access personalized services
with the same look and feel from any location and from any
terminal (provided the network and terminal are able to offer the
service).
When the user is connected to their home network, the user has
access to the home environment. When the user is connected to
another UMTS network (serving network), the user has access to the
Virtual Home Environment:
Home environment
The home environment is responsible for:
User profile and VHE management
User authentication
Billing
UMTS SIM management.
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UMTS services
The home environment provides information about the user and the
VHE to the serving network.
The home environment does not have to be provided by a network
in the physical sense. For example, the user of a car-mounted
information system using UMTS technology may have a home
environment which is a company offering only this kind of
information service.
Each user is identified by a unique MSISDN, which is portable across
networks. Each subscriber has a unique and intelligent UMTS IC
card containing application information. The USIM is an application
on this card.
User profile
Each user has one or more user profiles containing information about
their services and preferences. A user can have more than one profile
active at a time. For example, the user may have one business profile
and one personal profile.
The user can select the profile to be used for incoming and outgoing
calls. For example, all incoming calls during office hours are directed
to a business number, all incoming calls outside office hours are
directed to a personal number.
Profiles are stored in the home environment of the user and are
communicated to the serving network.
Serving network
Service toolkits/enablers
The network in which the user is roaming controls the services

available to the user in that network. The serving network provides
the core service capability to the user. For example, the user with a
car-mounted information system driving across national boundaries
may access services provided by several serving networks.
The standardized tools and enabling technologies used to offer the
VHE are:
Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Mobile station Execution Environment (MExE) (including

Wireless Application Protocol)
SIM Application Toolkit (SAT).
These toolkits and platform enablers are already available in 2G

GSM.
CAMEL
CAMEL provides Intelligent Network (IN) capabilities for mobile

networks. CAMEL is already widely deployed in GSM networks to
offer enhanced services.
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UMTS services
The role of CAMEL is to provide services to mobile users in their

home network and when roaming in another GSM/UMTS network.
CAMEL provides standardized non-propriatory service environments.
For example, CAMEL plays a key role in offering Virtual Private
Network and PrePaid services.
The functionality supported by CAMEL is being introduced in phases:
Mobile station Execution

Environment (MExE)
Phase
Functionality
CAMEL phase 1
Basic capabilities introduced for GSM,

including any time interrogation and
support of originating and terminating
calls.
CAMEL phase 2
With the introduction of more detection

points, a fuller IN service for GSM is
available. Support for operator-specific
services.
CAMEL phase 3
Support for UMTS Virtual Home

Environment (mobility management, Short
Message Service charging and mid-call
triggering).
The purpose of MExE is to provide an open environment for the

downloading of information to the user terminal. The information
includes applications, applets and content.
MExE enables the following to be provided to the UE user:
Feature-rich user environment, such as menus, browser

capabilities, softkeys and icons
Personalization of services and interfaces
Interface for accessing internet and intranet provided applications

and applets
Ability to manage applications in terms of versioning, saving,

deleting and so forth.
MExE provides the service provider with the following:
Support for services available to UEs of a particular class across

networks
Ability to offer application update on user request.
The operating system or execution environment used is chosen by the

service provider.
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UMTS services
Two technologies can be used to provide the open environment:

Enabling technology
Provides
WAP
Standardized technology for providing

internet access to mobile devices. The
technology uses a standardized markup
language WML (a subset of HTML), which
enables information from the internet to be
displayed on small terminal screens.
Java
Java offers content-rich and platformindependent programming suited to user

equipment applications.
WAP is supported in phase 1 of MExE. Java is offered in phase 2.

SIM toolkit
The toolkit includes software programs for enhancing the intelligence

of the UMTS equipment SIM card.
Applications might enable users to interact with their terminals,
control supplementary services and control charging information. For
example, the user might download a pull-down menu or a ringing
tone from a SIM application server.
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UMTS services
Open
Services Architecture
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Purpose
The underlying protocols used in telecommunications networks have

been network-specific. The aim of the Open Services Architecture
(OSA) is to enable operators and third parties to provide applications
that make use of network capabilities via Application Programming
Interfaces (APIs) which are standardized and open.
The API provides application developers with an abstracted view of
the capabilities of the core network.
Model
The key architectural components are:
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UMTS services
Components
Component
Description
Applications/
clients
Applications and clients can run within or

outside the network. The applications may be
developed in any programming language, but
must meet the open interface requirements
defined by 3GPP.
Service Capability
Feature (SCF)
An SCF provides a standardized building block

