N S I

(/!;limatr, $oit aub

.llm Oli' THlI
EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE
ON
THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION.
-

R. BAIKIE, ESQ., M. D.
PORlIEBLY 8Ul'BRINTRNDING MEDICAL oniCEB ON
THE J!{BILGB.1!:BBlES.
WITH MAPS; A PANORAMIC VlBW 0' OOTAeAMUND; OKaTeB&S OF
COONOOR, KOTBRGHBRRY, AND 1ACKATALLA; EXTRACTS PRON.

OTHER. WRITERS INCORPORATED; AND STATISTICS
TO THE PRBUNT TUUil ;-COLLECTBD BY
THB ,BOiTOR ON A LAT:I VISIT.

EDITED lIY ,
W. H. SMOULT, ESQ.
,
AND T::'::::TB::::'::: TO'
GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT LORD HARRIS,

, SECOND EDITION.
Cltalcutta:
PRINTED lIY J. THOlU8, AT THE BA..l'1'IST MISSION PRESS.
1857.

TO
TIlE RIGHT HONORA.BLE
GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT LORD HARRIS,
GOVERNOR OF M.A.DB.A.8.
My LORD,
In publishing a second edition of Dr. Baikie's
account of the N eilgherry Hills, the justly celehrated
Sanatarium of the Presidency of Madras, I am highly
honored by the permission to dedicate the volume to
your Lordship; sensible, as I must be, that the work
will derive additional value from the countenance of a
Ruler, who has always taken the liveliest interest in
promoting the advancement of a region which has
bestowed the hlessing of health, on numberless cli-
matestricken servants of the Government so benefi-
cially administered by your Lordship.
I have the honor to be,
My Lord,
With the greatest respect,
Your Lordship's most obedient servant,
W. H. SMOULT.
Calcutta, 16th Fehruary, 1857.
PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR
TO THE PIRST EDITION.
THE object of the Author of the following pages has
been, by a simple statement of facts, to attract atten-
tion to a circumstance of which, he hli!> reASOn to be-
lieve, a great majority of the Indian public is not
aware; namely, the existence of an elevated tract of
country, with a climate completely European, situated
within the heart of our own dominions in Southern In-
dia, and acceasible from almost every part of the three
presidencies. In pointing out the advantages to be de-
rived from a judicious use of the climate of the Neil-
gherries, * both in the cure and prevention of Indian
diseases, he has taken experience for his guide, resting
nothing on theory, and enabling his readers to jndge for
themselves &8 to the justice of the conclusiona he has
drawn.
The author feels &88ured that he has nothing to fear
from the eriticism of a candid and enlightened public
Properly Nilgiri., from tbe Hind .. word. Nil, (blue,) and
Giri, (8. mountain.) The usual efFect of the atmosphere beiDg to
invest dialant hill. witb a blue tiDt.
D
ii
PREFACE.
on the fact. and opinions he has ventured to submit to
them; but he would entreat their indulgence for the
many glaring deficiencies which they cannot fail to per-
ceive in the style and arrangement* ofthisliUle treatise;
deficiencies, which want of leisure, from constant profes-
sional occupation, forbids his attempting to supply, even
if his inexperience in the art of composition would permit
of his doing 80 with judgment and success.
It only remains for him to ofl'er hi. acknowledgments
to several friends, wbo have afl'orded him th.ir invalu-
able assistance in preparing this work for the press;
in particular to W. H. SMOULT, ESQ, of the Supreme
Court of Calcutta, who suggested the plan, and has
kindly undertaken to furnish the Maps, Routes, and
Drawings, aud to superintend the printing and correc-
tion; to Baron HUGEL, for his valuable paper on the'
Botanical Physiognomy of the Hills, inserted in the body
of the work; and to tbe Rev. Mr. SCHMID, for bis
oopious catalogue of Plants in the Appendix.
Ootacamund, 17th October, 1833
The Editor has endeavoured to methodize the arrangement io
the preaent volume.
PREFACE BY THE EDITOR
TO THE "l'IBBT EDITION.
Tu. contlicting accounts which the Editor recei ved
from persons to whom he addressed himself for informa-
tion, when he was projecting a visit from Madras to the
Nei1gherries, with respect to the difficulties of the ap-
. proaches to them, and in regard to the accommodation
afforded to visitors, and the number of servants and
other necessaries requisite for a temporary residence at
Ootacamund, suggested to him the idea of soliciting the
author of the following sheet. to compile an account of
the Hills, and to embody in it ststements in reference
to the points in question, on the accuracy of which com-
plete reliance might be placed.
That gentleman, he was satisfied, was the person best
qualified, both from long experience and from being
possessed of every species of information respecting the
Hills, to draw up such an account of them as would be
practically usefnl; and he feels assured that the work
which, in compliance with his snggestion, has been pro-
duced, will not only prove a valuable guide to those who
may resort to them in pursuit of hcalth, but will be
B 2
iv PUFA.OB.
perused with interest by the general reader, as it con-
veys, in a simple and unpretending style, a faithful view
of the climate, scenery, prodnctions, and capabilities of a
tract of country "hich is 80 luxnriant and salubrious,
that it may he justly said to form an Oasis amidst the
arid plains of the peninsula of India. *
W. H. S .. OULT.
Calcutta, 1834.
A copy of the tint edition h .. been pre .. nted by the Editor
to the Ootacamund lubacription Library, for the UJe of viliton.
CHAPTER I.
EXPLANATORY
STRANGE .. it may appear, the fact is indubitable, that the
Indian community, generally, are not aware of the existence
of a region within their reach, of 8asy access, POIseaari.ng a
climate acknowledged, and by meteorological evid.BOO provo
ed to bo, the moot equable in the world, and fully ..
bracing and strengthening .. that of any part of Grea1;
Britain.
Strange, that ignorance of this favored spot should have
been 80 prevalent in any part of Indis; but .tiIl more Btrange,
that many able writers in the oervice of the Madras and
Bombay Governments, shQuld have devoted their labours
almost in vain, BO far as the public in general is concerned, to
deoeribo the character of the N eilgherry Hills, by lucid m ..
moirs and reports; backed as they have boon, too, by the anxi ..
ty of the Madras Government to promote the advaneement
of th... Hills as a sanatarium, evinced by their publishing
those reports: mOBt Btrange, we repeat, that, with 80 much
to awaken curiosity and excite enquiry, the publio, even of
Madras and Bombay, bave seemingly lost Bight of much
that has boon promulgated, though BO palpably conducive
to their bonefit. Many have visited the opot, but few com-
paratively are acquainted with the existence of ouch 8Ource.
6 EXPLANA.TORY INTRODUCTION,
of information regarding it; and fewer still, of the visitors,
have contributed their mite towards bringing to the notice
of their feIJow-exiles, that there i pure air and restoring
climate at their command, where they themselves have regain-
ed all, of \V hich the withering heat and enervating damp of the
plain., had combined to rob them.
The Editor has been led to these remarks by the circum-
stance, that, when on the Hills, he could not discover any of
the publications he has alluded to, with exception to. few
in the possession .of ODe individual; and to these he will
have occasion to refer more particularly hereafter.
To obviate the necessity of notes, and to render the pre ..
aent work more complete, as guide to the N eilgherrie. at
the present day, the Editor has thought it better, to inco ....
porate all the information he has collected from other sources,
&8 well .written, as personally communicated, during his late
visit, and to modify Dr. Baikie's remarks. and the observa-
tions of other writers, accordingiy. This will account for the
apparent anachronisms that occur j and which might, other-
wise, 8 t ~ k e the reader, and those more especially who are
familiar with the first edition, as affecting the accuracy of
.. hat i. stated in this.
The lapse of more than twenty years has worked great
changes; but the climate of the HilL! remain. the same, in
all its salubrity.
It was only, will hereafWr appear, in the year 1819 that
the N eilgherries were ascended by two members of the Madras
Civil Service; who, in the enthusiasm created by the grand
disoovery they had made, gave to their Government a faithful
picture of what they had seen; and, though far I ... vivid in
its coloring than the scene of magnificence which their
wondering eyes beheld, little credit was att""hedto it by the
BXPLANATOBY INTBODUCTION.
7
community. People were taken by ,urprise. Some entirely
disbelieved that such a country and climate could exist with
in twelve degr ... of the eqnator; others, who understood
the principle on which the temperature of elevated regions
i. regulated, could not conceive how the N eilgherries, so long
within the limite of tha Company'. po ..... ions, .hould bave
tbitberto escaped notice; and con.equently presumed that tbeir
elevation was far les8 than it was described to be j and, but
for tbe two disintere.ted person. alluded to, these celebrat-
ed mountains might bave been consigned to the vault of
all the Capulets. To .how how very easy it i. to pass from
the .ublime to th" ridiculous, idle gu .. ip bad been hu.y
with the Neilgherrie.. It was confidently reported, and ..
!>&gerly believed by the native., that there was a race of white
giants on the Neilgberries, regular magician. and enchantera,
who were guvemed by the giant Rawun himself; and con
equently that it would be prudent to allow the Gog. and
Magogs to remain in undisturbed possession of their own
cloud .. wrapt summits. The reign of prejudice and scepticism,
however, gradually gave way to the .low, but.ure indu ...
tions of reason and the tests of experience; and the commu ..
nities of Madras and Bombay were at length awakened to a
just .ense of the ble.sings, which were in store for them by
possessing in their own circle a.nd within the reach of their
members, an asylum, to which they might, under almost.
every form of disease, re.ort with every probability of ad.
vantage, and eventual recovery.
The Railroad already oompleted to Arcot, about seventy-
one miles of the distance from Madras, a.nd which is in rapid.
progress of extension towards the opposite coast, with a
branch to the foot of the Hills, will, it i. expected, be finish-
ed in about two years and .. half, and will then render the
8 EXPLANATonT INTBODUCTIOW.
access to the latter, the ... y journey oC II day instead of a
tedious travel of Cour or five days: and this enables tbe
Editor to dispen.e with thirty pages oC protracted routes
given in the first edition; and he has substitnted for them
full particuiaro in regard to routes, distances, and stages,
as at present e:rioting: the lines oC the routes appear in
the Map.
But to shew the faciliti .. oC the journey, the Editor will
simply mention, that he len. the Hilla, on his return to Calcut-
ta, on the 5th of September last ; reached Madras on the 9th;
remained there two days; embarked on a steamer, and reached
Calcutta on the 16th: again embarked on a steamer, on tbe
23rd of September; and reached Oot&eamund on the 1st of
October; ha.ving remained two days on the way at Ma.dru.
He arrived .mtA;" ",.. AD .... of the time at wbich, by the
Calcutta Electrio Telegraph, be had apprized his friends of
his expectation of meeting tbem, to breakfast, at the Bunga-
low near the head ot the" Beegoor Pass."
In addition to the full information contained in the body
of the work,,, to the approach .. to the Hills, and the ac-
commodation now aWorded, by recent improvements both
at Ootaeamund and Coonoor, and which will shortly be
e:ltended to Kotergherry, the Editor submits the Co\lowing
Cor tbe particular notice of those contemplating a visit to
the Hills from Calcutta.
It may be .. sumed, tbat sucb intending vi.itors will pro-
ceed to Madras in one ofthe P. and O. Company'. steam
vessels which make the passage in Cour days; and it may
reasonably be expeeted, that, in a short time, the voyage
will be accomplished in three: the distance being 770 mil .. ,
and a rate of lot knots per hour being anticipated by the
oerew steamers. The paseage-mone,.. for a single person to
EULAlIA.TOBY lliTlWDUOTIOll. 9
Madrllll. is 160 rupees. and for a native servant 4.0: and
if the passenger return. to Calcutta. within four months,
the rate. are reduced.
If the .teamer anchors oft' Mad... after dark. although
the Mus.oolah Boats may come oft'. it will not be oare to
land: p .... ngers must be content to remain on board till
the boat. return at daylight.
Three or four persons with their ordinary baggage. may
go in one of these boat.: they average about It tons each.
In ordinary weather. the surr w.ve ia not above three feet
high; and that zealous om .... Captain Biden. the Master
Attendant, gives all commanders of vessels timely notice, by
signal, when caution is necessa.ry. Scarcely an accident has
occurred to a passenger boat during many years past.
On landing, numeroU8 paJankoon carriages, or "Bandies,"
as they are called, will be found waiting on the beach. and
earts for luggage.
There are three good Family-Hotels. kept by respectable
natives on the Mount road, about two miles distant from
the Beach; and the Editor can confidently recommend the
one called" The Elphinstono Hote!." Those in the town
of Madras. are not adapted for familie .
The Madrae Club i. jWltly conaidered as the most admi_
rably conducted institution of the kind in India: members
of the Bengal Club are considered .. members; and gentle-
men tr&vellera find no difficulty in being admitted to it
oonefito. on the introduction of a member.
The shops at Madrae are, for all the purposee of preparing
to visit the Hills, as well supplied with requisites as any in
Calcutta; and investment. of European clothing and articles
of dre and for household purpo .... from London and Paris.
are as abundant and varied. as the importetions to Calcutta,
c
10 BPLAlJA.TOBY nrH.ODUCTIOII'.
in all the requirement. .. wen of ladies .. of gentleinen:
This rend8lll it nnn ......... y to load baggage with cloth .. , b&-
yond what the visitor already pos ...... , suited to the climate.
At Madras, where th.re are good tailors and dresa-makera, a
IOjourn of two days is .uffici.nt to pr.pare for the journ.y.
Th. respeetable firm of Taylor and Co. have Livery
Stables, almost as extensive as any in Caloutta ; and the bin
of carriages of every description, is much more reuonable.
11 ....... Burghall and Co., and others, who are proprietors
of the transit carriages (drawn by Horaee or Bullocks, as
may be desired) will lay the tranoit from Aroot, on a day'.
notice; in.truotions transmitted by the Electrio Telegraph
to their agente on the line, enabling them to do so withou'
riek of disappointment.
There have heen numerou. publicatioDi descriptive of tho
Neilgherries, and it is muoh to be regretted that many of
them are now out of print. Several, however, are within
reach of enquiry, and .. me of them are well deserving of
perusal ; furnishing, as th.y do, valuable details of the Geolo-
gical formation of the Hills, their Topography, general .ta-
tistios, capabilities for agriculture, and great productiveness,
with observations on th.ir native inhabitants, and specuIa-
tions as to their origin ; none of which come within the scope
of a work profesaing simply to be a guide. But the Editor
has taken the liberty to .. loot from th .... and incorporate
Dluah of the valuable matter contained in them; and he
trusts that by inviting attention to a list, whiob will be
round in the appendix, of all the work. tbat, by the most
diligent enquiry, he has been able to trace, he may open a
reedier ...... to them than attended his own research ...
Before closing hi. remarks, the Editor cannot refrain from
'luoting the recorded sentiments of two eminent personagee
BULAlfA.TOBY IlfTBODUCTIO!l". 11
who Yisited the Hills; and the value of whose opinion of
their climate and capabilitiee, is enhanced by the assurance,
that it was uttered by men whoae minds were free from aU
hias in regard to them.
The late highly cllstinguished prelate, Bishop J amel, in a
letter addre ... d to the Right Hon'ble S. R. LUBhingten,
then Governor of Madree, dated "Ootaoamand, Decr. <loth,
1830," says: "The Hills far exoceded anything I had
allowed myself to expect. I have been raclring my memory
for BOme place to compare them with; tM .louBI .... ."..
bla_ I .,.,. foul, if Malo.,.,.: at tM faireBt __ : but
eM meat, and haUl oon-ietll gi"" th_ II decided ovperWrity.
I kG " fuJler __ of tM ... jO!J1Mat to bo tlerit>ed from air
MId ezer";" tkil1l I remember to kao ..... "'P"""""od, at mtg
#me, or at ""II p/aco. Of the capacity for agricultaraI im-
provements which really exist here, no ODe can doubt."
. The Marquis of DaIboUBie, when at Ootacamand, in 1855,
received. a memorial from the residents, soliciting the erlen.-
sion of the Electrio Telegraph line to that pIaee; and in hi,
.reply, communicated by Mr. Edmonstone, as secretary to
the Government of India, he lays; " In the three stations of
Ootaoamnnd, Coonoor and Kotergherry; there is a large body
of residents, and a very numerous lIB8emblage or'
occasional visitors during a great part of the year Hi. Lord-
.. hip entert..iM 110 tlou.l!t wAato06r that tM .. ttlementll .mIl
rapidlt/ i1ocrilaro tDitla flMJilitiel qf """ .. , to tn
lind grotDing Tcnowkdg. qf eM !Jf'8aI adtHmtng .. qf tTtDir ""rU!J
and admirtJOlo climato
.. A wing of a European Regiment, also, is Btetioned close
at hand, at JackataIIa; and His Lordship h .. no doubt thnt
it will become the quarto .. for a whole Regiment."
"So !&rgeaoommunity may, in the opinion of the Governor
02
12 BXPLAlfA.'l'ORY U'TBODUCTIOll'.
General, fairly .. k at the hands of th. Government the am.aIl
boon whioh they now aolioit; and hia Lordship haa great
pleaaure in giving th.m aaauranoe that they aball enjoy it."
To the Editor, now, only remaina the pleasing duty of
doing himaelf the honor, of reapeotfu\)y oWering hia humble
and grateful acknowIedgtnent. to the Right Hon'ble Lord
Canning, Governor General of India, and to the Right
Hon'ble Lord Harria, Governor of Madraa, for the lib .......
lity with which their Lordshipa have granted to him, the
privilege of ... king aid from the Lithographic Department.
of Government, at Calcutta and Madraa: in tb.e execution
of the sketch .. of the eoenery which aooompany thia volum.
at the prea. of the form.r ; and of the Map. which aooompany
the work, at the latter Pre.idency.
Lord Harria, On the Editor. waiting upon him at Madraa,
expreaoed bimaelf ao highly pleaaed with the panoramio vie"
of Ootaoamund which W&8 presented for hia Lordship'. in
paction, that the Editor W&8 encouraged to peraevere in the
t .. k which he bad propoaed to bimaelf, of aubmitting to the
Indian community a topographical work with Illustrations
of what it d .. oribed, notwithstanding that the lithographic
art waa yet in ita infaney in thi, country, where no tinted
.iew. had hitherto been attempted, nor any of importance
even drawn in chalka. Hia Lordahip at the aame time
granted to the Editor permiasion to take aa many imprea
ions .. he desired, from the .tone already prepared, of a
Map of the Hills, then in progre of execution under hia
Lordship'. direction" in the chief Engineer" Department;
after, of course, as many copi.. had been auppJied for the
purpoBel of Government as the senice required.
The great intereat which hia Lord'hip haa alwaya taken
in the proaperity olthe Neilgherri .. , and the encouragement
1IXPL .. UI'.a.TORY DrTBODUCTIO'R. 18
thus given t.:l the Editor'. laboors, emboldened him, to
IOlicit the honor of being permitted to dedicate the preoent
volume to his Lordship; and this honor wao graciously
oonceded.
To Colonel Faber, ohief Engineer othe Madrao army,
and to Leiut. P. P. S. O'C<>nnell of hi. Department, the
warme.t thanks of the Editor are due, for their cordial c0-
operation in carrying into etrect the orders received from the
Government, in regard to the ... iatanoe of the Lithographio
establishment under their charge.
To Captain Thuillier, Deputy Surveyor General of India,
the Editor tenders hiB best acknowledgment. for the facilities
afforded him in the execution of the lithographic .ketche.
of the scenery; which, without his assi8tance and amgges-
tion., coupled with the permiooion to make use of the litho-
graphic .tone. in the Department, must have been alto-
gether abandoned. .
To hi. friends Col. Cameron, C. B. commandant of the
Neilgherries, of whom the Editor h .. the ple .. ure of mak-
ing further mention in the body of the work; to Captain
Franci., of the Madras Engineers; to Dr. Sanderoon of
Madras; to Dr. Macbeth of H. M. 74.th Highlanders; to
Dr. J obn Scott, of Ootacamund; and to Prof08lOr Oldham of
Calcutta; the Editor has to return hiB .inoere thank. for
much valuable aid in personal and written communicationa,
of which he h .. made u.e in his compilation.
Mr. Henry Frazer, who, under the directious of the Editor,
.ketched the original view. of the ocenery; and transferred
them to the .tone, iB the first arti.t who h .. introduced into
India the improvement in lithographio drawing produced
by tinting; and he hao exhibited in the execution of hiB
taok a dogree of .kill pronounced by Capt. Thuillier, Capt.
14
J:XPLA1fA.TOBY IB'rBODlTOTIOlf.
O. Young, and Professor Oldham, themselves accomplished
artists, to he highly creditsble to his abilities, and unequal-
led by any known lithographer in this country: and his
labours having heen thul successful, his talents and industry
,will, the Editor feela assured, soon lead,.. they deserve to
lead, to the attsinme'!t of the ind.pendence which he'sc well
merits. The Editor hegs to render his acknowledgments
to the abcve gentlemen, for their kindn .. s in permitting
him to enhance the value of the preceding testimony in favor
of Mr. Frazer, by the addition of their names.
The thanks of the Editor are .lso justly due to Mr. H.
M. Smith, of the Surveyor General's Department, for his
unremitting attentions; and for the pains he h.. hestowed
-and the able .. sistance he h .. given, as well .. for the inter-
est he h .. taken in superintending the lithographic execu-
"ion of the drawings.
A preface, however, .... ntial to a thorough understanding
..r the work it preced .. , i. seldom read, probably not by one
10 twenty of those who have an interest even in a full com-
prehension of the latter. Advertiog to this, the Editor h ..
forced his, as it were, upon the notice of the rea.der, by con
atituting it the leading portal to what Ii .. beyond it. If
he h.. erred, he plead. .. his excuse, the earnest desire of
"extending a great blessing, by a oonviction of its existence"j
and of inducing an acceptance of it, in the assurance of a
fulfilment of what it promises.
CHAPTER II.
PijELT.MINARY BBKABKS
BY TO Atr'l'HOB. 01' TUB OBIGIN.I.L WOBI.
010' entering upon the perusa.l of this chapter, the reader
is requested to' adve!1> to the intimation given in the pre-
ceding, of the Editor's intention U to incorporate all the
information he has collected during his late visit j and to
mOCify Dr. Baikie's remarks, and the observations of other
writers, accordingly." Bearing this in mind, any apparent
anachronism will be intelligible, and the worthy Doctor
exempted from imputations for which the Editor is ~
IpOnsible ; with this caution, he is now introduced, to speak
for himself.
-
-Before proceeding to give a detailed description of the
Neilgherries, it will probably be interesting to the general
reader, and still more to such invalids 88 propose paying
them a visit for the restoration of their health, to be pre-
lented with a condensed view of the principal peculiariti ..
of their climate, situation, &c., which have occasioned their
being selected a. a place oCresort for Europeans.
The Neilgherrieo, then, are .ituated in the S. of India,
within the Madras Presideney, and between the 11th and
12th degree. of N. latitude and 76th and 77th degrees of
E. longitude, on the confine. of the Provinces of Coimbatoor
and Malaher. They are joined to the table-land of My.oor
by a narrow neck of land, but are completely isolated on
every other ,ide, and ri.e abruptly from the plains to the
16 PBELnUNA.BY RE1U.BD.
height of from 6 to 7,400 feet, (viz. the tableland on tho
top,) the highest point, Dodabet, being 8,760 feet above tho
level of the .... They are about 40 mil .. distant from tho
nearest point of the Malabar Coast, and about 230 from the
Ilea on the Coromandel side.
There are four stations at present occupied on the Neilw
gherries, OOTA.CA.MUND,COONOOR,KoTERGlIERRY, and JACKA.-
TALLA, the new Station for a Queen's Regiment; of each of
which a short description will be given.
It is not easy to describe the climate of the Neilgherrie.,
80 as to convey an accurate idea of it to a stranger, as there
is no other with which I am acquainted, to which it can be
.trictly and analogically compared. The cold weather or
Winter is like the Spring of the N. of Persia, or the Autumn
of the S. of France, and the Jl).onsoon is very Dee.rly a mild
Autumn in the S. of England. These two divisions include
our whole year, and if I were to say that I consider it, all
prejudice apart, as equal to any, and superior to most of the
climates I have seen in the course of pretty extensive
wanderings, I may be suspected of partiality or exaggeration,
I .hall, therefore, content myself with an appeal to facts,
of the accuraey of which anyone may satisfy himself by an
examination of the Meteorological Tables in the appendix.
It appears from them, that the mean annual temperature
of Ootacamund is 58.68, the greatest annual range 39, the
muimum being 77
0
, and the minimum 38
0
the mean annual
range is 16
0
.84, and the mean daily range 17 .01'. The
maximum power of the sun's rays is equivalent to 21.73.t
* Thit re(an merely to the temperature of the air; as on or near the
ground, w&te:r froozea nearly every night (or three months of the year.
t The Tables in the appendix, distinguished from Dr. Baikie'8, will
exhibit the obaervationa of others.-En.
PRELIMINARY ltEllABKS. 17
The quantity of rain that fell, on an aver..., ... of four years
in the author's time, WaB'44;88 inches; the number oC days in
a year in which there was heavy rain, 19; of showery rain or
drizzle, with fair intervals, 81; clouuy,28 j and of day. per-
fectly fair and dry, 238.
- The mean temperatul'tl of KOTERGIlEBBY is about 8- higher
than that of Ootacamund; that of Coonoor, and J ackatalla
probably six degrees warmer: less rain falls at any of
these places than at Ootacamund; and it is generally dry at
.ach, when it rains at Ootacamund, from their being aliected
by differEmt mODSOODI.
OOTACA.MUND is 141 miles distant from KOTERG&:SRRY i
from eOONOOB 10 milea; and from J ackatalla. 9 miles. .
KOTERGHEBBY. i8 about 12 miliS from COONOOB; and from
J ackatalla 10 miles.
CoONOOB is about 2 miles from J AOIUTAoLLA, by the car-
riage road, and 1 mile by the bridle road.
An important feature in every place reaorted to by inva-
lids, is ito accessibility; we shall therefore state the distanc ..
of the Neilgherries from the principal points on this side of
India; and give a 8uccinct account of the various Passes or
Ghir.ts, leading to the table-land above; and in a subsequent
Chapter we shall give Tables of the several routes, profiling
directioDs for the guidance of travellers.
The following are the travelling distances from the prin-
cipal points in the Madras territory:
1. From Madres,. vit Bangalore, 352 miles; of which 71
are n o ~ by rail.
2. , viA Salem, 343 mil .. ; of whieh 71 are
by rail.
3. , via Tricbinopoly, 384 miles.
4. From Tricbinopoly, 159 miles.
D
18
'PBELIMmABY nmU.BU.
5. From BangaIore, 156 miles.
6. From Calicut, 108 miles, viA "Siapara P ... ;" and 156
miles, by the" Good&1oor Pass."
7. From Tellicherry 127 miles; and Cannanore, 141 mil.s.
The expense of trsvelling by rail, tran.it, and dAk, by these
different routes, may be stated, on a rough average, as fol ..
lows:
No. 1 ---- 180 rupeea, all e.pen ... included.
No.2 ---150.
No.3 ---180 to 200. No Tranait Carriage.
No. " 80. Ditto.
No. 5 55. Transit Ca.rriage.
No. 6 60 to 90. No Traneit Carriage.
No. 7 60 t090. Ditto.
PASSES OR qHA.UTS.
The N eilgherry district communicate. with the neigh-
bonring provin ... by means of .ix pas ... or ghaut.,. the
roads in which have been cut and kept in repair at the ex-
pense of Government ; with the exception of one, the cc Man-
aar" or c, Soondaputty" gbaut, which baa gone out of general
use. Two, however, of these passes only, are ascended by
wheeled conveyanco.; the mode of tranait on all the others
being by palankeens, and ponies. By two, the" Seegoor," by
which the Tranait carriages from BangaIore, and cart loads of
1,000 lb . weight, or 2 candie.,easily ascend, an additional pair
of bullock. being required, to help the carriage or eart over
the steepest parts of the ascent; and the" Coonoor" pass, will
abortly be thna paaaable: even now light conveyan ... may
.. cond by it .
The approaches to tbe Hilla hll,"r8 been mucb ,Itered ,iuDe Dr.
Bailde'. time, and the dncriptioD of them, U DOW uiltiog, roUo" . -ED.
PILELnINA.BY mUUBK8. 19
The reader is requested to refer to the Maps, aa a guide
to elucidate the following deacription of the P ..... , and the
approaches to them ;
TH" 8UOOOB P .US.
This pass, which is the moat frequented of all, in oonaequence
of its being practicable for carriages, laden carts and other
wheeled conveyances, is carried up the northern face of the
Hills, commencing near the village of "Seegoor," aboutlZ
miles from Oot&camund. By this pua the communication is
kept up with Bangalore, Madraa, and all places to tho north.
ward; the Transit carriages, and the chief bulk of Euro
pea.n supplies, heavy baggage, horse gram, rice, &0., come
to the settlement by it. It also affords the means of tran
.it for the teak timber used on the Hills in the form of
raf\ers, planks, &C. ; the road passing near the forests where
teak trees are cut, under sanction of Government, about
Tippacadoo and Musneumcoil. The trees are felled by Coo-
rumburs and others, and are then, after being lopped and
roughly dressed, dragged on rude bandies by buffaloes to the
road aide, where they are sawn into building pieces, and sent
on bullock bandies to the Ootacamuud market by this Ghaut.
The Soegoor Pass is the shortest and easiestofaacent. About
half of the entire distance is open ground, nearly level, or with
a very moderate inclination j the maximum rise being 1 foot
in 9, and this only for a short distanee : the greater part is 1 in
10 to 1 in 15 feet, and in may places quite level. It com.
mences near the village of Seegoor and continues for about 8
miles, passing Kilhutty, where there is a good Bnngalow:
height about 5500 feet, at which travellers should generally
rest; but it is necessary, in order to secure refreshment, to ad-
dress the proprietor of one of the Hotels, or BOrne friend at
D 2
20 PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
Ootacamund, advising them of the time you expeet to reach
the Bungalow ; this can be done by Electric Telegraph from
Bangalore: from the head of the P .... 7204 feet high. the
road continues nearly level for 4 miles to Ootacamund.
All who can ride, 88 well ladies as gentlemen, should quit
their transit carriages at the village of Seagoor. and ride' to
Ootacamund on horses or ponies. Messrs. J. Wilson and Co.,
of Ootacamund, win punctually Bend 1;hem, to await arrival
at the village, on receiving a Telegraphic message from'Ban.
galore, naming the time ,of expected arrival there, which
should be so arrangro if practicable as to reach the village
before 11 ... H. as will hereafter be noticed. One pony will
take the traveller into Ootaeamund.
Tbe ICOnery is beautiful and pieturesque throughout; and
to cascade. below the Bungalow. inspires that delight which
the fall of rushing waters afford. in every part of the world,
and to none more than" to those who have been long confin ...
ed to the parched plains of India, and increases the buoyan-
"y of spirit already infused by the ascent itself.
THE COONOOR P A.SS.
Tlli. pUll ascends from Meetapallium, in the district of
Coimbatoor, through a deep ravine, to Coonoor, on the edge
of the table-land above. On leaving Meet..pollium, the road
passes across a plain, nearly level, for 6 miles; the ascent then
commences, and continues for nine miles; the slope averag-
ing about 1 inch in 11 ; but this will BOon be reduced to about
1 in 12 by new levelling. The road is no where lesa than 15
feet wide. and it is intended that it shall be throughout 20
feet to Coonoor, and Ootaca.mund, and an improved road is.
nearly completed; and tben it may be expected that transit
carriages will be est..blisbed from Meetapollium.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 21
The ,cenery throughout this pas. is .ublime; and the la-
bours of the ascent Me not felt, from the exciting contem.
plation of the ever varying beauties of the ,urroundiug
woods and craggs, some rising to the height of 6000 feet j
and a stupendous chasm, of equal magnitude, with a. cataract
rolling down the centre, completes the grandeur of t.e scene.
There is an excellent Bungalow at Meetapollium, and ona
at Coonoor.
From Ooonoor, the road 8till ascends, but very gradually,
till it reaches Ootacamund, the principal station; the distance
being about 10 mile .
THE SISP ABA. OB KOON'DAJ[ P A.SS.
This pass forms the line of communication
between the western coast, CaIicut, &C. and the N eilgherrieB,
across the "Koond3h" mountains. Viewing this latter tract
as one likely to become, before long, of the greatest value and
importance as a producing country, Capt. Ouchterlony, in
his admirable Memoir on the Hills, noticed in the appendix,
remarks "that he should describe the Sispara pass as one to
which the attention of Government .hould bo particularly
drawn." It was originally marked out by Lieutenant now
Lt.-Col. Le Hardy, of tho retired list of officers of tho Madras
Army, who also marked out and in part completed the" Coo-
noor" pass, and both do great credit to his skill, persever-
ance, and ingenuity. The" Sispara." pass commences at
" SllOla.icul" at the base of the Hills on the Malabar side,
where there is a Bungalow, and ascending, through a
thickly wooded ravine, a di.tance of Hi mile" reache, the
summit of the Koondahs j and crossing them, descends upon
the table-land of the N eilgherries, and tho road reach ..
Ootacamund, 3It mile. from the head of the P.... There
22 PBELIllINAltY DllABB:B.
i Bungolow at "Sispara" ~ h e he.d of the P .... height
6.742 feet-and another called the "Avalanche Bungolow"
about half way to Oot&camund. height 6.720 feet. The
.Iope of t.he Road from thence i 0 gradual aa never to exceed
11 inch in 12, and is in many places level.
From U Sholaicul" to "Arriacode," on the Beypoor river,
is 25t miles, and thence to U Calicut," on the coast, by the
river, (here navigable, at all sBMOns, for large boats) is
35 miles.
wnen this road is improved, it will doubtless soon be-
come one of the most frequented, especially by travellers
from Bombay.
The views in the ascent of this splendid pass are grand in
the extreme j particularly from the Sispara Bungalow, and
the .ununit oftbe Avalanche hill. near the Bungalow. The
view from this hill is the ... plUII ultra of the group. This
wild scene is exceedingly striking, and perhaps the most ro-
mantic on the Neilgherries. though rivalled by tbat from
"Makoortee Peak," about 14 miles from Ootacamund, where
is to be seen the most inconceivably grand mountain scenery
in the hills. formed by the termination. north. of the group
of the Koondahs.
THE GOODALOOR P .....
Commencing at the N. W. angle of the plateau. is that
leading from N eddiwuttum. on the Hille. 17 mil .. from Oat ....
oa.mund, to Goodaloor at the foot of the pasB, which is 5t miles
in length. forming the communication between the Hills and
ClLIlIlanore, Tellicherry and the western coast towa.rds Bom-
bay, through the W yo.ad conntry. and also with Calicut by
the most direct road which erut. to that city; descending the
Carooor p&ss. and paasing through Nellumboor. paranel to tho

PBBLUUIU.BY BBlLUI.][B. 23
Beypoor river, to Beypoor on the coaat. The" Koondah
Gbaut," having, however, obtained a preference over this line,
for the journey to Calicut, &C. the tappal runnera have lately
been taken oft' it, and posted along the other j in consequence
of which, the ferries, by which several large streams are crossed,
are not now regularly attended; and, through the abaen .. of a
constant and sustained traffic along the line, the jungle is
encreoohing and becoming rank and dangerous. The public
buugalows also, along this line, are badly situated as regards
healtb; but this will soon be obviated by the erection of new
ones, in open spaces, clear of the encroachments of the jungle,
and free from fever. It is much to be regretted that this road
should be allowed to fall into diBUBO, aa the line is a most con-
venient one for reoohing the Hills from the coast by Calicut,
where all invalid. from Bombay now laud; and the ghaut,
being a short o n ~ J and on a very good trace, can be easily and.
economically kept in repair.
There is another approooh to Goodaloor from the Mala-
bar Coast, by Manantoddy and Sultan'. battery, which is
used; but, until improvements, now in contemplation, are
made, will be but little frequented.
A third road strikes in at Goodaloor in Mysore: setting
out from Calicut, it p ..... by Nellumboor, and ascend. the
Carcoor Pass 12 miles from Goodaloor. 'l'hia is considered
the proper trace for a read to the Water Carriage on the
Beypoor river, and the trace has been ordered by Govero-
ment.
A new approach is projected in this direction, to commence
from the nearest point on the Beypoor river where it is navi-
gable, and to ascend to the W ynaad Plateau by the valley
of the preaent Carcoor Pass, and thellce, (whiM a direct road
will be carried to U ppacadoo, so as to form a communioation

PBELnt:llfA.BY BE1U.B-II.
for traffic between tbe Mysore country &Ild Malab8r,) "
br&ncb will commence to ascend from tbe oeighbourbood of
Nadkarry (at the top of the Carcoor P .... ) and, p .... ing
through the valley under and to tbe weet of tbe Neilgherry
Peak, will reach the .ummit of the Tablo-bnd not far
from Neddiwuttum, where a bungalow will be erected; from
which place it is intended to follow a more direct route to
Ootacamund than the preeent road of 17 mil .. , croesing the
Pykarra river higher up the .tream: the gradients on this
road are no where to be .teeper than 1 in 25 inch .. _
TIJI' KOTEIIGllBlIlIY PASS.
In the north -eaat angle of tbe plateau of the Hills, at
Kotergherry,is another ghaut, commUDicatingwith Meetapol-
lium, in the low country, and thence to Coimbatore and the
Salem road.
'l'bis is the oldest road cut for tbe &lcent of the N eilgber-
rie., at the expenae of Government, and it led formerly to the
original aaoatarium at Dimhutty. It w ... conatructed in a
very BOund and lubstantial manner originally; but having
been neglected, and .uffered to fall into very bad order, it
was found necessary in 1845 to give it edensi ve repair
throughout, owing to which it is now in a very practicable
.tate, though too .teep for wheeled carriages.
This, and all the otber ghauta, could be kept in repair at
a very triJling expenae, if some person were entertained,
who .. duty it .hould be, to go down the entire line once a
month with coolies, to .ee that no drain. or channels. bad
got choked; for the interruption of one of these outlet. for
the heavy falls of rain, which now and then occur, and whicb
might, if remedied in time, be done by one man in an hour,
often causes breaches in the road which it takes twenty or
PBELIIIIlU.BY BJ:KABKI.
thirty men to repair. This ghaut is of considerable import-
ance to the eastern part of the Hilla,,, a great deal of'
traffic, in the produce of the coWee plantations, and of the
Burghers' lando, goes on by it; and large quantities of low
country goods are brought up it for aale and barter. It is
.100 favorably situated for gaining the summit of the Hill.
on the eastern side j as the ascent of a long spur on which
the lower part of the road is carried, is commeneed almost
immediately after quitting Meetapollium, without having to
p ... through much low jungle.
But, on reference to the description, which follows, of the
station of Kotergherry, it will appear, that a new pass will
800n be made, commencing at "Seeramogay:" the intended
terminus of the Branch rail, from which Kotergherry will
then be only 12 miles distant.
THE MAILOOB GHAUT.
The Mailoor or 800ndaputty ghaut, appears, in former
years, to have been much frequented by travellers journey ..
ing from the eastern parts of the presidency, by Cairn.
hatare, to the Hills, from which town there is a road to
Soondaputty, a vi1lage at the foot of the southern part of the
Neilgherries. This ghaut, which gains the summit of the Hill.
near U Soondabetta," is now only used by smugglers, and by
the Burghers who cultivate laud about Mailoor and Keel
Koondab, to carry down their produce for barter for clothes,
tobacco, salt, &C. The remains of a very good road still exist
from the top of this ghaut all the way to Ootacamund, but it
has become imp .... ble, in many piaoe8, owing to boge having
Cormed in the hollows, and closed over it.
For 80me remarks on the comparative eligibility of tho
E
211
l'ILILIMIlf.A.BY UlUBD.
different roads and pas ... , .,;,u direCtiODB introduotory of
tho table. of Routas.
Th ... observation. on the acce .. to the Hillo, .. at pre-
.... t open to travellers, naturally lead to a description of th.
different stations, their means of accommodation for viaitorl,
&0.
CHAPTER Ill.
DESOIUPTIOI OF THE BEnRA.L STATIONS, &0.
OOTA.OAlCUND.
In the year 1820, the late Mr. Sullivan, then Collector of
Coimbatore, was the first person who called the attention
of the Madras Government to the eligibity of" Ootacamund,'
the principal station,", tJ Sanatarium, and by him was erect..
ed the first mansion there, which is built entirely of stone,
and remains to this day the most substantial residence in
the place j oibers Boon followed his example, and to him
therefore is due the credit of having established that delight.
ful Sanatarium. But, in the year 1819, Messrs. Whish, and
Kinder,ly, of the Madras Civil Service, having pursued a
band of smugglers of tobacco up a sman pass to the N. E.
of Kotergherry, it is said, first discovered these Hills, and
thus became aequainted with the existence of a table-land
p088e8sing an European climate. 'Ihe Editor, however, deems
it right to add, that Capt. Burton, in his graphic and inter
esting account of the hilla, which is noticed in the list of pub-
lications in the appendix, states, that in 1814, Mr. Keys, a
.ub-usist&nt and Mr. McMahon, then an apprentice in the
Snrvey department, ascended the hills by the Danaikencotta
PUB, penetrated into the remotest parts, and made plan.,
and r,ent in reports of their discoveries: it is to be presumed
that these plans and reports may be found a m o n g . ~ the
recorda of the Madras Government.
~ 2
28 DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL 8T.&.TlONS.
Oot&camund is situated nearly in the centre of the toble-
land, about 10 mile. from the BOuthern edge of the range,
and seven, in a. straight line, from the northem.
It i. placed directly at the b .. e, and on the we.tern side
of Dodabet, being completely Bhelt8red on three .ide. by
this mountain, and only open to the W. N. W. It iB
elevated 1,400 feet above the level of the .ea; and though
the choice of the situation was, in the first instance,
almoat purely accidental, it could Bcarcely have been bet-
ter selected, after a more minute acquaintance with the
different loc.litieB. The climate iB decidedly the most
perfectly European of any point of the hills, and, upon the
whole, less affected by the various vicissitudes of monsoons
than any other; it has plenty of excellent water, and wood
in abundance; while the facilities of acee.s are infinitely
beyond those of any spot of similar elevation yet known.
HOTELS.
There are two excellent Hotels; one is called The" Union"
or " Dawson's Hotel." with a detached cottage, having in all,
ample accommodation for 6 or 7 families: every room is fur-
niBhed in the most perfect manner, with carpets, fire-place.
and handsome furniture of every description, pa.pered
walle, and altogether in the atrle of good Hotel. in Eng-
land. There is alao a separate house for bachelors with
accommodation for seven persons, and a public room com-
mon to all, and stabling for 21 hor.... coach-houses, and
rooms for na.tive Benants. Mr. Dawson is a very superior
well educated gentleman, and the hostess, Mrs. Dawsen, the
picture of fiorid health and good humour. And the editor
iB indebted to them for much kind attention paid to him.
The table iB alway. well supplied, and whatefer iB deBired
DESCRIPTION OJ' Tn. SEVERAL STATIONS. 29
is placed upon it. This hotel is lituated at the west end
as you enter the town from the U Seegoor" pass.
Similar remarks will justly apply to "Mrs. Hopley'.
Hotel" called U the Victoria. j" which is situated at the eastern
extremity of Ootacamund, as you enter the Btation from
uCoonoor."
The terms ofthe Hotels are as follows:
THE UN'IOlr, OR DA.WSON'S HOTEL.
For a lady and gentleman, ... 220 to 300 Ro. per mens.m,
.according to accommoda.tion
required.
Do. Do. for any broken period
in a month,.......... . ...... . 8 Jt per diem.
For a lady or gentleman oc-
cupying two rooms, ... . .. :. 200
A gentleman dining in the pub-
" per mensem.
lic room, ........................ 120
"
"
THE VIOTORIA, OR MBB. HOPLEY'S HOTEL.
For a lady and gentleman, occupying
a Buite of rooml,........................ 250 RB. per menBem.
A lady or gentleman, occupying a
suite of rooms,............... ... ......... 150 "
A gentleman, with a bed-room only,
and publio table, ......... ... .......... 120 "
Grown up children, and European ser-
"
"
vants, each ...... ......... .. ... ......... 80 " "
Mrs. Hopley is at all times prepared to reduce her charge.,
upon reasonable appliCAtion, according to the position and
m8&lls of her visitors.
80 DI8CRIP'l'ION OF TH& SEVERAL STA.TIONS.
HOUSEl, HOuSB-nlllPING, &0.
The housel composiIlg the cantonment, are, generally,
perched on the top of the small round hill.; grouped along
the b .. e of Dodabet, or in the slopes or valleys between them;
they are surrounded or approached by the graceful Acaci.
tree, not many years since imported from A ustralia, and which
is propagated by its .. ed, in great abundance. Each hou.e
has a beautiful garden attached, abounding in every descrip-
tion of European flowers, Borne a t t a i n i n ~ a size unknown in
England. One Heleotrope in Mr. Dawson's garden is 10
feet high and 80 feet in circumference, and a Verbena attain-
iug the height of 20 feet, with the branches of. tree. The
time required, and the distance travelled in going from one
house to another, is, in Bome instances, much greater
than in any cantonment in the low country; added to
which, the roads leading to them are sometimes steep, and,
after rains, slippery, and in wet weather horses should be
rough shod.
There are at present upwards of 150 habitable houaes in
Ootacamund, of every size and description, from the palace
built by Sir W. Rumbold, down to thatched cottages with
three or four room.. Of these, 40 or 50 (be.ide. Sir W.
Rumbold'. large house, now converted into the Club House)
are in point of size and accommodation fitted for the recep-
tion of large fa.milies, and more than one would, with little
alteration, be large enough for the reception of the Gover.
nor General: The Marquis of Dalhousie occupied the only
upper-roomed House called" WalthamiJtow
'l
the property of
Major Minchin; Lord Harris, "Woodcock Hall," beautifully
situated overlooking the Lake: "Bishop's DoWDS," the pro-
perly of the Bishop of M'adraa, commands an extensive view,
em bracing the Lake, with a Park of upwards of 150 80"'"
D:lIOBIPl'IOlf OF m. BEVBRAL BTA.TIOI(8. 81
toatefully diopooed, in wood, plantations and garden. : othero
... e small, and better fitted for bachelon or small famili ...
During the present YOI.!', there were between 2 and 300
visipors, from the two Presidencies of Madras and Bomba.Yt
resident, a.t the same time, at Oota.camund; of which from
80 to 100 were married parties with families, and there are
many permanent residents, Generals and other officers of
rank, with their families.
H Quse-rent varies according to situation, extent of accom-
modation, &C. The large houses let at from 100 to 150 and
250 rup ... a month; the smaller, at from 40 to 70 or 80.
Almost aU the large houses are very handsomely furnished, and
all
1
or almost all, have ample furniture, generally of a good
description. But table requisite., plate, earthenware, glass,
knives and forks, bed and table linen should be taken to
the hills by visitors, intending to keep house; unl... they
would prefer to get any of these articl .. in the shops, where
every thing necessary for honse-keeping is to be had, at
prices not higher than at Madras.
HOUSE AGENTS are numerous-Me88l'8. Eckeraall, Lowry
Senior, HOpkinS1 Johnston, and several others, who have
charge of the greater number of properties belonging to
absent proprietors, also contract to build Houses and Cot.
tages of every description.
SERV..urT8. Good men-servants of any description are sel-
dom to be found at Ootacamund ; but, if enquiries lead you to
rely on the genuinen .. s of the chll.l'acten they produce, tbeoe,
from being acclimatized, are preferable to those from the
low country, who, even when well taken C&l'8 of, frequently
sul!'er at fint from their own imprudence in exposing them-
selves, _leeping on the ground, &C. All servants who are
brought up from below should have woollen cloth.s, and coarse
82 "DESORIPTION OP THE SEVERAL STATIONS.
lIannel under-jackets, and care .hould alBo be taken that they
do not sleep on the ground, to prevent which, cMwptuJe8, or
country cot hould be given tu them.
Female servants are aeldom tu be had, and should be
brought up.
It is customary tu make a slight addition tu the pay of
servants on the hills, partly on account of their requiring
more and better food, and because rice is somewhat dearer.-
The following is the scale of wage. uaually paid by residents:
butler, 8 tu 14 rupee. per month; cook, 8 to 10; maty, 7 to
8 ; dressing and waiting boy, 6 tu 7; bearer, 7 ; horse-keepers,
7 ; grass-cutters, 4 to 5.
Wood and peat are to be had in abundanee: the wood i.
broughttu your door daily, at variable but low rate., and peat
is BOld reasonably by two or three parti .. who own the Peat
Bogs, and is a good substitute for coal.
HOBSES AND CONVEYANOES. Ponies are more useful and
more hardy than horses, which 80metimes suffer from the
change of climate. There is, however, every facility for riding
Arab and other horses, and with proper care and warm cloth-
ing, they thrive extremely well. Mes.rs. J. Wilson and Co.
have several ponies which they let out on hire; and 88 they are
an enterprizing firm, it is tu be hoped that they will meet the
increasing demands of society, and add to their numbers and
equipments, and also improve their establishment by having
good conveyances of every description for the convenience
of the public: they would be amply repaid by thus accom-
modating their
Ponies and Horses are always to be purchased; for there is
a constant departure of visitors, and "he prices asked aN
See the Baur ratel or .enral article. in the appendix.
:ncBIPrION OP THB 8ZTJ:BA.L BTA.TIOlfl. 88
always reasonable, and not higher than are paid on the pJaiwl
fur similar descriptions.
Good grass and straw are daily brought to the door, and are
to be purchased at oheap rates. Gram or a seed resembling
linseed, and wellirnown throughout the Madras and Bombay
presidencies, by the name of .. Coultee" isto be had in abun-
dance: it is boiled, .and, when cool, given to the cottle, and
they thrive well on it.
A tonjohn is a preferable conveyance on the hills to a pa-
Iankeeo, which is slow: a .. t or six beare .. costa about "3
rupees per month.
A carriage, phmton or buggy is not in general use; at
lesat for those who do not intend to make a protracted stay;
and a palackeen carriage, or van draWD by bullocks, is alwaY"
to be had, for the purpOSOB of day or night-visiting, and for
taking famili .. to ohurch.
A Bachelor may live on 150 &s. and a married man and his
wife, paying 40 or 50 &s. a month rent, can keep two ponies,
and their expen ... need not exceed 200 &s. a month.
In short, the e .. pence of living on the hills is not generally
beyond what it is in the low OOUlltry.
PuBLIC BUILDINGS, OFFICIAL AUTllOBlTIB8, &0.
A very elegant CHlmOR in the Suo-Gothic style, capable
of holding a oongregation of 8 to 400 peraons, is the great-
eat ornament of the place. There is a resident Chaplain of
the Eecleaisstioal Establishment of the East India Company
who holds the appointment for rour y .......
The preaent COlllUlll>UT of the Hills is, Col. Goo. Pau-
lett Cameron, C. B. an offioer in the Madras army, who has
distinguished himself, as well in Europe as in India, and
a detail of his varied IOrvi ... and oareer, is recorded in tho
F
M DK80JlIPTIOJr O!' THE DTBBAL 8TA.TlO!l'8.
Madras army list, he is eqoaIly reapected and admired for
his urbane and gentlemanly deportment towards all cIaos ..
of 8OOiety, and his equanimity of temper, when loaded with
the multifarious and conflicting duties impoaed npon him,
occupying him from earliest dawn to the close of day, well
merits the nnivel'll&! approbation he enjoy
His duties are thoee of commanding officer over all the
.tatio .. ; Joint Magistrate and Justice of the Peace; Direc-
tor of Police; Civil, Military and Pension Paymaster; sta-
tion Staff Officer; &c. heeides which regular official duties, he
haa constant appeals made to him by the members of society,
and public in general, to entertain complaints against the
misconduct of .. rvants and othe .. ; to all of which he lende
a ready ear. The editor has annexed in the appendix ..
Memorandum, furnished to him by Col. Cameron, exhibiting
the harassing duties he has to perform, and the insufficiency
of the power vested in him, to remedy defects in the law
he h.. to administer, which are well deserving the serious
consideration of the Governmenii.
To him, every officer on his arrival at any of the station.
is to report himself, and those on sick leave report them.
selves also to the Medical staff.
He sits daily .. Police Magistrate: his OUIO" is under
the same roof .. tho POST OllIO" Establishment.
Upon the hill on which these Offices stand, i. placed a
Flag-StaJf, and the JIag is hoisted when he is preaent, and it
also intimate. the arrival of Pay, and the arrival and do.
parture of the Overland Mails.
Mr. Locke, the PO.T M .... TE'" is a moot zeaIons and valu-
.ble servant of Government; and an accommodating and
obliging officer to the public. His aaIary ought to be increaeed,
Cor it is very inadequate to his servi..., as his duties occupy
DBSORIPTION THE SEVElUL 91''&'1'101'9. 35
him day and night; especially when the Overland news
and \etters arrive: the editor has frequently known him to be
kept at Office the whol. night.
Mr. Ouchterlony, the PBINOlPAL BUDD1IB AM"n, is
Gentl.man of w.n known reputation as a man of superior
abilities, and great v.rsatility of taI.nt: a better 1 ....
tion for the arduous duties he has to perform, could not
have been mad. by Gov.rnment. His court, in which the
sessions judge also holds his cirouit, is on a oollSpicuoUA
Jill\, adjoining Commandant's, in a lofty commanding
position: attached to the Court Houoe is also the Gaol.
THI! ELIIOTBIO TJI!LBGBAPH Offi.. is located immedi .
ate\y behind Post Office, and the superintendant mo.t
efficiently performs hia office.
THB OOTACAMUND CLUB, a institution, now
,possesses the .pl.llwd mansion eroot.d by the late Sir Wil.
liam Rumbold: its rules will be found in the appendix.
TUB PUBLIO LIB&A..BY is situated near " Chacing CI'OSlJ;"
where four roado meet, in the valley near the entrance into
Ootacamund from Coonoor.
There is a small HOSPITAL; AlIfD A. DISPENSABY.
The BOTANIC and HOBTICULTUIUL GARDENS, under the
charge of Mr. W. G. Mcivor, the superintendant, occupy a
beautiful site, approached by a road leading from near
.. Cbaring Cro . " Under hia fostering oare tb.y do great
credit to hia taste, .killand thorough knowledge of his pro-
lesaion : his reporto, which h. will readily furni.h to visitors,
give a list of fruit trees, shrubs, timbsr and ornamental
trees, choice perennial Howers, ligneous climbers, herbs,
1I0wer and kitchen garden seeds, an of which grow and
lIourish in such variety, as fully to maintain the producti
and luxuriant character of the Hills.
F 2
86 DB8CRIPlION OF THB BJ:TBRA.L 8TATIQ1fS.
The varieties of the Acacia trees from Aurlra1ia, whicb
are now planted in omamental groups and avenues about
almost every mansion, and the deodar., pin .. , cyp ..... , and
even English oak treeo in the garden., .bew tbe zeal,
intelligence, and perseverance of Mr. McIvor, in the dis-
obarge of his duties. Tbe gardeno them .. lv .. are admi.
rably well laid out, and diversified in extenoive ranges of
terraces, wbere tbe hill and dale afford opportunity for the
display of his excsllent taote.
The gardena were once obiedy oupported by publio oub-
scription; but, tbe .. failing, they are now maintained by
. Government alone; and tbe .ale of tree., plant. and oeedo
fully reimburses aU the expenoes, and will, ere long, from
the increasing demand on tbe spot and from aU quartaro,
enable the superintendant to improve the gardena greatly;
and he contemplates introducing glass in aid of his eWort.
to advance the perfection of the fruits.
MEDICAL ESTABLlBHHB1<T.-Tbere are two medical officers
in the oemoo of the East India Company resident at Ootaca-
mund, whooe appointment extends over a period of Cour years.
A medical Officer, also in the service, resides at Ie Coonoor"
and has likewise charge of" Kotergherry."
SBHIlUBIBB and SOHOOLS.-There are several respectable
boarding schools Cor young ladie., which have been establisb.
ed Cor BOme years, under the care oC Miss Hale, Mise Rigel,
the Loretto Convent, and others: and an excellent seminary
ror boys, admirably conducted by Mr. Frederick Nash. A
prospectus oC each of these will be found in the appendix.
Messrs. EckersaU and J. P. Lowry, also attend families as
private teachers.
There are also several widow ladi.. who take charge of
cbildren from a very early age.
DEIIUBIPTIOlf 0.. THB 8'1TJ1BAL IlTA.TIOlfIJ.. 87
In connexion with tho chaplaincy thoro ia a Boyl' School
for the sons of tho tradospeoplo and othors, European
and East Indian; supported chiolly by public subscription,
but partly by a monthly feo paid by luch of thoparonto ao
are ablo to alford it. It was oatabliahod on ito pr .. ont baaia
in 1845.
Thero is alao a Girls' school for the daughters of tho same
class, which wa. established in 1860, supported in tho .ame
way ao the Boy" school.
Thero ia a Miasion Chapel, with an ordained minister of
the Church of England, for tho native Chriatian., having a
eongrogation varying from 80 to 100. Thia Mialion wao
begun in 1852 and ia ontirely dependant on the voluntary
oontributions of the oommunity. It supports two schools
for native boys.
The Ootacamund Poor Fund provid .. food and clothing
all the year round, for the native poor, who, either from old
age, blindness, or other infirmity, are unable to work for
their broad. There are at present 4.0 paupers on the list
who receive rice every Wedne&day in the Church compound,
undor tho superintendence of tho Poor Fund Committee.
Itinerants receive lOme small assistance from the fund, to
enable them to procood on their jcurney, but they are not
enoouraged to remain in the station.
SII01'8 .um TUDE8, &0.
Thero are numerous .hops admirably wen lupplied with
almost all that is to be found in tho great emporiuma of
either Calcutta or Madrao: amongst thoso are the extensive
buildings of Messrs. J. WilBOn & Co. who, as haa already been
mentioned, keep Livery Stables; and MOBIr . Edwards & Co.'.
premises: these, and the shops of five or six Parsee Mer-
38 DESCRIPTION 01' THE SEVERAL STATIONS.
chania, abound with articles of clothiog .. well for Ladi ....
Gentlemen, suited to the climate, or for dreso io the mildest
weather. All these persons import varied iovOBtmenia from
London direct, and silver and plated ware, glass, earthen
ware, cutlery, &c., and all kinds of win .. , beer and spirituous
liquors are abundant, and good in their several stores.
Monill. Etienne, a highly respectable Frenehman, who h ..
long been established here, is a first rate TAILOR, and h .. &
large .hop supplied with article. of dress and jewellery; and
his wife is an excellent KILLIOB: there are also two other
milliners, Mrs. A. T. and Mrs. J. P. Lowry.
There are remarkably good NATIVE TAILORS in great
numbers; but no SUOE-lUKEBS, SILVBR--SJlITBS, or JEWEL-
LXllB except inferior workmen; but very fair native Joiners,
Carpenters, and Blacksmiths.
There are two PLU{o.FOBTlI tuners, and repairers, and
dealers in Pianos, and other musical in8truments, and music;
and two excellent establishments for the hire of TRAJiBIT
CA.RRIAGES j and two or three COA.OH-llAKBB8.
A PRIJiTING PREBS has lately been undertaken by Mr. A.
T.Lowry.
MARKlITS AND BAZAR.
The large market-place and a well arranged covered.build-
ing, are shewn in the panoramic view, where a market is held
every Tuesday. Sheep and bullocks are brought to the baza ..
trom the low COWltry. Poultry, eggs, fruit, and a large
supply of every kind of vegetable, potatoes, cauliflowers, peas,
bean8, turnips, carrots, &c., are exhibited in the market-place,
chiefly the produce of the Hills; which confirms all that
has been said of their ioexhaustible productiveness and
eapabilities.
DBIICBIPrIOlJ 0:1 TRIO BlITKBAL BTA'l'IOn. 89
Bn:r and M lJ'l'TOlJ are daily brought from the b&zars to
the door ; &lid are gonora.1ly very fair meat.
There iI &lI oxcellont European HAI"'B, who reeideo at the
watermill at the end of the lake; and hiI bread iI much
preferred to that of tho nativeo, although their'. iI fully equal
to that of the nativ .. of Calcutta.
Muo![ and BUTTEB of superior quality iI daily brought
to the door; but, if a cow i. hired by the month and pickettod
on the bill on which the house stands, you secure as good
milk as you could wilh to have, &lid thus only can you guard
against the risk of adulteration.
EXOURSIOBS, RIDES, &C.
An artificial lake, formsd by damming up the opening
botween two hills, 80 as to produce a .hoot of water nearly
one and half mile loug, and in many places 40 foot deep, adds
eonsiderably both to the ornament and comfort of the place.
An excellent, and nearly level road, leads completely round
the lake, forming a very pleasant rids or drive of from
six to seven mil.., including the winding.. The roada in
the cantonment, and in fact all over this part of the Hills, are
excellent, and will soon be metalled; and even DOW, after the
heaviest rain. they become dry in an hour, 80 little is exer-
cise interrupted by the Bhowers. It would ho perfectly
praCticable to e'\ioy a canter of 27 mil.., or even to drive a
phmton in a Btraight line, with Bcarce an interruption, from
Coonoor to N sddiwnttum; and a day may be epent in
divoroified ride or drive to any extent over hill and dale,
through ever varying ocenery, uninterrupted by any obsta.
ele; and if, perchance, a heavy shower is eDcountered, the
rider has only to return to hil honse, chango hiI dreoa, and
again remount his horse, and resume hiI ride: the Editor
40 DBBCBIPTION OF THB BIIV.BUL BTA.TIon.
haa COnstantly done this, and baa known the fair """, who
all seemed to be aooompli.hed and fearl... riders, enjoying
the showers, and never suffering from the exposure.
There are .. veral places to visit which picnic parties are
frequently formed, namely, MATJlBYUND; FAIR LAwlis; the
summits or slopes of SNOWDON aDd DODUBT; KA.lTEE, and
its neighbouring water-fall atKATAIRY; and other lovely .pot.
near at hand; and the ride round ELI-HILL from BISHOP'S
DOWNB, up to DODUET, is as varied and magnificent, and
enjoyable at all hours of the day, as any perhape in Europe.
Another almost equally attractive ride commences from the
rood leading to the Botanic Gardens, diverging to the lell;,
and making a circuit round to SNOWDON and DODUBT; but
the varieties of picturesque rides are so numerous, that it
would be in vain to attempt to describe them.
Then, Coollooa to the East; and the Av ALA.JfCIIE, and
SIBPA.BA. BUIIGALOWS to the S. W. from which, .cenery &8
grand and sublime as the eye could desire to behold, i. to be
seen, totally differing from the quiet and repose of that
around Ootacamund. In visiting these in succession, you
""perienoe the fullest sense of the enjoyment to be derived
from air and exercise, and the pleasurable emotions of view-
ing the beauties of nature,in e.ery form of endl ... variety.
We must not omit to mention" MAIOO&TY P:EAX" about
14 mile. to the W. it is about 8,500 feet high; from when .. ,
'and arouud it, as already described, magnificent scenery
is beheld: it is a spot held sacred by the Todas, as the
reeidenoe of a personage whom they believe to be the keeper
of the gates of Heaven. "Orange V ALLBY" should also be
mentioned, lying to the N. E. and distant about 10 miles,
where oranges grow wild, the climate being 6 higher than
that of Ootacamund.
DEI!ICRIPTION 0:1' THE SEVERAL STATIONS. 41
KUTEE is distant about 3 miles from Oot&camund: &
Government farm was established in the valley in which it
stands, about the year 1831, in the expectation that aJl
European product. would succeed weU from its sheltered
position. The project, however, was eventually abandoned,
the return having proved far I .. s than was anticipated. The
Bungalow at the farm. waa afterwards occupied, for some
time, by the Governor of Pondicherry.
At a subsequent period, Lord Elphinstone, then Governor
of Madras, fancied the spot for the erection of a dwelling-
house, and his Lordship ohtained the land on the usual I .....
of 99 years. No sooner was the transfer concluded, than his
Lordship began to enlarge the old building; and, in coorse of
time, converted the property into one well worthy of a noble..
man's The house was magnificently furnished,
the exquisite t .. te of the late Count D'Orsay baving heen
caned into requisition for this purpose; the grounds were
tastefully laid Ollt; and the whole .. ,umed tbe appearance
of a heeutiful English Manor house.
In 1845, or about that time, the property was purchased
by the late Mr. Casmajor, of the M.dras Civil Servioe, for
15,000 Rupees, and about 10,000 rupees more were expended
by him in alterations. At his death, he left the greater part
of his property to the Basil Mission, of which he had heen
& liberal supporter while living, but the house itself was
advertised for sale; it was purchased by the Basil Society
fur 10,000 Rupees. The Neilgherry branch of the Basil
Mission is supported by the interest of tbe money realized
from the sa.le of the property j that sum having, in accord-
ance with tae late Mt,. Casmajor's will, been invested in the
funds for that purpose.
No sooner had Kaite. become the property of the B .. iI
"
42 DB8(lBIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STA.TIONB.
Misflionary Society, than orders were sent from Germany to
dispose of lIuch of the fittings and furniture as were unsuited
to & Mission House. Carptits, curtains, ma.rble
pieces, and other decorations were therefore sold at publio
auction, and about 4,000 Rupees only were thus realized.
Such was the result which, in the course of a very few years,
followed the enormous outlay expended upon the property
by the late Governor of Madrae. The house wae a good
deal altered during Mr. Caemajor's time, and now but little
remains, to remind the visitor of the gorgeous mansion of
former day .
COONOO.
Is aituated at the South extremity of the range, clo.e to
the edge of the hills, imd at the head of the Coonoor pas.: it.
elevation is abont 6,100 feet above the level the sea j and
the mean annual range of the Thermometer is about 65 of
the Barometer about 24 ; . and rain about 55 inches. It i.
milder than Kotergherry, but, from ito aituation, is .ubject
to fogs at particular seasons, which come sweeping up the
Ghaut: the.e however loon disappear. On the other hand, it
has the advantage of being on the direct road to Ootacamund
from Meetspollium, from which it is distant 15 mile.: it i.
di.tant from J aokatalla about two mile., but an improved
road will soon reduce the distance to about one mile: from
Oobcamund it is distant 10 miles; and from Kotergherry
12 miles at present, but a new cut will reduce it to about 8
miles.
There is a good Government Bungalow here, comprising
aeveral rooms, where visitors may remain for 10 days, if
desirous of doing so: a butler, cook and other servants are in
provisions are alway. to be had; but if better
DBSCRIPTION OF TIlE SEVERA.L STA.TIONs. 43
fare is required, there is the excellent hotel kept by Mr. and
Mrs. Da.vison close at hand, froin which all the luxuries even
of the table can be procnred; and they are moot attentive
and obliging persons.
The hotef consists of 4 detached Bungalows, beautifully
Bituated near the church, wh'ich IS a handsome structure, in
which a clergyman of the Established Church performs eervice
regularly, but his residence is at Jackata1l&.
The Bungalows are elegantly furnished, each consisting of
a. Uining room and two bed-rooms, with dressing rooms and
baths attached to each, provided with every comfort.
At this hotel, visitors may be asSured of always having an
a bundant table, well supplied. with the finest beef, mutton
and fow Is. Mr. Davison is a well educated man, and a
first rate gardener and botanist, and can place on the table
oranges, peaches, nectarines, plums, (apples amongst which
is the new-town pippin) and pears, all equal to any that
Covent Garden exhibits; and his ga.rdens are filled with trees
loaded with theee fruits, and a great variety of splendid
flowers.
A medical Officer in the Company's Service resides here,
his appointment being as those at Ootacamund j and he attends
Kotergherry also once a week or oftener, if required.
There are 24 well built, and well furnished houses and
cottages at this station. General Kennett, Colonel WoodfsJl,
and others are permanent residents, and the rent of the other
houses varies from 120 to 50 or 80 rupees a. month.
The shops are an kept by natives, and are but ill-supplied
with general stores j but as Ootacamund is so near, all that
visitors require can be readily sent to them from that station;
and from thence, also, servants must be procured, as few are
available on the spot.
Q 2
44 DESCRIPTION OP TIlE SEVERAL STATIONS.
Ponies or bullock-carriages a.re procured from Ootacamwld,
whenever wanted.
The most striking object in the beautiful scenery around,
are the rema.ins of a. Hill Fort called "Hulliculdroog," in a
very commanding position, on the highest peak in the
bourhood, which appears io the sketch of that station ac-
companying this work; to this hill excursions are
made, and the ride to it opens out a succession of splendid
scenery, which, seen from the summit, amply repays the toil
of the ascent. '
KOTEBGHER1IY
Is situated in the north-east angle of the plateau, im-
mediately overlooking the low country, and at the head of
the Kotergherry Pass, about 14l miles distant from Ootaca-
mWld, 12 from Coonoor, and 10 from Jackatalla.
Poniea, when wanted, must be sent for from Ootacamund;
and as yet there is no carriage road to any of the other
stations.
When the rail-road i. extended to the foot of the Hill., the
distance of Kotergberry from the intended terminus at
"Seeramogay," will be only 12 miles j and a good road will
be cut to it through the Ghaut at that point_
The elevation is about 6,500 feet above the sea-level; and it
is very favorably protected from the violence of the S. W.
monsoon by the Dodabetta range, which stands out like a huge
wall to screen it. The average fall of rain, the chief part of
which occurs on the hills during the monsoon, cannot be call1:!d
excessive, especially when compared with the visitations in
this respect experienced in the neighbow-ing province of MaJ.a...
bar .. This average may be taken to be 50 inches, while at
Coonoor it is estimated at about 55, and at Ootacamund
60 inches. The mean annual temperature is about 68
0