for building service applications. One service
may be built from one or more SCFs.
SCFs are accessible to applications/clients via
standard application interfaces. The
applications include basic services such as
telephony and call routing and value-added
services such as multimedia.
SCFs make use of Service Capabilities (SCs)
offered by the UMTS network.
3GPP is currently defining the following SCFs:
Service
Capabilities (SC)
Authentication
Authorization
Registration
Discovery (identifying SCFs available to

the user)
Notification
Call control
Security/privacy
Address translation
User location
User status
Terminal capabilities
Information transfer
User profile
Charging.
A service capability is a bearer defined by

parameters, and/or mechanisms needed to
realize services. An SC is within the network
and under network control.
SCs include CAMEL, MExE and SAT. They
can be provided on one or more separate
servers or be incorporated into existing entities,
for example the SCP or HLR. A combination of
both can also be used.
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UMTS services
Service
providers
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Differences between UMTS
and GSM
UMTS has been standardized to facilitate more competition between

service providers. For example, in GSM, most users have a single
service provider. With the introduction of number portability and
carrier selection services, for example, this picture is changing.
A UMTS user may use many Value Added Service Providers
(VASPs). For example, one or more service providers for news and
information, one or more for videoconferencing services, one or more
for call completion services.
One-stop billing
The home network of the user can generate a single bill for all the
UMTS services used, regardless of the VASP providing the service
and regardless of the MSISDN being used for the call.
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UMTS services
Phased
UMTS service evolution
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UMTS Phase 1 (UMTS
Release 99)
At launch (expected rollout is 2002), UMTS Phase 1 services will be

available.
These include:
UMTS Phase 2 (UMTS

Release 2000)
Circuit-switched data to 384 kbits/s
Packet-switched data to 2 Mbits/s.
GSM supplementary services inherited from GSM Release 2+

(Release 99)
New supplementary services using the circuit and

packet-switched domains, such as Multicall (circuit-switched) and
videotext (circuit or packet-switched)
Videoconferencing and multimedia services.
The second phase is due for deployment around 2005.

UMTS evolution is being standardized towards:
Voice over IP
CAMEL support for Voice over IP
IP multimedia services.
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Bearer capabilities
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
List the UMTS bearer capabilities in the circuit-switched domain
List the UMTS bearer capabilities in the packet-switched domain.

Bearer capability function and control
7-14
Circuit-switched and packet-switched bearer

capabilities
7-15
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Bearer capabilities
UMTS services
Bearer
capability function and control
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Function
The function of the bearer is to transport information in the most

appropriate way for the user application and the subnetwork (fixed or
wireless).
A bearer capability is a transmission function of a defined capacity,
delay, bit error rate and so forth requested by the user terminal from
the network.
The Quality of Service (QoS) of a bearer capability in terms of
maximum transfer delay, delay variation, bit error ratios and data rates
is specified by the 3GPP specifications.
Bearer control
The bearer control function ensures that the appropriate bearers are
made available and released as required for a call.
Support is provided for:
Signaling only
Simultaneous signaling and voice
Simultaneous signaling and data
Simultaneous signaling, voice and data.
A UMTS application may demand connection-oriented

circuit-switched and connectionless packet-switched bearer capabilities
in the same call.
Cumulative bit rates
A UMTS application can use the following cumulative bit rates at any
point in time:
Up to 144 kbit/s in a satellite radio environment or rural outdoor

radio environment
Up to 384 kbit/s in an urban/suburban outdoor radio environment
Up to 2048 kbits/s in an indoor/low range outdoor environment.
Cumulative bit rates are available in GSM. For example, HSCSD

technology offers cumulative bit rates up to 115.2 kbits/s.
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Bearer capabilities
UMTS services
Circuit-switched
and packet-switched bearer capabilities
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Circuit-switched bearers
Inherited GSM
circuit-switched bearers
The bearers defined are:
Transparent data for support of multimedia
Transparent data
Non-transparent fax
Non-transparent data.
The bearer services inherited from GSM Release 99 are:

Bearer services
Partner
networks
Offered
rates
Data Circuit Duplex Asynchronous

(BS21 - BS26)
PSTN, ISDN
300, 1200,
1200/75,
2400,
4800,
9600
bits/s
Data Circuit Duplex Synchronous

(BS31 - BS34)
PSTN, ISDN,
CSPDN
1200,
2400,
4800,
9600
bits/s
PAD Access Circuit Asynchronous

(BS41 - BS46)
PSPDN
300, 1200,
1200/75,
2400,
4800,
9600
bits/s
Data Packet Duplex Synchronous

(BS51 - BS53)
PSTN, ISDN
2400,
4800,
9600
bits/s
Alternate Speech Data
PSTN, ISDN
data (*):
3.1 kHz
PSTN, ISDN
data (*):
3.1 kHz
Speech followed by Data
(BS61)
(BS81)
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Bearer capabilities
Circuit-switched and packet-switched bearer
capabilities
UMTS circuit-switched
bearers
Packet-switched bearer
capabilities
UMTS services
The bearer capabilities are:

Bearer
Rates
3.1 kHz Audio
9.6 - 33.6 kbit/s asynchronous and

synchronous.
V.110 Unrestricted Digital

Information (UDI)
14.4 - 38.4 kbit/s asynchronous/

synchronous and 48 -56 kbit/s
synchronous.
X.31 Flag Stuffing UDI
14.4 - 56 kbit/s synchronous.
V.120
2.4 - 56 kbit/s synchronous and

asynchronous.
Bit transparent mode
56 and 64 kbit/s synchronous.
PIAF
32 and 64 kbit/s asynchronous.
Frame tunnelling mode
56 and 64 kbit/s asynchronous.
Multimedia call
28.8, 32, 33.6, 56, 64 kbit/s

synchronous.
UMTS inherits the packet-switched capabilities available using GPRS

technology (GSM Release 99).
Based on GPRS packet switching, the following bearer types are
available:
Point-To-Point (PTP)
Point-To-Multipoint (PTM).
The bearer typess offer:

Bearer type
Offers
Point-To-Point
Packet transmission between two users

which is connectionless or
connection-oriented.
Point-To-Multipoint
Transmission between a user and a

group of users.
Each bearer can have its own performance and traffic characteristics.
Data can be switched from mobile to mobile or mobile to IP-Packet
Data Network.
Bit rates up to 2 Mbits/s are offered.
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Teleservices
Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
State how UMTS teleservices differ from GSM teleservices
List the teleservices offered by UMTS.

Circuit and packet-switched teleservices
7-18
Speech
7-19
Emergency call
7-20
7-21
Fax
7-22
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Teleservices
UMTS services
Circuit
and packet-switched teleservices
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Function
Circuit-switched services
Packet-switched services
Teleservices are telecommunication services which provide complete

service capability for communication between users according to
standardized protocols and transmission capabilities. Some teleservices
are standardized by 3GPP. In UMTS, there is a separation between the
service lower layers (refers to the OSI model) and upper layers.
UMTS supports the following teleservices in the circuit-switched
domain (supported by the 3G-MSC):
Speech/data
Emergency call
Short Message Service (SMS)
Automatic facsimile (fax) group 3.
UMTS supports the following teleservices in the packet-switched

domain (supported by the 3G-SGSN):
Internet Access
Short Message Service.
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Teleservices
UMTS services
Speech
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Inheritance
Evolution towards Voice

over IP
UMTS inherits the same speech quality and speech services as offered
in GSM.
In the future, speech communication is expected to migrate towards
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP).
VOIP protocols are being developed so that the protocols are not only
suitable for data communication, but also delay-sensitive speech. For
example, six bits in the VOIP packet header are being assigned to
carry Quality of Service (QoS) information.
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Teleservices
UMTS services
Emergency
call
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Inheritance
Invocation
The GSM user in a UMTS area can use the GSM service which is
supported by UMTS. For UMTS terminal or dual terminal users,
UMTS has its own Emergency call service.
A UMTS user should be able to dial an emergency number by
pressing a specified button. The number to be dialed is stored on the
USIM or the SIM card of the terminal.
If supported by the terminal, a call can be triggered in other ways. For
example, when the airbag in a car is inflated.
If the user is using a data service only provided by a data-only service
provider and needs to make an emergency call, the call is routed to
the nearest network supporting the service.
Availability
National requirements determine when a user should be able to make

an emergency call.
The user should generally be able to make the call at any time. The
user may be able to make the call even if the user does not have a
valid USIM or SIM.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Teleservices
UMTS services
Short
Message Service
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Service types
Short Message Service (SMS) provides a means of sending messages

of limited size to and from UEs without the use of a circuit-switched
voice channel. The provision of SMS makes use of a Service Center
(SC) which acts as a store and forward center for short messages. The
SC is considered to be outside of the PLMN.
There are two types of Short Message Service (SMS):
Point to point
Cell broadcast.
Point to point messages (originating or terminating) are messages sent

between two UEs.
Cell broadcast enables a number of messages to be broadcast to all
UEs within an area.
Media types
In UMTS, short messages are not limited to text. The enhanced,

packet-switched, service enables formatted messages, pictures, sounds
or animations to be included in a message within the size limitations.
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Teleservices
UMTS services
Fax
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Store-and-forward
End-to-end
UMTS standardizes the way fax messages are sent from the mobile
terminal to a fax storage and subsequently to a PSTN or ISDN
terminal.
UMTS standardizes the way fax messages are sent directly between a
mobile terminal and a PSTN or ISDN terminal. This in practice means
that a desktop fax machine or portable machine can be plugged into a
mobile terminal using an adapter and a modem.
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UMTS services