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEvERAL STATIONS. 45
Whatever difference may appea.r between the meteorologi ..
. cal Tables in the Appendix, will easily be accounted for by
the degree of accuracy of the observers or the instruments
at their command.
The climate possesses many advantages over Ootaca-
mund and Coonoor: it is drier than the former, and much
cooler and fresher than the latter, for a north wind prevails,
when there is little or Done at Coonoor. But, on the other
hand, neither of these stations has the bracing, invigorating
effects of the more lofty parts of the table-land, and persons
in tol .. ably confirmed health, give a very decided preference
to Oot"".mund.
Kotergherry was preferred to either of the other stations
by the Marquis of Dalhousie, who resided there for six months,
in the principal mansion called II :" this house was
built in 1830 j and the station may date its claim, from that
period, to be considered the great rival of Ootacamund. Lord
Dalhouisie was so much pleased with his residence that he
laid out a large sum in improvements. This property formerly
belonged to Bishop Spencer, afterwards to General Gibson,
and now belongs to Major Briggs, hi8 son-in-law.
There are eight other excellent houses at Kotergherry,
besides cottages.
The Church is small, but could be easily enlarged.
There is DO resident clergyman here. The station com-
mands, perhaps, the most exquisite view to be obtained any
where in the hills, of the plain, and of a range of hills called
U Lambton's range" with its ever-varying hues: beautiful
rides are found in every direction amidst the most lovely
scenery.
The orange does not thrive here; but at Coonoor both
it and the peach do, and ripen to ptlrfection: pears are
46 DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STATION8.
abundant, a.nd apples come to perfection at Kotergherry
when cultivated. All the vegetables and flowers of a temper ...
ate climate grow and flourish in great profusion.
DIMBUTTY close to Kotergherry, no longer exists &8 a
Btation, b ~ t the climate iB Buperior to the latter for the cul-
tivation of fruita. OnANGE-VALLEY is about 6 miles distant,
and more sheltered than either; and admirably adapted for
the cultivation of oranges and all the more delicate fruits.
J ACKA'l',A.LLA..
The Editor is indebted to Dr. Macbeth of H. M. 74th
Hic;hlanders, a wing of which Regiment is stationed at Jacka...
taUa., for much of the following account of that Cantonment;
and his reports on the topography and medical statistics oftbe
station, will, we trust, be published by order of the Madras
Government. Captain Francis has also furnished the infor';'
mation regarding the intended new roads, as after deacribed,
and other particulars.
Dr. Macbeth remarks, that after giving a. fair and unbias ...
Bed consideration to all the natural advantages of the differ ...
ent localities, he is decidedly of opinion that no other, in
every respect equally eligible, could have been found on
the hills.
The height of Jackata.lla iB about 6,100 feet above the Bea
level. The mean annual range of the Thermometer ia about
64.8"; of the Barometer 24; and rain about 70 inches .
. It is distant about two miles from Coonoor; but by in ...
tended improvements will be one mile; 9 miles from Oota.ca-
mund j and 10 from Kotergherry. The vegetation is almost
incredible: three and even four crops of potatoes may be
raised in twelve months; and in a month or five weeks
after planting, their prQ(luce may be taken up: the Bame
DESC:RIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STATIONS. 47
remarks apply almost equally to the other st.tions. All other
European vegetables are luxuriant, and produce all the year
round; and every kind of English fruit tree hears and flour
ishes to perfection, as a.t Coonoor; and ornamental trees, pines,
deoda.rs, willows, &c., thrive admirably.
At J ackatalla they suJfer comparatively little from the S.
W. monsoon; and the sanatary condition of the station is
shewn to be most satisfactory by the fact, that out of 531 men,
the average strength of the wing, the fatal cases, amounting
altogether to 17 during the year 1854.55, occurred (with
one or two exceptions) from the effects of previous organio
disease, contracted before the troops came to J ackatnlla; and
. hefore they had any chance of benefiting by the climate.
The Bazar is wen supplied with beef and mutton: the
coffee grown on the hills is excellent and cheap. Fruits'
and vegetables are abundant, and springs of excellent water
are on all sides.
There are, as yet, only about eight private residences, but
two of these, Dr. and Captain Francis', occupied
by Colonel McDuff, are splendid mamions ; and the station is
rapidly connecting itself with" Coonoor," from which it is
only separated by a narrow gorge j and houses are being erect.
ed in every direction: a Clergyman of the Established Church
resides at J ackatall
a
and does duty alao at Coonoor.
A ha.ndsome range of Barracks, it! nearly completed at
J .ckatall.; and it is tD be hoped that the Marquis of Dal.
housie's expectation, that at least a whole Regiment would
soon be located there, will speedily be realized; and, at no
very distant period, perha.ps, it will become a. station for more
than one Regiment of H. M.'s service.
The valley of Jackatall. takes it. title from the principal
of a clWlter of village., higher up the valley, towards Dod ..
48 DEBCBIl'TION OF THE SEVERAL STATIONS.
bet, which derives its Canarese name from the prevalence
of a specie. of barberry.
The climate bids fair to be one of tho .. mo.t preferred on
the Hills : it do .. not differ much from that of Coonoor, and
it escapes the fogs which prevail there for several months in
the year. These white mists, which roll up the Coonoor
ravine about 10 o'clock in the forenoon, and obscure the
whole landscape, draw off towards the north-west and extend
themselves up the same valley to Kantari, leaving Jackatall&
. clear and bright. It has been propo.ed, and the proposal has
. met with the approval of Government, to form a direct com-
munication between the cantonment of Jackatalla and the
new Coonoor and Ootacamund road, by means of an embank-
ment across the valley, by which a large ornamental sheet of
:.vater will be formed, about 35 feet deep.
When the branch of the railroad, now in progress of execu-
tion, is carried to the terminus at" Seeramogay," a new pus
from thence will be constructed up the Ghaut at that point,
and will be of easy gradients j and much improvement will be
made on the plateau leading to Jackatalla, from Kotergherry,
from which the terminus will be only 12 miles.
There is abundance of game of different descriptions in the
wood. and ravin .. about Jackatalla. A paek of hounds i. kept
hy the Officers of the Regiment, and the jackal affords excel-
lent runs when they throw off in the neighbourhood of
Ootaeamund, and other tolerably level parts.
Tigers sometimes approach near to J ackatalla: in August
1856, Lt. Thaekery ofthe 74th, .hotatiger, 12 feet 6 inches
in length from the nose to the tip of t he tail.
TENURE OF LANDS.
Land is held by European settlers on the N eilgherries,
Under a puttiwn. or grant from Government for a. term of
DESCRIPTION OJ' THE SEVERAL 8TATIONS. 49
99 years,. but renewable in perpetuity, .0 long as the regulat-
ed &B .... m.nt is paid. Th. 'rodars bold their land by
right of immemorial occupation, alleging that their ance.tors
e&IIl. to the Neilgherries before there were any kings or
.overeign rulers io SOllthem India, and that th.y never paid
tax or tribute to any ODe; but Government, under the ordera
of the Court of Directors, has declared 'he right. of the
Todaro to be only tho.e of pasturage over the hills ; allowing
them to retain their present locations; and their number.
are grsdnal1y decreasiog .
See II Karwal of lnItructioD.l AI to Tenuree"' in the AppendiL


CHAPTER IV.
TOPOGRAPHY.
THE Neilgherry hills are situated between the parallels of
11 10' and 11 32' N. Istitude, and 76 59' and 77 31' E.
longitude from Greenwich. Their greatest extent, in an
oblique direction, from S. W. to N. E. is about 50 miles, and
their extreme breadth 25 miles, measuriD.g from the bottom of
the Ghauts at each extreme; and the plateau may be consi.
dered as being 30 to 40 miles in length, and from 8 to 15 in
breadth. Taking into account the great undulation of the
surface, and the circumstance of the breadth, above stated,
being pretty constant throughout, their superficial extent
may b. fairly estimated at about 700 square geographical
miles.
Th. area of the plateau .. defiued on the north.west,
north, east, and louth, by the crest of the mass of moun-
tains, and on the south-west by the outline of the U Koon-
dabs," is found by a lat. survey to compriae 268,494 square
acres in its geographical extent: but owing to the ceasele ..
undulations prevailing over the whole surface, a far greater
amount ofland is actually available for cultivation.
Of this quantity only 23,772 acres have been brought
under cultivation, leaving 244,772 acres either entirely waste,
or appropriated for grazing cattl. by the various Hill tribes.

TOPbGRAPHY 51
They form the abutment or termination of the immense
table-land of central India, commencing with Hindoostan
Bnd the Dekkhun, and continued through Mysore, bonnded
on the W. by the Western GhAts, and on the E. by the less
strongly marked line of the Eastern GhAts. From the table-
land of Mysore, with which they are connected by a narrow
neck of land, about 15 miles wide, they rise to the height
of 3,500 feet, and are divided from the E. and W. Ghats by
a deep fissure on each side, of not les8 than 15 miles in
width; on every other side they rise abruptly from the
subjacent plains of Malabar and Coimbatoor, in one vast
precipitous mass, to the height of from 5 to 6 or 7,500
feet. Their isolated situation, completely separated from
the Burrounding country, is one of the most remarkable
features in their posit,ion, and may serve to account for
many of the peculiarities of climate found to exist upon
them.
They are composed of three distinct ranges, or groups of
hills, closely connected together, but which, though nearly
of the same general elevation, vary considerably in their
aspect, connection, and grouping.
The range to the westward, though forming a continuous
line, bears two distinct Dames. The northern part, forming
a. DarroW line, commencing at the Goodaloor Pass, being
called the Neddimulla hills; and the southern division,
composing a very distinct and remarkable group, being
known as the Koondahs. The central or principal range
is entirely formed by a continuous chain of hills, rising
gradually on each side to the summit of Dod.betta, the
highest of the whole group, and the loftiest point, yet dis-
covered, south of the Himalaya, being 8,760 feet above the
.. a level. The .tation of Ootacamund is .ituated directly
H 2
TOPOGRAmY' .
at its b ... , on the W. aide, and it is .till more important
to obeerve, that it IOnno the line of oeparation between the N.
E. and S. W. monsoons,the whole of the range to the W. of
Dodabet being chiefly afl'ected by the S. W. or Malabar
mon.oon, and that to the eutward by the N. E. or Madr ..
monsoon.
The division to the eastward, baving received DO
appellation, may be distinguished as the Kotergherry range,
.he .tation of that name being situated on it. It contain.
fewer peaks, and is inferior in elevation to either of the
other two.
The elevation of some of the principal point. on the dif.
ff".rent ranges, a.bove the level of the sea, as well as soma
neighhouring stations in the low country, will be given in
the appendix.
No point on the hilla, it will be observed, is 1 ... than 700
feet ahove fever ( .... uming the latter to be ahout
4,500 feet, the limit generally assigned,) and mOlt of them
from 1,500 to 2,900 feet beyond it.
The base of the hills is completely surrounded by a bel.
of den.e jungle of various breadth, and riling in general to
the beight of from 2,500 to 3,500 feet on their declivities.
The line of demarcation is very strongly marked, there being
generally an open .pace from It to 2 miles wide, nearly
destitute of trees all the way round. Ahove this space the
character of the vegetation is completely changed, and the
forests assume the appearance of woods in temperate climates,
beside. being nearly de.titute of underwood. The hreadth
'of tbe pelt of jungle . .is very various j it is, however, nowhere
greater than 20 mile., (between Mungalum and Goodaloor
on the Mysore .ide, where it joins the Wynasd jungle,)
and in many places it does not exceed six, as at Matepollium,
TOPOGRAPHY.
where it is croBBOd by the great road to Ootacamund by the
eoonoor Pass.
The surface of the table-land on the summit of the hill.
is much undulated, and presents various characteristics in
the different divisions. The only circumstance common to
the whole is, the occurrence of swamps, of various Elxtent,
in the valleys formed by the undulations. The ooil in these
Bwamps is of considerable depth, and very rich; in Bome it
forms large bed. of peat bog, from which Ootaeamund i.
abundantly supplied with an excelleut substitute for coal.
The vegetation on the surface, however, is generally luxuriant,
and they are always traversed by a stream of water, which,
after percolating througb them, issues forth 8S clear, pure,
and as fit for uoe as if just teken from the spring. Nothing
like miasm or exhalation exists in or near these swamps;
as & proof of which, Todarmunds or villages are frequently
found in their immediate vicinity, and the nature of the
vegetation is entirely different from that which charaeterizes
swamps in the low country.
The Koondahs, towards the W. or Malabar side, rise ofe..,
suddenly from the plailjS below, and terminate in immense
rocky precipices, presenting some of the grandest and most
romantic scenery to be found in the world. ThiR is particu-
larly remarkable at the junction of the Nedimulla hills with
the range of the Koondahs, properly '0 called. The outlin.
of the summits forms an immense circular basin, bordered
with precipices, every where perpendicular, in many place.
overhanging, and of such a height, that a stone dropped
from the edge, will in many places de.cend at least 6000
feet, at one bound, before reaching the bottom; the crests of
the rocks being at the same time broken into the most
irregular and fantastic forms. A minute examination of the
54 TOPOGRAPHY.
whole of this line pre .. nts only one accessible point, the site
of the new Koondah Pass, which has been more particularly
described.
The table-land above, is broken into a number of long
rounded ridges, with narrow valleys interposed, and richly
wooded in the more sheltered spots. A striking peculiarity
of these woods, commOD in fact to the whole hills, is, their
being nearly destitute of underwood, and having their b o r ~
dera ao well defined as to resemble the ornamental planta-
tions of a gentleman's park; 80 complete is the resemblance,
so artificially are they disposed, and so perfect is the keeping
of the scenery, that in many parts one is tempted to look
round for the castle or seat to which they belong.
The base of one hill riR" close to that of another, leaving
but a small interval between, so that a true valley is very
rare, and a level surface of any extent, alm08t unknown,
except on the roads round and between the hills, where you
may ride or drive for aollY extent amidst ever varying Bcenery.
It is difficult to find appropriate terms to convey an accurate
description of these singularly smootb, rounded and undulat-
ing hills; they present truly a "sqrging scene" to use an
expression of Coleridge, resembling the billows of the sea
suddenly stilled, solidified and fixed, while in their full career
of heaving commoti.on. This is more applicable to the lower
hills, but many upwards of a thousand feet high have the
same rounded contour. The valleys, or ravines at the foot
of these hills are uniformly wet, sometimes having a rivulet
running through them, but more often being marshy, there
being no exit to admit of drainage. From these moist
places, commence the beautiful cIUBters of wood, called Sho-
labs, which form 8 peculiarly striking feature in the scenery;
and the whole surface of these verdant hills, from base to
TOPOGBAPHY. illS
8ummit, is bespangled with a variety of the most beautiful
wild flowers, of every diversity of colour; the trees, among
which appea.r the crimson Rhododendron and a white camelia,
varying in shade and richness of foliage; and some covered
with moss, assuming all the hoary appearance of winter;
while the banks of the rills and streamlets, that meander at
their base, are lined with the d o g ~ r o s e and jessamine; and
all around are seen the strawberry, blackberry, toparra, and
numerous other wild fruits, flourishing in spontaneous luxu-
riance.
Several of the little streams here mentioned, meeting at
one point, fall into a natural basin, which confined at ita
southwestern extremity by a. IJtrong mound of earth, forms
the lake, of five or six miles circuit. This beautiful piece
of water, which, in some parts, spreads out to a consider-
able width, and in others winds in a serpentine course
among hills, gently rising from its banks, and clothed with
the softest verdure, has, as already mentioned, a public car-
riage road surrounding it, affording one of the most scenic,
healthful, and agreeable drives of which India can boast.
On the table.land of the Neilgherries, there are properly
speaking no rivers, but the streams which pour down on all
sides, to form the Bowany and Mayar, which wash the base
of the mountains, are very numerous. The Pyeara is, how ..
ever, a considerable stream, and flows down the N. W. angle
to join tho Mayar; and the waters of the lake, and the
mountain rills to the N. of Ootacamund, become a torrent,
which rushes down the gorge, from Kulhutty to Seegoor,
forming the sonrce of the Mayar.
The waters never accumulate in a sufficient body to form
cataracts of much >:nagnitude or sublimity, but the falls at
Katary and Kulhutty are picturesque; aa are also those of
56 TOPOGB..U,'UY.
the tributaries of the Bowany river in the Koondaha; and
there is a coDsiderable fall or weir, in the Pycara river.
The soil of the Hills is exceedingly rioh. and covered with a
short clo88 green swa.rd, which is maintained in a constant;
.tate of verdure by the abundant supply ofmouture.
The Bowany river ta.kes its rue in the Koondahs, Howing
through a deep fissure till it reach .. the S. W. angle of the
range. when it makes a sudden turn to the eastward. It it
joined by a great number of tributary streams. each of the
lateral valleys having its own brook of beautifully limpid
water. Several of these rise within a few feet of the edge of
the precipice. bord.ring the hills on the west; but with
""",ce an exception all flow to the eastward. The edge of
the Koondahs, towards Ootacamund, is broken into a number
ohaneys nearly filled with wood. and intel'l!peraed with patch ..
of verdure.
The steepn .. s of the sides ofthe valleys on the Koondahs.
and the loose nature of the soil. haa given ria. to a number of
what are called in French sboulem6fltlt. or earth avalanches,
the earth having slipped down in large m .... s. leaving a oir-
cular vacuity in the edg. of the hill abov.. On. of the most
remarkable of these took place about 83 years ago. and it easily
reeognilled at the diltanc. of 12 or 15 mil .. ; it it clos. to the
point at which the Dew road ascends the Koondahs. The
cause was probably the bursting of a water-spout immediately
above the spot. the earth having been in all probability pre-
viously loosened by the filtl'lltion of water throngh the sub-
jacent strata.
Towards the lower part of the valleys; which is still encum-
bered with rocks, trunks of trees, masses of earth, &c., a chaly-
beate spring is found issuing from below the debris, and ming ..
ling with the rivulet. to which it imparts an ochrey tinge.
'lOPOGRAPHY.
Thia apring was examined and analyaed (aa far as 0,,"
utter want of nearly all the necessary instruments would
admit) by Dr. Glen and myself. We found it to contain a
considerable portion of red oxide of iron, held in solution by
carbonic a.ci<l gu, and from its great strength, its purity,
and ita freedom from unpleasant taste and smeil, we were led
to conclude that it may prove highly uaefnl in c ... a of debi
lity of the digeative organa, &c., but aa yet no opportunity
has occurred of putting this conjecture to the deciaive
of experiment.
A considerable stream, rising at the angle of the Koon
daha, Howa close along their hase, and deacenda the Keiloor
Pass to join the Bowany; it forms a sort of boundary bo-
tween them and the next or Dodahet division of the range.
The Neddimulla hill., commencing at N. angle of the
KoondahB, run along in a N. N. E. direction aa far .. Ned-
diwittum, at the head of the Goodaloor Pas., where they
terminate abruptly. They are of considerable elevation, and
contain one or two remarkable peaks; Makoorlee, fot' in.
stance, which has already been described, is distinctly visible
from the aea coast near Callcut, and from Ootacamund. The
Numerous sprinS'. containing salta of iron, are found in almoet
part ofthe hills, but the one above-mentioned ia much the strong.-
est and pureet yet euminoo., -.nd probably Dot the least of it. ..
ii, its situation in an accessible spot, surroQ.Dded by beau ..
tiful scenery, 4Ild near the bungalow erected for the accommodatiml
of by the road. It J;D.a.y also not be irrelevant
to mention, that being 8ituated in a hollow, nearly surrounded b,1
hills, and ooDliderably lower than the genera1leve1 of the ths
climate during the winter months, is milder and more eq.uable tlwl
tbat of
,
TOPOGB.lPHY.
ridge i. narrow, and generally rather rocky ond bare ; on the
Molahar .ide, it p......,t., like the Koondaho, on oImoat
oontinuous line of precipices, the ICenery being bold, grand,
and romantic. They are .. p .... ted from the centrol table.
land by a considerable .tream called the Pykarra river,
which, deocending the N. faoe of the hillB by a luccession
of falls, joins the lIlayar, and sweeping round the whole
N. and N. W. sid .. of the hillB, runs into the Bowany
Ilear Danaiksncottah in Coimhatoor. Like all the rivers
on this side, it. bed is intersected, every here and there,
by transverse ridges of sienite, having a considerable dip,
with soft; soil in the intervols, which ill worn away by the
force of the stream, so as to form deep pools rooting on
'he ridges.
The ... nary in the vicinity of the Pykarra, ill in many
place. exoeedingly beautiful, being bordered by rounded hills
well wooded, and linking oIternately into green grassy
glades.
The next or central division is, in edent, as in other re.
.peets, the most important of the three. The portion of it
&<\joining the Koondah. and Neddimulla hills, of nearly the
Barna general elevation throughout, is broken into an illl.
menBe number of little round hills, like teacupB bottom up-
wards, with volleys of various dimension. interposed. Some
of th .... bills are clothed witb wood to their very summits,
and most of them have more or less wood round their bases,
br in tbe deep bollows between tbem and the next hills.
The southern part of tbe table-land is highly cultivated,
and very populous; there are also numerous villages on
the southern slope towards Billy.nII; but the reat of the
lurt"ace, wbere not 'wooded, ill entirely ocoupied hy pas .....
land, and ill the head-quarters of the Todar population,
TOPOGJUPHY.
18
who.. munds or .illages are found I ttered 0.... it, ge-
nerally in the most sheltered nooks. and al .... y. oloeo In a
wood.
The Dodabet range ria .. at the N. extremity of !;his diY[
. &on. and crossing it ohliquely (forming ito ....tern boundary)
in a diraotion from N. N. W. In S. S. E. terminateo in bold
ov .. hanging rocke beyond Coonoor. The range, when .....
garded from a diotance, seems In form one vaot pyramid with
very wide b ..... running in the diraotion above stated, aDd
haring ooneequently very gradually Iloping sid... The in.
elination. however, on the E. and W. faces is greater. and ~ h
.. cent rather .brupt. The summit 8,760 feet ahove tho
lovel or the .... and 1.344 feet above Oot&eamund. is <om
posed of a round hummock with a flattened Inp. (on which
the Obs .... lnry has been erected since Dr. B.ikies time) and
commanding a mOlt extensive view in &Very direction, except
the W. where the horizon is .hut in by tho lin. of tho
Koondahs. of nearly equal elevation with itaelf. DiraotJy
at ito b ... on the W. Bide is situated the Station of OOTJ,
tlAlnntD. in basin formed hy the body of the mountain on
one Bide, and t"o eo:tensive spurs on the N. and S. 80 that
the only opening is toward. the W. Thongh. as already
mentioned. originally chceen almost by accident. the site of
~ h e Station .ppean to pee"" almost every advantage of eli
mate, abelter, aooesaibility and command of fuel and water,.
and though lost. not least. its polition. in the centre of tho
table.land. at about eight miles from the verge of the hill.
on either .ide, ensures it against even the IUBpicion of miasm,
or impure atmOlphere.
COONOO" ( .. alresdy described). is situated at the S. E.
extremity of the range. olose to the edge of the hill.; ... d
is chiefly remarkable... being placed at the head of ta.
I 2
00
TOPOGRAPHY;
magnificent Ghat of the .ame name, whioh form. the gre;'.
road to the whole S. and E. of India.
The Ghat runo up a deep fi ure, betwixt the rock. teN
minating the Dodabet range and a long projecting spur,
thickly clothed with wood, and di.tinguished by thrOe or .
four rounded eminences, on the ontermost of which is situ.:
_ted the hill fort called Hulliculdroog, in a very commimd-
ing situation, the rocks descending almost perpendicularly
into the low country on every side, except tha.t on which i ~
is approache<l from the table-land. The remain. of a .imilar
fort are to be found on a high rock opposite llillycull, and a
third at a place called Atra, beyond Kotergherry. It is diffi-
cult to conceive for wha.t purpose these forts were intended,
the more 80, as considerable labour and expenee must have
lteen incurred in their construction, while their isola.ted
position and excessive difficulty of access must have made
them nuga.tory, as regards any object of defence or protec-
tion : still Ie could they be intended to command the p .....
of the hilla, none of which are .ufficiently near. 'l'he ouly
plauaible conjecture is, that they were intended as .tate pri.
lOllS or repositories of treasure. They are said, I know not
on what authority, to have been constructed by Hyder
Ally.
The line of oeparation betwixt the central and eastern
tange is not so well marked, as between that and the
Koondah .
The N. E. face of Dodabet deacends with a very .udden
elope, the hollows being filled witb wood, and the bottoms
of the interjacent valleys occupied by swamps. After eross-o
Captain Harkneas gives a. diWerent 8000unt of their origin. See hit
work, notioed in the Lilt of Publicationa. -ED.
TOPOGRAPHY. 61
ing or two of these vaUeys. the range beeomes broken
into a succession of small conical rocky hills, at some distance
apart. and surrounded by a sort of table-land. on which
Kotefgherry is placed. The country in its neighbourhood
is covered by bushes, has but few trees or forests, and is
neither so picturesque nor so varied as on the opposite side
of the hills. It is intersected by numerous deep valleys. de-
scending gradually from the centre, and debouching into the
low country. One of the most remarkable of these is known
as tbe Orange valley. from the number of wild orango and
lime trees found in it. It commences at the'N. E. angle of
Dodabet, and makes a sweep round the base of the
ry table-land. till it arrives opposite the Guzzlehutty Pass.
when it descends abruptly into the country. Its general
level is much below th.t of the table-land. probably not ex-
oeeding 4,500 feet a.bove the sea, from which circumstance, and
its being sbut in on both sides by steep bills. its average tem-
perature is much higher tban that of any neigbbouring point
on the hills. The soil in the bottom of the valley is exceed-
ingly deep and rich. and tbe character of the vegetation ap-
proaches the tropical. or.t least that of the southern por-
tions of the temperate regions.
DUmUTTY is situated on a plateau between Kotergherry
and the Orange valley, lower than the former.
Beyond Kotergherry. the hills run out into a number of
long narrow ridges. gradually descending into the low coun-
try of Coimbatoor, but, though in some places rocky,
Iy any where so precipitous as the western face of the hills,
and the scenery is consequently less' grand and .triking.-
Immediately oppo.ite the termination of the hills in this
direction. and .eparated from them by a deep valley filled
with dense jungle. is the Guzzlehutty P .... leading from
62 TOPOGIU.PBY.
Coimbatoor into lIylOre; formerly much frequented, but
now nearly deoorted except by the market people, Beyond th&
Guzziehutty Pus, rise the Bella Bunjum HilIo, or Bulgher.
rieo, so named (1 believe) from & celebrated temple;' tbey
are of considerable height, but nearly unexplored from the
dilIiculty of _ and the want of supplie
CHAPTER V.
CLIVA.TJI.
0", this very imporlaDt subject, I may be excused for en.
tering at some length, and as what I .han have to .tate i.
the l"OiIult principally of my own oboervations, cloaely direct-
ed to it. nature and e1feets, during the whole of. residence
of nearly three years, I have no hesitation in .laiming for my
.tatements the merit of ""'""".y at least.
. There are three circumstances connected with the N eii.
gherries which must have" material eWect on thoir climate.
The first is, their elevation above the level of tho _ AIId
their being placed between two se ...
Th. aeoond, their position near the line of demarcation of
the two mon8oons.
The third, their isolated position, at a great di.tanee from
mountains or table.land, of equal or nearly equal height.
I. The temperature of the air, as has been .... ..tained by
a number of experiments, and elaborate caloulation. founded
thereon, undergoes " regular and graduated diminution, as it
becomes more rarefied in .... nding from the surface of the
earth, owing, as is well known, to its increased capacity fOl'
caloric. A varioty of formu\le have been given for calculat-
ing the exact reduction of temperature at given heights, bot
it will be lu1Iicieotly accurate for our purpose to oay, that at
CLnU.'lB.
height. not eneedlng two mile., the difl'.r.nc. i. 1 of Fah.
renh.it for .v.ry 300 feet of .. c.ot.
Now the mean annual temperature at the l.v.l of the
... in the latitude of the hill., according to the formula!
of M'yer, .. correoted by Playfalr, i. 830, and the height
of Ootacamund, above the l.v.l of the ..... being 7,416 feet,
the calculation will be a. follows \W=24.72' the th.oretio
difl'erence of temp.rature betw n the level of the sea and
Ootacamund, consequently 83-24.72'd8.28, mean an.
nual temperature of Ootac.mund. And it will be seen h.r.-
after that the annual temperature of Ootao.mund, deduced
from the mean of 25 months' observations, is 58
0
.68, so that
the difference between this, the observed mean, and that de.
duced from theory, i8 only oP.40, which, trifling as it is, is
perhaps to be accounted for by the fact of the obe.rvations
alluded to not being for oonsecutive month.: the mean fOll
some of the colder months being wanting.
Th. next most obvious elfect of the el.vation of the
regions is, the increued power of the sun's direct rays, in
proportion as the conducting power of the medium is dimin.
ished j in other words, as the air is rarefied. This effect is
further incr .... d by the smaller abeorption of heat in it.
p .... ge to the .urfaoe, the thickne .. of the stratum of air
through whioh the sun's rays have to pass, being diminished
by the amount of the el.v.tion above the level of the .
No .xact formula! for calculating this .If.ct of the sun'.
ray. have y.t b n giv.n, owing portly to the want of good
photometrical observations, and the number of disturbing
causes to be taken into account.
That such is the fact will, however, be evident rom con ..
lulting the ann.xed m.teorological tables, where it will be
lI ..... ter', Edin. Eocyclop. Artiole oteoro1ogy,
CLlH.l.TlI:.
eeen that the photometer at 10 A. M., in the dry .... on,
frequently indicates 120 (120 centiosimal), when the ther.
mometer, in the shade, only shews a temperature of 60 or
61 (15'5 or 16'1), or to render the dill'erence more intelli-
gibl_, when the temperature of the air in the shade is only
000, the inorease of heat from the SUD'S direct rays would
raise it to 816.
The ell'ect ofthis inoreassd power of tile SUD'S rays on th.
general temperature, and on the soil of elevated regions,
would be very considerable, were it not for certain disturbing
causes, the most powerful of whioh is the wind, whioh by
agitation of the atmosphere ocatters the heat before it can
accumulate. When moving along the ground at the rate
gf eight miles an hour, it diminishes the calorific action of
th. light from the sun and sky one-half, but if it sweeps
with. velocity of 16, 24, or 82 mil .. in the hour, it will
reduce the whole ell'eot succeosiveIy to the 8rd, the 4th, or
the 5th of its .taodard.t The impl'l!88ion made on the
ground therefore, aeIdom exoeeds the third part of the
computed measure, and often will not amount to one.-fifth j
and its ell'ecta on the air in the shad. are probably nearly
nugatory, from its increased capacity for caloric, and its bad
conducting power .. A similar modifying ell'ect i. produced
by the ground being covered with grass or plants; the
multiplied surf ... of which, exposed to the contact of the air,
dilllripat .. the greater part of the heat before it accumulate .
This leada to a vory im.portant caution on the part of Invalid. and
others l'eIOrting to aU mountain regiona in tropicallatitudCl'l, (at re.t
during the dry seaaon), Tiz. to expose them8elves &8 little lUI po88ible to
the direot 1'&y. of the ann, without some adequate protootion. See
Aniele II Hinta to Innlids."
t .lilD.,clop. BriWmica, Aztiole, Climate.
I[
66 IlLlIU.TlI.
A corre.ponding effect has been remarked with regard to
the impression of cold, but this is only true to a certain
extent, ao from the great c1earn... of the sky in elevated
situations the etrect of radiation i. grcally increased. It
h .. in fact been frequently observed on the hills, ao well ao
elsewhere, that plants, grass, and other substances near the
ground are from this cause, viz. increased radiation, strong_
ly frozen, when. the circumambient air indicates a tempera-.
ture Jl'ome degrees above freezing point.
The .. , and the other leos important effects of the relative
altitude will be more evident when we speak of the various
conditions of the atmosphere in detail, to which we will also
refer our cODsideration of the second modifying circum ..
stance, namely, the situation of the hills between the in.
lIuenco of the two monsoon_, and partaking of both; merely
observing, that the sky being covered with clouds during
the months of June, July, and August, when the sun is
vertical, tends greatly to eqnalize the temperature, and to
obviate the etrect. which would otherwi .. be produced on
-:vegetation, and on the human body, by the united power of
the Bun's rays and the excessive dryness of the atmosphere.
1.
1
he third circumstance which we have stated, as naturally
inlluencing the climate of the hills, and certainly not the
least important, is their isolated pOlition at a grea.t dista.nce
from I.Dd of equal or Dearly equal elev.tioD. This will be
better understood by comparing them with the subordinate
ranges, leaning against the lofty chains of the Pyron ... , the
Alps, Caucasus, or Himalaya. In all these situations it is
found that the temperature is liable to great, sudden,' and
- rapid vari.tions. The air, when h .. ted in tho plains below,
ris .. to certain height, but instead of paosing over the first.
range, it rests there; producing a considerable elevation of
CLnrATE. 67
temperature, until it is .uddenly succ.eded by a column of
oold air, falling by its own w.ight from the top. of the .now-
mountains behind, d.pres.ing the temperature several de-
grees, and generally succeed.d by a deposition of moisture
(according to the law which guides the capacity of air for
moisture), in the shape of rain or snow. In the warmer
latitudes, the variation is proportionably much grester, it
being no unusual occurrence for a current of air, approaching
in h.at to that ofa land wind, to be suddenly succeeded by
a blast from the opposite direction as cold as ice. This I
have frequently obaened at Teflis, and other pisces bordering
on the Ca,UC8.8US, and it is not without reason assigned aa one
of the causes of their extreme unhealthiness at particular
seasons. Another consequence of the vicinity of such ranges
to lofty mountain. is, the frequent changes of the elcetric&!
.tate of the atmosphere, indicated by thuud .... tormo, h.avy
falls of rain, &C. &c. All these eW.cts are muoh modified by
the compara.tive distance and elevation of the snowy ranges,
but th.y must always op.rate unfavourably on the climate
of the lower chains, as regards equability of temperature,
one of the most important points connected with the choice
of a Sanatarium, and we are justified in considering the per-
f.ct immunity of the N .ilgherri.. from all such disturbing
influences, as one of the greatest advantages of their position.
We shall now proceed to consider the various conditions of
the atmospher., (in other worde, the climate,) in detail,,,
exhibited under the modifications of prelsure, temperature,
and moisture; a.nd conclude with a succinct account of the
usual succession of seasons.
It it Dece88A1'1 to observe that all ~ h e suooeeding obaerratioDl,
aoopt when otherwise diJtinguiahed, apply to OotacamWld only.
:.:2
CLIV ... .,A.
P,...,.,.. (Barometer). 'rhe greater part of the oboerYlo-
tioos in the tablea were taken at 10 o'clock ....... , it ba.ing
been ascertained, by ... ri .. of carefully conducted e"peri.
",ents, that tbe barometer attains its m ..... daily beigbt .t
tbat bour.
The range of tbe barometer on tbe billa appeara to be 001l-
liderobly greater than in tbe lIUIle latitude at tb.I 1 of tb.
eea. I have no access to any accurate account of the range
on tb. Malabar Coast, opposite to tbe billa, but I belie.e it
doea not eICeed 0'200 of an inch. Now, on an inspection of
tbe anne"ed meteorological tebles, it will be seen, th.t in
January, 1832, tbe barometer attained ~ b e beight of 23.875,
-the maximum of its e1eTatioD since my observation. began,
while in tbe montb of September previous, it bad fallen as
low as 22'675, (oorreeted to 32 F.hrt.) sbewing an extrem.
range of 0'700. This range appears, howe.er, to dilfer &Jl..
nually; being for tbree years as follows:
For 1831, it was 0'560.
1832, 0'589.
1883, 0'388, giving. mean annnal range
of 0'495 .
As.migbt bave been anticipated, the barometer appear. to
attain it. muimum height in tbe cold dry weatber of
Ja.nuary or February, and its minimum during or immediate.
Iyafter the S. W. monsoon.. It generally begins to sink
gradually about the beginning of April, and continnea d ..
Dr. DaImahoy state8 the meaD. range at onl,. 0'245; but aa hiI
ob&el'Vationa only extend to four months, and mine to upwards of 80,
with a vory delicate and accurate instrwnent, I oonsider my Itatement
aa approaching more nearly to aoouraoy. The same observation appliea
ro all the succeeding meteorological res..ut&, in many of which I di4'er
~ t l , from Dr. Dalmaho,.

eLIMAn.
_nding (but with occasional starts) till August or Septem-
ber, when it a.gain rises gradually, till the cold weather set.
in. But here (as is found to be the c .... elsewhere within
the tropics); I have not been able to satisfy myself that any
accurate proguoltication of the state of the weather is to be
deduced from the f1uctua.tions of the mercurial column. I
ha.ve seen it rise suddenly before or during heavy showers
of rain, and sink, equally inexplicably, before a. course of fine
dry we.ther. The only agent whioh appears uniformly to
act in the sa.me way upon it is wind, the mercury always
rising before or during the prevalence of high wind. I have
also occasiona.lly been able to predict wet weather, from ob-
serving the top of the column to be flattened, or CODcave,
but not with any degree of certainty.
The daily range of the barometer is very trifling, probably
never exceeding 'OW or '060 of an inch, and seldom great.
er than 035; but on this head, as on that of it. ~ o r a r y
osciliJ.tiona, I. am unable to speak confidently, from want of
leisure to make the necessary observations; the horary
oscillationa ocour, as far as I have observed, exactly at the
same hours, and in the same 8uccesaion, &8 elsewhere all
over the globe; but according to Dr. Dalmaboy, only to
half the extent obaerved at Madras, and they are not inter-
rupted during the monaoon, 80 conjectured by Baron Hum-
boldt.
The mean annual height of the barometer appe.rs to vary
conoiderably, and to have diminished ann""'ly for the ","t
three yea .. : tbio may bave depended on the situation of the
instrument. The mean of ten months:
Six
Eight
in 1831, Was 22983.
do. ill 1832, " 23067.
do. in 1833, " 23'054. giving as an annual mean
70 OLDU.H.
for 24 months in 8 years, 23'018. This is probably near
the truth, and Dr, Dalmahoy, in his calculations to deter.
mine the height of Ootacamund above the level of the sea,
&&Bum .. it to be 23'005.
Subjoined are the results in a t.bular form,
Mean height o{tbe barometer, ............ 23'018
Greatest rango, .............................. '700
Mean annual rango, ............... ....... '495
Probable mean daily rango, .. ............. '040
Greatest daily range, ........ ............... '060
Temperature. The ob .. rvation. from which the sub-
joined conclusions are drawn, are the fruit of pretty clos8
and continued attention to a nnmber of very good instru
mento, placod in a situation to be little, if at all, affected by
extra.neouB circumstances, 80 that they may be depended on
as tolerably accurate, pOrt;.cularly for the last nine months,
which they are consecutive.
There are .... ral methods of .. timating the mean tem
perature of a place elevated above the level of the ....
One is, by 'taking the temperature DC copious springs near
their Bources. Another, by supposing the heat to deCrease
uniformly at a certain rate, ascending from the level of the
sea; and a third, by taking the mean of the observed temper ....
ture. This last is of course by much the most accurate,
but we shan find that. it agrees in a remarkable manner
with the other two.
According to the calcul.tion already given, in discussing
the e.trects of elevation on temperature, the mean
tnre of Ootacamund should be 52'28.
There is some discrepancy of opinion 88 to the correct
method of ascertaining the mean observed temperature. The
author of the able article, Meteorology, in 'the Edinburgh

.oLIll.A.TE. 71
Encyclopedia, after an elaborate consideration of the various
proposed methods, gives the preference to the mean of the
daily extremes. Acoording to this calculation, the mean of
the daily e"toremes for 25 months is 58'68 which we there-
fore assume &s the mean annual temperature of Ootac&mund.
The next most important coWlideration is the diurnal range
of the thermometer. }'rom what has been stated of the
calorific power of the sun's rays, and the contrary eft'ects of
radiation of great elevations, we must expect this to be con ...
siderable. Accordingly, we find that it occasionally is as
much as 24, (January, 1832,) precisely in the season when
the above causes operate most powerfully; and that in July,
when they come lea.sii into play, it is still 10. Subjoined is
the daily range for nine months of this year, which may be
considered as an average season:
January, 20'40 June,
]'ebruary, 20'33 July,
March, 23'33 Maximum. August,
April, 19'73 September,
May, 16'48
Giving a general mean of 17'01.
10'29 Minimum.
15'22
11'73
'rhe greatest observed annual range (but in different years)
appears to be 38
0
(viz. between 39 and 77.) The mean
annual range for part of three years is as follows:
For 1831, 15'20
1832, 18'33
1883. 17'OL
It is important to remark, that this range is still betwizt
two points, which occur frequently in temperate climates, and
is certainly less than what prevails in most of them. The
maximum observed is 77 , only 2 above what is assumed as
.ummer heat in England, and the minimum 38 is much
'Ill OLlKJ..TB
bove what Ueq"""tlyoccurs even in the mildest parlo or
Europe.
In etating the observed minimum at 88, it must be re-
collected, that the observation. were taken at a point raised
above the lake, and about half way up the hill the
.tation on the &Outh.
In the valley below, from the combined e!fect. of radia.
tion, evaporation, and the descent of the colder columns of
air by their superior WE'ight, which are moreover compara-
tively undi.turbed by the wind, the temperature i"tequently
falle below fteezing point, and ice is often found in the dry
8eaaon half an inch thick. Hoar frost iM commonly seen
extending half way up the hille on every side, di.appeariog
as the power of the eun'. raye gradually increaee. The
diJference is most evident in descending into the lowel
valleys on a dark clear and .tiIl night, when the sudden im
IDeraion into the column of air next the ground, cooled by
ita contact with the radiating earth at the bottom of the
valley, strikea one with a sudden chill. As & consequence of
the same cause, the lower valley. are I"tequently filled with a
dense fog, while the of air immediately above is per-
footIy clear and tramparent.
So powerful is this .!fect of radiation I"tom the earth, that
a. cup of water or milk, placed on the ground, even in the
higher situations, instantly freezes, while a thermometer,
elevated three feet above it, will only indicate a temperature
of 88,39, or 40, This fact leads to some important COD-
e1usion_, both .. to the eituation of houses, and of ground
aelected for horticultural or agricultural purpo.... In a clear
bright day, the thermometer generally attains ita maximum
.t about 2 or t put 2 P. lI., but this is, to reelings, by
DO mean. the hottest part of the day, owing to the constant

(lLllUTIi.
eurrent oC wiPd PnlvailiDg, from one quarter or another, d
that time. About t past 8 or 9 ... M. io the time when th,
IUn'. rayo appear to have most power, the air being then otill,
and its capacity for heat having been dimioiahed by the in.
ere... of density arioing Crom the cold oC the Bucceedinlf
Bight. This it is important Cor invalid. to oboerve, .. well
as the Budden chill produced by the oinking of the lun below
the horizon in the evening, when tho column oC rarefied air
.ext the ,urface ri .... aloft, aDd is rapidly nlplaced by a eolder
.tr.tum from above.
The miBimum genenlJyoccuro about t an hour before
IUnnee, when, as before observed, the lower valleys are gene-
rally filled with Cog.
During the mODsoon season, when the 8ky is covered wit.
cloudl, at onee dimioiahing the power oC the oun'. ray. and
ebotruoting the effect of radiation Crom the ground, the tem.
perature is remarkably equable, the raIlge seldom exeeeding
12 or 140 in the open air, while in room8, without a fire, it
is under 4 or 5. The theJ'lllometer attsehed to one oC my
wometer., kept in a small ,looping room without afire-place,
(though the hOWle itself was rather expo.ed,) during the
month. of May, June, July, Augost, and September, 1831,
Dever fell below 59'5, nor rose above 62. 'I'his is, therefore,
notwithatanding many drawbaok., mucll the most favorsble
..... on for invalids, IJld ehould be .elected, when a power of
choice .. the period for ascending the hilli.
The o1I'ecto of the radiation of the Bun'o raya
appear to have attained their m.xitDumon th.18th January,
when the photometer indicated 126, that i., the calorific
o1I'ect of the sun'. ray. w .. equivalent to 22'68 Fabnlnhoit.
'l'he minimum appearoto have occurred on the 27th AngWlt,
the inore ... of temperature was only equivalent to 00,
L
'74 CLIlUTlt.
giving & mean of 15S4.. The monthly mean appeatf
hereafter.
The obsenationl on radiation with the mthrioacope are
not yet in suffioient number to afford any data from which
to draw accurate conclusions .
.MoiBture. Next to the impreBiions of temperature On
the human body, the most sensible effeots are produced b,.
the relative moiloture of the air. The lawa which regulate
thilo condition of the atmosphere are not yet so aocuratel,.
investigated as those of pressure and temperature, and it i&
more difficult to render their operation generally intelligihle,
trom tho circumstance of the phrases in common use to
expreB8 its variation, convoy ing in many instances ideas in
direct opposition to their philosophical meaning. For in.
stance, what is generally called damp or moist a.ir, by no
means infers its conta.ining more moisture than another
column which gives a feeling of dryness, but only that it ilo
more ready to part with its moisture, from some peculiarity,
either in its own oonstitution or that of the body with which
it comes in contact. Without entering into an elaborate
disquisition on this somewhat complicated subject, it will be
sufficient to observe, that the capacity of air for moisture,
in other words, its dryness, depends on its relative density
and tempera.ture; rarefied air dissolving more moisture, i. e.
being dryer than denser air, and heated air more than cold
air; consequently when two columna or strata of air, of
different density, or (which is almost a neoessary conse-
quence,) different temperature are mixed, the result is almost
uniformly a deposition of moisture in the shape of fog or
rain, from the capacity of the mixed column of moisture
being so much diminished, that it can no longer hold the
aggregate quantity of water in solution; the quantity of th&

CLI)(A.TB. 75
deposit, that is, the heavin .. s of the .hower, being dete ...
mined by the di.proportion between the relative density
and temperature of the two strata, and their being each
nearly saturated, or not, with miosture. An example will
render this more distinct. Let us suppose that a current
of air at the temperature of 25
0
(disregarding density for
the sake of brevity,) meets another current of the tempera-
ture of 15
0
, and that both are fully charged with moisture.
When mixed, their mean temperature will be 200. Now, it
has been """"rtained by experiment that air, (i. e. a cubic
m .... of it 40 inches each way) at 25
0
can hold in solution
317'5 grains of moisture, and at 15
0
200 grains, the mean
of which is 25S'75 ; but at the mean temperature of the two
currents, viz. at 20
0
, air can only contain 252 grains; there-
fore S'75 grain. must be precipitated either in the form of
clouds, fog, or rain. Saturation of the air with moisture,
10 as to produce deposition on any further diminution of
heat, may also be produced by a simple reduction of the
temperature of the column below the point at which it can
hold its moisture in soluiiion. Thus, a column of air at the
temperature of 15
0
with ISO grains of water in solution, if
redu.ed by any ..... e to the temperature of 12'S, does not
deposit any moisture, being still capable of dissolving ISO
grains; but if a further reduction of 2
0
take place, a deposi-
tion of 85'8 grains ensues.
Upon the .. simple facts are founded a number of coriona
experiments and observa.tions, such as the quantity of mois.
tore contained in the air at the time of obe.rvation, its dry_
ness or the quantity of moisture required to saturate it, and
thirdly, the reduction of temperature required to produce
saturation, and consequent deposition, or the dew-point, as
it is called.
La
76 CLIMATE.
These phenomena, however, haTe not yet been lJoJIieiently
inv .. tigated to I.ad to any certain practical conclusion, and
a very cond .... ed .tatement of the resulto is all that i.
required to prepare no for a consideration of the hygrometrio
ltate of the &ir on the hi11o, .. regorda the quantity of rain,
and ito time of falling,
Th. air during the month of January, Febrnary, and
M .... ch is iDtensely dry, the point of saturation, (or tempe ......
tnre to which the air must be reduced to deposit any part
of ito moisture,) being occasionally as low as ISO, the tem-
perature of the air being 60. In April, it begins to fluctuate,
and in May, the quantity of moisture increases very perrep ..
tibly, being accompanied by rapid changes of the .lectrical
condition of the atmosphere, iDdicated by thunder.tol'Dl.O-
IIlld heavy showe .. , but of short duration. During J nne,
July, and Angult, it i. nearly charged with moisture; in
September, it is again ftuetuating; in October and Novem.
bet, moist; and in December, it begins to re--as8U.Dle it.
dry ltata,
In close connectiOll with the above statement ..... find,
that there i. little or no rain in the first three months, some
ahower. iD April and May, a good deal of heavy r&in at
time. iD Jun., July, and August; the month of September
... ri .. , .. doeo that of Oetober; iD November, there are
sometime. heavy falls, and iD December, the weath.r again
becomes dry, Thia will be more diatinctly .. en in the tabl.,
in whioh i. given the fall of r&in in each month dnring the
greater part of four y.ars, as ohoerved by my friend Dr.
Glen, of the Bombay establishment; the mean annual fall,
.. deduced from tbis tablo, ia 44'88 incbe., or lS'58 inch ..
greater tban tb. mean fall iD England, as .tated by :Mr.
Dalton.. The following table will probably be intereoting,
Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Article MeteoroIo&!"
OLDU.TB. 77
particularly to invalida, whose comfort depends 80 much on
lbe capability of taking exerci ... : it pTetenta the actoal
otate of the w.ather for 366 days, from 1st March, 1881, to
29th February, 1882, which, from all I can learn, may be
considered an average s88lon :
Number of daya of heavy rain, .................. 19
Do. occasional sbowers with fair intervals,...... 81
Do. cloudy, ... .................. ..................... 28
Do. clear and fine,
238
866
It is moreover satisfactory to be able to ltate, that on a
great majority of the days marked Ihowery, tbe Ihowers
occur at intervala, generally in the afternoon, &ad that tho
state of the atmosphere in the morning at least, is generally
such as to afford every facility for taking exercise either on
foot or horseback.
'rhe course of the _us is aubjeat to considerable vari ...
tions, 80 that it ill not ... y to give an twUlt a.oconnt of them.
The following, however, may be considered ... pretty fair
.tatement of their usual Buccession. .
The month of January, is uniformly fair, clear, and dry; the
nights are very cold, and it often treezes in the valleys, while
in the morning, before the wind has risen, the rays of the
IUD are very powerful. Towards 10 or 11 A.. M" a current
of cold air begins to blow from the E. or N. E., and gradu-
ally increasee to a strong breeze, sharp and intensely cold.
The united action of the onn and thil wind acts very on-
pl ... antly on the skin, particularly of the face &ad lips,
which it blietera like a frost at home. It is also rather
trying to tho more delicate claazes of invalids, before they
78 OLI1U.T1I.
become acclimatizO<\; and luch of them &I have it in tbeir
power, sbould seek shelter in the milder atmosphere of
Kotergherry or Coonoor. To those in reetored health or
whose convalescence is 80mewhat advanced, ita effects are
bracing, tonic, and exhilarating in the higheet dogree.
Mean preuure in J&D.. 2S'1M Mean of photometer, 118'1)=21'78
Mean temperature, ... 630'10 Mean fall ofra.in, ...... none.
Mean do. of the day, ... 69"'72 Mean dryness of air, .. 119'2
Mean .daily range, .... 20:1" MeanquantitlofmoiJture, 79'2
The same remark. will apply to February, except that
the frost is .tronger during the nights, and the wind I ...
violent during the day. The valley. are covered with hOBr
frost, and the herbage, from the united eJfect. of congealation,
and the heat radiat<><l by the sun, becomes parched and
brown. The sky is cloudl ... , and the night. brilliant and
clear beyond description.
Mean preaaure in Feb. 2S'()()4 Mean of photometer,... 117'6=21'16
Mean temperature, . 6t)O Mean fall of rain, ...... 0'47 mcbee
Mean do. of day, ...... 620 Mean dryneII of air, ... 121'8
)lean daily rouge, ...... 2()O'sa M"""qusntityofmoisru.e, 95'5
Towards the end of March, the frost disappears, the wea-
tber got. gradually milder, and there are generally a few
heavy showers.
Mean pl'e8R11l'8 in M&roh, 28'167 Mean of photometer, ... 104'6=18'83
Mean temperature, ...... 620 Mean fall of rain, ..... 1"02 inchea.
Mean do. of day, ........ 690 Mean dryness of air, .,. 21S'4
Mean daily range, ......... 28'83 Meanquantityofmoisture,44'l
In April, the weatber ... ume. quite the fe.lin g of .pring
in the more temperate parts of Europe; there are frequent
showers, followed by bright sunshine; the air is mild and
balmy, and vegetation, hitberto kept in check by the frost,
springs up rapidly and luxuriantly. Towards tbe clo of
CLU[.lTB. 79
the month, the wind hitherto .teady from the N. E. begina
to be variable, and finally .ettl .. in the S. W.
Mean pressure iu April, ... is'Ids Mean of photometer, 820-66=1"85
Mean temperature, ...... 68
0
Mean fall of rain, ... 4'00 roche.
Mean do. of'the day, .... 68
0
Meandryneeaoftbeair,l44.7
Mean daily ro.uge, ...... 19"'78
May is our warmest month, and occasionally before rain
there is a feeling of closeness in the air, which is also f're...
quentiy obscured with cloud. gradually becoming denser
and heavier. Heavy thunder-storms generaUy usher in the
monsoon, which sets in at the end of this month, or begin-
ning of the next; the ra.in, however, which falls is very par-
tial, often descending in torrents, intermingled with hail, at
one side of the cantonment, while it is perfectly rair at the
other. It is, however, upon the whole, a delightful month,
and the robe of verdure which covers the hills, with the
fre.h green of the foliage in the fore.t., adds much to the
beauty of the Bcenery.
M.ean pree6Dl'e in May, .. 23'018 Mean of photometer, 72'26=18'06
:Mean temperature, .. . 620 Mean fall of rain, . 6'60 inches.
Mean do. of day, . . o. o. 000'88 Mean dryness of air, 82
Mean daily range, .0 0 Ujo'48 Meanquantityofmoist.157
On the setting in of the B. W. mon.oon, which generally
occurs early in June, (following the course of the Malabar
monsoons, only that it is 10 daYB or a fortnight later,) a
heavy bank of cloud .. ttl .. itself on tho Koondahs and N oddi-
mulla hills, from which detachments, as it were, are sent
off towards the central range, enveloping every thing in a
dense fog, with occasional showen of light driving rain.
The rain is, however, -by no means constant, and seldom
lasts Cor more than two or three days a.t 8 time, the intervals
being very agreeable, from the perfect equability of tempera-
80
CLnu.-r&
tare. Th. ooly drawback to e""",;" ito the slippery oature
of the soil, which rend .... the roads UPBaf. for a obort tim.
after the showers have fall.o; the rapidity with which th.y
dry, however, is extraordinary, and it is rare for an invalid
to have his exercise interrupted for more than a day or two
at a time.
Mean preuure in June,.. 29'015 Mean of photometer, 64-04=11
0
'52
Mean temperature, .... 60'18 Mea.n f'alJ. of rain, .. 6'W inches.
Mean do. of the day, .. .. sao.S! Meandrynesaoftheair,57-S
Mean daily range, 0.. 15'59 Meanquantityofmoist.l67'Z8
The monsoon continues with greater or leu constancy
throughout July and Augu.ot; but fortunately for th_ who
.uft'er from the damp, or the occ&lional deprivation of exer ..
eill., the weoth.r, at thito period, is oomparativ.ly dry and
fin. at both Coonoor and Kotergherry: the brightn ... of the
weather at these place&, being ooly ocCOlionally interrupted
by a pusing shower. In fact the monsoon appears to expend
its violenoe 00 the Koond&bs, aod the other bill. bordering
the table-land on the w .. t, where it rains pretty constantly,
attended with viol.nt gu.oto of wine!, the rain becoming Ie&s
and I .. s heavy 81 you approacb tb. central range; on peasing
whieb you are 8uddenly transported into another clim., with
bright clear supshin., and a 80ft mild temperature. And it
must be held one of the great advantages of our position
that you can thus, by 8hifting your quarters only 16 mileB,
aImOBt entirely beguile the only unpleasant weather an
invalid hu to dread.
M.ean prelsure in July, 22"944 Mean ofphotometer, .. 53'157=10-'71
Mean temP""'tu.., . 118"'1'1 1[""" fall of rom, ~ 1 7 incbee.
Mean do. oCtile da" .. OS-'I Mean dryn811 of the air, 49-7
elm a.ill""'" .. .. 10"'29 Mean quanti.,. of moiot. 160-8
mUU.TE. 81
Mean pre8SUl'e in Aug. 230(H,6 Mean of photometer, 65-06=11-''11
Mean temperature, . 680'6 Mean fall of rain, . 4-00 inohel
Mean do. of the day, . Mean dtyDe88 oftha air, 69'S
Mean daily . 11)0'22 Mean quantity of moist. 129
Sep"ttlmber, and October, are uncertain months-it the S.
W. monsoon has begun early, and exhausted itself, they are
fine, warm and pleasant; but if there has been any deficiency
in the previous fa.lls of rain, there is generally a. good deal of
fog, and drizzling rain
Towards the end of September, the wind again shifts round
to the north, and it becomes sensibly colder.
Meanpressure in Sept, 22'785 Mean pre88Ul"e in October, 23-066
Mean temperature, .. 56
0
'5 Mean temperatUl'e, .... 5SO
Mean fall of rain, . 6'S6 in, Mean fall oCr.in, 6'61 inchee.
November, all over the northern hemisphere, is an UD7
pleasr.nt month; but, with the eI.sption of a few heavy bursta
of rain Crom the N. E. monsoon, then prevailing at Kater:-
gherry, and the N. E. parts of the range, it is generally dry
and equable.
:Mean pre81U1'e in NOv8lllber,.................... 23'070
Mean temperature, 0......... .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 56
0
Mean fall of rain, 0 .................... '. 8'62 in.
In the early part of December, there are some foggy days,
and, occasionally, heavy showers, at the winding up of the
monsoons, but the middle, and end of the month
t
are almost
always cold, clear, and fine.
MeaJl pres8ure in Deoem.ber, . 28'174
Mean temP"""ture. .. .. .
Mean fo.U of raiD, ..... ........................ 1'78 in.
Suoh is, what I b.lieve to be,. fair resume of the climate
and seasons of Oot&.camund j and, aft.er cODsidera.ble experience
of the climate of almost every country in Europe, and
,.
82
tLtlfATE.
foJ' in Asia, I can safely say, that there is not one, in which
there is more to praise, or les8 to blame; Done in which le88
inconvenience is suffered, from extremes of heat or cold, mois-
ture or dryness; in sbort, nODe in which I could more easily
make up my mind to pass the evening of my days, tban tbe
lofty regions of the Neilgberries, could I ferget tbe ties of
home and country.
Tht:l CLIMA.TES OF U COONOOB," KOTERGREBBY, AND lAC-
XATA.LLA, have been fully described, in the accounts of those
stations.
The editor bas been favored witb the following remarks by
his friend Professor Oldham, after a. careful examination by
him c:>f Dr. Baikie's, and Mr. Ross'Meteorological Tables,
abstracts of which are given in the appendix, and these re-
marks, and some others that follow 011 the different climates
of the bills, will, net inaptly, be introdueed bere.
Professor Oldham observes;
u It is much to the regretted that there is no means of
ascertaining the degree of accuracy J with which the observa.-
tions of Dr. Baikie and Mr. Ros8 may be trusted. They were,
as will be seen, taken by different observers, with different
instruments, and at an interval of twenty years. That they
are not strictly comparable, is therefore obvious; and to any,
one who knows the very great defects, which, almost inva.na..
bly, accompanied maximum and m.inimum Thermometers,
until witbin the last five years, the sources of err ... will be
evident.
"Notwithstanding all these causes of error, the observa.-
tions may perhaps be taken, as about relatively equal in value,
and some int<lresting results appear to be fully establisbed by
them.
CLI)(ATB.
II One of the first questions of interest, in comparing obser-
vations after such an interval, would be, to trace the occur-
rence of any marked change in the mean temperatore, at the
place of observation. For the causes we have mentioned, these
are not sufficient to prove this fact. From a
comparison of the whole series, (supposing them of equal
value), there would appear to have been, a diminution of the
mean maximum temperature by more than five degrees,
accompanied by a slight decrease, also, in the mean minimum
temper&ture, (not more than 1.) But the.e are quite within
the limits of errol of the observations.
"Disregarding minor differences, the most striking fact,
proved by the concurrence of all the observations, is, tluJ fJery
rBmMkahZe "fjUiJbility of the climate at Ootacamund. The
peculiar position of that station, placed at a considerable
elevation between two great seas, and subject therefore to
the equa.lizing influence of both, the Bay of Bengal on ODe
side, and the Indian Ocean on the other, would, (J priori,
have led ua to anticipate, th.t the climatal conditions would be
insular, rather than continental, that the extremes would be
moderated, and, that the great variations, observable in other
places, within the intertropical limits, would be less marked
here, and these observations fully confirm this view.
"The range of the temperature of the air,during the hottest
hours of the day, or a.t its maximum, throughout the whole
appears to be, Dot quite 9 degrees, at the coldest hOUlS
of the night; or, at the minimum, only 915 degrees; that
is, the hottest hours of the day, whether in summer or in
the depth of winter, do not vary more than nine degrees.
The extreme variation from the hottest day temperature,
to the coldest night temperature, duting the whole year
J
(average of 7 ye ... s) waa only 2125.
x2
CLlJlATE
.. The hotleot months of tho yow are March, April and
May; the coldest months December, January and February
.. Tho extreme avel'llgl> range, between day and night tem.
perature, was, about the same as the extreme annual range,
or 21'150. The mean daily range for the whole year (from
7 years' observation), waa 16 17 d.gr .....
u The obsenatioDs, however defioient in extreme accuracy,
separately, all concur in th.ir resnIts, and they may there
fore be admitted as tolerably w.ll establiBhed."
The following ob.ervation. on all the table. in the ap-
p.ndix, taken togeth.r, will b. read with interest .
.. From the tabl .. of temp.rature on the hills, it will appear,
that the mean temperature of the year, the mean maximum,
and mean minimum, bear about the same relation to each
oth.r, as in England, but are about 10 degrees higher, while
the daily rang. is som.what 1.... Th. highest obeerved
temperature, and the lowest in England, are greatly above
and below, respectiv.ly, the corresponding point. on the Neil
gh.rries, that is to say, the .xtrem.s are greater.
"The power of the sun's rays, another most important point
in .stimating the .ffects of .xposure, is, also, eonsid.rably Ie ..
As far BI publiahed ObeerTatiOllll enable a compa.riaon, the follow.
ing givee the extreme ranges of the mean monthly temper6twe of
leVerallndian Hill Stationl.
Simla elevation BOOO from 40()0 to 8011 or range of 40"'9
Nainee Tal, u 6200 " 42'1 to 69'6 " 27""5
Dugohai, " 6O(X) " 42'00 to 72'00 " woo
KUlIliowlie,,, 64.00 " 42'00 to 77'20 ') 86'20
Darjeeling, 1J 7000 " 40'90 to 64'30 " 28
e
'40
Cherra Poongee, 4200 " 68'70 to 72'40 " 1SC''70
Ootaoamund" 74000 " 51'26 to 60'88 iii 91'-07.
CLI)[J.TB.
on the N eiIgherri .. than in England, the maximum and
mean being both lower.
"To 8um up, the climate of the N eilgherrles is more tem
perate than that of Great Britain, it. whole rouge being also
within the limite, conaidered, by all allthorities, most favor-
able to the Europoan constitution.
" The number of days in which rain falls in England, (eJ:.
clusive of snow), greatly exceeds the corresponding number
on the hills, there being only 160 fair day., in the one .....
and 287 in the other; which is important, as shewing, that,
althongh the quantity of rain is nearly double, the oppor.
tunities for ta.king exercise are more frequent in the pro-
portion of 24 to 16, or 18rd.
" There is also a greater equability o(temperature, the daily
I'IIlge being I .. , than in England, and the extreme. much
lower, viz. 77, and 88, on the hills, instead of 90", and 11,
in England.
The Editor has also heen obligingly favoured with the
following observations, on the climate of the Hills generally,
in a letter addressed to him by Dr. A. Grant, of the Bengal
Medical Service, who was the personal Surgeon of the Mar.
quis of Dalhousie, and accompanied his Lordohip to the
Nei1gberri .. in 1855, and which the Editor introduces here,
as a valuable adjunct to Dr. Baikie
'
, remarks; confirmatory,
as they are, of all tht the latter has advanoed. The opi.
nion of such an authority, will give the greater confidence
to i n t e n ~ g visitors from this side of India, where Dr.
Grant ia so well known, and his professional character .0
highly appreeiated.
" Your list of memoirs, and work, of reference, is the most
oomplete I have ... n ; and as your narrative will be drawn,
86 CLIMATE.
not only trom these sources of information, but from per ..
SODal observation, and official documents, I have no doubt
the public will have something practically useful. The
want is much felt. When about to proceed to the Neil-
gherri .. , laat year, I cculd get but ccnllicting opinions re-
garding the routes, accommodation, climate, &C. and no copy
"f Baikie w .. procurable at any of the Book-Bellero.
"It is surprising, that the advantag .. of the Blue Moun-
tains should have been 80 long overlooked, in a country
where European health is 80 precarious, and the necessity
of a change to a cool climate, is, so frequently, and so urgently
oalled for: in Bengal, they have scarcely attraoted attention,
otherwise, how many invalids might have been saved a trip
to Australia, or the Cape, or even to England.
"You wish for some remarks on U KotergherryH and
(C Coonoor." I would observe, that these are the fittest for
many cl8.8Bes of patients, on first ascending the hills, and
this adaptation of different stations, in the Neilgherries, to
diff'erent diseases, and to different sta'ges of the Bame disease,
is a great advantage: they have also an atmosphere Dlore
completely oceanic, than that of any other mountain range,
which renders them beneficial for a large clasa of invalida.
" Those, capable of taking exercise in the open a.ir, are in
the condition to derive the greatest advantage from theclimate,
hence, the impropriety of sending patients, in an advanced
stage of disease, for they rarely do well. It is not so much
the Mtwr. of the dis ... e, &8 the .tage of it, that is to be
considered.
"In the aeeond year of residence, the invalid may try
the more elevated, and bracing regions about Ootac&mund.
U The situa.tion of Coonoor ia rather confined, but it i.
a pleasant, retired, and pretty summer residence, well s h e l ~
CLIMATE'. 87
tered from the S. W. monsoon, and easily acce .. ible: the ....
is a great variety of beautiful rides, and one excellent car-
. nag. drive, and the scenery pre80nts an .... mblage of wood,
rocks, water, and ravines, singularly picturesque.
U The climate is very mild, and rather humid, oonsequent1y,
relaxing, but soothing, and best adapted for old Indians,
with whom a soft and mild climate agrees best. It is mOlt
favorable for cases requiring, simply, a reduced atmospherio
temperature. The mild soft air is good in bronchitic affec-
tions, and in incipient pulmonary consumption. If the liver
be affected, or there il bowel.complaint, the first Beason
.hould he .pent at Coonoor, the humid cold of Oot&camund
being prejudicial. The mild and equable climate of Coonoor,
also, improves the gener&! health in rheumatism; and afforda
a pro.pect of recovery, after the failure of all other mea.na.
Asthmatic cases, which bear an elevated situa.tion, often do
well here. Delicate, and sickly children, are often sent from
Ootacamund to Coon oar, and with good effect.
"Kotergherry presents a medium olimate between Coo-
noor, and Ootacamund, and,judging from my own observation
and personal enquiries, it is the belt of the three, when' a
seleotion of anti is to he made.
U The extreme, and daily average range of the Thermo ..
meter, is less than at Ootacamund, and the nights are not
80 cold. During the summer month. of 1855, my Thermo-
meter, in the shade, used to range from 62 to 65 at
Kotergherry ; and from 65
0
to 70
0
at Coonoor.
"There was, occasionally, heavy r ~ i n , but, upon the whole,
the station is well sheltered from the S. W. monsoon, while
the Boil is so porous, and the drainage so excellent, that no
water lodges; and the air is not long cbarged with moisture.
There is less deprivation of exercite than at Ootacamund,
CLDl'AT:B.
and, if the climate ;. not 80 bracing and invigorating, i ~
wants the cold sharpn ... of the more elevated locality.
"The ocenery at Kotergherry, ;. tame, and altogether Ie ..
grand than Oot&camnnd, but it pou ..... much beauty, ... here
it borden, and overhangs the plains: there;' a want of_,
the hills being either covered with grass, or " low busby
jungle, where they are not cultivated.
"The great drawback to the station is, the want of & resi.
dent Medical Offioer, and a good bazar, there being only one
market.day weekly.
" It is to be ob.erved, also, that the limited accommoda-
tion at Coonoor, and Kotergherry, ho. much prevented their
being reEorted to by invalide, hut each will .oon be improved
in this respect.
" For pale, and weak children, the climate of Kotergherry
is well .uited, e.pecially when they are growing rapidly-
they can be muoh in the open air, and aeon gain strength.
It is also well adapted for women, whose systems are ~ u c 4
rehu:ed, and reel the severity of the moist cold of Oot&camnnd.
" Kotergherry, ;. much preferable to Oot&camnnd for per.
lIOns who have been long .nbjeot to the oppre.sive and ....
luing heat of Bengal; who .utre. from dy.pepsia, constipa-
tion, and weak health, arising from too mucb, and long oon
tinued mental exertion, and the cares and an:rieti .. of offi.
oiallife.
"I may add one other advantage that the Bengal invalid
has, in proceeding to lladras-and that is, the medium eli-
,mate of Bangalo .. , whore he may make a .hort .tay, with
much benefit."

CHAPTER VI.
GBOLOGIC!.'L :rOBll.&.TION.
My acquaintance with the Bcienee of Geology, iB 80 Blight,
that I bav. little information to give on this head. '1'h.
formation of the whole range is decidedly primitive, OODBWt-
ing, almost wholly, of sienite. Nllmerous nodules of a
of conglomerate, approaching to what is known, on
the Malabar coast, as laterite, or soap-stone, are found in the
vicinity of Ootacamund, and Kotergberry; and in several
spots, betwixt the latter place and Oooooor, there are indica-
tiona of large bedB of this BubBtance. My lamented friend
Dr. Christie, pointed out to me several considerable beds of a
whitish earth, which is used for Rnd which he
considered, to be decomposed felspar, nearly approaching to
the famous porcelain earth of Limoges. Quartz, in a state
of considerable purity, but partially decomposed, is also found
in great quantity, in detached block., ne&r tbe Koondab
GhAt, and below BillyeuU.
The Bienite, composing the basis of most of the rocks, is of
a very bard deocription, and, but for tbe difficulty of working
For the fulle5t information on the Geological f'onnation of the hilt..,
generally, IlOO Capt. Ouchterlony's Memoir, and the 88Veral other
Memoirs and reports n?tiood in the rut oC publications, which concludes
the appendix.-ED.
N
00 GEOLOGICAL l'OBMATION.
it, would be a valuable building material, in situations where
durability is a d .. irable requisite. Many portion. of it con
tain crystals of garnet, and iron is very abundant in many
places, though I have not observed any specimens deserving
the name of ore. It would appear, that gold is oontained iu
many of the rooks on the western side, as all the streams,
descending into the great vaUey of NeUumboor, carry down
detritus containing sensible portions of gold dust, which is
washed out by the pOOl'jlr natives in that quarter. An
officer was formerly appointed to examine this valley, with
the view of ascertaining, the probability of working min ..
regularly, with advantage to Government.
Subsequent observations, and experiments have shown,
t,at, except by slave-labour, in the hands of natives of pro-
perty and power, no good has resulted from the washing of
the detritus. No lime has been found on any part of the
hills, and the clay, in general found, is not well suited to the
manufacture of bricks, tiles, or pottery, though this arises
from want of skill on the part of the mannfacturers, 88 very
good bricks and tiles are now produced, in considerable quan..
tity, at many places on tho hills, when superintended by
Europeans.
The water found on the hills is occasionally hard, and
sometimes contains iron, but there is no want of springs of
beautifully .oft water.
CHAPTER VII.
BOIL AND PRODUCTIONS,-
THE soil, over the whole extent of the table-land, is, nearly
.without exception, of tbe richest description, but many oir.
cumstances of situation, exposure, command of water, and
others, less obvious perhaps, have contributed to confine the
cultivation to the slopes ned the extreme range of the hills,
on the S. and E. sides of the range.t 'rhe country, for some
miles in the segment of a. circle, commencing at Mailooondah,
at the base of the Koondahs, continued through Cooooor,
Kotergherry, and the Orange Volley, to BillycuJI, is almost
entirely occupied by the villages of the Boodigahs and
Kothura, each village being gonerally placed 011 & small hill,
()r slight slope, surrounded with numerous patches of cultiva-
tion, which are kept remarkably clean, and free from weeds i
they are protected, in the preper season, by deep ditches, and
hedges formed by boughs or .moll sticks, from the depreda-
tions of the elk, hog, porcupine, and other wild animals. The
.villages themselves, generally, consist of a. single row of houses,
with a low, very bread pent roof, carefolly thatched, and a
considerable space, in front of them, is provided with a bed or
For a moet minute, and comprehensive account of the soil and pro-.
4UctiOll8 of the bills, see the valuable Memoir of Captain Ouchterlony,
from which extJoacts are given in t-he appendix.
t Since Dr. Baikie's time, the cultivation has spread over VanoWi
other quarters.
,,2
02
BOIL A1fD PBOUCTIOlf8.
hardened clay, beat smoothly down, 80 as to form a 80rt of
barn-iloor for threshing, cleaning, and winnowing the grain.
The most ordinary articles of cultivation are :
Wheat, barley, and oats, in considerable quantities. A sort
ohmall grain, called Keerce-mow,. growing on a thick fleshy
stalk, the head, containing the grain, being, when ripe, of a
blood-red or bright crimson colour, and closely resembling
the plant, called in Europe, prince's featber, or cc Love lies
bleeding." This grain, when ground into meal, the Boodi-
gabs appear peculiarly fond of; it is nsnally eaten raw;
80metimes the seed is broiled, and ground ioto flour, mised
with a little cold water, occasionally with milk, and appea.n
to form the staple article of their subsisteuoe.
Poppies, arc cultivated in considerable quantity, and the
old men are rather addicrl.ed to the use of opium, procured
from them.
Garlick and onions are continually cultivated for sale: the
onions, though small, are mild, and pleasant to the taste.
Fruit., and an immense variety of vegetables have been
mtroduced by the European vudtantl. And almost every
description of esculent veget.a.ble, to be found in Europe, is
DOW cultivated on the Hilla in abundanoe. The list estends
to potatoes in great quantity, and first-rate quality; cabbage,
cauliflower, savoys, Frenoh beans, spinage, peas, lettuces, beet..
root, radishes, celery, turnips, carrots, Sea.-kale, asparagus,
and tomatas.
Fruits, do not ripen wen at Ootacamund; but at Coonoor,
Kotergherry, J ackat.lla, Dimhutty, BillycuU, and Orange
Valley, oranges, plums, peaches, nectarines, apples, pears,
citrons amI loquats are, as has been before partioularlY
mentioned.
Anumwthru iristis.
BOIL AND PRODUCTION8.
93
Of the wild products of the bills. the most remarkable are
the Brazil cherry. known in Bengal .. the Topara, growing
in a curious leafy..... on a small prickly shrub: the fruit
when ripe is of the size of a cherry, of a yellow colour, and
an agreeable Bubacid taste; it is found in immense profusion.
The hill gooaeberry. so named from its strong r ... mblanoe
in t ~ t e , though not in appearance, to a ripe gooseberry; it
grOWl in prodigious quantitiea on a small branchy shrub.
with short thick dark-green leav88. and makes an excellent
preserve.
A small green fruit, very much reserr.bling, in appearance
and flavour, a caper, is used by the burghers as a sort of
pickle.
btrawberries, and raspberries, are in great abundance. The
latter, in certain situatioDs, is uncommonly well flavored.
Black, or bramble berries, are also very common.
The Orchis Mascula, from the root of which the wen
known Salepi Misree is obtained, is fOUDd in considerable
quantities on the NeddimuUa Hills. and near Neddiwuttum.
Sever&! other plants. resembling the genus Orchis. and with
roots of the same description, are found in and about Oota ..
caround.
Of forest trees, there are an immense abundance, and
variety. many doubtless valuable. but very few of them have.
as yet, been turned,to any account.
The camphor tree. according to Baron Hugel, is to be
found near Orange Valley-if in any quantity. it must prove
valuable.
A considerable forest of Teak, was discovered in the Coo-
noor Ghat, and was reserved for the use of Governmeat, but
has since been worked out.
The Chumpanee, a small tree with crooked stem, and long
SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.
leaves, disposed in bunches, furnishes, when sea-
soned, a very hard, tough, and .olid wood, of a blui.h white
colour, with deep blue .treaks; it appear. to po..... all the
valuable qualities of teak, and is commonly used for raften,
bitels, and other similar purposes; it is unfor ..
tunately not very common.
The Darchenee,or bastard cinnamon, which is very common,
and grows to a large .ize, furuiohe. a great quantity of very
useful wood, though not equal in strength or durability to
the last; it is of a pink or pale reddish colour, and may h!>
had in beam. of any .ize.
A third .peci , known to the natives by the name of Bil-
100, furnishes a wood of a deep red colour, very htlavy
solid, but easily worked; it is B&id to be less aft'ected by
moisture than either of the two former, and proof against
insecta.
The barberry, which is sufficiently commOD, produces a
wood of a rich golden yellow colour, which take. a good
polish, and though ouly found in .mall .tem., would be very
well adapted for ornamental furniture, such as chairs, music-
stand., &0. the bark of the root i. thought to be the b .. e of
"Warburg's fever drops."
As intimately connected with this .ubject, a few observa-
tions on the capabilities of the hills may not be misapplied.
Every description of European vegetable., fruit, and grain,
are advantageously eultivated on the hilis. Potatoes in any
quantity; oats for feeding horses; barley for brewing- beer,
No bops have yet been discovered on the hilla, but I have seen
them growing wild in immense abundance, in a soil and climate nearly
analogow, in the province of Kakhetia in Georgia. 800 extract from
Captain Ouchterlony'l :Memoir 8B to his BUcce88ful experiments in
ing B ..... -:ED.
BOIL AND PBODUOTIOKS.
or distilling; Mangel-wurzel, and turnips for feeding cattle,
and all other vegetables.
Colf .. is cultivated on the slopes of the valleys, and, to ..
great extent, about Coonoor and Kotergherry J and even more
near to Neddiwuttum to the West-from one plantation, in
that quarter, 600 acres produosd 250 tons of Colfee, which, in
1856, sold in the London market lor 708. the cwt. -and some
for 788.
Baron Hiigel found, in considerable abundance, near C()()oo
nool', the Camellia J aponica, which is said to affect the same
BOil, climate, and exposure, as some of the more valuable
descriptions of the tea--plant, from which, a.nd other circum ..
stances, he inferred, that the latter might he cultivated
with advantage. My friend the lat.e Dr. Christie, had come
to the same conclusion, and commissioned some plants from
China, Bome of which came into my possession after his
death, and have been distributed to various parta of the hills
for trial. It is now cultivated at Coonoor, and even near Oat ...
amund, but sufficient attention has not been bestowed upon
it at any place.
Lucerne, and Fiorin gra .. , and Italian rye and other gras_
imported by Mr. McIvor, thrive remarkahly well.
Tobacco, of a very superior description (said to have been
sown by a Todar) was discovered by two gentlemen of my
acquaintance (Mesars. Ashton and Stephenson) on a small hill
not far from Ootacamund.
If a proper selection of ground were made at Dimhutty,
Orange Valley or Billycull, and walls or espallers erected,
fruit <if any kind, and in almost any quantity might he
raised. As now at Jackatalla by Dr. Macbeth, and at Coonoor
by General Kennett, Mr. Davison and others.
The cultivation of medicinal plants, such as rhubarb, Co-
96 BOIL .urn PBODUCTI01t'8.
nium maculatum, Hyoacyamwo niger, &C. would undoubtedly
be highly advantageous. The simple apparatue, de.cribed in
Arnot'. Physics for Evaporation rub NCUO, might be adopt-
ed with great advantage, for preparing the extracts of th ...
and similar other plants,:now procured at g r e a ~ e:q>en .. from
Europe.
It appears extraordinary, that no enterprising individual
has thought of curing salt-provisions, on a large scale, on the
hill.. The climate i. undoubtedly favorable, and the cir-
cumstance of water-carriage being within 28 miles of 'the
Koondahs by the new paso and .. pecially the extension of
the rail-roada, would facilitate the procuring the necessary
quantity of oalt, .. well as exporting the manufactured
article. Hams, tongues, briskets, humps, bacon, &C. of very
good quality, cured on the hilio, are sold in ocnsiderable
quantity in the bazar, as well as prepared in private fami-
lies, for home oonsumption; but it would require the assist-
ance of experienced persons to conduct it on a large scale.
The animaio, (cattle and swine), might be procured, in
any quantity, in the low country round the hills, and might
be at first driven up .. required, until a proper breeding and
grazing establishment were formed.
I am hardly sufficient master of the subject to say whether
the breeding of hors .. might be advantageously pursued.
Even under the most favourable circumstances, this is a
precarious speculation; hut judging from the temper, spirits,
and ocndition of those which have been imported, they
thrive to admiration.
Breeding cattle and sheep, is liable to the same objection
of uncertainty, but not to an equal extent, as th(very fine
breed of buffaloes, found on the hills, is a proof that they can
be naturalized; European sheep, require much care at first,
lOlL AND PRODUCTION8. 9f
to preserve them from the wet, but after a sbort ... limat ....
tion, thri.e very well. The use of salt, mixed with their
food, is found to be an admirable preservative against the
moisture of the climate.
The late Dr. Christie, had made preparations for manu'
Facturing ice on a large scale, storing it, and aft.erward.
conveying it to Madras, Bombay, and Calcutt.. Hi.
calculation was founded on the supposition, of certain
quantity being equivalent to so mllch saltpetre, in oooling
beer, &C. and he expected to sell this equivalent quantitYf
at two-thirds of the price of the saltpetre, and, all expences
paid, to realise a profit of 15 per cent. If ice sent from
America to Bengal, return, a profit, it appears almost certain
that such a speculation, on the Neilghenies, could not fail of
success.
The above-mentioned speculations present only a question
of probable profit or loss to the individual. undertaking
them; but there are many other points, connected with the
capabilities of the hills, which involve consideratioDs of greaii
moral, and political importance. '1'0 these I ,hall do no
more than allude, in the hope that the subject may be taken
up by tbo,e who are better qualified to do it justice.
To ,ay nothing of the eligibility of this climate and po,i-
tion for the location of European troops,. and the
tion of European recruits, it has occurred to many of our
more intelligent visitor:s, that a considerable portion of the
daily increasing Indo-British population might be, with ad-
Since Dr. Ba.ikie wrote, Jackatalls has been established 118 ..
Military Bt"tion. In the appendix ia given an extract from the Cal-
cutta Review of Sept. 1851, "On the mortality of European aoldien in
India," a subject to which the a.ttention of the Governments, and the
Commanders-in_Chief in India cannot be too often drawll.-&D.
o
98 BOIL AND :PRODUCTIONS.
vantage, disposed of on the hilla, where their intelligence and
activity might be turned to account in a variety of ways, for
which there is little or no scope in the low country.
In the various discussions, which have lately been entered
into, on the difficult subject of colonization DC Europeans in
India, it has been frequently statell as an objection, that the
climate i8 unfavorable to the exertion of skill and enterprise,
from its physical effects on the European constitution. It
appears to my humble judgment, that as regards the south
of India, at least, this objection might b. got over, by the
colonists establishing their bead-quarters on the bills, to
which they might retreat for repose and refreshment, when
their presence was not required in the low country-and
where their families at least would enjoy an European eli.
mate, and the benefit of an English education."
The location of pensioners on the hills is attended with
many difficulties. The habit. o{this class cf men are not
the best in the world, and but rarely offer an example cf in-
dU8try, cr sobriety, while the effects of their long reeidenee
in the low country, added to their (generally) advanced age,
render them, in most instances, insensible to the advantages
of the change .
~ ~ U 8 of dift'erent Schools, in the Appendix.
CHAPTER VIII.
BOTANY.
THE Botanical productions of the hills are of the richest
and most varied description, but they are.R field, in a great
degree unexplored. I!'rom the peculiar nature of the climate,
and their position betwixt a tropical and temperate zone, they
partake of the advantages of both; and plants of the most
opposite descriptions, from the luxuriant produce of Ii. rich
Boil, under the influence of a tropical sun, up to the small
Alpine shrub, which niches itself in an angl. of the bare rock,
all may be found in the compass of a single day's journey.
Another difficulty in the way of a collector, whose leisure
does not admit of his passing a considerable time on the
hills, is, that there are plants coming into flower every month
of the year, &Ild it would require the labour of many sea,...
sons, added to indefatigable industry, to exhaust the Flora.
In the Appendix will be found a c.t.logue of plants exa.
mined by my friend the Reverend Mr. Schmid, extending to
upwards of 400 new species.
The following observations, au the general chara.cter of
the vegetation, are from the pen of my friend Baron Hiigel,
an officer of the Imperial Austrian Army, who has travelled
very extensively over aU Europe, and great part of Asia, in
the pursuit of Bot.nical knowledge, and who paid the hill. a
02
100 BOTANY.
hurried visit. It is much to be regretted, that his ulterior
plaus did not admit of his making a longer stay, as he
found much to interest him, and we had reason to expect
Borne valuable information, on the capabilities of the hills,
from this talented individual, who, to a. profound know
ledge of the technicology of Botany, unites an intimate ac-
quaintance with the practical application of the science to
HQrticulture, and all other useful purposes.
"Having been only a few weeks on the Neilgherry Hilli-,
although dnring that t i m ~ I traversed *hem in all directions,
I should not be able to give an account of the hill country I
have explored, without the kindness of the Rev. B. Schmid,
who, having resided at Ootacamund a long time, has put bia
Herbarium at my disposal. Unfortunately, the great .. t part
of the plants being new, or described only of late, more time
and hooks would ha.. been required than a traveller p ....
tresses, in order to prollounce on their species, without the
,risk of exposing myself. The following pages contain there--
fore only general remarks on the vegetatioD, and families of
plants:
U In every part DC the globe, the vegetation, cons-idered as
a 'tout ensemble,' has its peculiar characters, or, as I would
.'y, phy.iognomy, which u.uaUy changes only at great
intervals, and one part of the features of which forms a
portion of the physiognomy of the next. Thu8 we see some
species, remlU'kBble for their size, even in Norway, and in the
llttermost northern boundaries of vegetation, form a part of
ihat of the centre of Europe; whilst the plants, which most
frequently inhabit these woods, are found ill the north of
Italy, and some of them even both in Italy and in Sicily,
eountries . which, notwitbstanding, differ from each other in-
iinitely in their physiognomy.
101
"The same is the case, imd even in a higher degree, with
respect to tropical countries; the plants change more aooord-
ing to the soil, and the earth on which they grow, than
according to the distance. To prove this, I would mentioR
India, in which country, wherever the same soil is found, one
may be sure to find, not only the .ame famill.., hut a110 the
same species. I forbear mentioning instanoes, aa they would
prove too numerous. The high mountains, throughout the
globe, possess a vegetation entirely diJl'erent from that of the
low country, and even from that of the lower mountains; but
which present every where not only the same species, but
often the same families, and alWAYS the same forma.
" It was very interesting to me to examine the Neilgherry
Hills, which perhaps cannot be classed among the Alps of
our globe, but which have a vegetation quite Alpine, embel-
lished, and enlarged by the tropical sun, and the perpendicular
beams of light; nearly all the forma of plants of the Euro-
pean Alps, with few exoeptions, arefWlld allo here. A grea*
number of families, and genera are similar, but Dot one single
species, which I had occasion to observe, is the same, with the
exception perhaps of Viola canina, which might be one of
those Bubvariations, as Viola canina, Alpina, Pyreniana, neg.
leota, &C. which I have not sufficiently compared. Herberia,
80 similar to B. commwlis, differs from it; it is perhaps B.
vulgaris Nigra, of the Levant. Most other plants, as Bubul
fruticosus, Fraga.ria eilvestris, &C. have been called 80, by
persons who suffered themselves to be deceived by a super-
ficial (slight) resemblance.
" It would be very difficult for me, without an Herbarium
without books, and even engravings, to speak positively, and
to state, that the N eilgherries have no species in common
with any other part of the globe. For instance, I think the
102 BOTANY.
Mahonia D. C. which grows there, is the Faacicularis of
America, &c.; but tho diiference in the physiogomy of vege,
tation is as great, as between that of Torn ... in Sweden, and
that of Naples.
" The family of the Compositm, i. pretty numerous in the
Neilgherries, as is the case on a.ll high mountains, particular-
ly the genus Gnaphalium; the family of the Fric ., vel"lB, is
found only in those genera which approach nearest to Vac-
oinium; lOme species of Ranuncularia: two of Clematis; one
Magnoliace .. , ([ think of the subdivision of Micheli., but not
Cbampaca;) some fin. species of the Cruciferm: I can only
"y, that with regard to all th .... the plant. which I had it
in my power to examine, and compare, are diiferent from simi-
lar species found elsewhere.
U A remarkable conformity exiatd between the Neilgherry
plants and those of tho table land, and on the mountains of
Newera Ellia in Ceylon: this last place has many sp.cies
entirely tho same with those of the N .agherri.s; many are
but subvariations of the same species, that is, Rhododendron
Arboreum diifors but littl.; the Corolla is always of one
colour, a deep red without the least spot.
U Ficarne, none j. Umbelliferre, some splendid . species j
Caprifoliacem, some species: two Gentianem, ODe of them
with a beautiful blue Hower, Exacum bioolor r Bignonia. in
the valleys, a beautiful species. Instead of the Cistin.., of
o.ur mountains, we have here bea.utiful Melastomacea, which
crown the highest mountains. Drosen, onet; Malvacea
some species; Geraniacem, none:; some species a r ~ found on
Newera Ellia; Hypericea, thl"ee. The Leguminosa are not
One in Orange Valley since found. (S.)
... About Ootaoamund we have two. (S.)
:t- One common about Ootacamund. (S.)
BOTANY. 103
numerous, and the genus Crotaleria, 80 abuD<lant in Inw..,
producing here co10 ... 1 plant., comprehends two-thirds of &11
the Legumino... A fine species of Rosa, with large white-
Bowen. One Passiflora; beautiful Cucurbitece.. ; a beautiful
speoies of the Crassulacea. A coloBsaI .peoies of Solanum;
80me speci .. of Labiatal; a few Verbenacea, and Euphorbu..
COlIl. Of the Uniea family, only one, but in .everal beauti-
ful varieties. . None of the Coniferm; One' Salix; some beaua
tiful and well distingui-hed Orchidea, bulbous. No Ama-
ryllid ..... Few A.phodefue. One TulipaCOlll. A beautiful Li-
Jium, with one flower j several species of the Commelinea.
" The season being unfavourable for the Gramime, when
I was on the N eilgherries, I can 8ay nothing of them; but,
on the contrary, nothing can be finer tl.aD the Fili ... , the
species of which are endless, from the fern tree to the smaJ.la
est plante. Fungi do not exist at all here. t
" To come back to the phy.ioguomy of the vegetation,
it is beautiful, .miling, Bourishing; it. expression is that
of health, of a reproductive vigour, which, strong u it is,
remains always noble, and elegant.
"Having descended the Neilgherries on all sides, as far
as the tropical regions, I have found a very singular thing,
viz. a middle region between the Neilgherry Hilla, and the
usual vegetation of Malabar, or Mysore, and which takes the
place of our Sub--Alpine vegetation; I have found there
several magnificent plants often of colossal size, and which
vary greatly in the different p ..... of Goodaloor, of Koter-
gherry (or Orange Valley), Coonoor, and Koondsh; in short,
A fine red 1lpecie1 &lao.
t Baron Hiigelll&w none, at the eeuon he W88 here, but they are
common at other timee of the year.
JI'OTJ..NY.
the Botanist finds in this wonderful country, attractions
which few other parts of the earth can offer him, and which
delightful climate permits of hia procuring, at the expenee
of excursions which would be fatiguing even in Europe, but
which here only add to hi. enjoyment."
CHAPTER IX.
ZOOLOGY.
TXIS brancb of natural history, as illuatrated on the bins,
offers several peculiarities to the lover of the science, but
my limited. opportunities, and want of leisure to collect and
obsenG, prevent me from offering more than a very rough
sketch of the Fanna Neilgherrien.i .
Of the larger animals, The Elephant, though numeraua in
the surrounding jungle, and occasionally seen in the passes, ill
not found on the table-land.
The royal Tiger is an occasional visitant, and is, as usual,
d .. tructive, but they 800m to 100e part of their ferocity in
this cold climate, and in general fan an easy prey to the
lportsman.
Cheetati are more numerous.
Jackals are Tery numerous, and wild dogs- not unCOID,.o
mon; neither wolves nor foxes are met with.
An animal
t
neArly reBembling the Martin, is sometimes
... n; as aloo the Polecat
I am informed by competent judges, that the animal, so called on
the hilJ.B, is not .. genuine wild dog, but a. sort of nondescript, partaking
of the dog, the w o ~ and the fox, all of which it resembles in one or
more points. TheJ are frequently seen hunting elks, deer, &0. in pacb
of 8, 10, or 12.
p
106 ZOOLOGY.
Bears of a large black .peci .. are frequently met with;
they appear harmless, though sufficiently fierce when
ed, or otherwise roused. They are most common in the
early part of the mODSOOD, when they ascend in pursuit of a
large brown beetle, then very numerous i they also feed on
roots, and the ground is often turned up by them to a can ..
Biderable extent.
Under the head of Game, may be .taBBed the following:
Wild Hogs, at certain .... on., tc be met with in plenty,
but neither 80 rat nor 80 well fla.vored as the sugar .. cane hog
of the low country.
The Samber or Elk, as it i. universally called, though
belonging to the deer tribe. It i. the Cervu. Ari.tctelis,
or black Rusa of euvier, a.nd a.tta.ins a considerable size,
the antlers of a specimen now before me being three feet
long. It is a large, bulky animal, rather heavy to appear-
ance, but move. with considerable rapidity. The fle.h is
coarse and tasteless, but the head makes excellent 80Up.
They are met with in considerable herds, and generally
quent the larger woods; when caught young, they are easi ..
-Iy dome . ticated. The usual way of hunting them is, tc beat
the woods with dogs or beater., and the sportsmen being
po.ted at equal di.tance. round the out.kirt. of the wood,
they are shot, when they break, tc make their escape from the
dog.. They are very tenacious of life, and often carry off 8
or 10 ball" when not .trock in a vital part. The skin i. ex-
ce.sively tcugh and thick, and, when properly prepared, make.
excellent moc&ssims, or mud boots.
The Bison i. tc be found neaz Kotergherry, and affords
excellent sport.
A singular and rather rar.6 anim.!l.l is known under the name
of Jungle sheep, which is, however, a misnomer,. as they.are