Overview
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Objectives
List the supplementary services inherited from GSM
List UMTS services available in Phase 1 (Release 99)
List UMTS services available in Phase 2 (Release 2000).

7-24
7-26
UMTS services
7-31
Multimedia services
7-32
Multicall example
7-33
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UMTS services
Supplementary
service concepts
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Function
Supplementary service
categories
Basic bearer and

teleservices
A supplementary services offers additional functionality or modifies a

telecommunication service (bearer service and teleservice) and can
consequently only be offered in conjunction with a bearer/teleservice.
The following figure shows how supplementary services relate to
bearer and teleservices:
Basic bearer and teleservices are:

Basic service group
Basic service
Speech teleservice
Telephony
Emergency call
Short message service (SMS)

teleservice
SMS mobile originating point to

point
SMS mobile terminating point to
point
SMS cell broadcast
Facsimile teleservice
Alternate speech and fax group 3

Automatic fax group 3
Voice group call teleservices
Voice group call

Voice broadcast
All data circuit asynchronous

bearer service
General asynchronous bearer

service
All data circuit synchronous

bearer service
General synchronous bearer

service
All GPRS access
GPRS bearer service
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Packet and
circuit-switched domains
UMTS services
Services can be built on bearer and teleservices using the resources of

both the circuit-switched and packet-switched domains:
In Release 2000, some services may only used the packet-switched

domain, for example multimedia IP services.
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UMTS services
Supplementary
services inherited from GSM
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Circuit-switched services
Call forwarding
GSM services defined in GSM Release 2+ (Release 99) specifications

are supported in UMTS. These services are circuit-switched and are
offered from the 3G-MSC.
Call forwarding enables incoming calls to be forwarded to another
number.
The flavors offered are:
Flavor
Description
Call Forwarding
Unconditional (CFU)
All incoming calls are immediately

forwarded
Call Forwarding on
mobile subscriber Busy
(CFB)
Incoming calls are forwarded if the

mobile user is busy.
Call Forwarding on Not

Reachable (CFNRc)

mobile can not be reached.
Call forwarding on No
Reply (CFNR)

mobile user does not answer.
Call Deflection (CD)
Incoming calls are directed to another

number before answer.
Call forwarding announcements are associated with each forwarding

flavor.
Call barring
Call barring services enable incoming or outgoing calls to be

restricted.
The call barring services available are:
Incoming or outgoing call barring, administration or subscriber

controlled
Operator determined call barring.
The incoming or outgoing call barring flavors supported are:

Flavor
Description
Barring of All Outgoing

Calls (BAOC)
The user cannot make calls from the UE

(apart from emergency calls).
Barring of Outgoing
International Calls
(BOIC)
The user cannot make calls to

destinations outside the country code
area.
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Operator determined call

barring
UMTS services
Flavor
Description
Barring of All Outgoing

Calls except calls to
home PLMN country
(BOIC-exHC)
The user can only make calls to numbers

in their own network in their home
country.
Barring of All Incoming

Calls (BAIC)
The user cannot receive any incoming

calls.
Barring of All Incoming

Calls when roaming
outside home PLMN
country (BAIC-Roam)
The user cannot receive calls when

roaming outside the home PLMN
country.
Barring of supplementary
service management
The user cannot carry out subscriber

actions.
Operator determined call barring programs offer the operator control

over the calls (including SMS messages) which can be made by users,
for example to control fraudulent use.
The programs available are:
Program
Description
Operator determined
outgoing call barring
Prevents users from making outgoing

calls (applies to BAOC, BOIC,
BOIC-exHC and BAOC-Roam).
Operator determined
barring of premium rate
calls
Prevents users from calling premium rate

numbers.
Operator determined
home PLMN barring
Provides operator-specific barring types

applicable in the home PLMN.
Operator determined
barring of
operator-specific
programs
Control over operator programs.
Operator determined
barring of supplementary
service management
Prevents user control of supplementary

procedures (such as activation,
deactivation, erasure).
Operator determined
inter-zonal call barring
Provides barring control on a