2OOLOGT.
107
true deer, and of the sub-genus Stylocorus; they evidently
belong 1.0 the tribe deooribed in Cuvier und.... the namo
Munt:jak, but I am at a lo.s whether to cl ... them as Cervus
Muntjak (Kija.ng) or Cervus moschatua (Nepaul Muntjak.)
The principal peculiarity is, a sort of process, 2 or 8 inches
long, growing out of the skull, oovered with the skin; and
into which the hOlll8 are inserted, the process being continu-
ed down to the n088. They are rather soaroe, being found
in pairs, and very shy, and difficult to approach. Their f1 .. h
is very dark-ooloured, and very delicate eating, partaking of
that of hare and deer, but .uperior to both. It approaches
more nearly, in appearance and flavour, to that of the wild
sheep of Persia., than any other game I have met with.
Another animal, not usually met with nearer than the
Himalaya, i. the Chamois, as it is called, but which io a spe.
cies of Ibex: not having seen a specimen of the male, exct)pt
at a distance, I am unable to pronounce upon its exact spe-
cific name, but it appears to approach more nearly to the
Capra Caucasica, than the Capra Ibex of Cuvier. The s p e o i ~
men in my possession is a fem.aJ.e, three feet three inches bigh,
with annulated horns, 10 inches long, of a triangular form;
the acute angle forwards, the base of the horns above tho
orbits nearly approximated, then bending upwards, outwards,
backwards, and downwards, in a regular curve. The hair .
long, mixed with wool of a deep ash.grey colour throughout,
darker on the back, which haa a black streak down the centre,
and lighter on the belly, with a whitish streak down the hind
pOrt of the shanks; the hooves strong, deeply divided, and
aupporting a strong upnght pastern.
The male, at a distance, appears a.t least six inches taller,
nearly black, witb very large knotted borns, and a long black
or brown beard. They are met with, in large herds, in tho
p 2


108 ZOOLOGY.
moot inaeeeesible parts of tho Koondah.; are exceedingly
.. ift and agile, bounding down the almost perpendioular
facea of the rocks with the utmost ease, and are very shy and
difficult of approach. The fI .. h is dark-oolored, aod though
fine grained, very t 8 8 ~ l e 8 8 .
Harei are numerous all over the hills, principally among
the b""h .. ; aod, in the oold weather, approach the garden.
and enclosures in the Station. They are dark-coloured, aod
... ry large, quite as much 80 as an English hare, and are ex-
cellent eating.
Porcupines are exceedingly numerous, and very d .. tructive
to gardens; they difl'er conaiderably from those found in the
low country, are much larger, and the fIeoh remarkably
well-tasted.
The Otter has been seen in the Pycarra river.
Of domesticated animals, the only olle which merits notice
i. the Buffaloe, which i. kept in great numbers and of a fine
breed, principally by the Todaro. The common Cow is of a
vory small breed.
Sheep do not thrive well at first, probably from the wet,
and change of p .. turo, but, after being acclimatized, become
very rat and well-taated.
Of the feathered tribe, the most remarkable are:
Woodcocks, which, though not very numerous, afford ad ...
mirable sport to tho.e acquainted with their haunt.; they
are not large, seldom exceeding 11 ounces, but are excellent
eating. They come in at the end of October, or beginniug of
November, and disappear in March. Cock. cannot be flUBh-
ed without Spaniels. Dogs, of every description, appear quite
at home on the billa; the Newfoundland, in particular, ac-
quire. great .ize and beouty, and rebin. all his noble facul-
b .. in perfection. Greyhounds and Foxhounds are uaefu\,
ZOOLOGY. 109
the former for co1ll'lling and the I&tter in following large
Game. In .hort, all IoverB of oport, .hould he well provided
with dogs.
Snipes are large and well.1la.vored; they are not numerous,
but a tolerable shot will kill five or ail: brace in a forenoon.
They come in Septemher, and .... seldom found after April.
That beautiful bird, the solitary .nipe (Scolopax major), is
occaoionally .hot on the hilIa.
Jungle fowl are very numerous, and very delicate, as are
spurfowl. Quails are common all over the hills.
An immense variety of Hawks, are every where to be met
with, two of them are particularly beautiful, one milk-white,
with a large black mark beh'eon t h ~ wings, and one of a
cream colour. A large black Eagle is ocC&Bionally met with;
an immense homed Owl, and many species of a smaller size
DlAy be numbered among the predatory birde.
The English Black-bird is very common, .. is the Thruoh,
the wren, and the lark, and a great variety of woodpecke ...
I have aleo obBerved a very beautiful kingfi.her. The im-
perial pigeon, and blue wood-pigeon, and dove, are common,
88 are sand larks, and a species of green plover, or peewit.
Of Fish I have never &Cen any but a very small species, but
I am informed that some of considerable size have been caught
near Mallkoondah, in the deep pools of the river skirting the
Koor.dahs. Crabs are common in all the brooks.
Reptile. are not in great variety -a very pretty .mall
green sns.ke, (perfectly harmless), is common in the dry wea-
ther, and some suspiciou&-looking species, said by the natives
to be poisonous, have been seen about the Ghlits. Scorpions
and centipedes art: unknown. Frogs and toads are common,
as alBo one or t.wo small species of lizards.
Insects are fortunately rare, and not in great variety. Mos-
110 IOOLOGY.
quitoeo are oceaaionally seen, but never bite. A large brown
beetle iB very common at certain B8880tts-their Jarvie are
very destructive in the garden.. White ante are unknown,
except at timea .howing them .. lvea at Coonoor, and the block
ant i. only fouDd about the Gbate. The only animal of this
tribe, which i. at all troublesome, is the flea, which is very
DumeroUB in the early part of the monSOOD. They are put to
flight by an infusion of the root ofa plant called by the native.
W&BBumboo, (Acorus ealamUB,) wllioh is indigenous in the
hilla.
CHAPTER X.
PoPULA. TION.
THERE are at present about 500 Europeans, .ettled at
the three stations ofOot&camund, Coonoor, and Kotergherry,
of whom about 400, reside at and near Oot&camund-and
the East Indians amount to upward. of 200. The following
is-the last estimated census of the native population, prepared
for the Editor by Colonel Camoron.
Estimate 'If the Native Population 'If tke Neilgherry Hilhe
Names ofthe Villages, Males. Females.
Total.
Todanaad or Ootacamund, . ........ 12,800
7,000 19,800
Makenaad, ., . ........ , ...
2,967 2,493
5,460
Boothenuthum, ........ ........ 45 49
94
Sucubanuthum, .. ........ 22
27 49
Seegoor, ... .................. 10 10
20
Parunganaad, Coonoor, Kotergherry,. 5,500
4,500 10,000
J""katalla,
0. 0 .0. 0 0 1,000
500 1,500
Totals, .. . 21,844
14,679
86,423
G. POUL::E'rI' CAHEBON,

Oot.......,.d, 2i1nl 4."i1..t, 1856.
Afiier tbe minute, &ceun.te, and comprehensive account of
the native of the Neilgherri .. , already laid before
112
paPUTlOif.
the world by Captain Harkn ... ,. it would be presumptuous
to offer any remarks on this subject; and to his valuable
work, tberefore, we beg to refer our readers, for full informa.
tion with regiml to the different tribes, particularly that
most singular, and once interesting people, the Todars, w bo are
undoubtedly the ahorigines of the soil, and in every point of
view, one of the moat. extraordinary racea to be met with in
India. But, of late years, their original8implicity of charac-
ter h .. aadly deteriorated, and they are now only like the
generality of the native inhabitants. He enumerates four
other classes, the Boodigahs or cultiva.tors, the Kothurs, who
are the artisans of the hills, and the Erulars and Coorwnbars,
who inhabit the jungl .. on the slopes of the hills, and are lit,.
tle better than aavoges, in the very lowest stage of humanity .
"Description of& lingularaboriginalraoe, inhabiting the eummita of
the Neilgherry Billt
J
" by Captain H. Harknesl!l, Madras Army ; noticod
in the liat of PublicatioDi given in the appendix, and from which an
Erlract ia al&o introduced. Bee also a very interesting account of this
tribe in the JtIa,chou Christian Her&ld of July 80, 1856, and following
Numbers; &lao noticed in the liat of,publicatioDl.-ED.
CHAPTER XI.
BFFEOTS OF THE CLIMATE ON THE EUROPEAN OO]!f8TITU-
TION, BOUND AND IMPAIRED.
EFF1WT8 ON ,THE SOUND OONSTITUTION.
FlIo .. the preceding account of the climate, it follows,
almost as a. matter of course, that it should be perfectly
ccngenial to an Europsan in ,ound health. Such is in fact
the case. The principal inconvenience experienced by persons,
on m,t ascending the Passes, is, a olight degree of tightne ..
in the chest, and oppression of breathing, caused by the rare-
faction of the air; but th.is is neither universal, nor of long
continuance.
Some people are also at first affected with ,leeples,n .. "
occasioned by the nervous system being too highly stimu ..
!ated, principally by the repul,ion of blood from the ,urface.
and possibly also by its being in a higher state of oxy-
genation (?).
The difference of temperature, is seldom complained of by
any but such as, from a long"residence in a warm climate, have
become BO Indianized in their constitution, and
habit" as to be unable to bear the slightest approach to an
European climate.
Individuals, 80 unhappily circumstanced, have little
fort to look for at home, and can scarcely hope to benefit by
the hills, the charm of whioh is their clos. resemblance t9
Q
114 J:l"I'ECTS ON THE SOUND CONSTITUTIOI",
England. A very abort ..... dence, generally, perrectly re-
eenciles people in health to tho change, and' one of the moat
remarkable e1I'ectB of it is, the capability of bearing fatigue.
Ken who, in the lowCOWltry, though having nothing to
complain of, were in such a sta.te ofrel.a.xation, as to feel their
inorrling "constitutional" a task and a bore, think little ot
being eight or ten hotU"tl in the open air on tbe hilla, and that
for several days in succession, the only eft"ect of the exercise
being, an increaae of appetite and apirita, and capability of
exertion.
If any proof indeed were wanted ofthe perfect adaptatioD
of the climate to our constitution, it would be sufficient to
look at the European children, whoee rosy chuhby cheeks,:
.parkling eyea; and buoyant apirita, fonna pleaaing con_
with the pale, languid, irritahle.looking litUe wretchea one is
fro often doomed to Bee, dying by inch .. in the low country.
are aometimes leu favorably impreaeed with the
climate than those of theotber 116. The indolent habit. of
life ""')uired by them in the low country, the almost univer-
sal derangement or their aystem, consequent upon exposure
to a conttant high temperature, and the susceptibility of
atmospherical impressiona, natural to their highly mobile
temperament; accOllDt ror .thw -circumstance;.
though, I fear, it must; DOW and then, he attributed to the
mOl'al effect of a quiet sociaded .life, as contrasted with the
brilliant, though heartIes. society they are accustomed to, a*
most of the large statiolll in India, Allowing, however, a
longer period of acclimatization, they heoome quite recon-
ci1ed to it in the end; and the effect on their health, ap-
lJearance, and .pirita, is quite ios decided ae in the stronger-
marked, but leas impres8ible characteristics of the other S8X.
It not unfrequently happens, that rewents in the low coun-
EFFECTS. ON THE BOUND CON8TI';rUTIOl'l'. 115
try, who visit the hills for a short time on busineaa or plea-
aura, are disappointed in their pleumable anticipotions, and
fol'm an extremely unj118t and unfavourable opinion of them.
Many oircwnstances oontribute to thill hasty judgment;
making no adequate preparations for the great and SuddeR
chunge of climate, they lind themselv.. very uncomfortably
aituated .. '.reg,:,rds, clotlling, houses, serv&uts, and the thou ...
eand eteeterfIIJ essential to comfort in a cold olimate; and,.
without themselves time to form a more accura.te opi.
nion, they leave us unfavorably impressed with every thing
they have aeen. Upon the whole, we can be Sur-
prised at thls, when we every day Bee otlr brethren returning
from Europe with complaints of the dillcomfort and .mioy-
fIoDce they have undergoae, from tae eomplete change or
habits, feelingo, &c .. forced. upon them while at home; and I
would proteet against allsnch ill-grounded atid hastily-formed
opinions, as much in the one oase--as in the other.
Let visitors prepare theweiv .. , by proper clothing, for the'
change toa cold climate, take care to get thems.iJv .. settled
in a comfortable house, and see to the comfort of their ser ..
vanta, &C. and I will answer for th.ir quitting the hills with
009' wish, that of revisiting them a.s soon, and fot' as
long a period, as possible.
The Editor ean fully confirm the above remarks as tothe rud-
dy and joyous "ppearance of the children: and, as r ..
the fair sex, he can, with equal truthfulness, afIirm, that their
complerions were as bright and clear, their spirits .. goy
and buoyant, and their ey.. .. sparkling and beaming with
animation .. iHhey were enjoying the freeh mountain breezes
of the Highlands of Scotland; while their dashing and fearl ...
riding over the bills, was at p""" that would .. toniah the
most accomplished of their sex in Hyde Puk.
Q 2

116 ON CHANGE OF CLIJUTJ:.
EFFEOTS ON COIfV ALE8CENTB ..um ON DISEASE.
A D""'ICULTY naturally presents itself in discussing the
effects of the climate on the European constitution, when im
paired by disease or long residence in India, to avoid tech-
nicalities, and render a subject, 80 purely professional, inter-
esting, and instructive, to the general reader. With a view
to avoid as much as pouible this difficulty, I .hall content
myself, after premising a "Iery few general observations and
bints to invalids on their first arrival, with very brieRy stat ..
ing the results or-my experience in the more important In.-
dian diseases, and, 88 immediately deduced. from this, with
making a classification of those which are likely to b e n e f i ~
by immediate change to the hille, as distinguished fro m
others whicb require the premisa! ofa ..... voyage.
SECTION 1.-GE1!fERA..L OBSERVA.TIONS.
On. cTumg. of climale.
The effects of change of air in disease are too well known,
and too generally admitted, to require discussion here. We
are as yet totally ignorant of the manner in which the fa..
vourable' change is operated, and in the present state of our
chemical knowledge, unable, as we are, to detect the difference
between the heated impure steam of. crowded hospital, and
These remarks, with a few additions and corrections, are m:tracted
from a. paper read before the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta
in 1831. Further experience ha,s fully confirmed the views therein ex.
pres&ed, and has enabled me to apeak with moro confidenoo on certaiO.
points.
ON CHANGE OF CLIMATE. 111
the health-inspiring breeze of the mountain top, we are likely'
to remain in ignorance. Whether the cause be, an actual
difference in the chemical constitution of the air, or merely
that there h ... been a change made, from the lelf-defiled at-
mosphere, surrounding the sick couch, to ODe 80S yet free from
the exhalations of disease, are points which we are yet una-
ble to pronounoe upon, thougb we see it every <1I>y proved by
the fact of a chaage, even though from a lower to higher
8ituation, from a. purer to a less pure atmosphere, operating
the m o s ~ miraculous cures in cases, to all human appearance,
hopeI.... Much must he douhtle.. attributed to the moral
effects, of a removal from the contemplation of objects a880
ciated, in the mind of the patient, w i ~ h images of suffering
and death j. but still, so decided i. the benefit derived, that
we are compelled to acknowledge, though unable to account
philosophically for the cause, that change of air is ODe of the
most powerful curative means we possess. And when this
change involves a variation of temperature, and moisture, (two
conditions of the air, for the agency of which we can funy
account) to any considerable or remarkable dt>.gree, we are
justified in anticipating the most marked advantage from it.
The effects of a change, to an atmosphere of nearly the same
condition, are, at best, transitory, and after the system becomes
habituated to it, a relapse is generally the conttequence. When,
however, the transition is so great, as to produce a general
re--action of the system, we may hope, not only to find the
diseased action checked, hut permanently altered: and this
is, tor many reasons, still more decidedly the case, when the
condition of the new atmosphere approaches to that habitual
As, for insta.noe, in change of rooms, which, in sickness, ia often
felt as. great relief from gloomy auooia.tionl. r.nd the en... alWR.YI
attendant on long confinement.
lI8 ,eN CHANGE OF CLIM...l.TB.
to the patient; in other worda. to that of hi. nat.l air.
That the change from the low country to the mountain air
of the Neilgherries. is nearly equivalent to thot of a return
to Great Britain. will scarcely be questioned. on perusing the
preeeding account of the meteorology of the hill.; and we
are therefore bound to anticipate as good e1I'ect. from the one.
as from the. other, provided we make allowances for the
countervailing eWect. of the sudden"",. of the tra"';tw...
In returning to Europe, besides the inappreciable moral
influence of a. return to friends, home, and country, the pa-
tient has the benefit ofa prolonged ..... voyage. a cur.tive ag.nt
in many instances of firBt-.rate importance, and he has the
further advantage, of & gradua.l and twice-repeated, change of
climate. While, in aScending the hills, he has to undergo
the transition. from the temperature of Madras to th.t of the
louth of England, in the course of a single day, sometimes of
a few hours, much all if he were to ascend from the Coro-
mandel Coast in & balloon. in the. afternoon of a r.d hot day
in May, and land, in the COUfse of fi va or six hours, on
coast of
This Budden transition, where the constitution is prepared
for it, has its advantages in a great majority of cases:
lst. By exciting & healthy re-action in the system.
2nd. By exciting a new action, which overcomes the dis--
eased one.
8rd. By restoring the healthy power. of the oonstitution.
and the g.neral tone of the viscera, particularly the dige.,
tive organs.
4th. By removing the eternally recurring causes of irrita-
tion, in the low country, such as heat, moisture, closeness, &C.
5th. By br.aking the habit of di ..... ; & con.ideration
of vast importance in 80mo of the mo.t obetin.te form. of
;
ON CHANGE OF CLIMATE. 110
Indian di....... Fever i. the be.t illustration of this fact;
the tendency to a recurrence of f e b r i l ~ paroxysms, is increased,
by repetition, to degree totally unconnected with the debi-
lity, or extent of organic lesion produced, and only to be a,c..
counted for, by the all-powerful influence of habit on the con ..
atitution. In one of the most obstinate forms of this disease,
Intermittent Fever, it is frequently sufficient to put ofF, or
change the period of access, to produce a speedy cure, and in
most cases, the transition from one type to another, from ..
Tertian to a Quotidian, for instance; in other words," the
change of habit," is considered a salutary indication:
On the other hand; wh.n the constitution b .. not .uffi-
cient power to produce this salutary re-action, or what is1VOne,
'when the .udden change of di.tribution of the cireulatiog
mass, throws an unusual load on internal organs, unfitted by
disease for sustaining the shock, the efFect must be propor ..
tionally mischievous, and cases of this description, come UD;'
d.r the category of dis ..... which are not curable by ,uddeli
change of cUm ate; or, at leat, not until the diseased action
i, checked, and the powers of the oon,titution restored by
aea-voyage, or residence on the sea-coast.
. These position. will perhaps be better und.ratood, when
treating of the oWecta of the climate on Indisn di ...... , in de-
tail. I have dwelt the more on them, because I conceive, that
a want of attention to them, or, more correctly perhaps, the
general ignorance of the necessity of attending to th.m, h ..
'been the cause of much unnecessary disappointment, and de.-
preciation of the curative and restorative powers of the eli'!"
tnate. Many cases have been sent to us for treatment, in the
last stage of organic disease; others, in which functional de;.
rangement- had prooeeded to such. pitoh, that the slightest
shock was sufficient to overturn the balance oC the eonBtitu-
120 ON CHANGE OF CLIMA.TE.
tional powers j and not a few, in which low country habits,
Bnd length of residence in a. hot climate, had paralyzed or
altered the European form of the constitution, and
rendered a transfer to this climate, nearly as unoomfortable to
the feelings and detriment.1 to the feeble remains of vitality,
as that of a trembling ship lascar, from the bot moist climate
of the ...... co ... t of India, to the chop. of the English Channel.
In such cases, it is needless to say, that all hOpAS of a cure,
in other. words, of a miracle, were futile, and could only end
in disappointment j and though, increasing acquaintance with
the nature and power of the climate, is fast leading to a bet.
ter and more rationaJ. selection of caseif', it appears somewhat
.ex.tr&<>rdinary, that the simple and obvious expedient of
suiting .ome qualified person on the .pot (at least in doubt-
ful cases) should not sooner have been had recourse to. With
a view to supply this desideratum, I have 8ubjoined a classi-
.fication of diseases,. proper to be transferred to the hill eli.
mate, and which, though far from complete, will, I tll1st, be
found correct as far as it goes, and, as such, to possess some
. hare of utility.
We shall now notice another important general
tioD; the length of time required for the climate "to operate
beneficially. Here it must b. recollected, that the object in
all such cases is, not only to check or cure the existing dis--
ease, but to remove, as far as possible, the tendency to relapse,
unfortunately one of the invariahle concomitant. of.1I Indian
diseases. This can be effected by time alone. Long after
all symptoms of actual disease have disappeared, the tendency
to relapse, on the re-applica.tion of the exciting causes, win re ..
main; and time alone, by restoring the tone of the constitution
generally, and the weakened organs in particular, can remove
this proneness to a return. of the original disease .
See See. IV.
ON OHllfGlI OF OLI:1tA.TJ:. 121
It is not easy to fix a period for this consummation of tho
cure, even in the most general terms, 80 much must depend
on the nature of the individual case, and of the disease, the
time it has lasted, the &e,D"e,8eX, and constitlltion of the patient i
&8 a general rule, however, it may be laid down, that 8. patient
who resorts to the hills, convalescent from any or the more
serious forms of Indian disease, should not quit the hills,
until he has been, at least, six or se'len months free from all
.ymptom. of ""tuol disease.
An important consideration, &8 connected with the hills,
but which has not yet met with the attention it deserves, is,
the prophylactic (preventive) powers of the climate. No
axiom in medicine is more firmly established, tha.n tha.t of
" Venienti occurrite morbo," and I sha.ll be disappointed, if
this is not hereaflier discovered to be applicable, in the most
extended degree, to the N eilgherries.
It must have occurred to even the moat casual observer, to
have seen numerous instances of young men on their first
rival in the CQunt..y, attacked by eome of the common
complaints, which yield readily to the usual meens, but arc
lure to re-appear a.t the end of a very short time; until, after
a succession of similar relapses, the unlucky subject is either
forced to quit the country, to recover bis health, or perhaps
finds a release from reiterated sufferings, in & premature grave.
It is by these slight, but repeated attacks, in particular, that is
laid the foundation of a whole catalogue' of visceral diseases,
parabysmic enlargements, organic derangement, scitThus, &c.
ud, even under the most favourable circumsta.nces, such a
case can rarely, if ever, be conTerted into an efficient soldier.
Were he, however, after his first or second attack, transferred
to a 0001 heoithy climate, and left there, till the natural pow.",
of his constitution bad overcome thi. predispolition to diaease,
"
ON CBAlfGE OJ' CLIllAB.
are we not justified in the expectation, that hi. amenaed
health, and, in the case of a private soldier, improved habits,
might enable him to resist exposure to the same exciting
CBuses P I have seen numerous examples of young officers,
whose early period of service was a series of constant illneSi
and su1fering, but who, having been sent to Europe, before
the formation of distinct organic disease, have returned to
India with constitutionlJ completely renovated, and have
afterwards proved to be among the. most zealous, active, and
efficient soldiers, of whom our ranks can boast. Of this fact,
(without, however, pretending to the credit of the la.t part of
the exemplifioation) I may cite my own case, as ODe of the
most striking examples.
I &In, I confess, sanguine as to the result of a similar ex-
periment, made in incipient disease, by sending young men
to the N eilgherries for a time, with the view of checking tho
predisposition to disease, so ol;en manifested shortly after
their first arrival in the country; and I consider the pl.n par-
ticularly applicable to the cases of yoong Europe .. soldiers,
for whom the alternative of being sent to Europe for their
health is nearly, if not wholly, out of the question.
SECTION 2.-HINTS TO INVALIDS.
The fiNt most obvious effect of the climate ofthe hills on
.. invalid is, to repel the blood from the surface. It appe_
from the preceding remarks on climate that the average tem_
perature of OotacamWld is 58, while that of the low country
on the Coimbatoor side is proba.bly 86, or 88, and on the
Mysore side, 82,or 840; consequently, the difference of tem-
perature is, on the average, from 24to 30. But if we sup.
ON CHANG::I 01' OLIMATE. 123
pose an invalid to arrive in the dry season at Goodaloor, or
Meetapolliwn, in the morning, he will find the thermometer
at all events 88, proba.bly 9QO, and tke Bamt e1Jtming, on retICh-
tng Ootacamund, it will descend to 45, perhaps to 42, making
a vicissitude of from 43 to 46. The immediate consequence
of such a decided change of temperature, aided by the .upe-
rior dryness of the air in the higher situation, will be, to con ..
strict the vessels of the skin, to check perspiration, and trans ..
piration, and throw the blood on the internal organa; and,
should any of th ... be weakened by previous di .... e, the con-
sequence will be, & greater or less degree of accumulation of
blood in the weak: viscus, or congestion, as it is technically
called. From the close .ympathy between the .kin and liver,
the latter is the organ mo.t frequently affected in this way;
but the bowels, head, and lungs frequent.ly partake of this
unequal distribution of the circulation, the effect being added
to in the lungs, by the difficulty of respiration produced by
the rarefaction of the air.
"When no actual organic disease exists, and when the COD,,:
stitutional powen are not permanently debilitated, nature 800ll
restores the balance: are-action tak81 place; the liver se-
cretes more bile, the superfluous fluid is carried oft" from the
bowels by" mild diarrh(B", and from the lungs by copious
expectoration, more particularly if this asiutary proceas i
... isted by care on the part of the invalid himself, warm
clothing, &c. and by the exhibition of mild aperient remedies,
such as the Phlmmer's pill,- which has the invaluable pro ..
perty of exciting the actiou of the liver and bowels, and de-
termining to the akin at the same time.
It is only in cases of actual organic disease, or, when the,
debility of the constitution is 80 great as to prevent re.actioD,
Compoeed ofOllJomel in.mall quantity, antimonYl a.nd guaiac.
&2
1M ON CHA.NGB 01' CLIIU.T:I.
that any rious or permaoent miochief is to be dreaded from
the congestion of the viscera. Cases of the former descrip ..
tion should not approach the hill. at all ; and th. latter
should, if possible, premise a sea-voyage or residence on the
aea-coast, until convalescence is Bomewhat advanced: and in
these,88 well as the more aggravated cases of what is called,.
by medical men, functional derangement of the viscera, the-
time selected for ascending the hills, if a choice exists, should
be in April or May, when the comparative warmth and moi ...
tur. of the air naturally le.sens the risk of a check to the
action of the skin, and consequently of internal congestion.
In a.ll such cases also, it is prudent to try' the effect of a
abort previous residence at Kotergherry or Oooooor, the mild.
er climate of which renders the change less abrupt, and will
generally be found, ror many reasoDs, to agree better with de-
licate invalids. Under the most favourable circumstances,
those who Bre unable to take much exercise in the open air
will derive more benefit from the climate of Kotergherry or
Coonoor, where the temperature, throughout the year, is so
mild, as scarcely to neces&itate the use of B fire.
The next point, requiring the attention of invalids at first,
is, the circumstance of ;heir digestive powers seldom keeping
pace with the increase of appetite, produced by the
This is especially the case with a tempting array
of which is placed before the stranger, and, bu; too often, in ..
due. him to forget the lawl of diet, lawl as immutabl ...
those of the II Medes and Persians," and any infraction of
which is sure to be followed by retributive punishment, in the
shape of a violent attack of dyspepsia, succeeded by eoli.
diarrhooa, and not unfrequently dyoentery. Luclrily the cause
ia here within reach, and a little prudence at first is suffi-
cient to obviate all mischief.
ON' CHANGE OP CLIMATE.
125
Invalid. generally .ujfer, in a greater degree, from the
sleeplessness before mentioned, and are relieved by the same
means as those recommended to obviate congestion; should
these prove insufficient, a little Hyoscyamus may, with ad-
vantage, be added to the Plummer'. pill.
Headache, is by no means an unfrequent complaint on
the part of strangers; when it depends on undue determina-
tion of blood to the organ, much caution is required. Koter-
gherry, or Coonoor, is in such cases to be preferred to Oota.-
camund, and no time lost in consulting a medical maD. In
ordinary cases, a little aperient medicine, moderate diet, and
avoidance of any cause which accelerates the circulation,
such as violent exercise, ascending hills, and exposure to the
SUD, seldom fail to remove all unpleasant feelings in a few
day
Persons who have suffered from fever) should be cautious
to avoid pas.ing through the jungle at the foot of the hillB
during the night; and, if unluckily detained in them aRer
sun-set, they should on their arrival submit to a course of
purgatives, followed by Quinine in .mall do.e .
In every instance) of whatever description, warm. clothing
is of vital importance. Medical men are now generally
agreed, that even in the low country a light flannel banian
is of service in mainta.ining the action of the skin, preventing
chilk, &c. and a fortiori, it i. indi.pensable on the hilla;
The be81; is, .. quick plunge into a cold bath, 01' 8ponging
the body rapidly with cold water, on getting out of bed,
rubbing well dry, dre&eing quickly, taking a glasll of cold water and a
long walk before breakfut. The Editor regreta that hia friend Dr.
Baikie is not here, to revise much that he has written on the coune to be
pursued by invalids, because, ainoe his retUl'D to England, he has be
come a convert to Hydropathic treatment, and now practises it, moat
aucOO8sfully, in conjunction with HOmaM)pathy. A.ll intending viaitol'l
126 Ol!l' CRA.1faB OJ!' OLIMA.!'E.
every invalid should be provided with a good .tock of lIan-
nel banians, cummerbunds, drawers, and woollen stockings,
in which h. should proceed to array himself from head to
to the Hill.s are recommended to read the works of D1'8. Gully and
Johnson on Hydropathy, as the climate of the Hille is admitted to be
equal to that of .e Malvern" for the exhibition of the cold-water Bptem.
Tho Editor, having experienced in hie own and witne8sed in
others, the wonderful power of the agency of cold water, in the efficient
cure of dyspepsia, and of long continued suJfering from headache,
Iw.d in strengthening and invigorating frames debilitated by long reai.
douce in the plaine, ill induced to make an etJf"Md appeal to
thole who have 10 BufFered, to lay aside aU prejudice. and to read the
boob adverted to-and judge for themselves, whether the rationale
iB not convincing, and elucida.ted, by the innumerable cues cited. of the
efFeots of the system pursued by the authors; and he calla
attention to the following emphatio language of the writer of the :lint
mentioned treatise, a man of acknowledged ability, and a. regularly ma-
triculated Physician of extensive Pl'llOtice.
Dr. Gully, in hill preface, thus expresses himself:
Ie My hope is, that this book may open the eyes of..u who read it,
to the deatructive tendency of the drugging and unnatural stimula.tion.
on which !!Inch numbers of the English public maintain aftmeN'" vita
lity for a few to sink at llloBt into the condition of hopeless vale
luofin&riana.
"The past history. and present state of many such, who IU'El under
my observation, 8l"8 perfectly terriflc. It ia no affectation to 8&y, that
my mind has been oppressed, weighed down, by 8OO0unts which invalids
have given of the pr00e8a by which they became the shattered beings
they were; a pl'OCe8a almOllt inva.riably including yea.rs of monstroua
drugging, and its unvarying accompaniment, intenae suft'ering of mind
and body.
"Most ainoerely do I hope, that these pages:ma.y be the meana of
e!'ectual warning from that destroying plan of treatment, even though
they should fail to eatabIish the more rational system which they pro-
_to_h.
"But almost cue, of f1'Iery practitioner of the WJ..TEB Ot7llll, ia
mabliahing it daily on a broader and deeper basis j and tAe once moat
a.re now obliged to acknowledge that, at least-a it is a vast
addition to the remedial m."
ON C1LUiGB OJ' CLDU.TB. 127
foot before aocending the P...... Too much cannot be aid
in praise of the flannel oummerbund. I have seen obstinate
bowel-complaints cured by its adoption alone, and it is no I_
... ential to femal ...
Cold feet is a very general complaint among new comel'B,
particularly ladi .. ; the remedy is simple: the adoption of
I"",b's wool stockings, which ought to form part of the stook
of every visitor, whether in good or indiJferent health.
A stock of stout shoes and boots, should not be forgotten.
In the weather, a peraen watching his opportunity,
and armed with thiok-soled shoes, may always contrive te
get a dry walk in the intervals between the showe .. , not
forgetting, however, the precaution of changing both shoea
and stockings on his return home.
For some time aft.er arriving on the hills, invalids should
avoid exposure to the night air, and should indeed never be
out after sun-set. The reduction of temperature, which fol.
At page 118 of the ftlth edition of his valuable work, Dr. Gully
exp1'eSaes himaelf in the following energetw terms, &I!I to the power of
lIydropathy in the cure of dy.pepoia.
However strong, however general. the prejudice, and however bu ..
it may be, that in diseaaes of organs, distant from the stomach. medi
cation may be cUl'ative; I cannot but repeat the strong conviction I
have, that medictJtio,. MOW did, r&BCef" toill, MV8r emt, ctfN a caH of
cltro1Nc dyqepri(J, and tlud, .Mwt of organic ckng6, tM T,ginic IMler
treatntlmt Hldom, if tnJw,faih to ewe it.-ED .
It is not a little :rem&rkable that moat people who adopt thia, or
similar precautions, are but little affected by the wet on the hilla, though
unable to bear it in the low country. When lately in Elll'Ope, for tho
recovery of my health. I never had my feet wet for however short
time, without an attack of diarrhcea, On the hills, it often happens that
I am unavoidably wet through, twice or thrice a day, during the
8OOns; taking the precaution of shifting my olothee as speedily ..
practicable, I have nevel' suffered. the slightest inconvenience.
128 ON CHA.NGE 01' CJ.IMA!l'B.
lows tha disappearance of the Bun, must be felt, to be
stood, and no one who values his health should expose him ..
self to the risk of cold, in quitting a crowded room or an even-
ingparty, to return home after night. fall. In the low country,
one is compellecl to be up with the sun, to get a mouthful
of fresh air; but on the hills, in an European climate, this
is neither necessary nor prudent, and the invalid should wait
till the sun has attained sufficient height to drive a.wa.y the
cold and moisture of the night, before he ventures out, taking
ca.re, however, to return in time to avoid the effects
of the sun's direct rays, which are greatest about 9 or t past
... M.
The diet of invalids, on the first ascent, must of course in
8 great degree be regulated by circumstances, depending on
the precise nature of each individual case. In general, how-
ever, they ought to adhere to light animal food, with bread
or biscuit, eschewing vegetables, pastry, cheese, &c.: for
drink, port or sherry is preferable to the lighter wines j beer
is unnecessary, and only loads the stomach. As a general
principle, invalids ought to diminish the quantity of
stimulus in the shape of wine, spirits, or beer, until com-
pletely acclimatized. It i. an undoubted fact, that a com-
paratively small quantity of any of these articles produces
head.aches and other febrile feelings, probably from increas-
ing the existing tendenoy to accelerated circulation of the
blood.
In regulating their hours, regard must of course be had to
their previous habits of life j most residents have gradually
adopted English hours, as most convenient, and allowing
more time for business j but invalids will do well, for
Cold water is the belt IItimUiant, and Dr. Gully pro,.ea it to be
MI.-ED.
ON CHANGE OF CLIMATE. 129
time at least, to breakfast early, dine at 3 or! past 3, and
finish the day with tea, or ,omething equally light.
Exercise,. is another essential part of regimen. Invalids
should, at first, be cautious to avoid exposure to the sun, and
exercise should be taken so as not to produce fatigue, but
only to excite a gentle action on the akin. Riding, 88 being
less exciting, and less fatiguing than walking, is to be pre--
fprred at ~ r s t , and a pony to a horse, on the same principle.
Walking bas another di,advantage, that it accelerate, the
circulation, and increases the feeling of tightness and con ..
striction in the chest j it also increases the liability to chills,
as after toiling up a steep ascent, and getting well heated,
one is frequently met by a current of cold air, producing im-
mediate constriction of the vessels of the skin. When the
invalid has become acclimatized, he should gradually increase
his qua.ntum of exercise j and when fairly recovered, should
pass as mucb of the day in the open air, as bis strength will
admit.
The effects of the different seasons on diseases are by no
mea.ns unimportant: very few invalids can bear with impu-
nity the great difference of temperature between day and
night, ana the excessively dry atmosphere of the cold season,
especially during the prevalence of the strong N. E. winds.
Exposure to the sun also, at this season, is generally attended
with bad effects. Upon the whole, the monsoon season (not.
withstanding its comparative dampness) is, from its greatEn'
equability of temperature, the absence of cold winds, and the
cloudy sky, admitting of exercise being taken at every dry
interval, infinitely the best season for commencing the treat-
ment of a chronic complaint, and, where circumstances admit
of a choice, I should prefer April as the period for &scending
the hills. As the succesBion of the seasons differs conlidera-