geographical zone basis.
Operator determined
barring of call forwarding
registration
Prevents users from registering a call

forwarding destination.
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Number identification
services
UMTS services
Program
Description
Operator determined
barring of more than one
explicit call transfer
invocation
Prevents users from invoking explicit

call transfer more than once.
Operator determined
barring of double-charged
explicit call transfer
invocation
Prevents users from invoking explicit

call transfer if more than one call is
charged to the user.
Number identification services enable the user to see the number of

the calling party or the number to which a call is connected.
The flavors supported are:
Call waiting and call hold
Flavor
Description
Calling Line
Identification
Presentation (CLIP)
Displays the identity of the calling party.
Calling Line
Identification Restriction
(CLIR)
Restricts the identity of the calling party

displayed using CLIP.
Connected Line
Identification
Presentation (COLP)
Displays to the calling party the identity

of the connected party.
Connected Line
Identification Restriction
(COLR)
Restricts the identity displayed using

COLP.
These services are used in conjunction with each other to enable users
to complete incoming calls when already involved in a call.
The services supported are:
Call Completion to Busy

Subscriber
Service
Description
Call waiting (CW)
Notifies the called party involved in a

call that there is another incoming call.
Call Hold
Enables the user involved in a call to

interrupt the connection with a party and
re-establish the connection later.
The service enables a user to complete a call to a busy party. The user
requests the service and the user is notified by a callback when the
called party is free.
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UMTS services
Call Hold, Call Waiting and Call Completion to Busy Subscriber

Service are also known as Call Completion Services.
Multi-party
The service enables a user to set up a call with more than one other
party and to communicate with the remote parties.
Closed User Groups
A Closed User Group provides a group with restricted access rights.

Access can be restricted to and from group members.
Explicit Call Transfer
The service enables the served mobile user who has two calls, each of
which can be an incoming or outgoing call, to connect the other
parties in the two calls and release the served mobile users own
connection.
User to User Signaling
The User to User Signaling (UUS) supplementary service allows the

transfer of information to a remote user over the signaling channel in
association with a call to this user.
The UUS supplementary service is divided in Service 1, Service 2 and
Service 3.
The UUS Service 1 allows the transfer of user-to-user information
embedded within call control messages. The UUS Service 2 allows
the transfer of information with a specific user-to-user message after
the served user has received an address complete indication and prior
to the answer indication from the B side. The UUS Service 3 allows
the transfer of information with a specific user-to-user message during
an active call.
Advice of Charge
Advice of charge provides the user with information on the charge of

a call. The service provides the UE with information which can be
converted by the UE to a call charge. The information is not the
actual cost billed to the user, but a cost indicator based on the number
of units and duration.
There are two types of service:
Number portability
AOC information service
AOC charging service.
The service enables a user to retain their directory number when

moving to another service operator. Number translation is carried out
in the HLR.
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Other services inherited

from GSM
UMTS services
The following were introduced in GSM:

Service
Description
Location services
When a UMTS user is for example

accessing information about the nearest
restaurant or shop, location information is
required by the service. In UMTS, location
information is being enhanced so that a
user can be pinpointed anywhere from 100
meters to 50 meters from a reference point.
Multiple subscriber
profile
Enables mobile subscribers to have several

profiles associated with a single IMSI, with
each profile being a subscription option.
Each profile may be used for mobile
originated and mobile terminated calls. Up
to four different profiles can be provisioned
against a subscriber.
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UMTS services
UMTS
services
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UMTS Phase 1
UMTS Phase 2
The following are available in UMTS Phase 1 (Release 99):
Multicall service
Interactive multimedia
Video conferencing.
Internet protocol (IP) multimedia services are being specified for

UMTS Phase 2 (Release 2000).
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UMTS services
Multimedia
services
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Many media, many
connections
A multimedia service is characterized by more than one media type

(voice, audio, data, video, graphics) in one call and involving more
than one connection and more than two parties.
In UMTS, a single media call can become a multimedia call and vice
versa without any need for the resources required to be requested
before the call is set up.
Concept
A multimedia call can use resources provided by the circuit-switched

or packet-switched domain.
In UMTS Release 2000, real-time multimedia services over IP will be
available. These include IP telephony. Supplementary services for IP
multimedia services are not standardized but implemented using the
toolkits or at the call control level. IP multimedia services use GPRS
as a bearer.
Service examples
The following table provides examples of the types of multimedia

services which UMTS will support:
Service
Example
Description
Conversation
Videotelephony,
videoconferencing
Bi-directional,
synchronized media
components
Messaging
Video messaging or
voice and image
messaging.
Unidirectional store
and forward.
Information retrieval
News information,
image banks,
information services,
mobile e-commerce
Retrieval initated and

controlled by the
user
Information
broadcast services
Music and other

audio broadcast,
television, news
broadcast services
With or without user

control
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UMTS services
Multicall
example
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Overview
The Multicall supplementary service enables a user to have several

simultaneous circuit-switched calls, each call using a dedicated bearer.
One of the calls (Release 99) can be a speech call (telephony,
emergency call or alternate speech/fax).
The service enables a number of data bearers to be bound together to
offer more than 64 kbit/s data rates in a single call.
A user can have a maximum of one call on hold and one call waiting
in conjunction with the service.
Diagram
The following scenario illustrates a multicall using multiple

circuit-switched bearers. The user is involved in a speech call and
wants to send data, for example a picture drawn on the terminal
screen, to the other party:
Process
............................................................................................................................................................
The user is connected to a serving network and is engaged in an

active call. In this example, the bearer capability being used is speech
and the home network allows up to seven calls in a multicall of which
only one can be speech (Release 99 specification):
............................................................................................................................................................
The user carries out the procedure at the terminal to send an image to
the other user. The UE requests the bearer capability from the MSC
requesting a data bearer capability. In the message to the MSC, the
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Multicall example
UMTS services
UE indicates the number of bearers it supports and the number of

speech bearers it supports.
............................................................................................................................................................
The MSC contacts the VLR to check what bearer capabilities are
available to the user.
............................................................................................................................................................
The VLR informs the MSC that the request is valid.

............................................................................................................................................................
The bearer capability is connected.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Glossary
3G
Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP
Third Generation
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A3
Authentication algorithm
A5
Encryption algorithm
A8
Cipher key generating algorithm

AAL
ATM Adaptation Layer

ACCH
Associated Control Channel

AICH
Acquisition Indication Channel

ALCAP
Access Link Control Application Protocol

AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone System

ANSI
American National Standards Institute

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AOC
Advice of Charge
API
Application Programming Interface

ATM

AUC
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
BAIC
Barring of All Incoming Calls

BAIC-Roam
Barring of All Incoming Calls when roaming outside home PLMN country
BAOC
Barring of All Outgoing Calls

BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel

BCH
Broadcast Channel
BER
Bit Error Rate

B-ISDN
Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

BMC
Broadcast/Multicast Control
BOIC
Barring of Outgoing International Calls

BOIC-exHC
Barring of all Outgoing International Calls except to Home PLMN country

BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying

BSS
Base Station Subsystem

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y
G L - 2
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BTS
Base Transceiver Station

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
CAMEL
Customized Applications for Mobile Enhanced Logic

CAP
CAMEL Application Part

CC
Call Control
CCH
Control Channel
CCITT
Comit Consultatif International Tlgraphique et Tlphonique

CCPCH
Common Control Physical Channel

CCS
Common Channel Signaling

CCTrCH
Coded Composite Transport Channel

CCS No.7
Common Channel Signaling System No. 7

CD
Collision Detect
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access

CFB
Call Forwarding on Busy

CFNR
Call Forwarding No Reply

CFU
Call Forwarding Unconditional

CLIP
Calling Line Identitification Presentation

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CLIR
Calling Line Identitification Restriction

CLP
Cell Loss Priority

CN
Core Network
COLP
Connected Line Identification Presentation

COLR
Connected Line Identification Restriction

CPCH
Common Packet Channel

CPICH
Common Pilot Channel

CS
Circuit Switched
CSMA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access

CSPDN
Circuit Switched Public Data Network

CW
Call Waiting
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
DC
Direct Current
DCH
Dedicated Channel
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel

DECT
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone

DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y
G L - 4
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DNS
Domain Name Server

DPC
Destination Point Code

DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPCH
Dedicated Physical Channel

DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DRNC
Drift RNC
DRNS
Drift RNS
DSAC
Destination Service Access Point

DSCH
Downlink Shared Channnel

DSEL
Destination Selector
DTCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel

DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

EIR
Equipment Identity Register

ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
FAC
Final Assembly Code

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Fax
Facsimile
FACH
Forward Access Channel

FBI
Feedback Indicator
FDD
Frequency Division Duplexing

FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access

FTP
File Transfer Protocol

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node

GMSC
Gateway Mobile Switching Center

GPRS
General Packet Radio System

GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications

GTP
GPRS Tunneling Protocols

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
HLR

HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

ILPC
Inner Loop Power Control
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y
G L - 6
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IMEI
International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMT-2000
International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