1M EFFECTS 01' THE CLJlUTE
1>ly at Kotergherry and Ootac.rnund, it is possible by well-
timed changes from one to the other, to avoid much of the
unpleasa.nt weather at both. I am in the constant habit of
the more delicate classes of invalids to Koter ..
gberry or Coonoor, whenever I perceive that they are retro-
grading, or stationary, at Ootacamund; and the benefit dC'rived
has been of the most marked description, particularly at the
commencement of the monsoon, when the highly electrical
.ta.te of the atmosphere occasions much suft'ering to a. m&-
jority of our patients.'
SECTION a.-EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE ON INDIAN
DISEASES, IN DETAIL.
The following ollservatioDs are the result of my experience
in more than 300 cases, of the most vaned description. Of
these, 129 were European soldiers, treated in the con ..
valescent dep6t, and 132 were officers, civil and military.
The time, at which the sanative effects of the climate
begin to appear, varies considerably in different diseases, and
in different individuals labouring wtder the same disease.
In some, the restoration is immediate, and permanent; in
others, it is followed hy slight relapses, and in a great many
eases, there is little or nQ amendment for many months.
This is particularly the case with females, upon whom the
climate is much longer in producing an effect, than on the
Dther sex, and they derive decidedly more benefit at first
from the milder climates of Kotergherry, and Coonoor, tha"
of Ootacamund. If the accommodation were sufficient, I
should be disposed to seud all ladies, and a. considerable pro-
ON nmllN DISEASES, IN DETAIL. 181
portion of the severer cases among officers, to
for the first three months.
Sudden changes of weather have, as might be expected, a
considerable effect on aJl the more delicate classes of invalids.
Bowel.complaints, and dysentery, are peculiarly affected by
transition from dry to wet weather, but the effect is for-
tunately in general only transitory, and the monsoon is, upon
the whole, the most favoraLle season for invalids, probably
from its great equability of temperature.
The electrical condition of the atmosphere, _exercises a very
marked in8uence on most invalids on the hills.
Rheumatism, cepbalalgia (bead-ache), and nervous com-
plaints, are most sensible to its action, and patients, affected
with these, or similar complaints, can generally foretell the
approach of a thunder-storm, producing a general feeling of
uneasiness, and a temporary aggravation of the pains.
The illHuenee of the phases of the moon on the plU'Oxystni
of penodical disease, h... been much disputed, and i& .till
"Iub lite." I must confess myself convinced of the truth of
tbe popular opinion, tbougb not to the fullest extent perbaps.
Scarcely a case of intermittent fever, contracted in the low
country, has come under my observation bere, which did not
und.crgo decided aggravation at tbe full and cbange; if tbe
paroxysms were regular at other periods, they were severer,
and of longer continuance at tbis; tbe cold fit being always
strongly marked, tbougb of len scarcely perceptible in fits
occurring in tbe intervals. The quartan type, is that most
subject to this mysterious influence, as are the obstinate
types known &8 Suringapatam and Guzerat fevers. I have
two instances in my eye, at this moment, one, a. field officer
"f tbe army, wbo for the last 16 or 18 years bas bad. re-
gular return of fever every full moon, preceded by
2
132 EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE
bead-ache; this was originally contracted in Orissa; the
other, a civilian of rank, who contracted the disease at Sering-.t. ...
patam, 12 years ago, and who experiences a relapse at fun
and change. Cephalalgia, and hysteria, appear also to be
subject to this lunar influence, though less distinctly, and
in a minor degree.
The disea.ses of children, are fewer in number, a.nd in ..
finitely les8 violent in degree than. in the low country..
Dysentery, is of rare occurrence, as are also fever, marasmus
and convulsions. An idea prevails, that teething takes place
Ie,. favorably on the hill. than below, but thi, i, decidedly
contrary to my experience, and I consider the mischief. in
one or two alleged instances, to have origina.ted in the child'il
having been weaned too early. A sim ilar idea prevails with
regard to vacoination, which is said to be more diffioult to
establish here than elsewhere; this again is entirely owing
to the diffioulty of procuring good matter.
Small-pox. was said to be formerly common among the
'abOligines; it !:taB now ne&ll'ly We ha\'e vac-
oinated more than 1,100 of children within the last two
years, and I have never heard of its occurrence among the
aettlers, whether European or Native.
Measles are rare, I ha.ve never seen an instance of it, nor
scarlatina. lJooping cough is more common, but generally
mild, and is readily cured by a change to Kutergherry and
Coonoor, or vice v8rad. Of croup, I ha.ve only seen one case .
Either from some defect in the packing, or some more abstruse
cause, dependant on sudden change of temperature, vaccine
jn glasses or phials generally spoils in beillg conveyed to the
hills.
Fortunately, the facility flOW of procuring 8. child with vaccine
pustules both in Ootacamund anel from J acka.ta1la ob, wte& thia ab--
joction.
ON INDIA.:q' DISEASES, IN DETAIL. 133
In short, European children are peculia1'iy healthy, and
thrive most remarkably on the hills,
The effects of the climate on natives of, the low country,
are somewhat modified j it being to them nearly &8 lAuch
a foreign climate as India is to us, They are very subject to
slight ephemeral fever, and bowel-complaint, on their fint
ascent, particularly if care be not taken to prevent their ex-
posing themselves to wet, and sleeping on the ground. They
. very readily become acclimatized, however, and it appears to
me that they become more muscular, and more capable of
enduring fatigue, than even in their own country.
The general plan of treatment pursued, may be described
in a very few words. In the first instance, I have generally
endeavoured to obviate the effects of the sudden transition,
and consequent congestion of the viscera, by mild aperients,
diaphoretics, warm bath, &C.
The after treatment depends of course on the peculiar
nature of the original disea.se. If an hepatic deetion, a
course of alterative mercurial medicines (Plummer's pill is my
favorite prescription), nitric acid, a mercurial plaster on the
side, and finally tonics of the simple description.
In dysentery, ipecacuanha, in the form by
Mr. Twining, is our sheet-ancbor-and has proved equally
efficacious in simple diarrhcea; sulphate of zinc, sulphate of
copper, and the usual tonics, have also been adopted with
advantage: the former of these medicines, (assisted by tartar
emetic in nauseating doses during the paroxysms,) I have
found highly useful in cephalalgia. Fever, is generally subdu-
ed, by smart purgatives and diaphoretics during the fit, with
quinine in considerable doses during the intervals, parti-
cularly just before the access of the fit. I have, now and
been obliged to have recourse to arsenic, in the more
18'
EFFECTS OF THE CLIllA.TE
obstinate forms of fever, and almost always with success.
The enlargem,nt of the spleen, consequent on intermittent
fever, has generally yielded to the spleen mixture recom
mended by Mr. Twining.- Rheulll&tism. I have generally
found manageable by a steady course of Sarsaparilla. infused
in lime water.t Dyspepsia, requires more management, and
generally dero&D.ds a variation of 8ucce88ive antacid and
tonic remedies; one of the most useful of these I have found
to be, a light hitter infUBion, such &8 infusion of Calumba or .
Caacarilla., with from three to seven grains of carbonate of
potash in each dose.
In female complaints. tartrite of potash and iron h ... prov-
ed a very useful assistant to the tonics in general use.
As a genera.! principle. my object has alway. been to obviate
symptoms 8.8 they &1'Ose, and to assist nature, by the simplest
means, in her endeavours to restore the tone of the constitu.
tlOnaJ powers, leaving the rest to the climate, ~ the effects
of which I have never been disappointed.
A few words, on each of the more important Indian di-
.... e will appropriately conclude this part of the .ubject.
Cholera, has only once occurred as an Epidemic on the
Hills; this was among the men composing the corps of
pioneers at Cuonoor, who had been previously much weaken-
ed by fatigue and expo.ure. and lost fourteen cases: only
one case occurred at Ootacamund, and one at Kotergherry;
and on a fonner occasion, when the Governor's camp was
attackeJ at the foot of the hills. the dise .. e w ... instantly
checked on their ascending j no new cases occurring, and thOS9,
previously attacked, rapidly recovering .
Transaction8 of the Calcutl;a, Medical a.nd Physical Society, vol. iii.
page 365.
t Sir U. BrQdie'e preparaLion..
ON INDIAN DJSF . ASKS, IN DETAIL. 135
Fe'rer i.8 unknown on the hills, except when contracted
previously in the low country. In cases which have suffered
from it below, i.t is, of all other diseases probably, that which
derives the most immediate and decided benefit from the cli-
mate, at least if unconnected with permanent derangement of
the liver. When complicated with a.trection of th. spleen,
8S in the Seringapatam and Guzerat fevers, it prO'fes more
obstinate, but rarely intnwtable. Jungle fever, one of the
most dreaded and intnwtable of the whole class, ill in gooeral
so much modified by the c1ima.te, as to lose its formidable
cha.nwter, ... a proof of which may be stated the fact, that out
of some 18 cases, which have come under my observati(1n, we
have lost only one patient. Fortunately, the circumstancs
. of this form of fever seldom or never declaring itself before
a fixed and definite period, generally the eleventh or twelfth
day after exposure to tbe miasm, we are enabled to apply
precautionary measures so as frequently to arrest tbe attack
altogether, or at least weaken its force considerably. Among
other striking examples of this fact, the following is not the
l .... t remarkabl.:-In 1831, a parly of 27 European con-
valescents, under charge of Lieutenant Croft and Dr. Au.
This was in every respect a most unfortunate instance, as being
that of a gentleman of distinguished talents, of the mOltt amiable man-
ners, and the most unwearied zeal. L'lrcumstancea hAving induced him
to devote much of rus time and talents to subjects connected with the
improvement of the Neilgherries, his loss fell with peculiar weigh&;
on WI.
I allude to the late Dr. A. T. Christie, who oontracted the disease
while PMSing through the Goodaloor jungle, on his way to Ootaoa-
mund: being naturally much predisposed to ft'brile derangement, the
morbid act-ion look such hold upon him, acting 88 a poison on the ner-
vous system, that mediCine proved completely inert, and he ee.nk
without a struggle on the sixth day after the ftrat; acoeaaion.
136 EFFECTS Of' THE CJ,nrA.'l'X
cbinleck, while on their march to join the depbt here, owing
to BOme misapprehension of the Quarter Master General'.
instructions, passed a night in the middle of the jungle at
the foot of the Ghllt, The moment I .. cemined this fact, I
placed all the Europeans under a rigid system of surveillance,
and they were each well disciplined, and took considerable
quantities of Quinine, with other ordinary precautionary
measures. Lieutenant Croft, being subject babitually to
fever, was subjected to a. similar course of treatment, and all
these escaped without a single untowa:rd symptom; but Dr.
Auchinleck, relying on the strength of his constitution, neg-
lected the preca.utions recommended to him, and the con ..
sequence was, that on the eleventh day he was attacked by
the fever, in its most marked and aggravated form, and only
escaped by the adoption of the most active and decided
treatment.
Dyspepsia, or Indigestion, when unconnected with senom
derangement of the liver, is another of the diseases which be ..
nefit, in the most marked and decided degree, by the climate.
When we recollect that this Protean malady often bolll .. the
highest order of talent and professional experience in Europe,
it is no small proof of the efficacy of our climate to say, that
dyspepsia is rendered even manageable by its .
Debility, in whatever degree, and particularly when occur
ring 88 the result of long residence in the low COWltry, with ..
out being connected with decided disease, seldom or never
fails to yield to the influence of our bracing a.ir, aided by pro ..
per diet, exercise, and regimen. 11he only exception to this
is the case of those who, by such residence, ha.ve become In ..
dianized in their habits and feelings; to them, the cold and
If' not., then the cold \Tllter ,,"Ylltem will succeed, and no medicine
will prevail.-ED.
ON' INDIAN DISEASE!, IN DETAIL. 137
wet are serious and insuperable obstacles, and they suffer so
much discomfort in this way, as nearly to neutralize &lly
benefit their health may deriv .
Habitual constipation, in the low country a very obstinate
complaint, yields at once on the Jrills. The additional quan-
tity of fluid thrown into the bowels assists this effect at first,
and the restored tone of the stomach, bowels, and digestive
powers in general completes the cure.
Local, and cutaneous diseases, of every description" sores,
ulcers, affections of the joints, fractures, injuries of the head,
and aU other affections of this class, yield to appropriate re-
medies with, at least, as great facility, as under the most
favorable circumstances in Europe; convalescence being in
all of them incredibly rapid and perfect.
Pulmonary disease, being of comparatively rare occurrence
in India generally, is not often the subject of treatment here ;
where it has occurred in its earlier stages (the only circum-
stances under which it is manageable in any part of the
world), it has presented no difficnlty whatever.
The host of diseases peculiar to females, acknowledge the
influence of our climate in a remarkable degree j they are
often extremely obstinate, and are very generally rendered
more so by the impatience of restraint, and unpardonable im-
prudence of the su1l'erers themselves, but nevertheless, almost
always, yield to time, and the gradual effects of the climate.
Diarrh(Ba, though requiring mnch core on tbe part of the
medieal attendant, and much self-denial on the part of the
patient, from the liability to relapses consequent upon atmo-
spherical changes, and slight errors in diet, has not in a sin-
gle instance resisted the effects of judicious treatment j it is,
however, a most obstinate disease, and in common with the
next to be noticed requires a long freedom from attacks; in
T
las "El'FECTS OF TIlE CJ.I'MATE
other words, a. prolonged residence on the hills, to secure the
Iuft'erer from relapses, on returning to the low country.
Dysentery, whether acute or- chronic, is 80 seldom met
with, unconnected with derangement of the liver, as to fall
more properly under the next head. Under whatever form
it occurs, it is justly considered as one of the most formi-
dable and fatal of Indian diseaael, occaaioning a greater 10 ..
of life among the lower ranks of Europeans in particular,
than any other complaint-Cholera not excepted. Upon
the whole, our practice in the Ie.. aggravated forma of tho
disease has been tolerably satisfactory, but it always proves
extremely obstinate, from the tendency to relapse from com
paratively trifling causes, luoh .. slight atmospherical
changes, erron in diet, expo&ure, &C. and it is rarely over-
come without more or le88 injury to the constitution. It is
in this, and the next cl ... of di .... e (hepatic), that I con.
ceive the precautionary measure of a sea-voyage most ur.-
gently called for: with this advantage I apprehend that tho
,...ults would be complet.ely reversed; but without it, I am
disposed to think that none but the mildest forms of the
disease should be tnmsferred to tho Neilgherries, and that,
in alI of them, the patient should be acclimatized by a pre.
vious residence a.t Kotergherry or Coonoor, until the disease
i. fairly subdued, a.nd nothing remains to be done, but to in ..
Tigorate the constitution, and restore the powers of digestion
and .. similation, by a transferen .. to the braoing olimate of
Ootacamund.
The .. me observations apply, but with still greater for .. , to
the numerous and important class of hepa.tic diseases. The
liability to congestion, from tho .udden change oftemperature,
the mischief arising from the susceptibility of the skin, be-
tween which and the liver there ex.ists the moat intimate sym-
ON INDLUi DllfEA.8E8, IN DETA.IL. 139
pathy, to atmospherical viciBsitudes, and the inability to
bear exposure to the 8M, all operate unfa.vorablyat first,
even on the mildest cases of In many of
these, by adoption of due precautions, and by sending
the invalid to spend the first few months in the milder cli-
mates of Kotergberry or Ooonoor, we ha.ve been enabled to
neutralize th .. e obstacles, and ultimately to re.tore them to
health. But 8S a general prinoiple, it must be conceded, that
the climate of the hills is not suited to hepatic disease, wh."
of long .tanding, if qf conBiderahk .evM'ity, or if complwated
with lfifectio1l8 qf the bowelB, unl .. s the di ..... h .. been com-
pletely subdued by a previous sea-voyage. When the alI'ec-
tion amounts to organic disease, leaving little hope of
ment from any climate, it is more likely to have the fatal
termina.tion accelerated than retarded by a residence here i
and, when a acroful01l8 taint exists in the constitution, it is
difficult to prevent its running into abscess.
RheUlWltism, ... consequence of the abuse of mercury in the
low country, is not uncommon. Though an obstina.te affec-
tion, it alwa.ys yields to general tonic remedies, such as the
infusion of Sarsaparilla above-mentioned, aided by the brac-
ing effects of the climate.
Gout iB equally manageable. The ClWe of this singu-
lar disease is perhaps in every instance impossible; when
the constitution has the arthritic tendency, 811 that can be
expected is, to reduce the number of fits, moderate their
violence, and prevent their injuring the general health, all of
which, with but little assistance from medicine, is perfectly
effected by the climate.
T 2
u,o
('L.\SSlFICATlOlf 01' DISEABES.
SEOTION 4-CLA,88UlCATIOW OF DI8EllEI.
I prop_ to divide this subject into three heads ,
1sT CLUB.
Diseases in which I conceive the patient may. with safety
and advanta"ae. be tranaferred at once to the hill climate. in-
cluding th_ which would be benefited by a previous reo
aidence at Kotergherry, and Coonoor.
1. Incipient di ...... of evory description.
2. Fever, if unaccompanied with severe affection of the
'Iiscera.
3. Diarrhrea.
4. G enenU debility. if not dependant on organic diaease,
or great funotional derangemellt.
6. All local affeotions. of whatever description.
6. The milder forms of chronic dysentery; acute dy-
sentery can seldom. I apprehend. be a proper subject of
treatment in this climate.
7. The milder forJllll of hepatic disease.
S. Almost all female oomplaiuts. properly so called.
9. Muscular rheumatism.
10. Mercurial rheumatism, or periostitis.
11. Incipient pulmonary dis .....
12. Dyspepsia, and it. concomitant
13. Neuralgia (pains depending on an alfeetion of the
perv .. ).
2ND CLASS.
Dise .. es which are likely to benefit by a residence on the
hills, provided the patient has it in his power to premise a
selVvoyage, or, in the milder cases, a residence of 80me
months on tbe coast, so as to remove, or at least entirely
CLASSIFICA.TION OF DIBEA.8R8. 141
check, the complaint. The duration, or nature 'of the voy-
age must of course depend on the nature of the complaint,
and other circumstanees, to be determined by the judgment
of the medical practitioner advising the change. To persons
coming down from Bengal, or the more distant parts of tbe
Bombay presidency, the short voyage along the coast will
always be of service, often all that is necessary. In other
and more serious cases, it must be prolonged for two or
three month . Still the advantage of coming to the hill., in-
.tead of the long and expen.ive voyage to aod from the
Oape or Europe, the circumstance of being within reach of
one's own office, or business, of whatever description, and
ma.oy otl1ers, are so evident as to require no discussion.
1. Hepatic disease, not amounting to organic affection.
2. Dysentery of the severer descriptions, with the same
qualifications.
3. Severe mercurial rheumatism, if attended with enlarge ..
ment of the bone .
4. Chronic enlargement of the viscera, (or Paraby.ma, ..
it i. termed technically.)
5. Debility, the consequence of long residence in the
country, and complicated with functional derangement of
the liver, or any other important organ. The sea-voyage in
this, and the first two divisions, should be of considerable
duration.
aXD CLASS.
In the first cia", or di.ease, not likely to benefit by this
climate, up.der any circumstances-I would include,
1. Hepatic disease, if organic or complicated with a scro.
fulous taint in the con.titution; at least if the latter haa
declared it lf.
2. Dysentery, under the same circumstances.
142
OLA88IJ'ICATION OP DISEASES.
3. Confirmed pulmonary dise .....
4. The atrophy of advanced years, consequent upon long
re8idence in the country and Iudianized ha.bita. To such
unhappy subjects, after almost any degree of preparation,
cold acta &8 a. complete eztinguisher, and the only resource
left for them is, a prolong<d sea-voyage in the warmer lati-
tudes.
CHAPTER XII.
INTRODUCTORY TO THE TABLES OJ!' ROUTES.
THE several routes to the Neilgherries have been 80 mate-
rially altered since Dr. Baikie's time, as to render it neces-
sary to substitute the following remarks aud Tallies for
those contained in the former work.
There are three points which afford the readiest, and in
fact, almost the only acee.s to the Hills, from Calcutta, and
Bombay:-Madras, on the Eastern coast; Callcut and Can-
nanore, or Tellicherry, on the Western.-
On arriving at Madras, intending visitors to the Hills
generally proceed t>iIl Arcot, Bangalore and Mysore, and the
routes (in the Tables,) leading to those place., will guide
them; and on application to the Post Office at Madras, they
will be furnished with all inrormation necessary as to the
course to be pursued (until the railroad and its branches are
finished) in laying a dawk from Arcot to Salem, or from
Madras to Trichinopoly direct, with routes to those places;
the Table hew the route. from thence to the Hill. as now
existing.
When the railroad t>iIl Arcot, to which place it has al-
ready been completed, is continued (and it is now in rapid
progress) to Callcut, with branches to "Meetspollium" and
U Seeramogay," at the base of the Hills, passing Salem, with
a branch to Bangalore, and one to Trichinopoly (as shewn
See the Outline Map thewing the routee to the Hilla.
144 INTRODUCTORY TO THE TABLE8 0]1' ROUTE8.
in the }lap) all travellers will, it may be presumed, proceed
by the rail; thus rendering any observations on the present
lines of road, except only on that by Rangalore, unnecessary.
When the branch rail. to Meetapollium and Seer.mogay,
which will commence at or near Coimbatore, are completed,
the distance from Madras to each Terminus will be about
286 miles; which, a.t the rate now travelled by the train to
Arcot, namely, 20 miles an hour, will enable travellers to
reach those points respectively in 14 hours.
Coonoor is distant from Meetapollium, 88 &heady men-
tioned,,;t5 miles; Kotergherry from Seeramogay, may, in time,
be only 12 miles; and Ootacamund islO miles from Coonoor.
The branch rail from Bangalore to the main line, will ex-
tend to about 65 miles, forming its junction about midway
between Vaniembaddy and Tripatoor, about 60 miles from
Arcot; and the branch to Trichinopoly from the main lin.
will be about 90 miles j commencing at Salem, 185 from
Arcot, and passing U Caroor," will run due east to Trichi-
nopoly.
Allowance must be made for any inaccuracy which may
hereafter appear, in regard to the estimated distances be-
tween the different places na.med: as they are merely given
from meaaurements on the Map, and alterations may be
made in the directions of the lin in the progress of execu-
tion.
From the above observations, it is evident, that, after the
completion of these lines, all travellers will proceed from
Madras, Bangalore, &c. by ra.il j and then the present route
to the Hill. via Bang.lore and Mysor., will be abandoned
and the "Coonoor" and CI Seeramogay" Passes become the
high roads to the Hill stations; and the" Seegoor" Pass be
used only by those who are anxious to see Mysore, Seringa-
mTBODUOTOIIY TO TIiB T41ILIB 0:' BOUTEB. 14ol1
patam, and other pI"""" in the O8IIle direction, and who,
having leisure, will be content with tho Blower, but .till
pl_t conveyonoe of traneit carriages from Bangalore.
This leads us to remark on the existing mode of travol
from Aroot to the Hills, !lid Bangalore and Mysore.
In the first chapter, wo adverted to the Eet"bliahmenta of
transit ~ kept by Mooo ... Burghall and othera, at;
Madras: by them travellers will be furnished with printed
table. ofotagee, and oharges generally. We .hall give an
abotract of thOjel but we recommend the traveller to oend
for both kinds of carriage, one for horses, the other for
bullocks, in order to onable him to dooide in which he will
travel from Aroot to Bangolore or Mysore, and perhaps to
" Seegoor ;" &8 it is in the contemplation ofMe88l'S. Burghall
.... d Co. to extend their horae-transit to the foot of the Hills.
On seeing the .. earriages, between which there is a greet
diil'erence of size, the traveller can arrange 88 to the accom-
modation which he will require for himself and lnggage: if
he should be ohliged to change from the horae-transit to
that drown by bullocks, as at present necessary from Bon-
galore or Myaore, he may be put to much inconvenience, and
be obliged to hire two of the omaller oonveyanc .. from ODe or
other of those places.
The Editor's experience leads him to reoommond the hire
of a Bullock Carriage, ezpr ... lt! prooidi.g agMtJlt tkBr. beiag
tmfI cllapg. oj' carriage, all tho way from Arcot to tho Hill ..
This carriage is much easier thaD. the horse conveyance.
Bullocks travel at the rate of 4l to Ii mile. an hour, and
give m ~ c h leas cause for dissatisfaction.
The Horse Transit is of course, generally speaking,
a quicker mode of travelling, averaging ~ b c u t Ii to 6 mile.
an hour, but the har .. s are much jaded when the road ;,
11
146 INTRODUCTORY TO THE TABLES OF ROUTES.
heavy, and travellers are numerous, and they do not work
like the more patient and persevering bullock.
It i. much to be regretted, that Me"rB. Burghall and
Co. and the other proprietors, do not exert them!relves more
than they do, to have better hOrBe. and stronger bullocks
between Arcot and Baogalore: from the latter place to
Ootacamund the bullocks are larger, and kept in good con-
dition.
The visitor, proceeding from Calcutta, should not take
Patarrahs, these are of no use, 80S the roofs of the carriages
ara rounded so as to prevent their being overloaded. He
should only have Portmanteaus or Trunks, and these should
not be higher than lIt inches, as they are put under him in
the carriage, which has boards luid across, and on these is
the bedding, the traveller reclining as in a Palankeen, but,
if he travels light, he may form a seat by taking up two
'or three of the boards.
Both the carriages have a pocket on each
side for small articles; but it is absolutely necessary for
er comfort, that the traveller should, at his own expenee (a
mere trifle), have 4 or 6 more pockets made, of any coarse
cloth, to hold wine, beer, &c. (not forgetting a bottle of
brandy), and the many .mall articl"" he may take with
him; and we likewise reoommend him to provide himself
with a .mall kettle, teapot, a rew plates, &C. in short, all that
he would take to insure independence of the deficiencies of /I
dawk Bungalow all o,"er India; the bungalows, between Aroot
and the hills,are generally not deficient in culinary articles, but
tea,coifee)8ugar)and salt) and a good supply of bread, biscuits)
&C. should be laid in at Mad1'(U1, Bangalore, and M!lsore.
Most of the dawk bungalows are good, some very
rior; especially those built by the libcr.lity of General Cub'
bin.
INTRODUOTORY TO TUE TilLES OF BOUTES. 147
If MeBS .... Burghall and Co. or othe ... , will not arrange to
.end the carriage by rail, packed with the travelling luggage
(which they would find it their intere.t to do, for the accom-
modation of the public) but will only arrange to have it
ready at Arcot, the traveller .hould take thoae additional
pockets, and a packet of tacks and a hammer, and fix them
himself at that place.
At Areot, there is a very comfortable Hotel; but the tra-
veller should, after arranging for his transit, write to the
respectable native proprietor of it, intimating his intention
of being there by the train of the day; and, should Me.srs.
BurghaU' and Co. or the other proprietors of carriages, decline
to send ~ s conveyance from Madras, he should not omit to
include in his letter to the hotel-keeper, directions to have
his transit carriage' waiting the arrival of the train; as the
present hotel is about 5 miles from the Railway station, and
tlie Terminus is at Amoor, beyond Arcot: and, further, the
,traveller should, in order to prevent disappointment, desire,
MOBS.... Burghall and Co. to instrnct their agent at Arcot
accordingly.
A new hotel, however, is in contempla.tion, to be erected
close to the Terminus; and then the difficulties which arise,
from the distant position of the present one, will be obviated.
The hire of the different transit carriages is at present as
follows; but the traveller will receive a printed Table of
charges from M ... rs. Burghall and Co., and others, when
he engages his transit; and these give the .tages, and par-
,ticuiarB as to the cbarge., and existing bungalows on the line.
The Railroad fares forthe different class carriages, charg-
_es for luggage, and for horses, if any are taken, will be learnt
from the manager a.t Madras; but these are all as low &9
~ h o 8 e of the Bengal railway, if not le88.
U 2
l48 rJrTlWnUOTOBY TO THE TABLM OJ' B.OUna.
The hire of a Hone Tranait oarriage from Arcot to Ban-
galore, is) ........... 6 ............... 00.'8 B.s. 65
Of a Bullock Tranait, from Aroot to Ban galore, .. .. ... 80
Of a Bullock Transit, from Bangaiore to Ootacamund,... is
The e"pena" at the bungalowa on the line, are Tory tri-
:fling; but it is advisable, in order to secure greater attention
and expedition on the part of the drivera of the oarriagea, to
give each olthem on a change, of which theta are only about
four through the whole distance from Arcot to Ootacamund,
one or two rupees, and to give the .ycea and bullock-boy.
an anna each, at each ataga.
The .tag.. are about five mile. apart; and appear in the
Tabl .. ; and in the way-bill. furnished by the proprietora of
the carriages.
It is a1ao atrongly recommended to the traveUer, to vioit
the erlenaive 'Emporium' of Me .. ra. Oak .. and Co. at Mad-
mo, who have .. multifarioua a diaplay of European goocla,
.. is exhibited in the Exchange rooma in Calcutta; and also
the .hop of Mea .... Shaw and Co., out-fitters, from th ... well
conducted establishments he will obtain all neceuary infor-
mation .. to articl of clothing, &c. adapted to the Hilla;
and he .hould not omit to take with him the water-proof
clothing, otrong ahoes, &C. and a mOlt useful kind of legging,
or thick gaiter, made of enameUed hid. leather, which haa
flat iron plate neatly encloaed at the aide, keeping the gai_
ter firm, and the topa covering tha kn ... : thia ia much bet-
ter than the old mud boot; Or new hunting boot'; and a
friend of the Editor was aaved by the plate from a fraotured
leg, on his pony falling on alippery ground. Thea. gaitera
are known by the name of" antigropolos" and are patented
in London; and are aIao _de by the boot-makers of CrJcutta.
There is good hotel at BangrJore, where tho traveUer

Il<TJIODUCTOBT '1'0 THII TABL". 01' :&OUT.B. 149
sbonld rest and tbe .. atudy tbe Transit way-bills; and, bav-
iDg bad tbe experience of tbe rate of travelling from Aroot,
sbonld make bis calcnl&tions for leaviDg Bangalore at sncb an
bour &8 will iDsnre hill arri .. al at tbe bungalow at Myso..,
87 miles, in about 110 boura, and from tbence to that at
u Goondelpet," 27 miles, by midnight.
He sbonld tbere take refresbment, and put on warmer
clotbiDg, and leave at 4 A. lc. or earlier; and should
have his water-proof coat, boots, &0. at hand, BO as to be pre-
pared for mounting hiB pony on reaching" Seegoor;" and
ladies, wbo intend to ride up the pass, .bould put on tbeir
habits in tbe carriage, .. they approacb the village of Bee-
goor, in order to avoid delay at tbat place.
Seegoor beiDg about 29 miles di.tant front Goondelpet,
and almost all tbe road being an ascent, it will be evident
,hat tbe traveller sbonld attend strictly to the advice to
lsave tbe latter place by 4 A. ][. and he will tbus be
enabled to breakfast at the Knlhutty bungalow, near the
head of the p ....
PersoDs going to the Hills by the Ie Coonoor Pus,"
should adopt similar precautions as to putting on warm
clothing, &C. as abovementioned,at Meetapollium; and arrange
to l ve that place at day-light, .. the journey from thence
to Ooonoor is tedious when travelling in a palankeen or ton-
john; therefore all wbo oan ride should go on ponies.
The asme directions generally will apply for the guidance
of travellers from Bombay, before ascending the U Sispara or
Koondah P ... ;" who shonld make their preparation. at the
bungalow situated at" Sholaikul," or at that of U Walakaud,"
at the foot of the P ....
At Calicut, to which traveners from Bombay are now
CODTOyed by the Steame .. , p .. sing it on their way to Galle,
there is a public bungalow.
150 UfTBODUCTOBY TO Tn TABLBS 01' BOUTES.
At Tellicherry, and Cannanore also, there are bungalow.,
and other aooommodotion. for travellers.
Having given the above directions and information, for
the guidance of travellenl, we .hall now add the Tabl .. of
routes and di&t&nces from each of the placeo before mentioned,
generally, to and from the Hill .
Bince penning the foregoing remark., the Editor h .. re-
ceived a communication from a friend in the Public Works
Department of the Madra. Government, which he regreta
did not reach him in time to modify the obeervatioDl made
in treating of the anticipated new road to Kotergherry from
" Seeramogay."
The intimation conveyed to the Editor ii, to the etrect,
" That a first class carriage road is under estima.te to be made
from Sceramogay to Kotergherry, by such easy gradient ...
would n ...... arily extend the distance to 30 mile., but, as it
would be travelled with comfort by carriages, it would be
altogether a more de.irable trace then having a tedioua Ghant
to as .. nd. This new road would be continued to Oota-
eamnnd, and then, for the firot time, a carriage road would
connect it with Kotergherry, a desideratum which has too
long prevented daily intercourse between the two .tation .
"There would also be branch carriage roads to Cooooor
and J ackatalla; and, if this projected road io Banctioned by
the Madras Government, it will be completed by the time
the intended branch line of railroad io extended to Seera-
mogay."
This intimation, however, is a.coompanied by a remark that
another project is also under consideration, namely, to form
the approach up the Pus to Coonoor by means of an inclined
plane and rails, worked by a water-wheel; but even then
the carriage roads would be made from Coonoor to Ootaca-
mund and Kotergherry, and from the latter to Jackatalla.
Il<TllODUCTORY TO THE TABLES OF l1OUTES. 151
With reference to the main line of rail road and converging
branches, the Editor is confirmed in the belief, before express-
ed, that the whole will be completed witbin two year. and
a half; the latest information he has received states, that it
will soon reach Vaniembaddy, and that it is expected to be
carried to Salem in the course of 1857-; by which time,
the greatest portion of tbe line between Salem and Calicut
will alao be completed.
lD2 TABLES O:P BOtrTBB.
TABLES OF ROUTES.
FROH H.AllBAl! TO OOTAOAHUND.
VIA ABCOT AND BANGALORE, ACCORDING TO THE TllANSIT
TABLES OF STA.GES.
To .hoot by Bail
FB.OK bCOT
To Chlttoor, or Woorungapally
Vincatagher'7
Palmanair
Hoolnogle
Oolar
N Ul'BIlpoor
Oooecottah
Bonplon>
FBoIl BANGALOBB
T o ~
Bid ee
Olooepett
Chinna.patam
Muddoor
}{undium
Beringapatam
M,IOl'e
FBoK MnoBB
To Sindbully
Baigoor
Goondelpet
Bundipoor
Tipp!!tC&udoo J Jungle
8eegoor
Kulhutty
Ootacamund ,.
F .... ..u.. of t M i c ~ to ""ad of paR
Total dietance.
Total, .
Total, .
..
..
..
..
.,
..
..
..
Total, .
..
Bungalows
IF.
and H.
Hotels.
B&H
71
10
B 29 0
B 12 0
B 12 0
B 27 0
B 15 0
B 17 0
B 8 0
B&H 17 0
----
H . 13710
B 10
7
B 10 4
B 9 6
B
7
5
B 11 a
B 11 7
B 16 4
B 9 4
---
--
-
H . 87 6
B 9 4
B 9 0
B 8 3
B 11 0
7 5
10 4
B 4 0
H.H 9 0
-
H> .. 69 0
-
H . 364 6
TA.BLES OF ROUTES. 153
FROM: M:ADRAS TO OOTACAMUND
By ARCOT, VELLOBE, VANIEMBADDY, SALEM, AVENASHY
AND COIMBATORE.
Bungalows
and M:.
Hotels.
To Aroot by rail, B. H. 71
FRail ARCOT
To Vellore, B. 13
Pallioondah, B.
12
Totalum,
7
Amboorpett, B.
9
Vaniembaddy,
. B. 10
Tripatoor, B. 13
Muttoor,
. B. 13
Innoomatoor, . B. 11
Darampoory, .

13
Adamancotah,

B. 5
Topoor Choultry, B. 11

B. 8
, . B. 11
Salom,

B.
Macdonald's Ohoultry, . . B. 12
Sunkerrydroog, .

B. 11
CooroarpaJlium, . . . B. 12
Sittodoo, .

4
Perooudooray,.

B. 10
Chungapully, .

B. 12
-,AveDMhy,

. B. 10
Karmottunputty, .

B.
8
Ramanoojun Chuttrnm, .
B
Ooimbatore,

B.
B
Total miles,
1
320
F.
0
-
I
6
7
7
7
7
5
4
o
4
7
3
7
6
7
o
4
5
o
4
6
6
5
7
8
N. B.-See Tabletli in pages 154 and 156, for the :Route! from
Avenaaby to Ootaca.mund, Coonoof, and Kot.ergberry.
"
154 TAlILEIJ OF 'BOUTEll.
FROM OOTAD.nfUND TO COIMBATORE AND
PAULGHAUTCHERY
By THE COONOOB PABS AND MEETAPOLLIUll..
Bungalow!
and
Hotels.
To Coonoor,
B.
B.
, B.
B.
M. F.
-
10 2
14 2
11 0
11 6
::Meetapollium,
Goodaloor,
Coimbatore,
Muddookurray,
Walaiyar,
Gunjeecotary,
Paulgbautchery,
To
,
tallll;re., .
~ ~
8 4
7 s
77 6
FROM OOTACA.MUND TO COIMBATORE
By KOTEBGHERRY AND MEETAPOLLIUM.
To Kotergheny,
Meetapollium .
Goodaloor,
Coimbatore,
Tot
,
at mileR,
B.
B.
B.
B.
A.. foot path only,-diffi.cult even for Ponies.
FROM OOTACA.MUND TO COIMBATORE
By KOTEIIGllEIIIIY AND SEEII.I.HOGAY P ABB.
'l'q Xotergherry, B.
U d d e w ~ or Seeramoga1t B.
Goodaloor, B.
Coimbatore, B.
Total mil.,.,
14
11
11
11
49
14
12
15
11
54
See remtP'ks at th1) close of the introduction to these Tables.
6
6
0
6
-
2
6
7
3
6
6
TilLES OF ROUTES. 155
FROM MADRAS TO TRICHINOl'OLY
By SADBAS, ALUMP.A.BVA, PONDICHEBBY, CUDDA1.0U
AND COMBACONUM.

Rnd M. F.
Hotels.
To Sholunga.nellore, 13 1
A.t Wanien Chollry,5. Y. B.
Tripooioor, 13 1
Sad.ra8 Fort, B.
14
Chikanacoopum, 13 3
A..lump&rV&, B. 8 6
13 3
Pondicherry . . . B. 12 1
Munjeecool:um, 01" Cuddalore, B. 11 7
Chonian C oultry. . B. 9 1
Ramalinga or Poodoo Chuttmm, B. 6 7
.Ammaipettah, B. 11 1
Sheally, B. 10 4
Myaveram, B. 13 1
Teroowallungaudoo, B. 9 4
Combaconum, B. 12 4
Cavestellum, B. 9 1
Triviar, B. 11 4
Poodoo Chuttrum 11 S
Anieut, B. 9 0
Trichinopoly, B. 11 4
Total miles, 225 12
N. B.-Traveller! to Trichinopoly and Salem, should enquire of
Messrs. Tayler and Co, at Madras, &8 to means of tr&nlling bJ
their Tranait Carriages to these places.
x 2
156 TA.BLES OF ROUTES.
FROM TRICHINOPOLY TO OOTACAMUND
By POODOOPALlUll, CABOOB, K..uiGYAM, AVENABHY,
MEETAPOLLIUM AND THE COONOOB GH.A.UT.
Bungalows
and M. F.
Hotels.
-
o NungaTeram,
B. 12 6
Poodoopollium,
B. 10 G
!{unnawB881,
B. 13 3
Caroor,
B. 10 2

B. 12 4
Vellacov
.
B. 18 6
Kangyam
B. 11 4
Natchipallium, .
10 i
N elloor 3t miles,
B.
Tirpoor,
6 4
Avenashy,
B. 8 7
Unnoor, .
B. 12
6
Meetapollhun,
B. 12 4
Ooonoor,
B. 14 2
--
-
Total :miles, 149 5
FROM TRICHlNOPOLY TO OOTACAMUND
By AVEN.A.SHY, SEER.A.YOGA.Y .urn KOTERGHERRY.
To Al'enashy, see preceding ta.ble,
Unnoor,
Seeramogay,
Uddiwaram,
Xotergherry,
Ootacamund,
Total miles,
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
110 1
12 6
11 4
2 1
12 7
14 6
164 1
TABLES 01' BOUTES.
157
FROM CALICUT TO OOTACAlIfUND
By WATER TO ARRllCODE, SISPARA.. GHAUT A1iD THE
AVALANCHE BUNGALOW.
FBOJ[ CA.LlOUT :BY TB'B BEYPOOB BIVD,
lUlllUJ[]JiG AT TBlI BRmGB,
To Arriacode,
Yeddamunna.
Wuudoor,
SholaikuI,
Walakaud,
Sispa.ra,
Avalanche.
Ootaeamund,
Total miles,
Bungalows
and Y. F.
Hotels.
B. 35 0
B. 7 5
B. 7 3
B. 10 4
B. 6 4t
B. 6 7+
B. 17 7
B. 13 4
1---.----
1103 3
FROM OOTACAMUND TO CANNANORE
By NEDDIWUTTUM, GoODALOOR, MAN"ANTODDY, AND THE
PERlA. PA.BS.
To Pykarra,
:N eddiwuttum,
Goodaloor,
N e l l i a l ~
Gunnapuddywuttum,
Punnamurtacota.,
Manantoddy,
Dindoomullah,
Peria, .
NeddoobooranchaJaYI
Canote,
Cotiangaddy,
CannanOftl,
Total miles,
B.
I
10
B.
7
B. 4
B. 16
B. 15
B. 15
B.
7
6
B. 9
B. 7
B. 8
9
B. 14
)129
6
1
1
o
o
3
7
1
3
o
4
o
o
2
N. B.-A new road ill in progress of execution from Ootacamund to
the Beypoor river, plU!Ising Neddiwuttum, and thence by Nadkal'l'y and
Carcoor, 88 noticed in page 23.
168 TilLER 01" 1l0UTBI!I,
FROM OOTACAMUND TO CANNANORE AND
TELLICHERRY
By NEDDIWUTTUM, GOODA.LOOR, MABA..NTODDY, TD
eOTIA.DDY GHAUT A.:ND COTA..PARA.MBA..
T. Fykarra,
Goodaloor,
Nellia1um, .
Gunnapuddywuttum,
Punnamurtacota,
Manantoddy,
Poolinjal,
Mat&let.
Cotiaddy, .
Cotipoonm,
P&rata c.:oona.h,
Cotaparamba.,

Total mile-,
I
Bungalows I'
and Y. F.
Hotels.
Il.-I---ros
R. 11 2
B. 16 0
B. 15 0
B. 15 3
B. 7 7
7 6
8 2
B. 11 0
6 4
8 5
B. 8 2
B. 14 8
1---1---
141
Hence to Tellioherry, by Panoor ia MI!I. 9. 2.
FROM PAULGHAUTCHERRY TO CALlOUT
By LUCDUCOTAH, ANG.A.DIPOORAll, MUNJAIRY, ARUllCODE
AND THE BEYPOOR RIVER.
T. Luckricotah,
Cherra'poo1chairy,
Angad.pooram,
Munj' ,
...
Callcut, by the Beypoor river,
Total miles,
..
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
15 4
18 2
11 0
12 5
11 1
85 0
98 2
TA.BLES OF ROUTES.
159
FROM PAULGHAUTCHERRY TO CALICUT
By LUOKRICOTA.H, ANGADII'OOn.A.lf, AND MALLIll'OORJ..:M.
Bungalows
and M. F.
Hotels.
T
o Luckriootah, B. 15 4
Cberrapoolchairy , B. IS 2
Angadipooram, B. 11 0
-Malliapooram, B. 11 2
Chairnsud, 12 5
CuddeJ.wundy, 9 S
Ca.licut, B. 10 1
I
,
-
Total miles, 8S
11
FROM PAULGHAUTCHERRY TO SEERAMOGAY, AND
DANAIKENCOTTA
To Gunjeeootay,
Walaiyar,
Muddookurray.
Coimbatore,
Goodaloor,
Seeramogay,
DanaikODC<ltta,
By COIM1U.TORE.
Total miles,
B.
B.
B.
This road from Malliapooram to Calicut is the beat.
7 S
8 4
8 7
5 6
11 6
13 0
10 1
65 S
APPENDIX.

u UFENDIX.
ApPENDIX,
METEOROLOGICAL TA.BLES, -un BY DB BAIKIB
FOB THE 1: EA.RS
Abstroct llepi<ter of tke Weather at Ootacamund,
Barometer. --
1 __ , __ , __ bi t in shade.
S
.S. 3 2 e
.g ....... ::l s.d 91:!
0:1 .S. .5 C:-:::. 'oS,;;ij
::;:J 1'!.8
Month.
-_ . ...,-----, --- - --------
The mont.hs of
J!l.n. and Fcb.
nearly the Bame
tiS in the next
Ttl.ble.
l:[a,rch,........... 23,290 23,060 23,17
April,
May,
23,210 22,960 23,085
23,026
i
22,94() 22,983
June, "."".",. 22,940 22,880 22,910
July, ............ 22,900 22,822 22,861
August, ......... 22,840 22,800 22,82C
22,730122,785
September, ... ,,' 22,84{}
October, ......... 23,100 23,012 23,056
November, ..... 23,140 23,000 23,070
December, ......
23,220
23,128123,174
o
61
63
G41
o 0 0
724458
o
21
661.045
none.
73 51 62 21 2.233
I 73t052
70
1
51 60t 15 5.745
70t055
11 3.880
66to55
63 rS 5158 10 2.170
65to54
61 51 59 13 4.102
:67to51
601 605356.1 8 8.960
I 62t054
60 6749
1
58
1
14 7.300
6'7to53
59} 66
1
46'56 17 7.4()O
1 I 63to46
57 .460 63
1
4252; 21
1 I 163t042
}lean hetgbt of the Barometer! .................. 22,991
Ditto ditto Thermometer att&c.hed, ......... 61y'tr
Ditto ditto ditto during the day, ............... 67rlr
Ditto ditto ditto during the night, ... ....... 48h
Ditto ditto ditto day."d night,.................. 57,'1,
Mean daily range, .,. , ............. , ... 00' .0 , 15-i\r
AYPBlfDIX.
iii
No. I.
.l.T OOTAC"&'KUlm, ON THE NllILGHEBBIE8,
1881; AND '82.
0 .. eM Neilgherriu,for eM lI""r 1881.
No.
-1i
of days.


..


it]
!
o 0 '!ill
ill ""
-
..
4 324
N.l!!. E.
II
to N. E.
.. 1
8117
N.N.E.
S. E.
Illl' 11
s. W.
.. 11 .. 19 S. S. W.
1 5
i
421
s. W.
S. S. W.
II
17 310 .. S. S. W.
I
,;
610 11 S.E. E.
,
S. W.
I
4111
16 N.E.
r. 3 418 N.N.E.E.
N.E.
.. 2 4
1
25
N.N.E.E.
N.E.
Bemarb.
Weather nl'J'DAl'tably eIear and 8ne----ttun ve
powerful from 8 to 10, and from 12 to
e'Vening! 8Ild clear, cold. and
ing-frroat once or tWice.
W cather mi.lder than in IIarch---eome lig
IIbowers, bnt very partiaJ.-two thun
Btorma with 'Very large hail
Weather threatening---::8e'Veral days of
showere---one day vlWf hea"Y rain-atm
sphere cloee-frequent thunder, and II
lightning at night.
Moll8OOO. to set in aboot the 4th, b
the weat cleared uP. and W88 very fin
uS

during the greater of the month-tem
perature "ery equab .
UaullUy a nioy month-this year vlWf An
..
dah
or
having only one dact, hea.". rain-Koon
HillI oo"ered with udt, upper portion
range clear.
DiBBgl'6EllLbie heavy . ......
he and frequent showera-oold and damp to t
feeling8.
Usually a tine month-thil year rainy, 001 d,
h and unoertain----oecuional thundB!' and roue
._light
V err unOOl"tain weather, oonseqwm
on the change of DlOn800n-heavy rain
t
at
K0!f:.:erry, and frequent partial mists here
Several '1"8 of very heavy and oonetant .
.......
me bllt on the whole a very fine month-ao
thuaderstol'lD.8-&ir keen.
.A. beautiful month-much fog at the hegi
af\:.erward8 clear, cold, and bracing
.eionalltoar-froet on the hills.
Quantlty of ram fallen, .quare mches, ............ 42,260
No. of day. heaV)' raiD, ......... .................. . 19
--. ditto OCCMlonal. 8howen with fair inte:r'fa.ls, 80
- ditto cloudy, ............ ........................ 28
--ditto cle&:r and fine, ..................... ...... 179
Add Jan. and Feb. ditto, ........................... 69
_da, ..
Abatroct Register tiftM Weat,,", kept by Dr. Bailcie at OotaCtJmvnd,far tM lIeM 1832.
Barouwter corrected-
Tb
- te I "0_' -wo.
to 32. Faht. ennome r. .n.am. of days .9
.-----
= = :::: = $ :;; 'Ii l: .
.
d ... ..:-.:
'" .S '"" 'l:! S Q;I ::l... s: 'I
Hoatlla. lIemarb.
S E . f
;:a ::a: $'::: eli
1-
I 0 0 0 0
January, ........ , 23,375 23,081
1
23,2286'739 63 24 None. 81 N. E. A very litH, month, clear, cold, and bracing-frequent
I hard fm:;t -wind very cold.
February, .. " .. 23,3(H 23,084 23,224 HUBS 53.5' 31 .20 1 28 N. E. Muoh the same as the IMt-hard froat in the valleys at
1 1 1 night-wind cold.
March ............. 23.052
1
23,006 23,0297047 58.5' 19 1.48 6 25 N. E. Milda than tho two preceding mont1l!I-l'ofreahing
I showers towards tho close-sull OCCl18io111l1h' hot..
April, ............ 23,066 22,984 23,02
r
7353 63 17 2.'14 9 21 N. A mild month-occasional showers, but vory'tine in the
I 1 intervals.
May, 23,032 22,960
1
22,99 7653 64.5 19 4.24 11 20 N. This month W8B finer than uBua.l-oecaly. hot&fewhours,
I but with fine interva.ls-vegetation most hnuriant.
June, 22,970,22,836 22,9m 1735 62.5 15 4.18 17 13 S. W. MOll8Oon later of setting in-not fairly eetabliahed till
the 19th-weather ('001 and pltssant-.
July, ............ 22,826 5852 55 16 7.S1 21 9 Iw.N.W. Very wet and disagreeable--conlltant drizzling rain
.August, ......... 22,355 56.5 11 1.'10 13 S. W. A month-some towards the. end.
September ....... 22.8071" .. r,61 67.S 13 9.92 13 17 W.N.W. Rainy. b1uate'Y. and disagreeabls dunng the fint balf-
1
fine weather the laet part of U1e month.. [and dry.
October, ......... J .. .. .. ..... 3.89 Some rain in the early part of the month-the l'OlIt cold
NOTember, ...... No obser IntioDII .. .. IN' d . tb t'- _._-- oold d A_
December, ...... .. _ . 5 oram unng ,an -J'
BABOl(B"nB. TREBUOllETBB.
Mean maximum,
Mean minimum,
Geueral mean.
23.038
22.991
23.014
Mean marimum, ...... 68
Mean minimum, ...... 48.5
General mean, ......... 58.25
Mean daily range,... 18.33
RAll<.
Sq...,.. incbee, ............ .................. ...... 35.66
1829.\I880.\IBSl.\IBS2,\IBS8.\moan.
Annual m..... 42.68 58.40 4/1.56 33.8412.24 44.66
N. B.-The Register for 1833 imperfect. Total Rain "bout 50 inches.
No. OJ'
Fair, ................... ..
Showery, .............. .
188
91


ABSTBACT of METEOROLOGICA.L OBSERVA.TIONS maile.at OotacamunJfr'?fl' ehe lit June, 1829,
to the 31st May, 1836, inclusive.
MEAN TEMPERATURE PROlI THE 1ST
MEAN TEMPERATun A.lm QUANTITY
J U:NE, 1836, TO 31sT MAy, 1836,
OP RAIN-THE l[EAN OP 7 YEARS PBBv.A.JLDJG WINDS POR :UOH MOlTTH-
PROM 1ST JUNE, 1829, TO 31sT TIlE MEAN OF SEVEN YEARS.
INOLUSIVE.
MAy. 1836.

"
j]
Extreme Rain

.
NAMES, all THE
., 0
range of Pluvio-
... I+>.d
Rain.
MONTHS.
i!
p
.:
.h
o . 0'
Ther. meter.
"--
,,=
".
So>
s'" . .. WINDe.
....
... o:S
.a
....
j
"
;2

S

>=! 0 0 ,;;
::ii"
.,!;is

1 8
tE 8
8
::0 H ::0 ::0 ::0
January, ......... 68.8 86.1 50.4 67, 31. 0 0 62.9140.7 51.8 0 2 Easter.ll;N.E,
February, ..... 63.8 39.8 51.9 67. 86. 0 75 64.2 43.4 53.8 0 39 Ditto tto.
March,,,,,,, ,,. 66., 45.8
1
56. 70. 88. 0 07
67.3148.21 57.8
0 97 Ditto wtto.
April, "" ... "".
70.6 53.2 61. 76. 50. 1 51 67.2 54.3 59.8 4 22 S,E.E.N.E.
May, ............ 69.6 55.8 61.8 75. 52. 5 55 67.9,64.3, 61.6 5 83 S, W. N. Variable.
June, ............ 62. 50.4 66.2 68. 46. 4 08 61.5 53. I 67,2 6 51 South weaterly.
July, ............ 63.4 60, 56.6 71. 46. 2 70 60.9 52.2, 66.5 4 08 Ditto.
A.ugust, ......... 64.2 50.6 56,2 68. 46. 6 26 61.6 51.61 56.6 5 13 Wellterly.
September, ...... 65.3 50.8 56,8 72. 46. 9 29 62.8 52. 67,1 6 57 S. W. N. W. N. E. S. E. variable.
October, ......... 65. 50.2 56.8 68. 48. 6 21
TO'
8 31 North eaeterly-va.ria.ble from S. E.
November, ...... 63.' 46.1 54.6 67.
p
4 60 60. 47.' 53,9 4 11
Eaeter3,'
December, ...... 62.1 44.8 53.1 65. 33. 0 92 60.' 44.3 52,3 1 48 Ditto E.
Annual Mean,,,. 64,9 47,8 56. - 141 94 63,2 409.8 56.2,'J 47 78
-

",.

,..
vi
.lowing tM Qf!ertJg< tempera""", Ifo., tArougTwtlt tM yOM'
18407, on tM NBilgAerry Hill8, tak ... from Vaplai" Ouchterlo"y'.
MMIJOi,. of tflat y"".
MI.u< T ......
a
::. .... 0
YOlmL
. .sO a i
lUllARD.
.;

] 11
'"
;\.
:;

'" J

'"
J .ranuary ..
i! F.b.....,. ... 44
_'Xl !d:aroh...... 49
J:oo j April .... 54

M.y ......... 54
o June ...... 63
i JulY ........ \52
-"A_t ... 52
0.8 September. 52
October ... 61
o IS November .. 49
o December.. 45
:;
o 0
63 58
65 60
68 63
68 63
68 68
64 59
62
1
57
62 57
62 I 56
62 . 58
61 55
60 55
o
21
21
19
14
14
10
10
10
10
10
12
15
'i Cold North-EaotMly winds prevail.
1 Do. do. do.
2 Do. &11d dry do. do
5 And dry do. do.
6 Commences to vary to B. W.
8 S. W. Monsoon setll in: strong wind.
7 S. W. and W. winds blow.
6 Wmd begins to Tary to W. I; N. W.
7 Wind N. W. and towarda end N. E.
9 N. E. and Esaterly winds prevail.
6 N. E. winds blow, fresh, cIea.r.
S Do. do. often violently.
Tota.l 60 Inches of rain.

Ym, TExP ill
lLLTUltll. fa
;a-S e !
MOlfTl(.
1-:-;-::;----1-- 1l
I il .s'il'::
;; -i H .S
I:; l'" J

J .r anuary ... 51.5 66!60
8 F.bruary ... 62.5 67 ,63
M.rcil. .... 54 67 68
April .... 56 1
68
164
p!l;:: 1tiay ......... 56.5, 68 1M
t:2 June ...... 58 169 i66
t .ruly ......... 60 .70 165
1
-A_t ...... 60 71 66
.l! September . 69 69 64
October '" 66 68 63.5
t November . 54 67 61
i Dooember .. 62 66 60
:;
15 2 N. B. &11d N. W. winds prevail.
15 S Do. do. rain very uncertain.
18 6 Winda .. ariable N. E. to S. E.
12 10 Do. do. N. E. to E. k S. E. rain
uncertain.
12 2 Do. from N. B. to N. W. I; West.
11 2 Do. from N. W. to S. W. rain v&r.
10 4 S. W. mOD800n winds, but light kur.
U 2 N. W. wind! pren.il in this month.
10 2 Do. do. veering to W.
12 10 Do. do. light and va.riab1e.
13 2 N. E. winde ,veering to N. W.
14 5 Wmds goneraIly from the N. PlY.
Total 50 Inches of rain.
AP.PD"DIX.
qf tM A.w M Bombag No .... , tM residence olD. R ....
E.q. M Oorocamuntl, nearly 8,000 feet aliooB tM letJ.1 qf tM 'ea,
being the reoults qf tloiw obs81'fJatio.. notetl by the aid qf a fo' tl
patent self-re!Jistering Themwmeter Oft tM seak of AM.from tM
1st qf .&pri!, 1853, to 3lBt qf A."!J"'BI, 1856.
Average Average
Average
Mean of
Date.
on Mean of
M:ax.imum. Minimum.
Oal
'" N;ght.
four yean.
1853.
April,
..................... 65.125 51.26 53.1875
1
May,
..................... 68. 53. 60.5
;June,
..................... 64. 51. 57.5
July, ..................... 59.76 48.75 64.25
AugtIllt, .................. 61. 48.5 64.75
September) ............... 63. 50. 56.5
October, .................. 60.6 4.9. 64.75
November, ............... 68.5 46.75 52.125
DeoenJ.ber, ............... 60.76 42.5 51.625
1864.
January, .................. 62.75 404.5 53.625
February, ............... 62.75 4:1.5 53.125
March, ............. , ....... 66.5 48.5 57.5
April, .................. 67.5 53.5 60.5
May, "."."."."." ....
68. 52. 60.
June, ..................... 66.5 50.5 53.5
July, ..................... 60.5 4.9.5 65.
August, .................. 62.5 4.9. 55.75
September, ............... 61.25
48.5 64.875
October, .................. 62.5
4.9. 65.76
November, ............... 53.5 46.5 52.5
DeceInber, ............... 60. 43. 51.5
1855.
47.363
January, .................. 57.5 42. 4.9.75
Febl'U8ol'J', ............... 60. 43. 51.5
March, ..................... 62.75
43.25 53.
t!.,'il,
.....................
64.5 60 . 67.25
. "
..................... 68. 52. 60 .
June, ..................... 65. 4.9.875 57.4375
;July, ....... " ............ 61.75 50. 66.875
August, .................. 61.5 48. 54.76
September, ............... 61.5 48. 54.75
October, .................. 59.625 46.5 53.0625
November,
............... 69.625 43.125 51.375
............... 56.6 42.334. 4.9.417
1866.
January, .................. 68.125 42.25 50.1875
February, ............... 60.126 43.625 51.875
March, ..................... 63.6 48.6 56.1
t!.,ril, ..................... 64.5 61.
57.75
ay, ..................... 61.334 4.9.334 65.334
June, ..................... 60. 47.8 63.9
July, ..................... 60.625 48.25
54.4375
August, .................. 68. 4.1.8 62.9
AIntmttI of 07nmNJliotlB taTe ... at OotacMIIUM by Dr. BaiTcie, in tM Y""'" 1831, '92, '33, anti by MI'. it:
1.lo8, in tM 96M' 1853, '55, '56. .
r
-verage derivoo. from whole
lluimum. I Minimum. number of obeenationa ldaximum.. :Minimum.
I __ l-______ __ __
. , , . i!l i i!l Ii
. . . . . g Fil..
1838. 1858. IBM. 1855. 1866. 1838. 1853. ISM. 1855. 1866. iI;I 2 "'., a i .... g
.!i """" ; ;
... )I )1)1 :>l :>l )I:>l )I ..
Jan. ..... 67[--'-' - 62.75 67.60 58.12 .. 89 41. .. M:6O 42.00 '1-4-2-.2-6+6-1.-87-5'141.75 20.126 61.81 --- ---- $
F.b ...... 00 67. .. 62.76 60.00 60.12 .. 88 45. .. 48.50 48.00 48.6 68.776 42.626 21.160 63. ,.
Mareh, 70 74. .. 66.6 62.75 68.6 44 47 60. .. 48.50 48.26 48.60 68.14 46.89 21.250 67.61
April, 878 73. 66.12567.5 64.5 64.6 153 63. 61.26 63.50 50.00 61.00 68.66 61.82 16.840 60. .
May, 076 70. 68.00 68.00 68.00 61.334 5163 53. 63.00' 62.00 52.00 49.3 68.76 51.00 16.860 60.
June, 73 66. 64.00 66.6 66.00 60.00 162 50. 6l.(lO 50.50 49.876 47.8 66.07 50.310 16.760 68.1
July, 58 64.3 69.76 60.5 61.75 60.621 52 58.2 48.75 49.50 50.00 48.25 61.42 60.38 11.040 66. 62.40 60. 52.00
1
' 49.10
Aug .... 762 66.7 61.00 62.5 61.5 58.00 61.1 48.6 49.00 48.00 47.8 62.67 49.48 13.100 66. 66.20 .75 1.00 48.32
Sept. 64 65.48 68.00 61.25 61.5 .. 51 63.61 60.00 48.60 48.00 62.63 60.00 11.840 56.61 61.00 1.91 48.83
Oct.... 7" .. 60.5 62.5 69.625 .. f4!:. .. 49.00 49.00 46.5 62.41 48.38 13.030 56.3 67.00 60.87 .00 48.20
N0v .... fl.. .. 58.5 58.5 59.626 .. .. 46.75 46.5 43.125 .. 60.66 46.35 15.310 63.01 66.00 58. .00 46.125
D.c.... 3.. .. 60.75 60.00 58.6 .. 42.5 48.00 42.334 .. 60.06 42.48 17.600 51. 63.00 69.1 . 42.81
]- --- ---
... .0 .. 00. .0 1.0 16.166 00 67.16761. .
05
1
47
.
868

Calcutta, 1856. T.
.,.