IN
Intelligent Network
IP
Internet Protocol
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network

ISUP
ISDN User Part

ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector

Iu
Interface between the core network and the UTRAN

Iub
Interface between an RNC and a Node B

Iur
Logical interface between two RNCs

IWF
Interworking Function
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Kc
Cipher key
Ki
Authentication key
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
LA
Location Area
LAC
Location Area Code

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LAI
Location Area Identity

LAN
Local Area Network

LLC
Logical Link Control

LMSI
Local Mobile Subscriber Identity

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
MAC
Medium Access Control

MAP
Mobile Application Part

ME
Mobile Equipment
MExE
Mobile station Execution Environment

MCC
Mobile Country Code

MM
Mobility Management
MNC
Mobile Network Code

MSC
Mobile Switching Center

MSIN
Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

MSISDN
Mobile Station ISDN Number

MTP

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
NDC
Network Destination Code

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y
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N-ISDN
Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Network

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
O&M
Operation and Maintenance

OA&M
Operations, Administration and Maintenance

OLPC
Outer Loop Power Control

OPC
Originating Point Code

OSA

OSI
Open Systems Interconnection

OVSF
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
PAD
Packet Assembler/Disassembler
PBX
Private Branch Exchange

PC
Point Code
PCH
Paging Channel
PCG
Packet Charging Gateway

PCM
Pulse Code Modulation

PCPCH
Physical Common Packet Channel

PCS
Personal Communication System

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PDA
Personal Digital Assistant

PDCP
Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDN
Packet Data Network

PDP
Packet Data Protocol

PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PHS
Personal Handyphone System

PIAF
PHS Internet Access Forum

PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network

PMM
Packet Mobility Management

PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel

PS
Packet Switched
PSPDN
Packet Switched Public Data Network

PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network

PTM
Point-to-multipoint
P-TMSI
Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

PTP
Point-to-point
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y
G L - 1 0
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QoS
Quality of Service
QPSK
Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
RA
Routing Area
RAB
Rack Access Board

RAC
Routing Area Code

RACH
Random Access Channel

RAI
Routing Area Identity

RAND
Random Number
RCC
Radio Control and Code

RF
Radio Frequency
RLC
Radio Link Control

RNC

RNS
Radio Network Subsystem

RNTI
Radio Network Temporary Identity

RRA
Radio Resource Allocation

RRC
Radio Resource Control

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G L - 1 1
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
SAP
Service Access Point

SAT
SIM Application Toolkit

SC
Service Capability
SCF
Service Capability Feature

SCCP
Signaling Connection Control Part

SCH
Synchronisation Channel
SCP
Service Control Point

SDCCH
Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel

SDL
Signaling Data Link

SEP
Signaling End Point

SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node

SIM
Subscriber Identification Module

SMS

SN
Subscriber Number
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol

SNR
Serial Number
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y
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SRES
Signed Response
SRNC
Serving RNC
SRNS
Serving RNS
SS7
Signaling System No. 7

SSAC
Source Service Access Point

SSEL
Source Selector
STP
Signaling Transfer Point

SV
Software Version
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
TAC
Type Approval Code

TACS
Total Access Communication Service

TC
Transaction Capabilities
TCAP
Transaction Capabilities Application Part

TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

TCP

TDD
Time Division Duplexing

TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access

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TFCI
Transport Format Combination Indicator

TMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TPC
Transmit Power Control

TUP
Telephone User Part

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Uu
Radio interface between the UTRAN and the User Equipment

UDI
Unstructured Data Information

UE
User Equipment
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

USCH
Uplink Shared Channel

USIM
User Service Identity Module

UTRA
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

Uu
Radio interface between the UTRAN and the User Equipment

UUS
User to User Signalling

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
VASP
Value Added Service Provider

VCI

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
G L O S S A R Y
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VHE

VLR
Visitor Location Register

VOIP
Voice Over Internet Protocol

VPI

VPN
Virtual Private Network

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol

WARC
World Administrative Radio Conference

W-CDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
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Index
........................................................
A
Principle, 3-4
AAL, 3-27
Cell Interference
Access protocol
Cancellation, 3-11
Ethernet, 3-14
Ethernet, 3-15
Asynchronous Transfer
Mode
See: ATM
Cell, 3-25
Addresses, 3-15
Bus topology, 3-14
Downlink, 3-58
LLC types, 3-16
Uplink, 3-56
MAC Packet Structure,