A PtJ,k eo:kihiting 1M moolk/y (lfIIlyearZy' mean temperature of tM Air al Calcutta, Bombay, and HaMill; and at
Ootaeamunioo tM Neilflherrie.; and in the Oity of London : with tI1!61"oge falls of rain in EnglMul and 1M
Neilflherrie.. Oompikdfrom different memoirs, !fe.
OALCUT'l'.... BOMBAY. KADlU.I'I. THlI: nILGHlmllllil8. li:NGLllfD

At the, Ootaoamund, 7,416 feet above the level London Daniel's Metooro--
. . e Ob .. rvalory. of the Sea. iog>cai Essay,.
. . I Avemge . 1 , , ...
a a J a .; .; Monthly M...... %r.1 ! 8. Range. Rain for
i_ i;j .il I" 2 yean. i;j . 2y .....
---:01".
i d I; To Inch... ; d I To Incheo
.,,,,:oI ... ", .. ",:01", :01:01::11 '"
1------- -1-:-:-:-
January, ......... 76,1 63 69,1 78 76 77 82,2 74,1 78, 461 07t,47.7 50i 69 81 1.17 89.6 82.6
1
86. 52 11 1.488
February, ...... 80 67 73 78 76 77 84,6 73,S 80, 46t 69! SIt 63 39 0 42.4 3S.7 88. 53 21 .746
March, ............ 88,1 78 77,1 81 80 80 87,6 78,7 84, 58 6S I 62 61 65 56 2.47 50.1 37.7i43.9 66 24 1.440
April. ............ 95,1 79,1 87, 84 B8 B8 92,0 84,1 89, 68 63! 62t 61i 64 57 8.10 67.7 42.2
1
49.9 74 29 1.786
May; ............ 97,1[ 80,1 88,7 86 85 B5 .84,8 86,1 90, 67 63i, 6S 61i 66 67 6.21 62.9 46.1. 64. 70 88 1.8118
June, ............ 88 78 88 86 86 85, 90,6 84,2
1
87, 67t 60 : 58 69 64 50 5.25 69.4 48.11 50.7 90 '[' 87 1.880
July, ............ 86,178,1 82,1 81 81 81 92,6 86,S 89, 521 61i' 64i, 66, 66 49 10.37 69.2 62.2 61. 76 42 2.616
Augnet, ......... 86,2 79,8 82;! 84 84 84 89,9 88,1186, 57 sot' 66tl58 63 48 11.77 70.1 62.9,61.6 82 41 1.468
September, ...... 86 78 82 80 79 79 89,7 88,3 87, 64< SOli 68 671 69 49 2.40 66.6 50.1 67.8 76 86 2.193
October, ......... 89,276,182,1 B5 84 84,1 87,8 Sot 62 53! 56 64 44 7.41 55.742.1148.9 68 27 2.073
November, ...... 78 65,2 71, 85 84 84,1 84,8 8O,li82;' 50i 6It 52i 641 63 48 10.86 47.5 38.3 42.9 62 2S 2.400
December, ...... 75 69 67 81 80 80,1 80,2 76'178,( 46i SO 4Bi SIt 63 37 8.87 42.2 8604189.3 66 17 2.426
Annual _ 86,3i 78,47s;' 82,481,6 81, 1 87,9 80,8 B5, 521 m65t 66t 64 461 63.88 166.1 42.614:9.5 686 28.4 22.199
Jld!iUA..t' J. '.1' OLATION
Mean Temperature of the Air in London, '" ...... 49.5
0
Ditto dittto ditto on the Neilgherriea................ 66.5
0
N. B. Observations taken at the Observatory.
Mean Temperature of the Air at 1.iadra.e,......... 85.1-
Ditto ditto ditto Bombay. ........................... 81.4-
Ditto ditto ditto Calcutta, .oo ............... oo oooo. 78.3-


;;.
APPBImIX.
AUBNDIX, No. II.
TilLE OF HEIGH'l'S OF MOUNTAINS.
Dodahet &.og
B ... oybelta,
lJoonoor,
Dodabetla,
DavursoJabetta,
Hokulbetla,
Xoondamoya,
Ootacomund,
Tamburbetla,
Avalanch. Hi1l,
D ... beIta, (Sugar-Ioof Hi1l,)
Xoonc!abP .. 1r,
Moltoortoo Peak,
Dimhntty,
Xotergberry,
Xodanad,
Xoond&betta,
O",betta,
Coimbatore PaJace,
lJanaikencottah Fort,
Mootapollinm,
Sooramopy Bungolow, ... .. ,
. ~
8488
1\886
8760
8380
7267
7816
7416
7292
8602
6571
8853
840ll
6S3O
6571
6816
6566
6916
1481
1066
1000
1100
A.PPBlfDIL
APrBNDIX, No. ilL
REVISED RULES OF THE OOTACAY1JNl) CLUB, 11166.
RllLB I.
The Ootacamund Club shall OOllIiat of an un-
limited number of Subscribers, compoeed of
Gentlemen in Her MeJeety', or the Honorable
Company', &nice, and others moving in gene-
>&l Booie.,..
RULB IT.
1. Every Candida!<> must be propooed by Election or memo
one memoo and aooonded by another member. ber how e6ectod.
His name, aooompanied by a ,tatement shewing
in what capacity he is eligible; together with
that of hi! propolJel' and aeooncier, shall be given
to the Secretary, who will post it in the Reading
room for ten days, after which a ballot for the
admission of the candidate will tab place.
2. Ten V otea are required to render the Number of vote.
ballot valid, and one black ball in ten will requU-ed to reader
uclude. election valid.
3. Pending the ballot, and with the sanction AdmiJeion 88 an
of the Committee, a candidate may be admitted Honorary 14em.ber.
18 an Honorary Member.
RULlI m.
1. The Entrance donation shall be Be. 3G. Entrance donation.
2. Payable by equal instalments, within two Donation how pay_
months after election, or earlier, in the event of able.
the member's departure from the Hills.
8. On failure of payment within the time Penalty for non-
apecifled, the propoeer of the member will be payment M above.
held ftlIIpoIUlible for the amount, and such de-
r.uJ1e:t ebaIl forfeit hie eIectioD.
b 2
.Iii
Mem'bere having
forfeited their elec-
tion how ro-adJni.ua..
ble.
Double donation.
4. Members who shall ha", forleu..d their
election 88 above, or whose names may haTe been
:removed from the list oC 8ubecriben, ehall be .
te-adm1sea.ble by ballot onoo only, and on pay-
ment oC double the amount of Entrance donao-
tion, a.nd on the oooasion of a party being
propoeed for re-admiaBion the minute of the
Gonera.\ Oommi_ reco>"ding tha """'"' of hio
haTing oeaaed to be a Member, Bhall be sue-
pendod in the reeding room for general inf0r-
mation.
6. 1h peuIty of __ IIbaIl be
poid .. ....., and with the 10m. ""I"'D.'ibilitr
to the """"her and p_ .. in Boo. a of thio
....
6. Abeent members are requested to pay.
while in the Madraa Preaidency, a monthly Bub-
..,.;ptioD of 8 anou, or ....... ual ouhocription
of8ru_.
7. Tha monthly oubocription of 8 ...... , or
00Duai subecription of 6 ru_, is peyable by all
ab86D.t Mem.bera, in the Madr8I PresidJm.cy. who
""'y ha .. been proposed and eleotod, after the
16th JUy, 1866.
lIt1Ll1 IV.
IhIbooriptiona. L The SubecriptioD of Members ...;ding in
Ootacamund shall be rnpeea five, a.nd ,beyond.
iIa procinota, or eJaewhere on the Hilla, lIu_ .
two and a half per menJem.
Familiea of abeent, 2. Subscription, peyable by _ of.b-
members. sent membel'll, wilhing for. suppliel, &c. from
the Club .ball be rupeee two and a half per
Subecnption
broken pcrloda.
..........
for 3. Subscription, Cor a brobn period of
month, under 15 da.yl, shall be rnpeee two a.nd ..
half for that month, and, above 16 daya, l'llpees
ilve, or rtlpeel one-and .. quarter and rupeel two
and half, lbr those l'OIIiding ,,",ond tha _
oincta of Ootac&numd.
BtrLII V.
L The Coacernt of the Club, aDd. itt intenatJ. Management of
arrangement;.hall be maupd bJ General Club, to whom
Committee conaisting of eeven membtn includ. trusted.
i.ag 0Ae Houee Member if aniJ.ble. .
2. The liD ... llembeJo. tD 1>0 elected, from HOlIOe M"",bor.
time io time, by those readiDg within the Club.
8. The remaining llemben of Commiitee, to Members of Com_
1>0 elected by tbo Mem .... at IIIeiJo .... ual 8"''' mitteo hol!' oIeoIod.
ral Mooting.
4. . Rut, with a view to keeping up the nums-
rical,trength of the Committee, tlmrughout tbo
Y..-, the Cemmi.ttee."., an up T&CUloies that
oowr duriDg iDtermediot.e periodL
6. The Committee will "l'point ito own p,.,. Preoidenl.
oident.
BtrLJI VI.
L The G.aeral Committee obeJl 1>0 ot.libortr Pow ... of the Ge-
t<> mob ,ucl!. Bylo .... from time to time, $or the aerel Committee.
internal managem ... t of tbo 0IDb, .. they';"1
-""1-
l!. All pointe not pMridod for in the RuIot, Pointe not p!'Ovid-
thall reat with the dec.Uion of the Committee, ed for in the Bulel
.. hoM duty it ie, not only to _ the Bw.., ho .. to 1>0 decided.
but to take whatever Dl8II8tml1, not inronliBtatt
therewith, that they may_ ........,.. fDr_
oerring the hannony. and upholdiDg the cru....
1aer of the Institution.
8. No decision, of the Genenl Committee, Decision of Com.
lhall be 8ubject to rev won by an Extraordinary mittee if in accord.
pmeral of .w.oribe:ra, un10n it can be IWOO with the Bulee
Ihewn to have been paaaad in violation of the BUbjoot to ren-
Buleo of the Club.
4. Any meeting called to take into ooDlidera- Meeting to take in.
moD the prooeediDga or the Committee, muat *0
point out the Rule they he .. infringed to ronder ooOOings of the Com
8llch oall valid. mlttee.
6. The By.L"". of the a-I Committee, By'r..", of Com.
UDtil either varied, modiied. or aamulW by mittee to have tho
themselves, or a nutdority of the mbscriben at force of Rulet.
xiv
APPENDIX.
their Annual Meeting, are to have the force of
Rulea of tho Club, and infractions of both will
be dealt with in like IDADlltU'.
RULlI: vn.
Ordinary Meetings 1. The Ordinary Meetings of Committee,
of General C o m m i t ~ ahaU be held on lome one day in eaoh week.
'SpecialMeetiDgs of 2. Special meetings o ~ Committee, may be
Committee. called for on all emergenmee.
Quorum. S. Any three members of Committee shall
form 8 Qu.orum.
4. The decision of a majority of a Quorum
shall be binding.
lIajority requinod 6. A majority, oonsiating of at leaat 6 ..
fur the expulaion of II members of the Committee, is requisite for the
Member. expulaion of any member of the Club. The
._ to be given by ballot, if.o "",uirod by ""Y
member of the Committee. The name of the
member expellod togothor rih the l'OIISOOS that
100. to tbie .tep to be placed in the Beoding
room for general information.
BOUIe Member, du- 6. The HOU8e Member, ia IUppoeed to ~
ties of. sent, more eepooi.aJly, the feelings and wishes of
gentlemen residing within tbe Club, and to
briog _ to the notice of the General Com.
mittee. Hia duties will not otherwise dift'er
ControiofBorvants.
lIajority requinod
for eetabliahiDg & now
Rule or altering an
old one.
from thOle of any other member of Committee.
7. The oontrol of the Servants is veate"- in
the S""""ary under the general euperri8ion of
the Committee.
BULB VllI.
1. No existing Rule llhall be varied, annulled
or modffied, or new Rule established, except by
a. majority of threefourths of the memben pre-
tent, at General Meeting of subscribers,
Aonual
Meeting.
General 2..A. General Meeting of 8ubscribers shaJl
be held annually in the month of March, for
the purpose of receiving from. the Committee, a
Report and Abstract of the 8CCOUJlts and con
OOrI18 of the Club, for t.he preceding year, toge.-
ther with an eatimate of the :receipts and
APPBNDIX.
disbul'8eID.ents for the current year. A Liat
shewing the names of such subecriber8 who may
be indebted to the Club on account of HoU8e
bills, lIub8criptionll or donations ill to be laid
before tb:i8 mooting in order that the sense of
the mooting may be taken as to what portion
shall be written off to Profit and Loas and what
retained as :recoverable.
, S. At this meeting, any 8Ubject, relating to Any subject reo
the Club may be discuSsed, but every resolution garding the Club ma.y
be
hall be firmed b "ty be discUMed' at An-
to Wlt:Ul,.lVe, s con y a maJorl nual General Meet.
ohores, at a second General Meeting, to be held ing.
fourteen daYI lIubaequent to the firat, and, during
that time, the proposed reaolutions IIhall be hung Resolutions to be
up in the Reading room, for the information of confinned by a S.,.
. the cond General Moot-
lIubscrlbera who may not have attendOO. at iug.
annual Meeting, and may wish to vote at the
8ubsequent one.-
Run IX ..
1. Extraordinary GenonJ. Meetings of IU)). Ga-
80riben 1!JhaJ.l be convened by the Secretary at neral Meetmgll to be
1.._.' . . . f . M ,_ r convened. by the Be-
t.IW Wl'ltten reqU181tlOn 0 any rune emLltl'I"!II 0 Cl'etary.
the Club giving seven days notice; The requisi-
tion must IItate, the subject to be laid before luch Nine signatures re-
General Meeting, and mUit be hung up in. the quisite for its call.
Club House, signed by the appellant membere,
for the above mentioned seven daYI, and no sub-
ject shall be d.iscu8sed, save that specified in the
written requisition.
RULli X.
1. In the event of a Member infringing a Infraction of Rules
Rule or By-Law of the Club, it shall be the duty how to be dealt with.
of the Sooretary to bring the same to his notice,
and to lay it, together with any explanation he
may oWer, before the Committee.
BULB XI.
I. The Club House, shall be open daily Hours for opening
for the reception of members at 6 in the morn- and clolling the
ingt and cloaod at 12 o'Clock at night, after
which hour, the lights in the publio rooms shall
vi
llP:E1I'Da.
be e'ltingaidled, and no I'BfftIahmente .hall be
fumiahed, "" ""1 pm. CODIDIODI!Od.
I. TraveIlen, arri.mg .. nigh!, may be fur..
Diahed with light, to be _ 10 _ roomo.
BuLB XTI.
A.ocommodatiou. 1. AooommodMWn tbaJl be proridod in the
Club Houae, for mem.lMn requiring it, on the
following terms, viz.
Chargee for l'OODlI, The ehaPgN for rooml, meals and IUPplieB.
oupplieo, .t.o. tbaJl be ouopendod in the IIeoding room, .. other
public rooDllS, for the information of membe ....
and be lubject to lOeh modifiatiOlll BII the
,CoIllDlittee may, from. time to time, deem II.OOOISoo
...-y.
Period allowed for S. Each JIl8ID.ber CloD occupy his room for
occupation of l'OODlI. any period, not aceeding four !DOotlu, without
being liable to vacate,."d is allowed a week'I
warning, to procure aooommociation eleewber&,
when hiI roc:m iI required for another appli-
..t-
Ab"",.. required A. fortnight" aboenoe,.. time, from the
to allow of oooupa- Club Houe will entitle a :member to ooeupy
tion on .. freISh term. I'OODl for a' ft...h period of four months, sa if he
had oome up from the Low Ommtry.
AOOOJXmt<>let;ion 8. AecnmmorJ.&ioa. CloD be I5OO11red, by a. ~
how 10 ........ boP applying 10 the _tory, fortnight preri-
OWl to aniTa!, and will be kept for .. fortnight
after the pt'OpOIMMi day of arrival, or one month
a.fter the date of application, but:oo lonret' ; ~
being oharged from the dote of the room being
secured for hlm. It ia to be understood, that 00
pariicular room .... be ...",..\ by OIl ._
member, if application hal been made for it by
reaident member, One day'l interval must be
allowed betweeD. mece8live oocupa$ion, to admit
of the l'OODlJ being thoroughly weaned.
Occupant. to be 40. The departing member will be held reo
Nlporuible for furni- lpontible for any de4eienoielS of Furniture,.bfeak..
ture, &C. api, &C. tlaat he may not have brought to notice
on lint taking poo.";on
UPllI'DIX.
A list will be appended m eoch apartment,
for the information of ita occupier, and no room
can be taken without pren.OD.l permiasion.
6. A member, residing in the Club, is required Notice :required
to give three days' warning, before leaving hie before vaoatiDg.
I<>ODl, m default of which, he will heve to pay
for three additional daY"
6. No palankeenJ, boUIe, or other artioles, Palankeene, boxell.
BhaJ.l be kept in the verandahe, or pueagea, but &C. not to be kept in
be removed to the place .notted by the _ vOl'OIldaho ... d -
tory. ogeo.
7. No horoeo, pom.., or ..tile, .heIl be pel" No..w. to graze
mitted, to graze in the Club compound, md no in compound.
dogs ,hall be permitted to come iDlide the Club
HoUle doon.
8. No tailor or other trodeom&D, worlmg lor
members, to be allowed. to occupy the venmdaht.
9. No tont obaIl be pitched witbm the Olub
compound.
10. A oiDgle night', lodgmg obaIl be charged Night" .... mmo
at one rupee, and application tor it should be dation.
mad. to the buu.., or duft"odar of poem, before
10 1'. )[. on the same night.
RULlI =
1. All billa for lubeeription, meeaing, BUp-
plies, &C. are made up to the end of the preoed.
ing month, and must b6 paid before the end of
the current month.
2. In default of which, further issue of s u ~
plies, &0. will b6 stopped until such time .. the
amount is liquidated.
8. Failing payment by the end of the suo-
ceeding month, the names of aueh members will
be poJted m the reading room, oed .hould tiler
not have paid by the end of the third month,
their names will be eraaed from the list of BUb-
Payment of billa.
Penalty for non
payment.
acribers. The Committee shall take meuure& &0 Committee will
enfOl'OO payment and the name or namea of take measure! to en-
IDCh defaulters, shan continue a.8hOO in the read- force payment.
ing room until the amount due be paid.

lIembero to poy
their bills before leo,.
ing tbe hiIIa.
APPXImIX.
4. In the .... of memben, ... .-mg tbe 1lilIo,
their billa mOBt be adjusted bdo,. their depar-
ture. From thla ruIo no deviation will be
oIlowed.
Nolice roqull-ed be- 5. It ,hall be n.......,.,. for membero ...
fore leaving the hillB. the hills, to give three daY" notice, in order t.ha:I;
their billa moy be prepared.
No priY8te mppliM 6. No or other suppIiea, to be brought;
to be consumed in the into the Club House for by
Club Ho.... L_ ,_ L_
melDlA'r. 4Dy meJD.1A'r, reqwnng INCn .1II.UUO ..
may not be in the Club, is reqDe8ted to be good
enough to ".... known hla wisheor w >he Secre-
tary. when attention will be paid to them.
Charge for dining, 7. A. charge of two will be made w
&C. in private l'OODlI. any member dining in his own room, other meaJe
to be charged an additional 25 per cent. on the
Billa to be preoent-
eel for payment, once
only.
SlraD- not ad-
mit*! mto the Club
Ho\1.l8 to viait
friend.
ordinary chargee.
RULlI XIV.
1. Billa of .ubscribero ohaIl be preoented for
payment once only, if it should be inconvenient
for the member to settle the amount, when SQ
presented, or if there should be any error requir.-
ing col'l'8Ction, it shall be nooeesary for the mem ..
ber to rectify the same with the Seoreta.ry, and
settle hiI bill, either by personal attendance at
the Club House, or by sending a. person for that
purpose, before the end of the month; and in .
the event of membel'l losing their bills, the
aooountant shall not be required to :furnish them
a. 8000nd time, but reference can be made to tho
books of the Club.
RULlI XV.
1. No member shall be allowed to introduce
a atranger into the Club rooms, or Billiard room,
except to view the buildings, or visit a friend
in his own apartment, and none, except a mem-:
her or honorary member, can be permitted to
avail himaelf of any of the advantages of
eotobli.thment.
APPENDIX.
I. But this llhall not be oousidered to pre
elude members rom ofFering. slight refreshment
to a friend, 110 introdu.ced, such refreshment must
be understood not to exceed a glass of wine,
biscuit, or eoda water.
BULB XVL
xis:
1. No gambling shall be allowed in the Club Gambling not al.:
Houae, or in any of the buildings or apartments lowed.. in the Club,
connected therewith. Howe.
BULB XVII.
1. ltf 0 play of any kind aha1l be allowed on
Sunda1'"
BULB XVIII.
1. No member ii, on any account, to repri.
mand or ill use any of the Club servants, and it;
iB tho bounden duty of tho BecreIMy, in oro.r to
eeoure respectable servants, to protect them from
ill usage of every kind.
2. No verbal complaints are to be received.
by the Secretary. Gentlemen having occasion
to find fault, can bring the same to his notice in
writing, for which purpose a book is kept, and
wlWili will be produoed when called for.
BULB XIX.
Servantetobepro.
looted from ill mage.
Verbal. complaint.
not to be rooeived.
1. Boob. periodioals and pamphlets are, on Removals of books,
DO account, to be removed from the reading &c.
room, until after the first fortnight of their re-
ceipt,. English newsp&pere, not before seven
days, and Indian. IWW8papera, not before three
days.
2. On notice being received of the deepatch
01 new works from London, their names will be
regi&tered in book to be kept for tho purpose
on the Library table, and members, wishing to
read the same, will enter their Dame8 under each
work respectively.
On the receipt of the worb, they will be sent
by the Librarian to members, in 8uooetllion, as
thcir ....... ,land on tho liol
2
lIS
8. No work whateTer, i8 to be taken from the
library or ....u.g l'OOID, without beU>g lint regis-
_ by u,. lilmorian, in. book, lwpt for tho
P""P""'> on tho lib""')' table.
40. All worD, "hen nood, 10 be rctumed 10
the lilmlrian.
Time allowed for 6. No member to take away more than three
-amg .. work. lett 01 hookey at one time" and they are to be
returned within fortnight.
Lou of worb. 6. Bubtcriben, loeing any work or part of a
work, .hall be charged the prime COlt of the 116t.
Lendina worb. 7. Lending work, toNonSubocriben,;'
by declared 10 be dkoct bud on the Club
l'nnds, and .... dero tho._ J;able 10 expiU-
ALDD GBIJ'I'IlII',

001 .. -. CIoI> II ..... 6th l, 1866.
APPBNDlX, No. IV.
PROSPECTUS OF SEMINAlIIES.
YISS lliLB, LoI<GWOOD Hovu, OOUCAJ(1JIID,
~ Y...., LrMIiu, .. t l N ~
l!oanl, with Imtruotion In the naual Bnmcheo
or an English Eduoation,
40 lWpeee per month.
70" n' Two Pupil> from the ..... Family,
Tmee ditto ditto,
. 100" "
Weekly Boarden,
Daily Boarden,
Daily Pupil>,
Two daily Pupil>, under ten .,.... or "I!", from
the I&1Ile family,
1natruoti.on on the Piauo, .
0bildJeD under tea .,.... of f8",
1IiDging,
-.
n..wmg,
DanciDg,
Scripture E%erci&ee,
German and Italian,
80 ..
lit ..
10
140
10
140
8
..
..
..
..
..
10 If
10 u
10 "
10 each.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
A redUDtion is made in aTor or ohildnm enieriDg ibo eoIablloll-.t,
II bouden, under the ... or tan yeen.
There i.e alao a reduction in tho terms for aocomplilhmml_ to elder
pupils, when they take leuoD8 in more than one.
Modi.cal Attendance, Stationery, W88hing, and Tailor will be extra.
Each pupil to be provided with omall Camp Cot and Bedding, Knife,
Silver 1I'0rk and Spoon, &C. Ref ....... ill kindly permitted to tho lbl.
lowing gentlemen.
To LOlm BI8J[OP 01' KADB..UI.
D. ELIorr, ESQ.
W. E. UzmUWOOD, EIQ.
GlIl<1I1UL J. W. CLnn.um. o-g. 8. mo.
G:BliBlU.L BBue .
LuUT.CoLOlQIL LrroJooLD, Zted L. O.
LnroT.eor.o ..... lI.allDll, l!II<i B. L. L
DB. GBDD", /Iowy>a.
RlIv. W. T. BLBII'ED'80P, A..
Blrv. J. C. S......".
Blrv. A. lI'mIlBL, ... B.
LDl1rT.Cor. W. P. JoUCOOlULD. Prug. P-, MOIkr.
OoLODL WBIGHT, 10t.\ Madra. N. L
CoLOl'fllL BOUT.DD80N, 86th MadtvM N. L
MuOB PluTolu.m>, 8tA Madral N. L
DR. WHIT"
The lbUowing ill "" extJ:act from a .. _ roooiTOd from the Lord
Buhop of Madru.
YOlf Atmt flty ftdl "'!I fk.II'IN, itt fOGY !/Mt
IM-.I: it ...., dairabls, ,. IM/wUf 'If_ B.tqbU,,,-,. aod I b,O to
........ y ... tloat I ....... 0'" 1M _ 'If"'1l"- ooit1
os ."11 ........... BotAjtonItMat I_ ..... aod.leard, 'If 1M o..pro"..
..., 'If 11_ Y'I""Il c.Wo:9 .. I ...... t bot ",I t"""lfIW tloat 1M
'If Qod "'" placod Y" ito 1M ,,_ Y'" tJCCOPY. Oft u.... IM..tjJW
aM a.far (M IOM tJIrift, to ,.a&o 90fW, tIJI4!1OfW N"ucu' e.ff'rJrt.
02'.P' llcirsttli tlwOff!i" tlM :P,widtmcy, ""!I eMeCMJOtH', malt fk'Jt 1M 1M1&f;i'llf/.
I ... ...., "'II. tloat I 'Iff"'!' BoOl'dMoo BeAoou
ito BogI<Hd, 'If _ oiaractw .. ""'" 11_ peopk _
fMl ...e.gu. bolA ... /igiou aod "... !My _ ito _
:&tablu,,-,.
BUMp', DotoIu. s."teooIMr 2l!11<i. 1852.
Terms paid in advance, either monthly or quarterly.
A. month's notice is required, previ<nuly to tho removal of a pupil or
a month'. payment.
APPENDIX.
xxiii
ESTABLISHMENT FOR YOUNG LADIES, OOTAOAMUND.
Colm'UOTlm BY MISS bGBL.
Board and tuition, including W .. bing,
Two pupila from one family,
Daily bow....,
Daily pupils above 8 y..,.. of iIge,
Daily pupila uoder 8 y ..... of ar.
Tuition in music, .
Ditto in Fnmch,
DiUo in Drawing,
Be. S6 per mensem
62
..
18
..
12
"
10
..
12
..
10

10
"
Boob, Stationery, repairing clothes, and medical attend&noe, will be
erln.s. A menth's notice, or a month's payment required, prenoUi to
the removal of a child. Each boarder ia to be provided with a Cork
and spoon j also a cot and mattraas.
Paymentl to be made monthly in advance.
Beference is kindly permitted to Mrs. D:BALTBY.
1IrB. BUG, OotacGmtmd.
Ml'lI. L. F. JOHNSON, Ootacamund.
W. M. M""",",,, Eaq. M. O. 8. H.-..
PBOSPEOXUS
o.
HOUSIlI SCHOOL,
OO'rAOAlltnm, NBILGIIBBJUlI8,
(lOIrnUOTBJ) BY
MR. FREDERIC NASH.
JV"tt.\ 1M auUta .... offADo...- M-.
RIIi:mns.
W. U. A..uV'l'HliOT
j
Esq., MadTar.
W. H . BA.YlJtY, HaMal C. 8.
Bey. B. B. CLun, Baogaloro. .
H . ., .. C. D'I, MailrfM.
Major Genoral TricAinopolg.
Bev. G. H. Ev.,.., lL ',
Colonel H. S. FooRD, Mwu
Major J. MAODoUGM.L, Jlwu,
H. N:BLIION, Esq. M!IdraL
J. SlIA.W, Esq., lI. 0. s., MailrtM.
Rev. A. B. 8Y11oNDI, A., Madrru.
J A.II:B8 TAYLOR, Eaq., BOftihfJ8.
W. E. UNDBBWOOD, Esq., Hadrar C. 8.
Major Ger:u.nl W A'1'BOB, Ootacamaad.
W. S. WlUQJlT, Esq., :B. .... , MtJIJrtu ..
To COtTRBB OP INBTB.UOTION, plU'lued a.t this Establishment, em ..
braoee, Scripture History I And the Evidences of Chrietianity ; the Nature
and U Be8 of Common Things j English Grammar and Composition;
an Introduction to English Literature; the French, German and Latin
Languagee; Arithmetic, .Algebra, and Geometry j Geography j the
Outlines of Ancient and Modern Ifutory; the Outlines of Natural
History j tbe Element. of Chemiatl7, and Natural FhilOlOphl; and
VooaJ. III uaic.
A:PPENDIX. xxv
In reference to hie METHOD 0]1 EDUC'&'TION, Mr. Nuh begs to ob-
eerre, that, in the ooune of hie experience, he has had full opportunity
both in England and in India of testing the pri1tCiplfJ. on which Edu
cation should be baaed and conducted, a.nd of beooming acquainted.
with the leading Modern Systems.
TlIBJIB.
For Education only, RI. 14 per mensem.
" Education with daily board, 221 "
" Education with board and residence, . 40"
Bo&rden under 9 yean of age, are received at Re. 85 per m.enaem
. Paymente for Board and Educa.tion mUBt be made iii ~ .
Pupils may be eupplied ~ t h the requisite Books, &c., at cost price.
One month's notice is required prior to the removal of a Pupil
The Domeatic Arrangements receive the careful Superiatendence of
lin. Nub, aided by a competent Housekeeper, and are eucb u to
ensure the comfort of Boa.ro.el'lJ.
Each Boarder is required to bring for his own use, a Dessert Spoon
and Fork. one dozen Towel!!, and a Cot a.nd Bedding. The option,
however, is given, of paying an EntranceFee of Twenty Rupeel!l, to
entitle a Boarder to the u.se of a Cot and Bedding during the whole
period of hia stay.
Boarders are allowed to remain at School during either the Chri.etmaa
or MidsUmmer Vacation, on payment of a Vacation-Fee (extra) of
Fifteen Rupees. No reduction ill m.ado on aooount of Vaoationll or
occasional abtence.
d
APPElfDTl:.
EDUCATION ON THE NEILGHERRY HILLS.
liB. J. A. Knm Illd hia sister, MIBII KnfG, reaiding at O o t ~ ,
will be happy to undertake the care and eduoation of a fey young
children, on the following tel'IDJ.
Boardero
each 110. 40 per meDJeJD..
Two children of the SaDle family
..
72
..
TIuoo
do. do.
n
100
..
DoyPupila
.... h
..
12
..
Do. two of a :&r.mily
"
21
"
Do.
t_
do. .
"
lIS
"
Doy.pupila will be oooommodatod wilh breakfast BDd dinner at an
additional charge of Re. 7, 12 or 15 p' .....,., aooording to the num ..
ber of the family.
N. B.-Payments required in adnnoe.
Mr. KiDg woo fourteen yeon Second M .. ter of the Vepery Gnmmar
Bohool, at Madraa j and both his sister and he have had great ~
ence in the care and tuition of children. The pupu. entrusted to their
charge will be instrncted in the vanous branchN of EngJ..Wh Education,
L:t.tin, MathematiOl!l, and the Elements of Natural Science: and their
oomforts and religious training will be carefully attendod to.-&titIIHI
lal, Ootac/I IId, May, 1&6.
.lPPBl<DIX.
xxvii
A. D. G.
WRETTO CONVENT.
OOT"CA1CUlO>, NBILGHlmRIU.
PROSPECTUS.
1. The Convent Sohool, estahliahed at Ootacamund under the care
of the Loretto Sisters, aJl'ords to parente residing m India, an opportu-
nity of obtaining for their children a liberal and distinguished educa-
tion, such 88 they would get in the mother-country.
2. Ootacamund has been flelected, on aooount of its very healthy
and aalubrious climate, which baa earned for the place a world-wide
and well deserved renown, u the best tl8.D.atarium in India. The invi-
gorating eft'eotB of the climate :render Ootaoam'und IS place especially
favorable for children, whOle constitution iII generally more or lei! im
paired by re&idenoo in almoat evet"y other place in India.
The exce1lent situation of the Convent, near the Catholic Chapel, is
well known: it has a. beautiful gWen and very spacious ground attach-
ed to it; commands the 1'iew of the lake; and ill in fact, one of the
beet sites in Ootacamund..
The Utmo8t attention is paid by the religious Sisters to the profi-
ciency. health and comfort of the Pupils.
3. The moral conduct of the Young Ladies is watched over with
the strictest attention, and while every effort is made to expand and
adorn the mind, the heart is trained to virtue.
The charaeter of the Pupih is ca.ref'ully studied: they are taught by
reasoning to oorrect their errors, and are gradually formed to habits of
regularity and order.
The Loretto Si&ters promise rIOt to ifttet;/en "' tmtI 1M!! toUh tM
tUif"" "'ligimN 'If ''''''' 1'wpOh.
4.. The course ofEducatioD comprises, Reading, Writing, A.rithme-
tic, Grammar, Geography, History, the use of the Globes, .French, etc.
etc . with lIVery branch of ueful and ornamental Needle Work.
d2
xxviii APPENDn.
The terms are &WI foDows :
FOB BouDBBB, RI. 30 per month.
EXTRA-CllA.UES.
Piano-Forte (the charge for the ueo, :repair I.nd tuning
of the inBtmment included), RI.
Drawing,
For the UBe of Boob, Stationery, etc.
W"hing.
Medical attendance, and Medicines,
Entrance Money, for the UBe of fumitnre, including
table and bed linen,
D.&.Y-BOABDlIBlJ.
12 per month.
5
..
2
1
S
..
..
..
H
Per month, Be. 20
Extra-Chargea, the SlUDe as for bo&rden, (medical
attendanoo, and washing, excepted.)
D.u-PuPns.
The OO\ll'8e of education is the same as
Boardel'B,
for
BB. 12 per month.
N. B. 1. Young Ladies beyond fourteen ye8J'B of age are not
admitted.
2. It is oontl'8l'1 ~ the RulN of the EstabliBhment to receive vis ...
ton on Sundays.
3. Parents or Guardians may viait the Children on Wednesdays
from 11 to 2 o'clock 1'. K. But they are not expected to visit them
oftener than once in the month.
4. During the Christmas and other vacatioIlJ, the Pnpils are per-
mitted to leave the Con:vent, and remain with their Parents or Guar-
dians only. It is, however, strongly recommended that the Children
should not be removed at any season in the year.
6. All payments to be made quarterly in advanoo, no allowance being
made for absence, when a month ia onoo entered upon.
6. The uniform to be worn by the Children (if provided by the In
stitute) will be .n Extra-charge.
7. Previously to the removal of a. Child from School, I. month's
notice, or the payment of a. month's pension, is required.
APPENDIX.
xxix
8. No reduction is made on account of absence from S c h o o ~ during
the bed vacations, and no extrachArge is made for the 8Upport of 8uch
boarders as may remain at the Convent during VacatiO!l8.
9. The annual vacation commences on the 21i1t day of Deoember.
and terminates on the 2d day of February.
10. It is parlicmlarly requ .. ted that P...."ta or Guardians will depo-
sit with the Lady Superioree8 the pocket money, which they may allow
for the use of their Children. or Wards. This precaution is nece8lary',
in order to prevent the injudiciOUB, or injurioUB outlay of euch money
by the Pupils.
11. Parente and Guardians are requeeted to appoint an.Agent to
pl"OOUl'6 for their Children, or Wards whatever clothes, eta. etc. they
1D&y require, after admittance into the Eeta.blishment.
There is. BOOOnd 8Chool, adjoining the Convent, established in order
to alFord to parente, of limited means, an opportunity to give a uaeful
education to their daughters. The course of Imtruction compriBee,
Beading, Writing, Geography, etc. etc. and every Branch of ueeful
Needle-Work ..
Terms for Boarden,
Entrance Money,
U Be of BookB, Stationery, eta
For dayPupils,
Medical attendance, W 88hing. etc.
R 12 per month.
10
..
1
..
6
..
8
..
ReferenOO8 for further information to be made to the Lady SUIM'"
nOreB8 of Loretto Convent, Ootaoamund.
N. B. Besides the two Schools already mentioned in the Proapec--
tUB, the Loretto Sisten will have a third separate Sohool, in which
European and E88t Indian Orphana will be received, clothed, educated
and treated :with maternal care. A Free day School for poor Children
will be attached to the Orphanage. Donations and SubscriptioWl, for
the above named benevolent purpoees, will be most gratefully received,
and acknowledged, by the Lady Superioreu of Loretto Convent, Oofia..
C&DlWld.
A.PPBNDIX.
A BROIl(, No. V.
M_aMllm of 'M Orwretrl Prie .. of tA ... ulermention.tl
p,.".;.;"", at OotacamllnJ,for t1. montl of .d"fl""t, 1856.
bt Sort Beet;
1st ditto Corn Beef,
Veal,
lit eon Ham,
l.t ood Bacon,
lot_Sheep,
Ind ditto ditto,
8rd ditto ditto,
Saddle of M.tton, lst IOn,
Hind-quarter of ditto ditto,
Fore-quarter of ditto ditto,
Leg of ditto ditto,
Neck and Breast,
Bread, let sort,
Brown ditto ditto,
Common Biscuits, per lb.
Wheat flour, lat sort, per Beer,
Rolong, let sort,
Ditto, 2nd ditto,
'*' Been of Bran,
12 bottl .. of Milk,
"
per lb.-



..
., 10 Loan.
12 n
Price&.
11. .. p.
0 .. 0
0 4 6
0

0
012 0
o 6 0
5 0 0
8 0 0
1
8 0

8 0
B 0 0
2 0 0
1 0 0
o 12 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 4 0
0 4 0
0
,
0
0 S 0
1 0 0
1
0 0
The weighte in t1Ie in the Ba.zan of the 4 settlements, are ;
The Maund of 26 Ib& al'oirdupois.
The Vin of 2 lba.--4tto.
The pound of 40 rupee< (tolao weight.)
The seer of 25 ditto, (or ruttO).-ED.
APPENDIX. nsi
B. A.. P.
Butter, P'" lb. 1 0 0
Ghee, 2....., 1 .0 0
Lamp Oil, 21 ditto, 1 0 0
Sweet Gingely ditto, 2 .. ditto, 1 0 0
1 Ditto of Ghee, 1st lIort, 0 4 0
1 Ditto of ditto, Bnd ditto, 0 S 0
Bugar, 1st IIOrt, P'" maund ollfi lb. 4 4 0
Ditto, 2nd ditto, ditto, 4 0 0
Rioo, lilt sort, 6 ...... p'" 1 0 0
Ditto, 2nd ditto, 6l ditto, 1 0 0
Ditto, 3m ditto, '1t ditto, 1 0 0
11. Gram, 8 aeet'I, 1
0 0
Coolly, 9 to 20 ....., very variable, 1 0 0
Fowl, 1st IIOrt, each,
0 6 0
Ditto, 2nd ditto,
0 4 0
Chickenll, 8 to 10, 1
0 0
Eggs, 4 to B,
..
0 1 0
Ducka, lilt sort, per pair, 1
8 0
Geeae, lilt sort, e a c ~ 8 0 0
Turkey, lilt IIOtt,
6 0 0
Ditto, 2nd ditto,
S 8 0
Kid,
1
0 0
0a1f'. Head and Feet,
2
0 0
Salt, 8 aeere,
1 0 0
:uxii
APPENDIX .
BJ.'l'B8 o:r HIBE OP CooLIB8 A.IfD BI.UUIBl Olf THE HILLS.
hom Oolacam""".
Htla. Pet' Cooly. Per
2. A. P. ... ...

lfuo to Aricod.,
63 2 0 0 2 4
0
"
Avalanche Bungalow, 16 0 6 0 0 8 6
..
Bandipoor, 80
012 6 014 0
..
Bilicul,
6 0 S 0 0 4 0
..
Burl.iar,
17 0 7 6 010 6
..
Cholikul,
46 1 2 0 III 0
..
C04;)noor,
10 0 4 0 0 5 6
..

16 0 6 0 0 9 6
..
Dodabetta,
S 0 2 0 0 2 6
..
Goodaloor,
22 010 0 o 12 6
..
Goondlepett,
40 1 0 6 1 2 0
..
Hoolicull,
11 0 6 0 0 8 0
..
Jackatallo,
7 0 8 0 0 6 6
..
Kaitoo,
S 0 2 0 0 2 6
..
Kartairy,
7 0 4 0 0 6 6
..
Xooroomund,
10 0 5 0 0 5 6
..
Kote'l!herry
15 0 6 0 0

6
..
Kulhutty,
7 0

0 0 4 '6
..
Marlimund,
3 0 2 0 0 2 6
..
Meetapollium,
24
010 0 o 14 0
..
Mussnee Covil,
17 0 7 0 0 9 6
..
Noddywuttum,
18 0 7 0 0 9 6
..
Nunjanaud,
5 0 8 0 0 4 0
..
l'ykarrah,
10 0 4 0 0 5 6
..
l!&Iiah
10 0 4 0 0 6 0
..
8oegoor,
12 0
5 0 0 7 6
Bispanh
83 014 0
1 3 6
..
Tippa.ca.rdoo,
22 0 9 0
012 6
..
W.Jlaghaut,
41 1
0 0 1 7 0
..
From Ooonoo1' to Meetapollium,
15 0 6 0 0 8 6
..
From Do. to Kotergherry.
13 0 6 0 0 7 6
..
"
From
Kotergherry
toM .....
pollium,
14 0 6 0
010 9
APPENDUr. uxiii
ApPENDIX, No. VI.
MG""," of I ... tructio1lll for tM gRiMnc. of eM Ro"enlH
ojJic... of tM (JQimbatore District, in tileir di8po.al of
applicatio .. mad8 to th"", for Lands "1"''' tke N';/ghMTg
Hilt., .anctioned by Govern_nt, 19t1o Dec. 1 8 ~ 9 , i" ce".
7t1o J .... 1850, Ro". Dept. No. 1218.-
L The following Manual of Inatruo-
Y''!1';7t 5 ta 9, page. 271 tionl is communicated to the revenue
autlaoritiee or the Coimbatore Diatrict,
for their guidance in the di.8poaal of the applicatioUl whioh may be
preferred to them for lands upon tho Neilgherry Rills, required either
for building, or for agrioultural purpotel.
n For the more complete elucidation of the whole subject; tht
Revenue Despatch to the
Governor General of India,
No.2, dated 23d Feb. 1842.
BeTenue Despatoh to the
Government of Fort St.
Goo'll", No. 13, dolo<! 21,t
June, 1M3.
Extract Min. Con. dated 12th
Sept. in eon. 6th Oct. 1M3,
Rev. Dept. No. 999.
Board would refer to the dooumentl
DOted in the margin,. copi.ee of which
have been supplied to the olBae of the
Prinoipal Collector of. Ooimbatore.
From these papers, the following in.
.truotiona have been mainly compiled I
and in them, the I18D.timents of the Hon_
orable Court on therightll oftha Todu.
and other Settlers on the Hills, and
on the prinoiples ",hioh Ihould regulat.e
the grants of land for agrioultural purposes in those parts of Indi ..
which, from their climate, are mOlt likely to be frequented b,.. the
European Colonist, are olearl,. and distinotl,.. .tated.
Ill. The Survey of the Neilghem.. (proper) has been oompleted,
IUld oopiea or the Ka.p of the HillI.re under preparation, one of which.
on completion, will be fu.rnished for record in the Principal Collector'.
Cutohorry. In tm. Map will he ''Porato1y II1hibited
L The lands in the oooupa.tion of Government
TAU J(!ZHal toM tIipJIt"01J.a b!l tlwl H01f'b16 Cwri, til PCW(l. 2 of
tMr IJupakA c:I4tl17tA J1Il9, 1850, No. S, tommtmicCJtl b!l fJowr-.
..." 8th Oat .. co .. 4It4 NaD. 1850, 1ln. DtJpt. No. 94.8.

2. Thoae held by private individuals.
S. Those brought under cultivation by the Burghen.
4. Those in the occupation of the Todu.
6. Those entirely unoccupied, over a portion of which the Todat
have been accu.stomed to pasture their herds.
Order or Govt. 25th in con.
28th July, 1836, Rev. Dept.
N 0.940, SMNote7,page271.
Do. 7th in con. 9th Jan, 1837,
Rev. Dept. No. 14, Nou 8,
, page 27:&.
From Collr. Malabar 21st Dec.
1841 in con. 18th Jan. 1M2.
Boa.rd to Principal Collector
, of Malabar, 2Sd Jan. 1837.
No.U6.
IV. Lands mually under tillage by
the Bnrgben, are, it ill underStood COl!
the moat part, :roughly claasified, and
the public demand determined. Landa
which have hitherto been either altoge
ther unocmlpied, or have been wed on-
ly 88 pasture grounds by the Todas,
will, on being taken up for cultivation,
have to be aIIMlUOO according to the
rate. paid on land of similar' quality in
tho n..,.."t agricultural villsge, unJ ...
when the land be within a 8pecified di.etanoo from Oot8C&ID.und j in
which case a dift'erent mode of aaseasment has been laid down in the or-
Note, viz. for the 1st Class
double the amount paid for
the same claM in the Bur-
gher villages--or 7 Rs. per
Bullab, or .Rupees 254 per
Cawney-forthe 2d class, i
more, for the 3d, 1 more, and
for the 4th, i more.
ders of Government of 25th July, 1836,
and 7th January, 1837. These rates, it
is, however, to be obsened, are charge-
able only on land taken by parties,
other tha.n BwogheN, for agricuUttral.
purpooes, land for building., com-
pounds, &c. will still be aasesl!led at Rs.
64-0 for one Cawney in each lot, the
Court's Despatch 21st June, rest being subject to the &88e!Isment of
1843, para. 19. Be. 1.2-4 per CaWl!ey, pUblished in
Pag.60.
the Fort St. George Gazette of 1st Feb
1837.-
V. The follDwing Rules are to be und6l'8tood .. applying to all land
taken up in any part of the Hills by Europeans, or othen, for agricul-
$ural speculations, or for building Pt11'pOIe8. The Native inhabitant8
of the Neilgherriea will, however, continue 88 heretofore to hold, on
tab, the lands now in their enjoyment, or any further landa which they
may take up for their own cultivation. Native Settlers holD the low
country will also be allowed to hold, on similar tenure, such lands 88
they may take up hond foJe- for their own occupancy. The Collector
will.Iso be at liberty to allot to East Indians, N .ti1"08 of the
tural clasle8, Europeans of the lower orden, Pensioncl'lll, alid otheI'8',
for hoU8el and garden&, 881ignments of land not exoooding half' .. 0. ......
A.PPENDIX.
in each instance, to be beld on PlIttab, and at the ordinary rate of
land 888e88ment, such rate being subject to alteration hereafter, on a
generall'6Tision of the RllBeSsment of lande on the Neilgherri.ee. The
neoomuy stipulations respecting the maintenance or bonndariea, right
Df way, appropriation of water, &c., will be inserted in the Puttab.. If itt
any other insta.noea of a simila.r kind, it may 800m. desirable to give
land on Puttab, rather than on Lease, or Grant, the Collector shaH
communicate with the Board upon the subject, and act according to
their orders. With lIuch exoeptions 88 the all applicationl
for lands upon the N eilgherriea sha.ll be disposed of in tho manner sp&-
ci.fioo. in the following Rules.
VI. On application being made for land upon the N eilgherrieB,
whether for building or for agricultural purposes, it will first be neooe-
11M'! to ascertain, whether it be advisable to grant the land on lease at
all; or whether, from ita proximity to the Munds of the Todas, or
other spota appropriated by them to religiOWI rites; from its contain-
ing forest land, or vs.luab!() timber j or from other C8usee, its occu-
pation by private indiridus.l.s be open to objection. The attention of
the Revenue Authorities of Coimbatore is here particularly drawn to
para. 11 of the Honorable Court's Despatch of 21st June,I843, which it
will be remarked not only guards from all interference the Munds, site,
.of villages, and spots held in peculiar veneration by the Todas, but in-
.terdiets the grant of lands in the vicinity of their places of residence,
,in the hope that these may hereafter be by the Todas them-
.selves, when they sh&Jl be induced to engage in agricultural pursuit .
lt will also be neceasary carefully to bear in mind the obeervations of
Government in para. 11, Extract Mi
In con. 10th ...!ug.1B48, R(!f). tee Co ult t' lath M 1848
Dept. No. 506. nu DS a lOn, ay"
respecting the nooessity of providing for
the preservation of the woods on the Hills, not only on account of the
timber, but lor the maiutenance of the &treaUl8 and springs which aro
.upplied or protected by them.
VII. If, on careful inquiry being made upon the above points, the
result should be sati.sfactory, a full report is to be made to the Board of
.Revenue upon the subject, embracing all particulars, and accompanied
by an extract from the Survey of the N eilgherries, so &B to exhibit too
.extent and situation of the land applied for, and of that in its immedi-
ate vicinity. On their approval being signified, the Collector will, e.1"t$'
due notice, proceed to put up the land to public auction, at an upset
price, in the manner which may appear to him. most convenient, and
.2
usvi
beet adapted foJ' ensuring fair and equal competition. The upaet 0prtee
m1l8i vary with circumlltances, but mould UII'ually be from 8 to 10 yev&'
a1Aef18IIlent of the land to be BOld. The amount which he would p!'O"
pose for I\JOh price IlIhould alwaYII be IItated in his preliminary report to
the B061'd; and it 111 to be undentood 811 being altogether distinct from,
aDd in additioD to, the actual land 88.se811ment which will be ool1eotecl
yearly BCOOrding to the terms of the LeMe. The land will then be
knocked down to the highest bidder, or to the original applicant, ai
the upset price, if there be no adnnce upon it, but under the following
1lOd.ditlOIUI and limitationll.
VIII. It ill to be clearly nnderstood
H. C. letter to Supreme Govt. th t th' . Ie.......... th land
61 a e leeeID1p m e
para. applied for is, in no case, to be m..
poaed of. The land will be granted. on lease only, and at tho expo.
tion of the t.erm for which it has been leued, it will be &ble to
ft-888eI8meni, or to the imposition of lIuoh allBel8ment 88 may
intermediately have been introduced. Leases for land. taken up for
egri.cultural objeots will be gra.n\ed for periodJ not exooed.ing thirty
Jean; thoBe for building purposes for 99 yean, renewable every 88
yean, at the option of the lesaeo, and without payment of fine, or
enhancement of Ul!lelllmcmt.
IX. Land will not begnmted for agri.
Se:i!i:rii;..n:::tch pa,r.. cultural purposes to any penon who
may be unable to lIatisfy the Collootor,
if required, that. he pollll6l!l888 the me&1l1ll for bringing it under cultivation.
The Collector :is autborUerl to reject, or I16t Mide, all offers from indiri
duala who may decline, or may be unable to satisfy him on these
points, although their biddinge may be the highest, subject of course
to an appeal to the Board of Revenue, and Government, within a rea.-
eonable period.
x.. If it IIhaJl appear to the &a.tisfaction of the Revenue A.uthoritiei,
upon inquiry made previoull to the aiDe of a Lease, or at any time
during its CUl'l'eDoy, that the la.nd leaeed ill liable to the payment of
Goodoo, or oompensation fees to the Todas, the Goodoo payable to
these latter will be collected from the GT&ntee, in addition to the A&o
l6&8Inent, for the purpoae of being paid to the Todas from the publio
'Treasmy. The amount of Goodoo in each case eha.ll be determined by
the Collootor, lIubject to an appeal to the Board of Revenue.
:Board to Govt. 10th Nov. XI. Every leaee of laud for culti ....
1M2, No. 493, (2094.) tioII Bhall contain etipulatioDs that t'he
E. M. C. 12th Sept. in Con. Le&1IOO shall bring into cultivation oep..
GPPJnf1lTlf.
fith Oet. lIi43, Rev. Dept.
No. 1199, P""" 7.
tain .pecified proportioni of the land
granted him within certain given tim.,
in failure of which the Lease ,hall be
.Letter to Supreme Govern"
ment para. 50.
liable to be declared null and void, such
portion of the land as may have been left uncultivated will be forfeited.
.at the discretion of the Board of Revenue, and the Lessee in each cue,
-will be liable to Buch penalties 88 ehall be determined in the Leaee.
XII. No Leslee shall btl at libert1
Letter to Supreme Govern- to tranllfer 01 othel'Wile a.lienate any
ment pam. 62. part of th; land leaeod to him, ';'hioh
'he shall not have brought. under cultivation.
XIII. The Leesee .hall be bound to
Ibid p&ra. 64. erect boundary ma:rklll around the land
leased to him, and shall maintain them in good condition at his own
charge.
XIV. He .hall ilio _peat all road ..
Para. M. foot path!, and rights of way. It.
indeed desirable that such road&, &C. ,bauld be, 88 far 88 poslible,-...
eertained, and Bpeeially escepted from the Leaee. He shall further
engage to allow right of way through hia land, though none previoualy
emted, in the event of land adjoining to, or beyond, his own, being
ta.ken up for cuiSiT8.tion by others, 110 as to make their land 8CCeIIsib1e.
In the event of aDy public road. being required to be carried through
lWIlimite, or of such right of way being needed for any publio purpOIle&,
the LeiBee. shall, however; be entitled to compenea.tion for the land,
which he may give up for thie purpose, which OOmpensation shall be
determined in the mode prescribed in Rule XVII.
XV. It is to be elearly undenltood that Govemment reserve to
t.hemaelvea, in the fullest manner, the
Letter to 8u[= GoVml- complete control over all Streams,
ment, para.. Springs, Reiervoin and Channe1e of
irrigation. No Stream is to be diverted, nor its water taken, for pur-
-posea of irrigati.on, without the special cognizance and aanction of the
Revenue Authorities of the District. Springs, Streams, Rivulets, Ao.
Ihould, 1Jhenever practicable, be specially exempted from the Lease.
X VI. Government reserve to them.-
Ibid para. 64.
BelTel all mineral products of the land
-granted on lease, with liberty to work mines wherever d8llir&blt>, and
free right of way to such mines, on due compensation being made for
the e%tent of land thue appropriated.

xxxviii APPENDIX.
XVII. Government further retain the power of taking, on {air and
equitable compensation, any land included within the limits of" Leaae
J
which may be required for the construction of a Roa.d, Channel, 01'
other work of general utility and convenience, or for the exigencies of
the Public Service. The compensation referred to in this and the
'preceding Rule shall be detennined by arbitration, ODe A.ssesaor being
named on the part of the Leseee, ELIld of Government, respectively,
whioh two are jointly t? choose a third. The award of the majority
ehall be taken, except in CMe8 wherein gross partiality or incompetency
on the part of the Arbitratol'l shall be proved to the satisfacti.on of
Govemment, in which case the award shall be set uide, and three fresh
..!.aBellson Dominated in the manner above stated, whoae decision. what--
ever it may be, ehall be :6.naL
XVTIL In all questions which may arise :regarding the sense in
which the provision& of hie Leaee are to be construed; in all boundary,
or irrigation disputes, or difl"erencea with the Natives j the Laesae shall
be bound to abide by the decision of the local Revenue Authorities,
tlubject however to an Appeal to the Board of Revenue a.nd Govern-
ment.
XIX. Stipulations to the eft'oot contained in the preceding Rulee
will be introduced into the form of Lease which is now under prepara ..
lhtJiBedf0rtn8ofLetUU.were
furniahed by Govt. 14th Oct.
incon.llthNQt7.18SO,Rett.
D.p'. No. 956.
tion by the Law Offiool'll of Govern ..
ment,- and which, when completed,
will be furniehed for the guidance of
the Revenue Office", and which the
Board direct may in all C88es.be.&dopted.
XX. It wi.11, however, be understood that although land for w h i ~ h
a.pplication may be made upon the Neilgherries, will, sa a general rule,
be disposed of by public auction, in the mode and on the conditions
specified in the precOOing Rules, the Government nevertheless reserve
to themselves the right of gran ting land without prior competition or
mpOsure at an upaet price, and on suoh terms as they may soo .fit in aU
cases wherein, with a view to promote agricultural. undertakings, or
improvements, or for any other purposel, it may .BOOm to them desjra...
hle to do 10.
XXI. It will be 800Jl from the Honorable Court's Despatch of 2bt
June, 1843, t,hat the rights of the Tow over the Neilgherry table-land
are, in the judgment of the Home Government, simply those of pas-
turing their herds ovel' the hitherto unreclaimed portion of it. T h ~
can, as the Court have remarked, dispose of suoh rights only as the,.
themselres possess. No psrty, therefore, purchasing land from th,e
Al'PENDIX.
,
XXXI:!:
Todd, can be held to have bought any other right than that of pas_
turage. If the land be required for cultivation, it mUlt I!Itill be disposed
Gf, under the Rules in force, by publio auction, for that pwpoee j tOO
Goodoo on the land, when luch may clearly appear to be payablt\
being, in that C81!1E1, paid to the party who hu purohal!led the right of
gruing from tho Todao, m place of to tho Tow. himJelf. Th. right of
the Burghet'8 would 8f'eID. to be limply that of occupation. N 0 p ~
chase therefore, ooncluded with a Burgher, can confer a title to any
land, unlesll, (118 in the low countl'y,) the land sold be I!Iheycalland, i. ~ .
land immediately in the ocoupation of, and under cu1tintion by the
latter, and that, subject to the limitatioIlll and oonditiOll8 of each deeoripoo
tion of land.
XXII. Copy of th.i.s Manual, and of the papen referred to in it, ILl"8'
to be furnillhed to the Commanding OfBcer of the Hills, for h.i.s infOl'o'
mation, and for publio convenience and reference.
APPENDIX, No. VII.
MEMORANDUM
B9 001. CamwotS, C. B. Commandant in tlM NrilgMrriu, dakrl
.d.vgust, 1856.
I.-In addition to the numerous, and oon8.icting Otlloee, &8l!1igned to
the Commandant and 888i8tant Magistrate of the N eilgherriel, the pub ..
lie, particularly the European poJ'tion of it, inaist upon hie fulfilling, in
addition to theae, aelf-&88umed ot1l.oes, lIimilar to the functioWl of Banker,
Solicitor, Notary public, Al-bitrator, and Land Surveyor, the discharge
of which add, in no IIlight degree, to the ha.ra8/!ling, and onerous nature
of his o./Bcial dutiel.
2.-From the defective l!ltate of the Law, a regularly organized IIYlltem
of llwindling baa long been carried on by nativC8, who, receiving adnnoea
for contracts, ily to the low country, or tauntingly taIl their unfgr..
tllDatp duptll to inttitut6 CiTil .nit againIc: them in the 8lldd.er
Ameen'. Court. Europealll of the wont claa., &nd particularly fa.
reipara, have reoentJ.y _tIed themaelVI!II upon the HillI, and havo
emuJ.r.ted the Dativea in oarrying ou this .y.tem.
B.-Tho warnin, giV\ID to the GoveJ"llIDent by the preeent Comman_
dant, thai; the impunity giveu to the leuer Cl'imea, would event..Dy
load to the oommiuion of greater onea, baa, within the lMt few wee",
boon frightfully fu.Ullled; lOTenllCeD.88 of the IIlOIt ruvolting outrap.
lind murder, havw, oooW'l'ed unouget the aativOl
.. -One or the, oo-oalIed, ....... to upon the Neilgh ........ are
eithe:r liberated, or __ ped oonviotl; and, in oonsequence of
being no law betwoen mAltor and servant, and the Legillative Council
nf India havina refused to _ 0Ile, theoe malefactor! ..... a livelihood,
by p1'OOtUing upon the faan or uuprotected ladieo aod lamilios. TWo
hal latterly risen to such a pitch, that aevenJ. haTe quitted the Nail
gberries, not deeming either thBir persona or property aeou.re, under
the SYlltem at preeeut emting.
G.-Gang robberi.ea, and dacoitiea are on the inC1"6al8, unongat the
natives, at a diatanoe from the station, emboldened. by the defective
.tate of the law to lIuppreslI them; in faot, foun.dod, 88 this is, on mere
MUiulman tradition, it may be lIafely 6llaerteri, that there is acarcely
an act of the Kagiatra.te, undertaken for the lIecurity of life and pro-
perty, that does not render him liable to a proaecution, which, in fact,
baa been threatened, in rqrard to the preeent Oommandant, for IIUppress-
ing nWaanOlll, which, in any country in Europe, would have rendered
their perpetraton liable to tbe heaviest pena1.tu..
6.-Tbe only real, and. eft'ect.ual remedy for the evils, at preaent 80
univenally prevalent upon the N and to make them what
they very soon would be, & blessing to all visitan, BII well &8 the penna--
Dent reaidentll, ill, to carry out the M:arquia of Dalhou.sie'8 inteD.tion,
had m. Lordahip l"tlIII8ined in India, or making the whole or th ...
DiJtrictI a non .. Regu1a.tion Province.
l.PPEl!DIX. xli
ApPElffiIX, No. VIII
.A. LUt W Plank gatMrerl ... tn. Neifghtirrie8,p4rlicular!y ill
the "",,;r0'll8 of Oot""amunrl. By the Rev. Mr. Schmirl.
lCHmtdna JLoaogynia.
l.-Hedychium?? ..locordi.ng to Pereoou's II %8tema," it l'IUlb aext to
Maraw.
D/<J,.,u.;" XOfUJ!IYf'ia.
.J-5.-..1 amninum I, v6rY lIimilar to J 88Dl.inum (See Edwarda'
Botanic&l Register, voL L p. 18.)
2, very 8imilar to the above, but leaves very soft, hairy.
S, leaves smootht 8Illltl.l shrub. B', R. voL i. p. 19-
4, similar to Jaaminum refWZtdAm, Bot. Beg. voL. iii. p. 176, and.
to 1wmile, Bot. Reg. vol. viii. p. 350.
3 .pee ... , one very oimilar to Ph. paniculat&.
9.-Ciroaea, most undoubtec:Uy a new epecie8. Never higher thu. a
inches.
10, ll.-Paedorota.? tMmn.a, and &Bother larger epecie&.
12.-iliatiola.
13-15.-Utricularia ....-.de. I
2, lwtea, ud a third larger blue .species.
16-25.-Juoticia, 10 opecieo at I.aot.
26-28.- Pidoo, native name of a large forest-tree; 3 species; rank! ia
Penoon'. system ned to Litkoplila.
D/<J,.,u.;" lligyftia.
29-32.-Piper i and 3 species of Peperomia.
M9'lWgynia..
33-35.-Valeriana j 8 if not 4. species.
S6-41.---COmmelina. i 56 speciee, 23 of them most probably new j the
others have not been exa.miaed.
42-43.-Sonerilla, 2 species; difftlrent from those in Bo:r.burgh'& Flora.
44.-Xyris? P 0. new genus with a nectary I :x;yria has none.
45.-A tree, K(bMIIlwo in the I.a.nguage of the original mountaineers
A vaat addition to this List has been made by later explorers of the
rich field of Botanic productions of th.e hills j the Memoirs of which the
Editor bas failed to obtain in time to include them in this Tolume..-ED.
f
xlii
APpElfDII.
Tetrmu14"ia MO'fW99'11ia.
46.-DipeaculI, Wldoubtedly new.
47, 48.-Galium, 2 llpeciee.
4.9-51.-Hedyoti5 Luclaenaultu, and 2 other shrubby species.
52-55.-Bedyot.is (or Mpcrula P) 4. herbaoeoUII llpacies.
1l6.-A shrub, ranking next to Ca.I.licarpa..
57.-Plantllgo, perh.a.ps 2 llpeci.es.
58-GO.-A new genUII ranking next to 'Bartonia; 2 or 8 species.
61.-Erel, the native name or & large rorest-tree with beautifql red
flowei'll.
62, 63.-Oldenlandia. bijlora 1 and another species.
64.-E1aeagnUII, new species, similar to orientali8.
65, 66.-Blackburnia P 2 species.
PefIlaftdria M01KJgynia.
67.-Myorotia Lappula P
68.-LysimBchia ClementlOniana, and another plant, which may perhaps
be Lysima.chia P atropuryurea.
70.-Anagallls has probably oome hither with seeds from
Europe.
7l-7S.-Convolvulus, S apecielli.
74.-Ipomoea. Besides a great variety of ConvolvullWe& on the
75-83.-Loranthus .Luc1l.tmaultii, and 8 other species.
84.-Thesium kumile, or 8qUarro.mm.
85-SS.:.....-Lonioera .Le8C1I.tmatdtii, and another llpecies.
8788.-Verbascum hlaltaria 7 and a.nothat' IlpeciCS.
89-90.-Datura. Stramonium 7 and another apeciN, new.
91, 92.-Physalie perumana 1 and a procumbent dwarf species_
93-100.---Somnum '4ignmIl at leaat 7 species
101, 102.-Coffea? 2 species.
10a-105.-Baeobotraya, 3 species,
106.-Tootona, down the ghaut.
107, lOS.-Rhanmqs, more than 2 species.
109, 110.-A shrub, called wild orange, ranking next to Toddalia;
2 species.
111-113.-A new genus, the flower presents a remarkable middle link.
between Heders and Vitia. At least a species; trees.
114.-Enonymus; large tree.
115.-K6ngee, native narpe or a tree.
116.-Mo.ntai1f Parijipatay, na.tive na.ml} of another tree.
J17&119.-Viola, 3 species.
APPENDIX. xliii
i2()..125.-Impa.tiens; 6 species; one approaching to Chirienais,
other to Comuta.
126-127_-Aohyranth .. . "'P""" (tow ..... the foot of the hillo); .. cI
another speciee.
US-1Sl.-Celosia. or Dlecebrum; 4t'Species leut.
lS2.-Carisaa spinarum.
Pent ..uw Digyma.
133, 134.-Asclepiaa, 2 speciea.
lS6, lS6.-Apocynum P 2 speciea.
137.-Ceropegia P with an eatable bulb j probably the type of new
gonU8.
138, 139.-Chenopodium; two apecies at least; viz. amlwoaioide.r'
and Agbridum 1 & third near the Coot of the hills, viz. maritim.,. 1
140. 141.-Gentia.na., one species; quite an alpine plant, the other with
one pistil.
142-145.-Sanicula P 2 of the species with not umbeJ1&te flowers.
146-148.-Bupleurumfalcatum 1 baldelUe 1 anf'r'atico,1tm 1
149.-Caue&lis A.mlwi8ctu 1 not. indigenous.
150153.-Four other Umbellatm, at least.
Pettlandria 'l.'rigynia.
156, 157.-Viburnum, one perhapslaeoe, the other I would call pri-

Pe.tafltlria Tetragynia.
158.-Parn8B8i.a, new, with 8 pistils.
Pent.1f<lria
159.-Linum.
160, 16l.-Drosera, both species new j one 'fery similar to Drosera
rotuNdifolia, but without nerves.
Hezandria M01JOfIY1Iia.
162166.-Tradeacantia, 5 species.
167.-Lilium.
168.-0urculigo.
169, 170.-.!Bparagtl! j 2, ifllot 8
171.-Ophiopogon ttilagiricu8 (Nobis) ranb next to
mea.
172.-FritillAria.
1 '18.-0rnithogalum P
174..-Allium, I saw only the onion of it.
175, 176.-MahoniB (Berberis) ; 2 new llpecies.
177.-BambU!l& j perh&ps 2 new.peciee.
f2
:aIiv
7Wgyoia.
1'18.-Rutnex tJefltu, probably not indigenoU8.
o.talOdria M ... !J9ftia.
1'19, 180.-Oenothera bNmiiI (not indigenou), aad another speciee
at the foot of the hillB.
181.-Dodowea, a willow-leaved new speciea ..
Orl<mdria 7Hgynia.
182187.-Polygonum, 6 opecieo.
Octandria Tetragynia.
IBB.-CalanchDl!.
Ellfteaftdria M0'fK)9!/1&iG.
189-191.-Laurua, three species wild, and a fourth eultiTated at Dim-
hutty.
Deeandria M()flogynia.
192.-Sophora glawca (De Candolle).
193-197.-Cueia, 6 speciee, at least.
198.-Tribulua lamtgiOOlOlf, towards the foot othe bills.
199201.-Mela8toma, S speoies, one of which comes nearest to Rheya,
aud one would, according to Persoon, be a Meriani&.
202.-Rhododendron arbo...,.", P
03, 204.-Vaocinium, 2, perhapll 3, species.
206.-ArhutuB.
Decandria 7Wgynia.
J06.-Silene, lIimilar to ArmeriA, probably not indigeno'll8.
207.--8tellaria.
208.-Arimaria.
209, 210.-0xaJia 8e1t8itill(J 'I and a:new spooies O:m!i8 'I't!JHl'N.
Zll.-Ce1'88tium 'I
212.-Spergula; perhaps not indigenoUB
.Dod.candria MC1IO!J9ftia.
213, 214.-'biumfetta Bartramia, and another species.
1)tHkcm.lria 7Hgynia.
215.217.-Euphorbia, 3 .pecies.
Ico.tmdrio, MonogyniQ.
218.-&epoo, native name of a tree.
219.-Kemmainoo native name of another tree.
220.-MyrtuJ tomentwa, or rather MespilUi mo1KJfIYrM.
221224.---()alyptranthus P four .pecies.
A.1TENDIL
~ l v
bondria DfgyrIia.
2l!5.-Crataegos, vory oimilar in appearauoo to Moopil .. 1M...,.."...
226.--80rbua, T ~ nativo name, and lOl'eral other epooiee of'
Ilorbua or Crataogua.
I.......wla Po/.ygy0i4.
11272l!8.-Boea, two new opooieo.
229.231.-Rubus, three new speciee.
232
,
283.-Fragaria UtdfcG and collita4.
2840-236.-Potentilla, 8 opooieo.
Po/ymtdriG ~ .
Po1i!mtdriG Po1ifgy0i4.
288.-Magnolia, if not. new genus.
239.-Anemone.
240, 24l.-Clematia, two species.
24.2.-Thalictrwn.
24S-245.-BanunculUB, 3 epooi.el.
~ ~
ll46.-Ajugo P
247.-Teucrium.
248-250.-S.tureja, 8 .pecies.
25l.-Maotha, one, perhapo two, opooieo.
252258.-Leu..., (phlo";'), seven opooieo.
259.--Btachys, very eimilar to Stachye ~ and tJQM.
260.-'D>ym ...
26l.-One or two plante participating of tbe _ of Plectranthua
and Barbula.
262.-A plant ranking next to Daotidia.
263-2M.---8cutolla.ria, 2 epooies, new.
265.-PnmeIla, new lpecies. Before ~ it, I long took;t for
granted to he Il'"tmdifWra.
~ ~ ; .
266.-Buchnera .bi6tktl, but probably .. new lpeciea.
267269.-Pedioulari8, three new species.
270.-Gerardio <klp""'ifoUa.
2'7l.-Orontium, very aimilar in appearance to Antirrhinum mipW!.
2'12, 273.-Ruellia, 2 or more species, ODO doubtlee8 new.
274.-BarIeria drig"""
275, 276.-Two or more undeJl.ned plante of thie clas ...
xbi

TetradgMmia Siltculo.lI.
277.-Thlaepi Bwr .. -pa<ton..
.
278-2BO.-Oardamine, two a}?OOies.
281.-Arabia 1
2B2.-BJ'8I!IBica orientalU.
283-286.-1 have observed at kart four other SiliquolJe more.
Moftadelpiia Tdt-andria.
287.-A shrubby climber, with orangecQloured, 4-petalou8 flowers, the
stamen, of which cleave .. much together as those of many SolaolB
or of the Lobelia.
MOMdei'pAia Pentarulna.
288-290.-Lobelia, 3 species. One of them I 8Uppose to be triangtdatll,
a Il&IIle which I found written with pencil in Persoon's Systems"
which a friend had lent me; the second species is one of the largest
and highest, and the third species, one of the smaller herbaceous
plants On the hills.
Monadelplda Decandria.
291, 292.-Genmium, 2 species. One comes near to Columbium, the
other has more the habitus of Pela.rgonium.
29S.SOS.-Malva rotllndifoUa, (perhaps not indigenous,) at liuut
10 Ma.lvaceae more.
DiadelpAi<J H"",.odrio.
304.-Fumaria oftlcinalis, most probably not indigenous.
DiadelpAi<J Octandria.
906.-Polyga.la.
806.-A shrub with a Polygala-Hower j probably a new genus, unless
we would call it Securidaca
Di<UkIpAi<J Decoodrio.
S07 -Sll.-Crotalaria, I) species at least.
312.-Cytisua, .imilar to Laburnum..
313.-Indigoi'era.
314_319.-Six other Leguminosae, at letut.
Pol!ldelpAi<J
320-822.-Hypmi.cum, 8 speciea; one similar to Kalmiamm.
Spgeneria .J.equalil'.
S23-325.-Sonchus and 2 other species.
S26.-Lactuca.
827.-Prena.nthes.
328.-Leontodon.
APPElfDIX.
. xlvij
S29.-Hieracium, according to ita habitut, but according to the general
eharactel'lt rather an Apa.rgia.
sao.-CardUU8 certainly a new spooies.
S31.-Bidens.
3S2-SSS.-Cacalia, 2 species.
834.-&n1olina.
SS5.-TIIoll&cetum.
336, 837.-ArtemiaUo.
838.-Sigesbeekia orientalis?
3S9, 340.-Erigeron, 2 speciee.
841-345 .........&necio vulgaris (not indigenoW!l, but now pretty common),
and at least 4 speciee more.
S46.-A purple.flowered plant, eimilar to Senecio HlSari8, but with a
simple cup.
347.-lnula.
348-352.-Gnaphalium, 6 epecies.
S!!"Ueauia Nece"aria.
354.-Filago.
355-357.-ConyZ&, 8 species.
858.-Rudbookia 1
359.-Centll:urea..
360-362.-Three epedea of & new genus, as 1 suppose; many more
female flowen than males, and the former without a corol1&.
Gynandria.
363382.-1 have as yet found 19 Orchideae, of very diveni.6.ed COD-
struction, some very pretty. About half of them. are pa.ra.sitica1 on
trees, II.tld some on rocks.
383.-Aristolochla, lspooies.
Mo1lOeCia MonaMria.
384, 385.-Zannichellia palutri8, and another species with naked seed,
and smaller.
386.-Arum. All the smaller I!Jpecimens have invariably only stamens,
the larger onee only pistils. . A . m o n ~ t the great number of flowers
which I examined, I found only one instance of an hermaphrodite
flower.
387.;-VicU8, one specips.
MonoBcia Triandria.
388, 389.-Carex, two, if not more; Qr new genera.
390.-Two species of & shrub, having the habitus of a PhyllimthWl, with
the fructification approaching to that of Tragu..
dviii APPBNDIX.
891.-Tragia, a new apeoies, next to Tr. indtca.
892.-A. ehrub which seems to be polygamous; if monooooU8, next to
Heroandia; if an hermaphrodite, next'to Rumphia or Comocladia.
MoftOeCia Tetnmdria.
898.-A. water-plant with the habitue of Myriophyllum.
894-401.-Urlica. Eight species j two or three of which a.re bUl"Ding.
402, 4OS.-Pari.et.aria, 2 species.
404.-ldorua.
M ~ a pBfttaadria.,
405, 406.-A.maranthue trUtN 1 an qnAOl'Nll
Monoecia Octan.tlri&
4IY1, 408.-.Penm;. native name; is said to grow BOO in the low coun
try and to be medicinal j 2 species of a guIlua which is Dot enumerata
eel in Peraoon.
X ~ Mtmadelphia.
409.-Phyllanthua; towards the foot'll! the hills.
4.10.-Croton.
411.-Ricinus communii.
"IS.-A tree j 36 pistils.
4J.1I-417.-Bryoma and 4.5 other Cucurbitacom.
Dioecia DiaMrirJ.
4J.S.-BoJix. The male :Ilowers I have not yet found on the tree.
DioecitJ TetrtDldria.
419,420.-Viacumj 2 apeoie8, neither of which ia deecribed, 88 far ail I
can diecern. in Dr. Roxburgh'8 Flora Indica .
.Dioeci<J HezalUlrW.
4ll1.-Phrenix P
422-4.24.-.4. climber, a.t 1eaat S species j not enumerated in Persoon.
. ~ Dodecandria.
425.-Villagadoo, native name of a large shrub or amall tree j 15
stamem invariably. Perhaps 2 apecietJ.
Dio.cia MII<l<kIpAUJ.
426-428.-Two species of a :Phalluslike plant; perhaps related to
RaftleIIia. P8ol'B8iticaJ. on the root of trool3, as it appears to mo.
DitHcult to be found.
Orgptogamia.
429.-Equi.8ct-wn, 1, if not 3 species; I have found as yet the flower of
only one.
430
J
43l.-Lyoopodium, 28pecies.
432.-0smunda..
433.-0phiogl08sum.
.l.PPENDIL
xlix
484-4.S9.-Jungermania j more than 6 llpecies.
44O.-An articrulated paraaite, it not a Viscum; I bave not yet IU(I-
oeeded in discoTering tbe Sower, although it hat teed eimilar to
the two other epeciea of Viacum.
441.-FontinaliB.
4-i.2.-Marchantia.
M3-449.-PolypodiUUl, llllpooieIJ.
460-452. -Aspidium, 8 speciee.
45S-464.-ABp1enium, 7 apeciea.
4 apooies.
469, 470 -Adiantum, 8 apeciee.
471.-Acrolltichum.
Lichens and MUllCi & great variety; one Boletue and lOme other
Fungi. I have obllerved. one Comena, Bnd & PolypU8. acarooly to be
distinguished from B waterplant j the flower-like anilllBloule becomea.
when growing old, incrusta.ted with the hou.ee of a IWail. It is found
in water-broob.
P. S.-My rese&l"Ches have boon 1111 yet confined almost entirely to
the mere environs of Ootscamund. The sidca of the hills towarda the
foot, in the deeper vaUey!!, contain & great variety of purely Asiatio
species and genera j but my other engagements Bnd even WBnt oC the
neceeaary books, have prevented my examining Bnd claallifying them.
1 have therefore not enumerated here a great number of plants, includ-
ing all the grasses, which I have actuelly collected.
I .A...PPENDIX.
ApPENDIX, No. IX.
Extract.from OaptainJ. Oudterlon!J'. Memoir .ulnnitted {(j
tke MaMaI Go.ernment in 1847 ; a8 noticed in the list qf
puhlicationB annexed.-
TaB Neilgherries, or rather the plate&u formed by their summits, are
by DO means densely wooded, the forests occurring in distinct and
singularly isolated patches, in hollows, on slopes, and sometimes on the
very apex of a lofty hill, becoming luxuriant and extensive only when
they approach the creeta of the mountains, and run along the valleys
into the plains below. This absence of forest. in 0. region in which,
from ita position between the tropics, from the abundance of moisture,
and from the great depth and richne88 of the BOil, the utmost luxuriance
in this respect would be looked for, is very remarkable; and leads me
to conclude, that vast tracts of primeval forest land must have boon
cleared to make room for cultivation, at no vuy distant period.
Owing to the great elevation, at which the :inhabited summit of the
Neilghcrries sta.nds, and the com.equent rarefaction of its atmosphere
aided doubtless, in some degree, by the beneficial influence of the l u : x u ~
riant vegetation which clothes them, the district, although distant only
11 degrees from t,be EqU&tor, enjoys a climate now famed for its great .
salubrity, and remarkable evenness in its Be88Ons, with a temperature
which fulls, in the coldest month of the year, to the freezing point, and
seldom in the hottest, :reaches 750 in the shade. In stating this, I of
jX)lll'$O refer to the general circumstances of temperature which prevail,
for llea,sonS have ot COUJ'llC occurred during which, from particular at-
mospheric ca.uses, the mercury may have risen occ8siouaUy a.bove this
estimate.
The coldest Beason is during the months of December and January,
a.nd the hottest about April Bud May, though this latter sea.son is not
80 certain, depending mainly upon the character Wld time of setting in
A copy or thi8 MemoiI' haJ been presented by the Editor to the
Ootacamund Library, and it is well deserving of perusal by all visiton
to the Hills.
li
of' the rainy. or S. W. mODlIOOn. The hottef't period of the day i8
.bout 2 o'clock or 2,\. 4Om. P. v. and the extreme range of temperature,
from sunrise to that time, averages most commonly 16 throughout the
year. The variation is of coune the greatest at the time of frost, viz.,
January and December. when the extreme radiation, which goes on d u r ~
ing cJear nights, produoes eXoefIsive cold towards sunrise, after which,
the lIun's rays, shining with great fteroonOS8 through the ra.refied at"
m08phere, llpeedily restore heat to the earth, and the temperature or
the air rises in proportion. S i m ~ C6U8ef1, reversed in their action,
neoessariJ.y pl'Oduoe sudden and great cold after suMet, rendering the
climate at this 8eNIOD (and indeed at all 868I'I0D8 more or less) one, in
which the moat healthy residents, and eepocially those who have recent-
ly come under ita influence, stand in need of caution in their mode of
encountering its vicissitudes. For the :reasons alluded to, I would veo-
ture to remark, that very early and very late parades, 8C('Ording to the
pmctice of the plains, will be found injurious to European troops locat-
ed on theae Hi.lla, a.nd espooially to those men whose OODltitutioD.8 have
been worn by long residence in a tropical climate.
The chief station, Ootacamund, from it! !uperior elevation (7.300
Ceet above the level of the sea) is more exposed to this unfavourable
action than the two minor stations. Coonoor, and Kotergherry, whirh
are each 6,000 feet above the level of the sea: although t,hese latter are
by no means exempt from the same influence. especially during the
cold season, M will be seen by the Tables appended to thil memoir. A
very great advantage, enjoyed by the Neilghenies Il8 a sanitarium, exists
in the means which are a1fomed to an invalid to seloct the peculiar
kind of climate which bett !uiu the malady under which he i.e !uft"ering
-by the emtence of three settlements, each under Medical chBrg8,
.ituated in <llifElNllt part8 of the range, each baving a dilferent Mpeet,
and each a climate peculiar to it8elf: that of Ootacamund being the
ooldeet---but mOlt damp, Kotergherry the next in the &eale. and that of
(;oonoor the warmeat. Thus, an invalid whose habits or fltate of OOD-
ltitution render the change, from the torrid heat of the plaina to the
penetrating cold of Ootacamund, too great and Budden. haa the oppor-
tunity a.nd option of acclimatizing bimself at either of the minor .ta-
tiolUll, before expoeing himeelf to the vici88itudea of climate which await
him on the highest level.
The resources of this highly favored region are as diversified and valu-
able. 88 they appear 6&8y of attainment,. and are comparatively inexhausti-
ble. Ioommenoe the longliat ofprodut'tious. which the Neilgherries are
9 2
Iii APPENDIX.
capable of supplying, with wheat,811 one of the moat important, and 88 one
moreover which the Honorable Court of Directors appe&l' a.t the present
time to be much intereated in oollecting data. regarding, from all districts
in India. capable of producing it.
I have taken the totala from the Seebundy accounts of 1847 or
F'WIly 1257,88 rendered orally in tbe cutchel'ry. From these it appears
that in Ist'-, 70 "vullums" of land were cultivated for wheat, each
TUllum producing on the average 400 U kolagums." This" kolagum"
which is a measure peculiar to the Hill tribe&, contains 226 cubic
inches, and hence the quantity produced was
8,000 bushels
or 375 quarte:ra
the weight of & kolagum of average wheat (hueked) is I find 7lb,.
hence the budelof Neilgberry wheat weighs ...... 6SJ Ibs. &voirdupoill
or a quarter ........ 5481- OJ "
A "vullum" of land is to 2 eawnies, 21 grounds, and 864
equare feet. Hence the total quantity of land cultivated for whollt at
the present time is, 202 cawnies, or 267 acres : and the produce is 14h
bushels per cawny, or lli bushels per acre. The return in moderately
good land cultivated for wheat iJ 40 to 1; or 40 bushels reaped for 1
bushel sown.
That the quantity of wheat, &t preaent prodQOOd on the Neilgherriee,
could be 'Very greatly inc:reased, theN cannot be & doubt, provided B
better system of hmb&ndry were introduced, and better seed imported
from Europe, and distributed amongst the agricultural tribes.
The whole of this Hill district, including the Koonda.h mOWltain9, is
emineutly well suited, in point both of soil and for the produc.
tion of wheat, but, &II the lasi mentioned tract; is not yet surveyed, it
mwt; at present be lost sight of, although I feel confident it will be
found on examination, to furnish a 'Very important addition to the gron
amount of land estimated &II suitable for ihe cultintion treated of, and
which at present lie& totally waste and uaelcs8.
The quantity of land thUll losi to the state I calcul&te to amount to
no less than 200,000 acree, as is shown by the following sta.tement :-
Square ACreIJ.
Total content of the geographicallUrface of
the Nellgher:ries .................. ,............................. ..... 268,494.
Of this quantity, there are now under
including 1a.nda lying fallow ......... Sq. Acres 31,4.S4.
APPENDIX.
P88tUrage, to be l"8IIeM'ed for the cattle of the
Todara, at the exaggerated rate of200 8.Cl'8I
per 100 head (lells than 40 per 100 being
allowed by the revenue authorities in the
ca.Iculation for &98e8sment), for an average
of 2,000 head of bu1l'aJ.oes will be ........... .
Pasturage, to be reeerved for the cattle of the
Burghen, consisting of bu1faloes and bul4
locks, averaging 8,000 head at 100 acres
per 100 head _ .................................... ..
Land occupied. by the Station of Ootacamund,
public bnildings, roads, &0 .................... ..
Vil.lage sites, sacred grove!, &C .......
Tracts of rocky ground, morasses, and other
land not immediately fit for cultivation (a1
4
. though these might well be considered u
compensated by the gain of Blll'face intro
4
1iuced. through the undulations of the land.)
"
"
"
"
"
4,000
8,000
B,OOO
2,060
17,000
liii
Deduct... 68,494
and there is a remainder of ... 200,OOO
&Cl'e8 entirely unoccapied and waste, being either covered with forest,
or lying under grass not required for paaturage.
It has been already stated, that the natives obtain from their wheat
lands a quantity or grain equiValent to 111 buehels per acre, but, BIt
the depth to which they plough their fields never exceeda 7 inche8, and
for the most part is barely 6, and 88 they give them only the most meagre
allowance of sundried and exhaU5ted manure, never exceeding (ae far
88 I have been able to a8certain by counting the bsskets brought and
meuurmg 8paceS of land dressed. with it) half ton per 1C1'e, and this .
not ploughed well into the ground, but merely scraped into the
furrows, and 88 they never supply the land with what, from the
po8ition of the soil, it 80 much needs, viz. lime, it may be safely allIum..
ed that under a proper system of tillage this amount of produce could
be at least trebled, or. at a very low estimate, 4 qua.rtere of wheat
could be obtained from one acre.
I may therefore &&fely aftlnn that this district :iJ capable of furnish.
ing, for export to Europe, from 4 to 600,000 quarte1'8 of wheat of a
Ii. APPENDTX.
quality far superior to that which ia at present raised, and at a cost
aufBciently low (the diatanoe to the nearest shipping port being only
no miloo, 36 miIeo of which .... performed by "ate.) to admit of large
proflta being realized by the growers, even when the price in England ia
80 low as 66 shillings a quarter.
After ginng an &oOOUD.t of the cultivation or barley of which 5,483
8CJ'ftI are cultivated Capt. Ouehterlony proceeds thua.
Before qUitting the Bubject of ba.rley, I cannot refrain from adverting
to one immediately connected with it, and which I deem of 80 much
importance, that although I am not sanguine in my hopes that Go
1'emm,ent may be induced by any repre!Mmtation made by me to
tute experimental proceedings, with a Tiew to test the feasibility of the
echeme, I still oonaider it my duty to place on record in this memoir,
the reeulta of experiment. which I have had favorable opportunitiee
of making, under the impreesion that a time must sooner or later come
when this, amongst many other valuable resouroos of these Hille,
will be fully developed and taken advantage of.
I allude to the Bubject of fermented malt liquOl'll which can be made
on the Neilgherriea with the greatest facility in all the details of the
procees, and at a oost 80 trilling 88 to enable the commissariat to sup-
ply the European troops at the three stations more immediately in the
vicinity of the Hi.J.la, viz., Bangalore, Trichinopoly and Cannanore, with
both ale and porter, at a rate, calculated on an extreme estimate, not
exceeding 10 annaa per imperial gallon delivered to the men from the
cask in the canteen, or 2i annas per quart, equivalent to Sid. per pot.
Independent of the importance, both in a moral and eoonomic point
of view, of supplying to the troops a liquor which, from ita goodn888
and cheapness, will induce the majority to prefer it to ardent spirits,
the subject becomes still more entitled to consideration from the
TBntagee which must result from ita successful iMue, when the project-
ed meaaure for the permanent location of a regiment of Europea.n
troops on the N eilgberriee ahall be carried out: for 88 the chief item in
the eetimate of cost is the carriage from the brewery to the station in
the plains, beer will be supplied to those reeidel1t OD the spot at a
ly diminished rate.
A very favorable opportunity will also be offered for bringing the
project into practical operation wben a regiment i& stationed on the
Hills, because amongst the men maDY brewers and malaters by trade
will no doubt be found, and by the practical knowledge of these men
many dift'iculties in t,he details of the pl"OCel8 which experimentalist.
J.l'PENDIX. Iv
like myself encounter, will be speedily overcome. .An impection of the
Ta.bles of tem.pera.turo given in the appendix to this memoir will at
once show that the first part of the process of the manufacture of beer,
viz., the conversion of barley into malt, can be carried on here a8 well
8a in any part of Great Britain; for although the range of the mercury
lWIoy appear 80 great a.e to endanger the success of the proccse by caus-
ing the gennination to proceed too rapidly, this evil can be readily
averted by placing the malting ftoors in buildings with thiCK atone, or
even mud walle, covered with that.ched roofs elevated considerably SO
lUI to deflect the rays of the sun, and preserve an even and low tempera-
ture throughout the day. The temperature found most suituble to
malting in England is about 60" to 62
0
, and this degree of heat could
be IWlintained, without e1008S, iu malting sheds on these Hi.J.l8 through-
out at lea.et 9 month" in the year.
I must observe, however, that the barley grown here is so poor in
quality, so light in the grain. and contaiaing in a given meaaure so
large 8 proportion of husk in excess of what the lame quantity of Eng ..
liIIh barley would produce, that the malt made from it yields in the
ma.eh but a. very disproportionate quantity of saccharine matter, ren-
dering it necessary to employ raw eug&l' aa an adjunct, to produce a
wort of sufficient strength. But this, which might elaewhere be coll8i-
dered an objection on the score of expense, is here of e88y remedy,
eince in the immediate Ticinityof the Neilgherries, vis., in M"y80re,
excellent sugar is manufactured in great abundance, and, at a rate eo
low, thAt at this present time, February, 1848, it is being BOld in the
hazar of Ootaca.muud at 3 Re. 12 annu per D1aund or 25 Ibe. weight,
being equivalent to 338. per cwt. Formerly, a prejudice existed aga.inst
the employment of sugar in the manufacture of beer, but,sa it is now seen
that the permission to introduce it into breweries in England, which
has b e ~ n l'ecelltly granted by the legiillature, is regarded by the publi(t
as a signal boon, it must be llelf-evident that since this important article
ie, comparatively epeaking, indigenoU& to the IJpot, cheap, excellent and
abundant, and 88 the climate is in aU respects eminently well adapted
for carrying on the procees of vinous fermentation, &8 well sa that of
malting, beer and porter can, under proper management, be produced
on the Neilgherri"", in every respect && wholesome and good as that
now imported from England, and at a cost leu by o n e - ~ even in-
cluding cartage to the station where it is to be consumed..
I beg lea.ve to oble"e, that in advancing these remarks, I do not
base my expectatioD8 and auuranOO8 on mere surmise or theoretical
lvi APFENDIX.
Tiew! of the iubject, but upon the results of actual experience, 88 I have
now brewed several calks of boor without a Bingle failure in the priDci.
pal parts of the process, viz., malting, fermentation, and fining, while
its quality has been much approved of by many perllOIlB who have
tuted it. amongst whom I may enumerate, Mr. Drury. the senior
member of the Board of Revenue; Captain Bell, Secretary to tho
Board; Major General Kennett, Lord GifFord, General Gibson, with
many othen. In consequence of the 8U0OO88 which attended myear-
ly experiments, in conducting which I employed Malt prepared by
myself from Hill-barley, with hops and dried yeast imported from
England, and my confidence in the 8UCcess of the scheme if entered
into by Government, Illddreaeed a letter to the Commi.ssary General upon
the subject, communicating linch detaila M seemed of interest, and
offering to carry on further triah on a small scale, a.t my own expen&e,
if a copper could be supplied to me temporarily on Indent from the
commissariat stores. I also sent samples of IIOme beer which I had
brewed, hilt which had. an unplea8&llt taate communicated to it owing
to my having employed" gour" or "raw jaggery" in the brewing in
place of refined sugar. without taking the precaution of cleansing it
from the dirt and gummy matter with which this article is generally
oontaminated. I W&8 not I!O fortunate 88 to receive a. reply to this
letter (beyond ... message through a third party) and this a.bsence of
encouragement prevented me from following the matter further, but I
may add, that for my own use I continued the manufacture with II suc-
cess, which convinces me that it is only necessary to extend the scale
upon which my operations are carried, a.nd to secure practical know-
ledge in the more important details of the process, to ensure the most
complete realization of my anticipations rega.rding the vast benefits to
be derived by this item in the list of productive resources of the
N eilgherries.
The following is an estitnate of the cost of ale brewed here, from
actual experiment. In England to make a hogshead (66 gaIlOllll) of
strong ale intended for export to the tropica, the brewers use
6 bushels of malt,
and 6 Ibs. of hops:
DOW, it has been ascertained, since the introduction of sugar into British
breweries, that
180 Ibs. of moist sugar are equivalcnt to
1 quarter, 01' 8 busheb of malt.
If therefore both malt und sugar a.re cmployed in equal proportioua,
APpmmn:.
Ivii
the bogsbead "ill require 8 bnabelo of malt ..,d 72 11M. of '''8"''.
OoIl8idering the Hillmalt to be 100 per cent. inferior to English malt,
I made ute of 6- bUlhela of malt and 72 lba. of sugar.
Estimate.
6 bnabelo of barley. or 60 ko1aguma at 12 ko1agums
per rupee,.. .0 o 0.0.000 0 o 00000 o.
72 lbao (3 maunda) of sugar, at 4. mpeea per maund, _ 0
7 Iba. of hops, imported from England, .. o 0 0 .....
Fuel for kilu drying malt, and boiling, ..
l'looportion of Iobour in steeping barley. turning malt,
drawing water J brewing, &:C. 0 0. o. .. 0
Sundriee, 00 o. o. 00 o. o 0 0 , 00 ,0 .0
CartBge to Bangalore (1 ... k wad,)
110.600
" 12 0 0
" 7 0 0
" 1 4. 0
..
..
..
2 0 0
1400
9 0 0
.A. hogshead should run 60 gallont of clear beer, hence Be 87.8 = 10
annaa per imperial gallon, for the gt088 coet.
This estimate might be reduced in many of its items, if a. Go-rern-
ment brewery WeJ"e establiahed here upon an extended sea.1e. In the
1irat pl.aee, all the yeaat produced would meet with a. ready lIale in Oota-
eamund for the bakeries, which are now dependent on the low country
for 8. supply of too.dy, with which bread is fermented. all over India,
and which, haring to trAnl a. ooueidera.bJe distance before it rea.ehea
the aettlement, ill often found to have pasaed into the ltage of a.oetoWl
fermenta.tion, rendering it either unfit to ma.ke bread with, or caneing
the bread to ha.ve an unwholesome a.nd bad. ta.ete. Ala.rge quantity of
yeast would a.lAo be daily required. for the bake-hoUBeB of the European
regiment located here. The estimate for hops, at 1 Rupee per pound
delivered here, is far too high, 88, if sent out by the Home Government
in quantity, they could not poelibl,. stand in, at the brewery, a.t 80 high
rate; and the coot of labour would be diminilbed if _large quantity
of beer were brewed dnily.
I would further beg lea.ve to dwell, upon the importanoe to this dis-
trict, of the el!ltablishment of such 8. manufaotme, upon 8. large !lcale, in a.
Revenue point of view, which, from the grea.t demand it would create
for barley, would lOOn lead to the reclamatiOD of the greater pa.rt of the
waate but rich lands, which 8.re now left untouched, through want of
stimulus to the industry of the Hill tribes, and also, &II it a.ppean to
me, in some mea.eU1"8, to the WlloDt of ha.nda to till them-a deflcienoy
"
Ivili

which would, h ......... be '1>""'lliy remediod by immigration rr,;m Mysora,
and the plains around. In fact, were it not for the I188WD.ption of abaolute
right over all the lande, wute and cultivat-ed, which are lituated on the
plateau of these Hilla, by the Toda.rs, Burghers, and Kotbers, there ia
no doubt that many low country people, who come up here 8eeking em-
ployment as Coolies, would form aettletnentB, a.nd pennanently locate
themaelve8 wbereTer they could obtain pouesBion of land to bring
under cultivation. Should Govemment at any futuro time see fit to
create an establishment on these Hilla for the manufacture of beer, it
would be vtJrY advisable, and indeed in the first in&tanoo almoet india-
penaable, to connect with it a Government !arm, to serve 88 a model for
the introduction of improvement! in husbandry, both in regard to
ploughing and dreel!ing the land, and in the preparation of good
manure, a department of the fanner's profeaeion of which the Hill
agriculturist. appear to have no knowledge whatever. Good seed must
be sent from England, and distributed amongst the Burghers, upon
whose exertionl the stimulus of a premium, in the shape of a hlgher
price for barley of a 8uperior description, would doubtleu 800n produce
beneficial eft'd, while, imitation of the Iyltem pureued by the em-
ployee of Government in the management of the :farm landll would
also, it ill .upposed, lead to the adoption of more civilized notions and
pl'BCtioo of agriculture, than are now to be round prevailing in any part
of this rich, but ill oppreciated, Hill tract. l<> this clima .. llumpeau.
might with perfect ..rely .. regards their health, go through ..u the out
of.dool'8 labour whioh &.lIs to the lot of farming men in England. They
do &0 in New Zealand, and Port Adelaide, where the clim&te ill unque&-
tionably lesl temperate than here, and, 88 on the Neilgherriee the actual
exertion of European bodily 8trength would only be required at parti
cular seaaona of the fanning year, such 88 in the direction of the plough,
and the use of the scythe, while superintendenoo and instruction of the
Native labourers would alone be required, on the part of a Europoan, in
conducting the minor details of a farm, I cannot but think that, in
many l'eIIpectl, a far finer field is offered on theBe Hill8 to the emigrant
:farmer from home, than is met with by the many who flock to the
Australian eettlements.
Here, cooly labour is very cheap, 2 annM or 2fd. a day being the re-
gular rate of pay for 8. working man who can perform any duty per-
taining to spade huebandry, and nndertake all the duties of a farm,
which, in England, fall to the lot of the common labourer. such 88
hedging and ditching, trenching, hoeing, reaping, ltacking, thatching,
A'PPENDIL
&0. &e. A shilling a day, or t a rupee, is the pay oC a bricklayer or
carpenter; men to look a.fter 2 hOne8 receive 14 shillingl, or '1 rupees
a month, oowherda 4 or 6 ahill.inga, and all other labour in proportion.
These advantage., coupled with thoae preeented by a ready and ever
demanding IIW'ket for luch articlee of produce as wheat. barley, (oate
if raised), clovor, hllY (of which article an immense quantity would be
consumed in Ootacamund if it was proourable), turnip", potatoes
(Ceylon offering a very favourable market for this vegetable), butter.
egge, and stock of all deacriptionf!l, both for butcher's meat and for salt-
ing for ahip use, would lIurely, it is to be 9Upposed, tempt many indi-
gent farmera to this hilly region, whose nece8aitiee impel them. to
emigrate from the mother-country, but whose ateps are stayed by the
warnings uttered by the many hundreda of their unfortunate fellow-
oouDt.rymen, who have hurried heedlessly out to the Awtralian 0010.
nies, only to meet with disappointment and ruin.
Should circUlD1ltanees ever induce Government to eatabliah a Fann
on theee Hills, for the purpoae of enoouraging the growth and extend.
ing the cultivation of wheat and blll'ley, I should recommend two eit.es
for its location; one on the elevated tract of land to the westward of
the Pyka..,. river, commencing at the north-west angle of the plateau
near Neddiwuttum, and extending southward to" Makoorty peak,"
the whole of which may be said to be uninhabited, there being only 7
.m.all Tow munds f!lituated in it, and these not all occupied, while tho
lOil ia for the moet part excellent, pasturage abundant, and the land
oovered, in many parts, with flne forest, rendering the tract (whioh
coutains about 12,000 acres) admirably adapted for the purpose which
I venture to suggest.
Tho other .ite i.e, a fino tract of land fonning a sort of promon-
tory in the north-east angle of the plateau of the Hill. ealled
II Kodenaad," which ia equally uninhabited, haTing only 8 occupied
Todar munda within ita limits; the BOil good, and forest abundant,
many fine-wooded valleys extending through it, and oft'eriug a !nOet
eligible locality for a farm. The tract contains about 7,000 acres.
The other grain productio1l8 of the N eilgherr:ies are, ragghoo, eam6e,
korallie. tenney, buttacudaley (a kind of pea), lhanungeo (a kind of
gram), garlic, onions kudagoo (mustard seed), vendium, opium and
potatoes. Almo.t all the grains enumerated are raised solely for homo
consumption-and, excepting korallie, for which about 1,200 v e l l ~
eC land are cultivated yearly, the quantity of each which ia produoed u.
iDoigniJIcant.
,. 2
Ix APPJ!lfDtx.
To this wt ofp1'Oducta Captain Ouobterlony adds, Cofree, Bilk, Hides
to any extent, Castor Oil, Beeswax, &C. a.nd proceeds 88 follow
Numerous plantation. of are scat.tered about the HilJ.e,
principally situated on the IIlopes descending to the plains, where the
elevation suitable for the growth of ihi,s shrub can be obtained. Until
within the last two or three yean, coft'ee_plantatioDB were only found
on the eastern side of the Hi.11&, but :representations of the excellent
quality of the berry. and of the adnntages attending its cultivation on
the Neilgberries, having been made in Ceylon. the altention of the
.kilf'ul planten of that island wu attracted in this direction, and the
:result bae been the opening of several planta.tion8, where I ventured to
predict, in a former memoir, that this description of cultivation would
BOOner or later be introduced, viz., on the we.tern slope;t of the Bills,
where adV&Dtages are oft'ered to the planter em.inenily superior to tbQ8(l,
the poeseuion of which baa, of late 80 greatly enhanood tho nlue
and imBPrtanoe of the neighbouring island.
The chief' of'all is, the ebeapnes8 of labour, a cool,. receiving even on
distant plantations in the U Xoondabs" .. l'u:peeI!l a month, while in
Ceylon 8, 9 and oven 10 are given; while in pay of artizana luch 88
ca.rpenten, sawyers, :maaon8, &e , a still greater disparity erieb in mvor
of this district, 8eoond to this is, the abundance of la.bour which can
alwaYI be commanded here, the neighbouring provinces of Malabar,
Myaore, and Coimbatore lupplying coolies in sufficient Dumbers to
meet all demands, e.nd at all se&lIOili of the yea.r i while in Ceylon the
utmost clliB.culty ia experienoed, in most p&rta, to obtain labourel'8 when
urgently required; a.nd at all times the lupply of coolies is extremely
precarious, PLmten here ha.Te also the adv&ntage of a. good public
road, pa.ssing through the heart of the foreat land of the If Koondaba,"
and affording ready means for obtaining supplies, machinery, &e. or of
&ending away produce for shipment by a l'Oute, of which BS than SO
miles are by land and 36 by water, to the port of ('alieui. ODe 61t ... te
which W88 opened about 2 years ago near "Wallahladoo" halfway
down the Koondah gbaut, by the la.te .Archdeacon of Ceylon and Mr.
HutlOn, aLso of that island, and which I had an opportwllty of inspect-
The Editor on hi. lett! vitit as noticed in the chapt.er
on Soil and Productions, that the produce of ODe plantation to the west,
comprising 600 acres, amounted to 250 tona, and realized in the Lon-
don market 781. a owt. in the year 1856-66.
APPENDIX. Ixi
ing recently, on my way up from the weetern cout,:is in a very flour.
iahing condition, and has fIY'ury promiee of taming out moet sucoou
fully. In its neighbourhood are tracts of virgin foreet land of immense
extent, stretching a.way over the innumerable spur& and valleys into
which the Koondahs are broken B8 they dope downwards towards the
Ponany river, all eminently suitable for coffee planting, having the
yroper elevation, a good and rich BOil, and enjoying a climar.te particular-
ly favorable to the nou.ri&hment of thiJ peculiar shrub. If the SUooe8S
which is looked for crowm the esertioDIJ a.nd adventure of the firM
speculators, there can be little doubt that when the Koondsh coft'oo
appears regularly in the market as a production of thiJ district. the
attention of capitalists at home will be directed to it, md the western
portion of t.his mountain tract become a 1OUl'Ce of great increase to the
revenue of the country, while it will afford employment a.nd subsistence
to the many indigent people in the neighbouring provinoee, who, at
the present time, sufFer such privationa from the want of it, between.
the !eMOns of sowing and reaping the cropa in the plains, and indeed
for more than three quarten of the year.
The other, or what may be called the old plantations in the other
parts of the Hills, but principally on the north-eaatem. elope8, are
insignificant in point of llie, but remarkable for the peculiarly fine
flavour of the cotree produced, which :iJ considered to be owing to the
high elevation at whioh most of them are situated. Some plantations
near Coonoor and Kotergherry are 5,000 feet. above the level of the sea,
but it SOODl8 to me that tho advantage derived from this superiority
of ilavour is more than counterbalanced by the genenl want of vigour
and luxuriance of the ooft'eetreee, whiah evidently do not thrive in this
latitude so well at an elevation a.bove 4,600 feet, a& between that and
3,000 feet. It is not easy to estimate the amount of land at present
under actual cultivation for oofl'ee on the Neilgherriee, ss, in most casea,
the coft'eefields are 80 mixed up with the mulberrygrounds, that it ie
difficult to arrive at the precise extent of each, but it may be pronounced
not. to exoeed 280 acre!J on the eaatern side, and SOO acres on the
western. - The general return of those on the eastern side, which are
the only oneil at pre88nt in bearing, is on an average about 6 to 7 cwt.
per acre j which is. remunerative rate under the prevailing circum-
stances of cheap labour, but the treee require manure to keep them up
to this rate of bearing. and more care in pruning and managing than is
bestowed upon them.
See preceding Note.
Al'PEliDIX.
The utmoot obscurity bangs..,... the early history aUhe Neilgherry
Hilla, far beyond the period of the immigration of the "Todare" or
"TOOawan ;" tradition amongat the PJ'ellellt inhabitant&, affords no clue
whatever to trace it. That they have been in formel' agee inhabited,
and that by a very peculiar race, evidence .ufiicient to &how is f'urniBh-
od by the exi.etenoo of the numerous "cairns," or rude tombs found
upon the summit. of almost all the loftier moWltains in eTRY part of
the Hilla, the origin of which is So remote, that the Todare, recognized
l1li the most ancient inhabitants, have no tradition amongst themselves,
bequeathed by their ance8ton, which even guidee UI to a sUl'Dli8e, as to
the race of people by whom they were OOl18tructed. As aft'ording thus
almost the only land-ma.rks, by which speculation l1li to the ancient ltate.
of thi& remarkable region can be guided, these "cairns" seem to merit
a brief deSflription. They are invariably situated, 88 has been already
mentioned, on the high8lt Summit8 of the H:ill8, aometimea single but
more frequently in groupe or rows of from 3 to 6. They are circular in
lorm. raised with large unhewn blocks of stone 4. feet or more above the
level of the groWld, and varying in diameter from 12 or 15 feet to 25 or
SO. The interior is hollowed out to some depth below the original
lurfaoe, usuallYWltil the BOlid rock is reached, and the 8p800 thus
e1ea.red. fllled. with earthen pots, with the covers 8tl'Ongly luted on,
pieces of bone, charcoal, and fragments of pottery, all tightly packed
in a BOil 80 black and finely pulverized, as to give cause to suppose it
to be decomposed animal matter. On breaking thell8 pots or urns,
which many of them are in the form of, they are found to contain
ashes, charcoal, and piecee of half calcined. bones; with sometimes a
emall quantity of a pure IClntle$s fluid, which in two instances I found
to be pure water slightly impregnated with lime. Images of tigers,
elks, boons, leopards and some domestio animals, pieooa of half decom-
posed hronze resembling spear heads, tripods, &e., are also found 00-
C88ionally, mixed with the other remains; but it ie a singular Caot that
on breaking up the strong pavement of slabs of stone, with which the
cairns are covered in, and mining down until a second pa.vement ie
oome upon, which, from its tightnes. and weight has, to all appearance,
never been d.istUl'bed since it was :first laid, we find on removing it that
the contents of the vault below, instead. of being la.i.d in the order
befitting the repose of consecrated ashea, are generally 8IDa8hed and
broken up and mixed with the 80il leaving barely one or two pots of
bones and aah.e& entire, just as though the pickaxe of the de8troy-
hig explorer bad been already there. Some ingenious writers have
A.PPBlrnIX. lxiii
endeavoured to build up, upon the evidence of these eaiml!l, & theory to
the eft'ect, that their OODitructon muat have been & tribe of the ancient
Scythians, who having wandered into this remote part of Aeia, prefer-
red settlement on the Hills they had dUcoyered, to the hopelen
undertaking of. retum.; s.nd pUnlWng their hypothesis, and discover-
ing instances in the customs and habitl!l of the preeent Todars, which
l188imilate them to the race which history descnbet under the name of
8cythiaI1l!l,they pay on to the conclusion that their anceatol'l were found-
en of these torube, and the descendants of the ancient Scythiane. But
this usumption is in my opinion erroneoWl. So prejudiced and bigoted
a race &8 the Todars would naturally cherish, with the utmoat veneration
a.nd solicitude, any vestiget of mortality, which their moet vague tradiw
tion should point to &8 monument8 of their anoestorll i and therefore,
when we find them oWenog not the slightest objection to the cairn.
being broken open and their oontents rifted, and even voluntarily guid-
ing strangers to une1plored ones, aiding them in the work of destruction,
it is reaaonable to conclude that they form no link of communication
between the present raoe of Todan, and any tribe of people by whom
theee singular monuments may have been rai5ed.
All clue being thw l ~ t , it would be idle to follow out further any
lpeculation &8 to the history of the N eilgherrie8 prior to the first
coming to them of the Todal'I, for, &8 no ooins or imcriptiODs or even
hieroglyphica have been found in any of the cairns, or OQ. their CODw
tents, there e1i.8ta DO evidenoe whatever by which inquiry oould be
guided into the right OOUl'88.
With the Todan then, oommen ... the only (partially) known history
of the N eilgherries.
At the time of their immigrating, they probably found no aboriginal
inhabitants settled on them, and seeing, in the solitary and inaooeesible
chal'SCter of the mountain region which they had discovered, a fitting
spot for the undiaturbed exercise of their singular religion. and pecuw
liar putoral habits-for the former of which they had ponibly 6:0-
dured persecution amongst the tribes of the plains-they detennined
on permanently occupying it. .Ag8l!l, according to their belief. muet
have paseed while they remained in undieturbed poeaession of the Hilla,
extending over such & space of time, that they e1pretlS their belief that
the foundere of their tribe were created on them; until at longth a
small band of Kothen found their way up from the plaiDS, and be-
80ught penniJeion to till oertain tracta of land wwch they indicated.
From thia era may be said to have oommenced, the eelfwanogated
hiv
eOTeJ'eignty of the Todan over the land forming the plateau of the
Neilgherriee, as, conceding the privilese &Ought for by the new comers,
they ltipulated that a certain proportion of all the grains whicb they
might produce from the soil, should be annually presented to them &8
., goodoo" or tribute, in acknowledgment of their feudal right over
the territory. Not long after this, and according to their traditions,
8 or 4. centuries ago, a party of "Burghers," or U Buddughun"
emigrated from the" North country," (probably the Northem part of
M:yaol'8 and Canara,) and came to the Neilgherriell; and being good
cuitiv.tol'8, at onoo perceived the advantagea oft'ered to them in the
rirgin and rich Boil which they saw OD allaidea. They aooordingly aP'"
pear to have obtained permission to eeUle and cultivate land. upon the
same terms as those granted to the Kothen, and inviting more of their
brethren to join them, tbey lloon swelled into 8 numerous tribe and
spread over the Hilla, constructing their Tillages, and encloeing their
fields (and doubtless clearing away much foreat) in all directions. I
can find no evidence of any sovereign ruler having been acknowledged
amongst the Hill people) until about a century before the reign of
Hydar .Ally in Myaore, when, according to the talea of the Kothen and
Burghers, them were 3 princes 01' chief'a who hI,d away over them. one
in Todanaad, who resided in a fortre88 called MuUaycotta, the walle
and ditch ofwhicb still enst on & Hill to the eaetward of the village of
cc Shoolooroo," and westward of Mootenaad and the Seegoor pus, one
in Meykensad, in the fortreel, the ruinl of which are now called
II Hoolicul Droog" situated on & lofty ridge overlooking the Coonoor
pus, and a third in Pa.ru.ngenaad, in a fort the site of which is etill
pointed out near Kotergherry, and called" Konagerry," though no vea-
tige of a fort remains now recognizable. Theil'traditiona etate, that at
this time, in consequence of disputes between the Burghen and Ko-
then regarding their reapective boundariee, a general settlement of
their lands took place, under the .auapioea of the three ohiefa, when the
linea of demarcation were definitively fixed j and though only by oral
indication, in conBequence of the ignorance of reading and writing
which then, as now, prevailed. the )imits of the territory of each tribe
were 110 distinctly identi:fied, that ever since, up to the pl'eIIent time, no
disputell about them have e'ter been known to occur.
APPENDIX. In
APPENDIX, No. X.
ErlrlU:t from Capt.i" Harlen ... ' Account of the Inkabittmt.
of the Neilgherry Hills; noticea in the liBt ofpublicationB
annexed.
The appearance of the TODA.8 or Toruw8J'8, who may be considered
the original inhabitante of the hillll, is very prepollllt'lssing. Generally
above the common height, athletic and well made, their bold bearing,
and open and exprellsive countenanOOll, lead immediately to the con
cluaion that they must be of a different race to their neighboUl"ll of the
!&IDe hue, and the question naturally Brise9, who can they be P The
word Toruw&rll is the Tamil term for herdsmen. This remnant of
race, perhapll the most extraordinary of any known, does not exceed ill
number, including both sexes, and of all ages, six hundred.
They never wear any covering to the head, .... hateover the weather
may be, but allow the hair to grow to an equal length, of about six or
&even inchell j parted from the centre or crown, it forms into natural
bushy circlets a.ll round, and at a IIhort distance more resembloa some
arti1lcial decoration than the simple adornment of nature. The hair of
the face also is a.llowed a similar freedom of growth, and in eTery in.
IItance, except from the effect of age, it is of a jet black, and of the llama
degree of softnesll, as that of oatil'ell of the low countl'y .
.A large, full, and llpeaking eye, Roman nose, teeth, and pleasing
contour, having oCCMionally the appearance of great gravity, but seem.
ing ever ready to fall into the expreasioo of cheerfuInells and good
humour, are natural marka, prominently distinguishing them from al
other natives of India.
The women are not of & lltatnre proportionate to that of the men,
but of complexion generally some the consequence per
haps ofIess exposure to the weather, with a IItrongly feminine cast of
the lIame expressive features as the men; most of them, and particu<
larly the younger, have beautiful long black tres8ell, which flow in
unrestrained ltl1nria!lce over the neck and shoulde"" or are frequentlT
disposed in a profusion of ringlets OD. each side of the head.