3-14
Variants, 3-17
........................................................
F
Principle, 3-3
Codes
Frequency Spectrum
Channel, 3-51
Layers, 3-51
Faxsimile service, 7-17

FDMA
Types, 3-39
Bearer capabilities, 7-13
WARC-1992, 3-37
........................................................
Scrambling, 3-51
Bearers, 7-13
........................................................
Coding
Principle, 3-8
Cancellation
GSM services, 7-2
I, 3-60
........................................................
Reason for , 3-7
Cell Interference, 3-11
Structure, 3-20
Multiplexing, 3-55
Channels
ATM Adaptation Layer,

3-27
........................................................
Network structure, 3-22
Access protocol, 3-14
Uplink, 3-56
Principle, 3-24
Network elements, 3-22
Coding, 3-55
Downlink, 3-58
Connection setup, 3-26
Functional blocks, 3-19
Emergency call, 7-17

Ethernet
Channel spreading
Components in UMTS,
3-29
CCS7
Channel Modulation
ATM
Transport channel, 3-39

........................................................
Channel
Addresses
Physical channel, 3-39
CDMA
Common Channel
Signaling No. 7
See: CCS7
........................................................
Interference
Cell cancellation, 3-11
Iu interface
Characteristics, 3-64
Definition
Logical channel, 3-39
Connection principles,
3-64
Usage, 3-19
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UM9001SG.en.A4
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Lucent Technologies
I N D E X
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I ub interface
Capabilities, 3-67
Phase detection, 3-10
Definition, 3-39
Physical channel
Mapping, 3-45
Functions, 3-70
Definition, 3-39
Location, 3-66
Frame structure, 3-48
Logical resources, 3-68
Time slot structure,

3-48
Principles, 3-66
Types, 3-40
I ur interface
physical transmission
Capabilities, 3-71
Types, 3-43
........................................................
V
Value Added Service

Providers (VASPs), 7-11
Virtual Home Environment,
7-2
PCM 24, 3-12
Functions, 3-73
Location, 3-71
PCM 30, 3-12

........................................................
R
Rake receiver, 3-10

Rate Matching, 3-55
Ethernet, 3-16
Location services, 7-31
Transport channel
time slot structure, 3-13
Protocol structure, 3-60
LLC types
Teleservices, 7-17
PCM24
Location, 3-63
Principle, 3-4
time slot structure, 3-12
Interface types, 3-64
Protocols, 3-72
........................................................
TDMA
PCM 30, 3-12
Instances, 3-65
Release phases, 7-12

........................................................
Logical channel
Definition, 3-39
........................................................
M
Services, 7-1
(SMS), 7-17
Multipath transmission,
3-10
Speech, 7-17
Spreading
CDMA, 3-4
Adaptive , 3-8
FDMA, 3-3
Principle, 3-6
Main types, 3-3

TDMA, 3-4
........................................................
O
Open Services Architecture,

7-2
........................................................
P
Packet structure
Ethernet MAP , 3-14
Service billing, 7-11
Reason for , 3-6

........................................................
T
TCP/IP
Data routing, 3-34
Layer, 3-32
Principles, 3-31
Services, 3-31
PCM 24, 3-12
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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UM9001SG.en.A4
Issue 1, June 2000

UMTS Guide

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UMTS Overview

Copyright 2000 Lucent Technologies. All Rights Reserved.

18006456759 (United States only) 13173226847 (International)

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No trademarks are used in this Information Product.

Lucent Technologies USA

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About this information product

Reason for reissue

Evolution of wireless networks

History of mobile communication

Mobile communication evolution

GSM to UMTS evolution

General cellular concepts

UMTS reference model

UMTS reference model diagram

Access network entity functions

Core network entity functions

GSM and UMTS interworking

Multiple access techniques

CDMA transmission principles

PCM 30 and PCM 24 carriers

Protocols in the UMTS network

Common Channel Signaling No.7

CSS No. 7 network structure

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM in the UMTS network

Uu interface (air interface)

UMTS frequency spectrum

Definitions of channel types

Physical channel types

Transport channel types

Mapping of transport channels to physical channels

Physical channel frame structure

Channel coding, multiplexing, and rate matching

Uplink spreading and modulation

Downlink spreading and modulation

Protocols on the Uu interface

Iu, Iur, Iub interfaces

Packet Mobility Management States

Mobile Station ISDN number

Mobile station identification numbers

Locating a mobile subscriber

Idle mode procedures

Location update procedure

Request for service

Periodic location update

Routing area update

Mobile-to-land call scenario

Request for service

Authentication and ciphering

Call release phase (UE initiated)