lxvi APPENDIX.
With a modest and retiring demeanour, they are perfectly free from
the ungracious IlDd menial-like timidity of the generality of the sex of
the low country; and enter into conversation with a stranger, with a
confidence and self-possession, "becoming in the eyes of Europeans, and
strongly characteristic of a system of manners and customs widely dift'er-
ing from those of their neighboul'B.
They wear necklaces of twisted hair or black thread, with silveJ'
clasp'. and here IlDd there a bead, and suspended to them bunches of
cowry shells, which hang down from the back ofthe neck between the
shoulders. On the anns, immediately above the elbow, they wear a
pair of armlets of brass, those of the right arm being much larger than
those of the left; silver bracelets are on the wrists, and on the fingel'll
and thumbs of each hand, a number of rings of various descriptions.
They also we&!' a zone round the waist, composed of a sort of chain
work, of either silver or mixed metal resembling brass.
The upper garment, or mantle, resembles that of the men j but it is
worn di1Fe:rently, 1lJl.d, reaching to the feet, envelopes the whole frame.
This attire is by no means graceful; it gives them IlD unfeminine
and mummylike appearance; and neither they nor the men having
any pretensions to cleanliness: this wrapper is from that circumstance
oft.en rendered still more unseemly.
They are, however, a lively, laughter-loving race, and in the sudden
transition and free expression of their sentiments, shew strength of
feeling, and correctness of thought, little to be expected under such 8
garb.
Their life being in every respect a paatoral one, they do not con-
gregate in towns or villages, but every t'amily, or the principal branches
of each family, live separat.ely; and these places of their residence are
called Morrls or Mnpds (corresponding to our wOJ'd home).
In each of these morJ't9 iB a building, in size, construction, and appear-
ance, superior to the others, 8 s h o r ~ distance apart from them, and
surrounded by 8 wall. In this is carried on all the process of the
dairy, such 88 making butter, clarifying and converting it into ghoo,
&.0. ; they also attach to tIlls building a sacred feeling, and would not
at first allow me to go near it, declaring tha.t there Wall a deity within,
whose malevolence would be provoked by my near appl'08.ch.
The hu18 in which they dwell, and which nre generally clustered to-
gether, very much resemble in 8oppea.ra.llce the tilt of a wsggon. The
roof, which is formed of thatch very neatly put on, is supported on
posts, and thick J'u.de planke of wood, which, excepting at the endl,
APPENDIL lxvii
are little more than throo feet in height. The whole building is about
twelve feet in length, eight in breadth, and seven in height, from the
ground to the ridge of the roof. At one end ill a little door, two feet
and half in height, by two feet broad, and too completes the whole
external appearance of each dwelling. .At a short distance ia an area, of
about forty or fifty yards in diameter, enclosed with a wall of rude
.tones, piled one upon another without cemenfl, and in which the herd
ia secured duriug the night.
Each ia prettily situated on a gentle slope, occupying a beautiful
green on the bordel'8 of a wood, and with which, in most instances, they
are partially surrounded. But, migrating from one mont to another,
or from one mountain aide to that of another, as the Bea80ns change, or
as the P88turee in their immedia.te vicinity begin to fail, and cultivating
no grain or vegetables of any description, their mcrrrts have none of
those appearances which denote the long-established and settled reai.
dence; or which bespeak, on the part of the sett,ler, peculiar attachment
for the spot on which he livell.
They do not breed poultry, pige, IIhoop, goats, or animals of any de.
IIOription, exoept the buffaloe; nor is the cow or ox (the creatures $0
highly valued, and even venerated by the people of the low country),
held in any estimation, or considered worth keeping.
The only articles which the TodB8 produce are butter And ghee;
Buch of the latter 88 they do not require for their own comumption,
they dispose ofto some ofthe neighbo,uring tribes, or barter for gnU.n
e.nd cloth, and these tnmsport it to the low country.
Evidently of a peaceful chara.cter, having no weapon of defence, DO
fastening to their dwellings further than the little door previously
mentioned, (for, situa.ted 88 t.heir morrts are, they cannot be said to
have lIought it either from the forest or morass:) no protection against
the wild beaets of the field, not even the nightly guardian or common
watch dog, living rather in families than in societies, without any of
those bonds of union which man in general is induced to fonn, from a
sense of common dangel', or to gU3.l'd against the oppreesion of his
neighbours, and, B.8 previously mentioned, migrating from one part of
the hills to another, the Tod&ll pass their days in a manner quite pc-.
culi&r to themselves, and apparently in all the lIilence, quiet, and rural
simplicity, characteristic of a patriarchal government and 8. plllltoral
life.
Few in number, as before observed, not exceeding six hundred, and
appa.rently a remnant of some tribe driven by religious persecution to
i 2
lxviii APPENDIX.
IOfIk nfety in these mountaiDs, they may have been taught by expe-
rience that it ill wiser for them to live in fellowllhip, or quiesoent eubmill-
.ion, than to provoke hatred or hostility.
They, however, aa&ert a clAim to the soil, and declare that it wu only
by their lIufl'erance that the other tribes came to rellide on it j that
they receive from them a payment in kind, not, however, for 80 many
bunies C1t acres, but for lIuch a epot, measuring it with the eye; an
indefinite sort of demarkation, which, where land ill 110 plentiful, and
flle inhabitants 110 few, is not at.tended with any inconvenience.
Of the tribes here alluded to, one whom they call the M:a.rvea, - 110
race of HindWl, who but a few generatione ago emigrated hither, to
eacape the opprellflion and tyranny of their mastel'll, and who are ten
times more numeroWi than the Todaa themaelves, apeak of the latter,
and treat them with a. respect and obsenllonce denoting, that they either
ooneider them superior in natural qualities, or that this deference ia
due to them by prescriptive right.
Whatever their religion may be, it is evident that it is generally mis-
understood: and perhaps the true nature oC it ia altogether unknown.
Of itself it fOMD8 eubject of curlow inquiry j and one of which a
corred undentanding will perhaps go further than a.ny other, to deve-
lope the history of this extraordinary people.
Nor haa their religion, 88 far as I am able to judge, any :resemblance
to that of the Buddhist, the Moslem, or of any other people of the
present day. They aa1ute the sun in its rising, and believe, that after
death the soul goes to Burna-norr or Omnorr,t a country, respecting
which, they Bt"eIDed. rather to look to me for inform&tion.
Their language, the pronunciation of which is deeply pectoral, appears
to be quite dilltinct from the language!! of the IIDrrOUllding countries.
With the Sanscrit it has not the leaet a8i.nity in roots, construction, or
sound; and, if I may ventUl"e to say 80, lUI little with any other Asiatic
language of the present day.
It may, perhaps, be said to haTe lIome resemblance to the vernacular
Hindu languagea of the Peninsula, but only in 80 far 68 these langnages
still poII8e88 simple words, not of Sanscrit origin; and the Tamil
possessing by far the greater number of such words, the resemblance
to it is consequently greatest. There are also two sounds, the Zah
More generally known by the name of Barghers, Badacan, or
Vadacan.
t Literally, the great country.
J..PPENDIX. lxix
and the Ukh,. which are of oonstant 0CCUJ'l'6D.08 in the Toda, and which
in respect to the Ternacu1a.r 1anguagea of the plain are peculiar to the
Tamil.., and its lIister dialect, the Malayal'ma. Besides these, the pro--
nouns, the plUral, the honorary termination of verbs, and the negative
verb, oome nearer to the Tamil than to any of the other dia1ecte.
With these exceptions, however. it dllfers widely. and be&te 80 little
affinity in genus, either to it or to any of the dialects of the pl'flllent
day, that although these hills have now been the seat of the principal
collootor's cutcherry for the last ten yea.rs, there is no instance of its
having been acquired by anyone of the natin seM'ants, sufficiently for
them to understand the expression of the simplest occurrence.
They have no written character, nor any visible symbol by wHich to
communicate their thoughts; and the language being merely oral, it is
of course the more difficult to acquire.
At the foot of these mountains, and for a short distance within the
forests. extending from their base into the plains, live a. race of people,
commonly known by the name of Erulal'll. They are divided into two
classes, one oa.lled U raJi, the other Curutali.
Above these, at a height varying from one to two thousand foot, in
the clefts of the mountains, and little openings in the woods, with
which at this elevation they are girt, live another race, calling them ..
&elves Curumbars. This race are all one class.
People, answering to th!} general description of both these tribes, are
to be met with in many of the mountainous parts of the Peninsula, but
the Erulara of this vicinity dift'er from them in many particulars; and
the Curumbars, from their connenon with the tribes who inhabit the
more elevated parts of mountains, and particularly with the Todas, are
now quite distinct from the people bearing this name in other parte of
the coantry.
Neither of these tribes know the use of the plough, or at least they
do not use it to till any part of the lands which they occupy; and
being quite unakilled in all the arts of life, their state of being is but
little removed from that of utter unciviliution.
Their languages are jargons, fOl"llled from a mixture of those of the
nations n ~ t to them, such &.It the Tamil, the Carnataca, or the Ma
layal'ma ; that of the Curumbar having a considera.ble intermixture of
At the present day, however, these two lIOundsareveryimperfectly
expressed in either the Tamil or the Malayal'ma, and it is not uncom
mon for other sounds to be Bubstituted for them.
In APPEN])IL
Toda. They may be elaued as Hindus j and, to the introduction among
them of some of the Hindu ob8e"aneee, they &eem to owo the little
civilization to which they can be said to have cl&im.
The Todu do not coDllider the ErulaH 88 forming a part of the in.
habitants of the hilla, but they allow this designation to the Curumban,
whom they call Curbs, and from whom they receive certain servioos.
The next are the Cohatan. They occupy many of the elevated partl
of the mountains.
They are a strange race, have no distinotion of caste, and di1fer &II
much from the other tribes of the mountaina as they do from all other
natives of India. They cultivate a considera.ble quantity of the different
kinds of'millet, and oUhe poppy, and sometime, a little barley. They
are the only artisans of the hills, being goldsmiths, potters, chaccilei.s,
&C. They are not Hindus, but worship ideal gods of their own, which,
however, they do not represent by any image. Their villagee are, many
of them, very prettily 8ituated, and genemlly on a hill; and every hill
thus occupied is called Cohatagiri, or, as ~ o r e commonly pronounced,
Cotagiri. These people the Todas call Cfivs, their term for mechaniC!!.
We now come to the numerouB, the most wealthy, and what must be
considered the mOBt civilized clus of the inhabitantl. TheBe are the
Burghel'fl, or Buddagel'8.
By this general term ie understood the whole of the people who,
since & certain period, have migrated to these mountaim. They divide
themselves into no 16!ls than eight diJl'erent classes, but are all Hindus
of the Siva sect, and the dissimilitude among most of these c1&Mes is
too trifling to be worthy of remark. The leut respected among them
are a class who, 88 well as being cultivators of the emh, oJso manufac
ture a ooa.rse kind of sackcloth j other two of the c1aesee are of the
C88te who wear the lingam, one being superior, and qualified to officiate
as prieata to the whole of the othere j and another of the classes are
repudiated Brahmins. These, however, still wear the 8BCeI'dotal atring,
and retain lome privileges in the perfOl'Dl.8.nM of their worship j but
they are classed with the other people, and are without any pretension
to IUperiority over them.
These aeveral cla&sea compose the tribe which by us il known by the
general term Burgher.* They are the principal cultivators, aDd &5
CaUed by the natives, generally, a.nd more properly. Ba.d.aean or
Vadacars from Badacu, or Vadacu, north, having come to the hills
from that quarter. In number about 10,000, of both ae:J:ea and all &g8.
APPEl'DIX.
Ix';
their chief dependence i.e on husbandry, they may fairly be designated
the f&rmera of the hills.
Their language i.e principally the Camataca., having but a small inter-
mixture of the Toda. The Todas, who also know as little 88 we do, in
general. of the existence of any difference of cute among themselves,
call them all Marvs, their tenn for a laboUl'6r.
But to retum to that tribe which i.e the leaat in number of all the
inhabitants of the hill8, the Todas, or as they are more commonly called
the Toruwars, a name given to them by the other tribCII, or rather by
natives of the plain, and whioh il not in use among themselves. They
call themselves (par excellence) Man: and the question, "Ie that
Burgher, or a Toda?" would with them be literally, "Is that a labo1U'el',
or a man?"
They are divided into two branches, or what may be comidered t .. o
grand families. One called Peikill, or Taralia, and who Ilre oompetent
to hold aU sacred offices; the other Kutas, or Tardas, who are compe-
tent only to hold minor ones within their own particular families, and
who may be considered 88 the lay class.
Till within the last few generations, these two branohes kept them-
selves qui.te distinct, and never intennarried; but since that period,
intermarriages have taken place, and the progeny of these are called
Mookh!l, a general term for children or descendants.
hxii UPEND!X.
ApPENDIX, No. XI.
Ertract from tIuJ Calcutta Reme", No. XXXI. September,
1851, " On tIuJ Mortality rif European &ldiero in India,"
A .ingIe fact publiohod in the Qo<>rlerlg &.ieu>, and aflerwarda
in a little hal{crown pamphlet, BOme few years ago, by that popu1a.r
writer, Sir Francia Head, attracted more attention to the subject of
raih.ays, than. all the acientifio volumes that had previously illsued
from too presll. Thousands had been in the ) l ! ~ b i t of travelling by
"Bail j" but few were aware, that on etJeI'!f MtWJa!l morning tlwougfl,.
Offt tlte yea,., on one particul&r railway, a new engine and tender, cost-
ing 1,250, were put upon the line. The fact waa an aatonishing one,
and aet men'lI minds thinking, and calculating, if this occurred on only
one railway in the United Kingdom, what must be the enormous ex-
pense, and still more enormous inoomings, of these undertakings, to
enable them to return a profit P
Would it be thought lesa startling, or of le98 interest, with referenoe
to the lIubjoot before us, viz., the mortality of European troops, in this
country, to be told, that "the British soldier, who now servell 0fM
year in Bengal, encounters all much risk of life, as in three !!loch bat-
tles 88 Waterloo p" It is, 81 if every printe at present serving in H.
M.'s regimenta at Calcutta, Dinapore, and Allahabad, were called upon
three times a year to expoll8 himself to the dangers of such a oonftict,
in which one in forty of the combatants fell j and this, too, not rot' one
year, but for 86veral. Carry out the calculation still further, by ad
ding the number of men invalided, and the number of tholl6 who die
on tbeir way home, or soon after reaching England j then, multiply the
whole by the number of yeare that European troOpll have been serving
in India, and reckon what has been the amount of mortality in the
three presidenciea during the last century !
The most valuable and s.ccurate work that has ever been published
on Medico-Military Statistics, ill 1.W/qla'8 Parliamentary Ret.,f'1u: and
it is much to be regretted that, out of the voluminous documents at
p1'e86nt lying in the offices of H. M. Inspector-General, and the Honor-
able Company's Medical Boards at Calcutta. Bombay. and Madra a
APPENDIX lxxiii
imilar ab8tract hall not been prepared by order of Govemment. Still
there have been 1&OOu1"61'8 in the cauae, who, Crom time to time, han
given to the publio the bene8t of t.heir and researcheR,
and have made earnest appeals to "the legialative branoh" of the
Government, for oorreotion of the avila that exist.
Before going into the subject of Tropical Hygiene, which forme the
bu1k of Dr. Mackinnon's Treatise, we would oollate Crom the difl'erent
IOUrcea open to us, a few of the mOlt important statiatioal facts, the
oorreotneas of whioh may be vouched for by the authority undOl' which
. they were published. They will shew in a olear and tabular form;
what the mortality of European 8OIWe1'8, Bening in India, &DlountB to,
and what are the proportional ratea of deatha at different stations, in
dil'erent yean :-
TilLE I.
81wvMog ''''' """'"" _ali'lf f ..... ......... ;. """'If 100 .. .., bolA
Btwopea'lt and NatiN, of the tine armiu of Bngal, Bonl6fJ!j aN M(Jo>
GrtU,for tM wt 20 !filM
In every 100 Bengal. Bombay. lIladraa.
Europeans 00 '0 ,0 0 o. 7.88 5.078 8._
Natives 00.0 .0 0 0 ........ 1.79 1.291 2.096
Thit table 18 taken from a valuable paper bl CoL S,.kae, on the
"Vital atatistioa of the Indian army," and (it mUlt be remembered)
dOes not include casualties in the field, or while on aenice, nor yet
the mOl't&lity from cholera in Stindo. The m08t striking fact here
shewn is, that the 1088 of life amongst our European aoldiery in Ben-
gal, is double of wh.t it is in Madras: or in other wordl, that whereas
'14 out of every 1,000 dia annually in Bengal, only 88 in the same
number would be the lOIS in the sister presidency. The call1el, by
which this difference may be aooounted for, we shall notice hereafter.
At Secunderabad, death mowl down ita victimB with twofold power.
At thit latter station, which is the most unhealthy in the MadI'B8 pI'&"
8idency, the average mortality among the European trooP!, for Meen
years previous to 1846-47, has been '15 per 1,OOO-being nearly double
the average of the entire presidency, and more than double the average
." Statietical Society's JournaL"-J"oZ. x:, page 124.
k
hxiv APPENDIX.
of the more healthyatations. The men compoeiug the regiment, are
erowded into sma!! bal'l'8Cks and narrow verandahs, while the oftlcen
or the same regiment, and the detachment ofartillery, who are quarter-
ed in more roomy barracke at no great di.atance, are comparatively
healthy and free from ru.ell&e.
Dr. Burke, the late Inspector-General, speaking of thie station, says,
U The excelS of casualties in H. Y. regiment at Secunderabad over
t-hat of any corps in the other stations of the prelidency. during foUl'
yean, is 117 men; a 100S, therefore, intrinsically of that station, ex-
clueive of oftloera, women and children. It h8.11 been stated that every
European soldier, landed in India, costs the state 100 8terling; cal-
culating from which, the intrin8ic 1088 of 117 European soldiers by
Secunderabad in 4l yean is 11,'100 8terling. But, 88 these 117 men
have to be replaoed, the doing ao "ill coat another 11,700 i-to
which must be added the 1088 in acclimatizing these latter, amounting
on the lowest calculation to one-eighth, or 1,462; giving a 8um
total of 24,862, Il8 the actual loss sustained in 4i ye&1"6, or proba.-
bly three lakhs of rupees in five years. But a8 Secundera.bad would
appear to have been a station for European troops for at least thirty
yean, the cost to the atate for that period may be estimated at twelve
la.kha at least."
Though much may be done by the means of draining, it cannot be
denied, that aorne of our military stationa, such 88 Berhampore,
Barractpore, and Maaulipatam, are decidedly unhealthy localitiee. The
former, after a trial of seventy-seven years, and an expenditure of the
enonno\UI sum of sixteeu millions eight hundred thousan d pounds 8ter
ling (including capital and interest), W88 abandoned 88 a station for
European troops by order of Lord William Bentinck, in 1835. The
death8, on an average taken for thirteen yeare, amounted to 103 in
1,000 men: 80 that, if to the cost of the buildings, which were unex ..
ceptionable, we add the intrinsic l08S resulting from the destruction of
life, we should arrive at a result of the most startling and fearful na-
ture. Dr. R. Jackson was the first individual who pointed out to
Government, the advantage of locating European troops in the interior
and mountainous parte of the tropical islands: and he observes that,
"since the adoption of the measure proposed by him of forming can ..
It is to be hoped that the a.bove results as to the unhealthiness of
Bcrhampore, and the enormous loss of life and treasure experienced at
that place, may not be forgotten, when, if ever, it should again be
proposed as a military station.-ED.
APPENDIX. !xxv
tonmentl, on the mountain ranges, the diminution in the r"tea of
'sickness and mortality baa been such as to justify the assertion, that if
thil measure had been adopted at the time it was 6.rst woged by him, the
lives of from 8,000 to 12,000 men would have been saved ;"--a sufficient
lesson, one would think, to our military authorities, not to tklay the
introduction of improvements, which experienced medical otlicen con-
CUl' in w-gently recommending.
In the E808t Indies, the same measure wat! advocated by Dr. J. ~
Martin, and the plan, suggested by him, of calling on military surgeon.
for notices of the medical topogre.pby of the country generally, was
adopted, and ordered for the three presidencies in N ovembel' 1845, by
the direct act of the Govcnunent.
By 8. very interesting document lying before UB, we learn, that of one
of H. M. regimenta, which arrived in this country, eight ye&l'S &gO,
there are now exactly 109 men left.. Oue-seventh part only are
surviving, after a lapse or seven and a half years. At this proportion
a regiment would be decimated in a twelvemonth!
We give the details in the form of a Dr. and Cr. account i and only
wish that similar mill'll! were published yearly from every regi-
ment:-
H. M. 98th Regiment, .IanUM!!, 1851.
Periods.
Ber- Drum-
~ k d
jeants. mel'S. File.
-
---
--
Strength of regiment on landing in China,
July 1842, ..........................................
_ 31
11 118
Deaths amongst this number, between. that
period and February 1844, ..................... 11 4 411
Strength of regiment on arrival of the Dep6t,
Februa:ry 1844, .................................... 32 1 304
Strength of the Dep6t Companies joining scr
vice, in 1844,,,, .................................... 11 5 630
Number of Recruits and volunteers received
between Febl'llBl'1 1844, and embarkation
from ChUsaD for India, in July 1846, .........
..
1 258
Strength of regiment on landing &t Calcutt&,
in November 1846, .............................. 52 18 689
Recruits and Volunteers received since, ......... 1 0 644
Deaths, and Invalided since November 1846,
. up to 1st January 1850, ........................ 29 1 403
N1UDber of deaths between 17th Febl'lllLl'Y and
20th November 1849, ........................... 8 1 83
N wnber of men now effective who came out to
China with the regiment in July 1842, 8
period of seven and heJf yeal'8, ...............
1
1 101
k 2
lxxvi APPENDIX.
~
~

.::i
i
Ii . ~
Increooe in 71r"""'.
~ .
I
...
Decrease in 7t yean.
I ...
K A l K A l
Strength on landing, 37 11 718 StreDgthnowpreeen.t, 48 17 858
---
Br jOmint':,f DiF,6t,
11 6 630
Recruits m ng
BrD .. th, .......... 71 121OS1
land, ............... 1 1686 Invaliding, ............ 13 3 162
Volunteers, ......... 0 o 316
---f--
132 iii2
--
Toto!, ...... 49 17225C Total, .... 2101
Total Increa8e, ... 1,550 men. TotaJ.I0B8 by 8ickness, ... 1,S42
The number of men, who have taken theIr diacharge. &c., has been
purposely omitted from thiJ table, which shows the decrease, by sick
ne88 alone, to have been at the rate oC 178 men yearly.
Now, thiJ regiment has never enjoyed the advantage8 of a hill sta-
tion. Had a certain proportion of the men, aeJ.ected from amongst the
most unhealthy, with due regard to their particular cases, been located
for 8n months at Darjeling, while the regiment was at Dinapore in
1848, or immediately after the corps Bl'rived from China, the re8ult
would have been very different. But we totally dissent from the plan
aD which our U 8&Il&taria" are made Wle of at present. Instead of send
ing only the invalids of the season to Darjeling, MUB8uri, or KU880Wli
-dragging the poor creatures, many in a state of great sut1'ering and-
exhaustion, hundreds of miles for the purpose, and locating entire re-
giments at Dugshae and Subathu-we would earnestly advocate an
equal enjoyment of the hill 8tations by each of the EUl'Opea.n regiment.
serving in the Presidency, by letting every corps, cavalry, artillery and
infantry. benefit yearly by them, to an equal extent lUI reglll'rli numbel'S,
and for a Bitnilar period. Thus, if a detachment of from Mean to
twentyfive per cent. from every European corps were marched to the
nea.reat hill station, 80 88 to arrive in the early part of April, and all
those not requiring a winter in the hills ordered to rejoin head-quarte1'8
again in November or Dooember, there could be no dissatisfaction felt
on the point of interest or favouritism, and the greatest benefit would
result to the greatest number. A seven months' residence in the hills
ia sufli.cient for most parties i-many get tired and" ennuyed" in half
lnvii
that time; while, to many, tho olimate is not only not beneficial, but
positively injurious. To the largor bulk of a European regiment, if
located in good barracks at an ordinarily healthy ltation in the
Upper Provineae, a hill climate is by no me&na neooaaary. The:oum.
ehould be selected by the medical and comma.nding officers of each re-
giment, with reference to their 8tate of health during the put year, aa
well as good oonduct, and be accompanied by a relative proportion of
their own o:fBeers, the detachment being commanded by a ftlected one.
The only objection, that we have heard oft'ered to thi8 plan of letting
all the European Regiments benefit to an equal degree yearly by our
II sanataria," is that the men would suft'er in their drill, Or fall oft'in
discipline. With a good selected field ofticer to oommand tho doptlt,
with a good dep6t-sta.ft', and with each regimental detachment com-
manded by a selected otBcer, we do not IJOO why there 8hould be Bny
falling oft' in diBcipline. The argument, if true, would tell both ways i
for, if the men from some very "crack" corps did retrograde in their
drill, others would improve. All commanding oftlcen of regiments arB
not $0 8trict, able and considerate, nor are all regimental SYl'ltems 80
good, as that individuals and detachments might not even gain by re-
moval for a time, to be placed under diH'erent men and diJl'erent in ..
.8uences. But even admitting that there were temporary deterioratioD,
and that the men returned to their regiments again a little sla.ck in
their parade duties, better this, than having to replace them by raw re-
cruita; better that they should appear a little with
the ruddiness of health, than be stretched out on h08pital cots, and
CBJ'ried about in a dying state in "doolies." Better, far better, to be
in the handa of the drill serjeant than the doctor 1
On the marking out of a new cantonment in this country, oftioors are
observed 8pending their entire day in the open air, watching or super-
intending the erection of their bungalows, staking out their gartieru,
planting tl"OO8, &0., with almost the same indifference to heat and SUD,
aa if they were in England, and in the enjoyment of better health,
Bounder Bleep, and greater appetite, than when living in their residence
with all the comforts and luxuries that art can supply to mitigate the
II desagremens" of an Indian climate. And, aa with the European
officer, so it is with the private 8Oldier. The longest marches on
cord, and under the greatest exposure to heat of weather, have been
made by British .troops, without any injury to the health. The change
of scene, the interest e1cited by every rumour that finds its way to the
camp, the speculation on coming events, all act &8 powerful stimulant.
luviii APPENDIX.
in counteracting the otltertoiu injurioua eft'ecte of CXCEI68i,.e fatigue and
exposure.
And here we think, that Government has not done enough for the
European soldier serving i1) India. In laying out every new canton-
ment, we would wish to 800 the II Gymll88ium" commenced as IIOOn 8B
the "parade-ground;" the cricketfield ordered u well &8 the "Conjee-
house;" the" soldiers' garden" sanctioned as much 8.8 the canteen.
It will be a glory to the MarquiB of Dalhousie to establlih lIuch a
system, and to leave behind him, at every station, the means of inno-
cent recreation and exercise to the soldier, European and native. In
one station in the Upper Provinca;, viz., Lahore, thie has been done
through the generous exertions of a. single individual-Sir Henry Law-
rence. A large space of g r o u n ~ containing several acres, haa been
laid out 8trictly 88 a" soldier's garden j" there are shady walks, "par-
terres" of flowers, 8. cricket-field, swimming bath, Gymnasium, BalI
and RaCket-courta, work-shope, 8kittle-grounds, and a reading-room
and library; while the beverage, ., tha.t cheers, but not inebriates," is
retailed at a very low rate on the grounds, to the excluaion of allllpiri-
tuOUB liquol'B.
Thill, we believe, ill the only inlltance of the kind in India; but we
venture to predict that it will be taken as the model fOl" Aimilar est&-
blishmeutll, 88 loon 88 the' truth becomell apparent, that, in order to
preserve our European soldiers in good health, and prevent the slow
but certain di8ease8 produced by drink, indolence, and dissipation, we
mUllt provide something else beyond the parade ground snd canteen.
From a list that has been placed at our disposal, we find that one oC
H. Yo's cavalry regiments, at preeent lIerving in India, is composed- 88
followa. The multitude of tradell is very great, and the proportion of
labouren to artisans and mechanic& is about one-fifth oC the whole:-
TRAD NO. TRADB. NO.
.A pothecariee 8 Compositor . 1
Appraiser 1 Corrector of the Prel! 1
Brick-layers 12 Confectioner 1
Button-maker 1 Clerke 41
Brush-makera 3 Coopers 2
Bake"
17 Cabinet-makers 3
Butchers 17 Coalmeter 1
Carpenters 20 Carpet-kyers . 2
Colour-mixers 2 Carvers and Gilders 3
Chemist 1 Cigar-makers 2
Cotten-apinner 1 Clothdresser 1
Curriers 2 Cooks 3
APPENDIX. 1n:ix
.,.." . 1<0. ....." .
1<"
Drapers 7
Painters

7
Dyers 2 Paper-maket'IJ
I
Edge-Tool-maker 1 PIM!eren
4
Engineer 1 Poulterers 2
Engine--Fitter 1 Pewterers
a
Farriers u; Paper-stainers
2
Flax-Spinner 1 Pocket-Book-Maker
1
Fishennen 2 Rug-maker
1
Founders S Rope-maker 1
Farmer 1 Shoeing-Smiths

Gas-Fittert S
Sugar-baker
1
Grooms 27 Shindle-maker 1
Gun-smith 1 B oe-makers 28
Gardenel'll .2
Servanta 4/}
Gilt-Toy-maker I Sawyen
4
Grooor I Smiths 10
Harness-maken 8 Silver-Smiths
4
Hatters 2 Saddlers
8
Hair-drell8el' 1 Stationer
1
Join6l'll 4 Tailol'll
24
Jewellers S Tanners
6
Land SurveyOl'll 4 Turners
2
126 Tin Plate-worker
1
Leather-dreaaera 2 Upholsterer
1
Miner 1 Watch-makers
2
Masons 10
Weavers
6
Musicians 2 Wheel wright
1
Maltster 1 Wool-comber 1
Mercer 1
Mill-Stone-malter 1 646
Optician 1 No previous occupation 8
Panel'll S
Printers 9 Total 654
Plumber 1
What must have bean the amount, paid in premiUltl8 and apprentice-
foos, by the parents of these 64.6 artisans P And what would it cost
Government to obtain the 8erviOO8 of a like body of mechanics for the
purpOIl8 of completing a railrolld in the Upper-Provinces, with all ita
various requirements of machinery, carriages, station-telegraph, &C. p.
Why should the beneB.t of these men's early education be lost to the
state, Ito8 welllloS to themselves, when we have them on the spot P How
much might have been done by the soldiers tbemaelves, during the last
two years, at Lahore, Wuzirabad and Peshawur, towards the comple-
tion of their own barracks,-with positive advantage to all, not only iii
regarda pecuniary emolument, but the much higher pointe of health
and life I On board ship, the European private helps to work the
lux
APPENDIX.
veasel by order of hie Commanding Officer, and takes .. pull at the
"main .. hearty good will On the march he pitches hie own
tent. o'r conlJtrllete a raft; for cro8Sing streu.ms, without being considered
to' suJFer either in character or discipline. It is only in cantonment
that he is taught to be a mere marching machine-a parade automa-
ton. Some of the men, in the regiment alluded to, it is true, do obtain
an addition to their pay by working at their original trades, between
the hours of parade and rollcall: and the money, t,hus gained by their
own manual labour, is more likely to be accumulated towards
ing their diacha.rge, or deposited in a Savings' Bank, than any surplus
derivable from their pay, or" dry batta," which, by a recent excellent
order of Government, is allowed to be disbuned daily at the" grog ..
tub," to all who prefer reoeiving money to rum.
The' expense, however, of each individual's providing his own tools
is a serious impediment to the men working at their old trades. This
difficulty would be removed. if the officers of each COrpl would esta-
blish and encourage regimental workshope, where, by the division of
labour, much larger profits would be accumulated, and the expense of
materials and implements could be defrayed by a per oontage on tho
price received for the manufacture.
Half-a-dozen good ooachma.kers and wheelwrights, who might be
found in most European regiments, ought to be able, in a few weeks,
to build a buggy that would realize some HTe or sa hundred rupees, if
well finUlhed and substantially put together. So with boat-building,
cs.binet-making, engraving, painting, book-binding, and many other
trades-the men would find a ready market for the manufactured a.rti-
cies, especially in the Upper Provinces, where the residents of a station
are cut oft' from the advantages derived by living near Calcutta., Delhi,
or Agra.
Where it is impossiblo to provide out-of-doors employment and re-
Cl'eation, all the year round, from the want of proper shelter, afForded
by trce8, or by the shady side of a high wall or building, it would at
least be practicable during the: cold Beason, from October to March, at
all stations. We cannot see why European lIoldiers might not spend
their leisure time in (for instance) laying out a public garden, with car-
riage driVetl rowu, but not tMOfI,!JA, it i-a. work, which would be a.
laetiDg benefit to the station, and might be well pointed out to succeed-
ing corpl, to sen"e ae a stimulus for further industry and enterpriae, in
improving upon the original plan. We would, however, go even fur-
ther than this. We think that, if a Railroad were in the course of be-
ing conatructed within a distanoe of any of our large milita..
APPENDIX. !xxxi
rr stationl, at which European IOldiers are J.oeated, a v e ~ large nwn-
her oC voluntoera would be found in fIVer, regiment, who would feel it
a privilege to be allowed to Ihoulder & pickaxe 01' spade, and usiat in
throwing up the embankments of great national undertaking, that
may, in after yean, be a far more gloriollJl military monument oC what
had been achieved by the British soldier in India, than all that hal
been engraved on marble urn, or mural tablet. A horde of Gotha and
barbarians may invada and C O ~ a country, but it is only a civilized
nation that can tmprooe it; and the first great step is the opening out
of it. re&oUJ'C8l, and making communication perfect, by mea.na of roads,
oanaIa, and navigable riVet'll.
But, until these truthe can be impressed upon the minds of those,
who have the power a.nd authority to act in remodelling our present
.defective eystem oC maintaining a gigantic peaoe-mny in idleneaa a.nd
Iloth, we must be content to be looked upon &II visiona.riee, and to hear
our plan ridiculed all Utopian and impossible. Without the co-open-
tion of t,he oiBOO!'II of a regiment, we well know that we are under-
taking the labour of Silyphua: and that any BCheme-whether for the
improvement oC the men, or the education of their children-whether
it be to procure health or recreation-to estabwh a" soldier's garden"
or regimental work-shopll-will nooessarily fall to the ground, if the
commandant and hiI offi08l'll take no intet'e8t in the matter. It cannot
be upected that the men will take the initiative, if ridicule and satire
from their mperiol'l are to be brought to bear IgBinat them. The
French have long lOt UI an example in this matter well worthy of imi ..
tation: and Napoleon's opinion of the value of his corps oCPioneera
and &ppere was neTer lesaenod, or detracted from, by any of the most
brilliant deeds of " the old guard."
We are fully IlWa.re that there would be an outcry raiaed, at Brat, OD
the bare mention of European soldiers working in a tropical climate.
There would be 8 ary of II coolis,," "MfJU," "coacict.t:" but the outcry
would oome from those, who haTe either paid the lubject of the "mOl"-
tality of our troopa in India," no attention, or who, from ignoranoe and.
prejudice, look upon the very idea oC change. or impl'O'fement, aa em-
bodying something :revolutionary and dettructive. To such we would
beg to quote the worda of oue, whose writings will probably outliTe
those of most of hie co-temporaries, and wh08e energy and perseverance
enabled him to overoome all opposition, beeauee hit heart was in the
work. Dr. Arnold says:-
"There is nothing 80 revolutionary, bec.aUlle there is nothing, so un-
I
lxxxii APFENDIX.
natural aDd !IO convulsive to society, &8 the strain to keep things
}I4:ed, when all the world is, by the very law of its creation, in eternal
pro!Jf'tlU; and the C&\l8e of all the evils in the world may be traced to
that natural, but most deadly error of human indolence and corrup-
tion-that our business is to pruM'W, and not to imprON. It is the
min of WI all alike, individuals, achools, and nations."
From the returns of six of H. M. regiments, serving in the same
presidency, who have arrived in thia oountry within the last eight
ye&l'8, we find that the a.,-erage of mortality amongst the omcera is one
in every regiment yearly, and the average number arriring with each
giment was 371. Taking the aggregate of the whole number in the six
viz., 226, tbis gives less than three per cent. &8 the yearly
:ratio of deathll amongst European otlieen, which tallies exactly with
the number we before quoted from Dr. Hutchinson'lI tables" of 29 in.
1,000 for all tropical stations, where British troops are stationed."
We might extend the subject much further, and furnish melancholy
details of the mortality amongst the children of our European soldiery
The same calD6f!l, viz., impure air, bad water, improper food, confI.ne--
ment to the barrack, want of amusement or employment, tell with ten-
fold power upon the oW spring, whether born, under Inch adverse eir-
ctUIlBtanoes, of sickly parents, or experiencing such a change in their
habits and mode of life, on IU"riving in thiJ. country.
Taking the returns of two regimenta, that reached India last year,
we find, that in one there haTe been born '" children, of whom, at the
end of the :fifteenth month, there are only 29 eurviving, shewing a lou
of 27 per within the.fWd year.
In another regiment, 62 c1:illdren hue been born within fourteen
months, of whom 82 bave died in the same period, giving a ratio of mol"
tality equal to S8 per cent. during the Jlnt twelvemonth of their liCe
in India.
In another ease, taking the children born in England or on board
ahip, who arri.,-ed with the regiment in India, eight yean ago, out of
169 (the original number) no less than 112 haTe perished. Of the reo.
ma.ining47, how few, in all probability, will grow to manhood! Hence
we BOO th&t, whether we take 100 children imported from England, born
of healthy parenta, or 100 children born of the same partial within the
firat year of their arrival in India, still the melancholy result is the
beyond all doubt or question, the system of barrack
life amongst our European soldie.,. in this country to be totally un-
fa,,-ol'llble to colonization'
llTBlfDIL
Thie will be aeen IJtill more clearly by the following table, lhewing
the reapective ages of the mrriVOl'lJ of 261 children born in one r e g i ~
mont, sinoe landing in In<lia 8 yee;ra ago ,-
From 7 to 8 Yea" mage.
:1
"
6 to 7
"
"
"
5 to 6
"

13
"
,
to 6

"
15 118 BurriTing.
"
8 to
,

"
20
"
2 to 8

..
15
Under Z
" "
38
Died, . 1 ~
Total in eight YearI, . ... .. 261 Births.
12

h:u.iv
AFPENDIX, No. XII.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS DESCRIPTIVE OF THE
NEILGHERRIES.
I.-The flnt pen that called the serious attention oftha Indian com
munity to the value of the N eilgherry Hills, wM that of the Bevd.
James Hough of Madras in n Letters on ,the Climate, Inhabitants,
ProductioDS, &C. of the N eilgherriell or Blue Mountains of COimb ..
tore," addressed to the Editor pf II The Calcutta Hurkaru" Dempaper,
between July and November 1826, and subsequently publithed, in a
collected form, in 1829, by Hatchard and Son, London.
2.-h 1827., Dr. Young, of the Madzaa Establishment, presented to
.the Medical BoIld Physical Society of Calcutta a paper on" The General
;and Medical Topography of the Neilgherries," which is publiehed in Vo+
4. of their Transactions, and ia a most interesting account.
S.-In 1832, Capt. Henry Harkness, of the Madras army, published
"A Description of (the Todae) a ainguJar aboriginal race inhabiting the
8UIDJIlit of the Neilgherry Hilla or Blue Mountains of Coimbatore,"
through Smith, Elder and Co., London.
4.-In 1834, Capt. Mignon of the Bombay European Regiment,
published a little Volume entitled IINotes extracted from a private
Journal written during 8. tour through Malabar, and among the Neil_
gharries," printed at the American Mission Press, Bombay.
6.-In the same year, Lieut. H. J erris, H. M. 62nd. Regiment, publish
ed a "Narrative of a Journey to the Falls of the Cavery, with an His
torical and descriptive account or the Neilgherriea,i" through Smith,
Elder and Co., London.
6.-In the same year, alao, appeared the first edition or Dr. Baikie's
account or the Hills. printed at the Baptist :Mission Press, Calcutta.
7.-In 1836, Dr. P. M. Benza, Surgeon to the then Governor of
Madras, published a "Geological sketch of the Neilgherries," which will
be found in VoL 4 of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
S.-In 1838. Dr. DeBurgh Birch, of the Madras Service, laid before
Government" A Topographical Report on the N eilgherries," published
in the Madru Journal of Literature and Science, VC?L VIII.
APPENDIX.
9.-Ia 1844, Capt. H. Congreve, of the Madrsa Artillery ddresaed
to "The Kadraa Specta.tor" letters on the Hills, oontaining vert
elaboI'ate speculation .. to the origin of the "Todaa," inaiBting on
their being the remnants or the Celtoocytbian ..... lre&tiDg lbo rub.
ject with remarkable 8CUtenesll, and. dUplaying much curious anti-
qoaria.n lore: the amount of obeervation on that and other interestinc
subjooh, ill 8uoh, a.8 to lead us to regret that the talented author hu
left his laboUl'l to the precarious existence of the columna of a news-
paper.
lOo-1n the Battle yf!lllJ1.', waa published, by order of the Madru
Govemment, priuted by R. W. Thorp6, at the Vepery Mission Prest.
valuble " Report, on the Medical Topography md Statisti.08 of the
Neilgherry Hills, with notices of the Geology, Botany,
-.nd population, Tables of Disea.see, amongst Ofllool'S, Ladiet, chilo
dren, &0." compiled &om the Beoonlo of tho Medical Boorci
0dIce.
H.-In l.84.7, Capt. 1. Ouchtel'lony, of the Madraa Engineer' corp&,
submitted to Government a moet elaborate u Geographical and statie-
tical Memoir of It 8UlTey of the Neilgherry mountains." This is the moat
comprehensive account of the Hille, their geological cha.t"aQter,
tiODS, agriculture, climate, inha.bitante, and the approaches to the hilla
that has been publilhed. It will be found in the "Madras Journal of
Literature and Science" No. 34, Vol XV. 1848.-
The labor bel!ltowed, the resea.t'Ch displayed by Ca.pt. Ouchterlony,
and the amount of information conveyed by him in this &dmirable re-
port, with the splendid Map of the Neilgherriea constructed by him,
muat alwa.ya command the attention of visiton j and it well deeervee
It plaoe in their librariee, and merits careful peruaal, and reference to as
a directory on all 8ubject8 connected with the Hille, whether by
OCC88ional visiton, or intending lIettlers. Capt. Ouchterlony submitted
with hi8 Map a further report to Govel'DIllent which the Editor baa
not been able to pl'OCUl'e.
l2.-Jn 1851, Lieut. Burton, of the Bombay army, publiahed a most
interesting work, entitled" Goa and the Blue Mountains," through
Bentley, London.
lS.-In the aame year, a brochure of the Hills was published by the
late talented Capt. Sir Francia Ford, of the Bombay army, entitled.
- A Copy of thia Memoir has boon pre80nted by the Editor to the
Oot&camund Library for the U80 of visitors.
lxxxvi .APPENDIX.
"Neilgherry Letters." It is a clever, lively and amusing nar:ra.tive, and
was published at the" Telegraph and Courier" Preas, Bombay.
14.-Thereis also a brochure by I. D. P. Packman, Eaq.late Senior
Medical Officer on the Hills, entitled U Companion to the Blue
MOUIltains," whioh is a very useful guide in a oondewed form;
publiehed by Pha.loah a.nd Co., Ma.dl'lll.
Several reports,- o.nd notices of partioular aubjecta connected with the
Hills, have been, from time to time, published in the different Literary
Journals, a.nd Traneactions of Literal'J' Societies: amongst t h ~ ap-
pear.
A valuable paper by the Rev. Mr. Schmid upon "the Botany of tho
Hills a.nd the Janguage of their Inhabitants," and
"Notices of the Treee, Plants, and Ornithologf' of that intereating
region, by T. C. J ardon, Esq. -of the Mwu Madical Eatabliehment.
In oonclusion, "The Madl'88 Christain Herald," in No. 31. VoL
XIV. under date the SOthJuly, 1856, and eubsequentNumbers, giVe8 a
aeries of articles entitled" the Tribes inhabiting the Nei1gherry Hilla:
.their eocial CUlltoma, and Religious Ritea," from the rough notes of
a Mi.8aiona.ry.
FINIS.