INTRODUCTION TO INVERTERS

1.1 Inverters
Inverters are power electronic circuits that convert a direct current into an alternative current power of desired magnitude and frequency. The inverters find their application in modern ac motor and uninterruptible power supplies.

1.2 Classification of Inverters

1. Based on the source used Voltage source inverter Current source inverter

2. Based on switching methods Pulse width modulation inverters Square wave inverters

3. Based on switching devices used Transistorized inverter Thyristorized inverter

4. Based on the inversion principle Resonant inverter Non- Resonant inverter

1.3 Pulse Generator

The main controlling unit of the proposed system is the pulse generator. In practice, a microcontroller (or) a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) will be used for this purpose.
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A microcontroller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory [RAM,ROM or EPROM],various I/O features such as serial ports, parallel ports ,timer/counters, interrupt controller ,data requisition interface , Analog to digital converter[ADC],digital to analog converter, everything integrated into a single silicon

chip. It does not mean that any microcontroller should have all the above said features on a single chip, depending on the need and area of application for which it is designed, the on chip features present in it may or may not include all the individual section said above. Any microcomputer systems requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making up a program ,parallel port or serial port for communicating with an external system timer/counter for control purpose like generating time delay. Similarly, a DSP consists of memory [RAM,ROM or EPROM],various I/O features such as serial ports, parallel ports ,timer/counters, interrupt controller ,data requisition interface , Analog to digital converter[ADC],digital to analog converter, everything integrated into a single

silicon chip. The unique feature of DSP is its speed which makes it suitable for many applications.

1.4 Semiconductor Devices

The power semiconductor device act as switching device in the power electronic converters. In general, the characteristics of the device are utilized in such a way that it acts as a short circuit when closed. In addition to, an ideal switch also consumes less power to switch from one state to other. Semiconductor is defined as the material whose conductivity depends on the energy (light, heat, etc.,) falling on it. They dont conduct at absolute zero temperature. But, as the temperature increases, the current conducted by the semiconductor increases as it gets energy in the form of heat. The increase in current is proportional to the temperature rise. Semiconductor switches are diodes, SCR, MOSFET, IGBT, BJT, TRIAC etc. 1.4.1 Classification of Semiconductor Devices 1. Based on controllability Un-controlled switching device Semi controlled switching device Fully controlled switching device
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2. Based on control modes Current controlled devices (SCR ,BJT) Voltage controlled device (MOSFET ,IGBT)

3. Based on current direction Unidirectional device (SCR,MOSFET ,IGBT) Bidirectional device (TRIAC)

1.5 Advantages of Inverters

Small leakage current during off stage. Low voltage drop during ON stage. Faster turn ON and turn OFF. Small control power to switch from one state to other. High forward current and blocking voltage capabilities. High dv/dt and di/dt ratings.

1.5.1 Applications of Inverters Adjustable Speed AC Drives. UPS. Static VAR Compensators. Active filters. Flexible AC Transmission System In all vehicle for lightning. Now also used for driving electric vehicle.

1.6 MOSFET
The component that is used as the switch in the inverter unit is the MOSFET which is a voltage controlled device. They are the power semiconductor devices that have a fast switching property with a simple drive requirement.

Fig 1.1 MOSFET symbol Vdss= 500 V Rds (on) = 0.27 ohm Id= 20 A This MOSFET provides the designer with the best combination of fast switching, rugged device design, low on-resistance and cost-effectiveness. This package is preferred for commercial and industrial applications where higher power levels are to be handled. 1.6.1. MOSFET Operating Principle 1.6.1.1 Construction N Channel depletion type
Metal contacts

N Channel enhancement type

Metal contact

D
Sio2 layer

Sio2 layer

Channel

Substrate

No Channel

Substrate

1.6.1.2 N Channel Depletion: The N channel depletion type of MOSFET is constructed with p -Substrate. it has two n doped regions , which forms the drain and source. It has sio2 insulating layer

between the channel and the metal layer. Thus it has three terminals namely drain source and gate. When negative voltage applied between the gate and source (VGS), the positive charge induced in the channel and the channel is depleted of electrons. Thus there is no flow of current through this terminal. When appositive voltage is applied between the gate and source, more electros are induced in the channel by capacitor action. So there is a flow of current from drain to source. As the gate source voltage increases, the channel gets wider by accumulation of more negative charges and resistance to the channel decreases. Thus more current flows from drain to source. As there is a current flow through device for zero Gate Source Voltage, it is called as normally ON MOSFET.

1.6.1.3 N Channel Enhancement The N channel enhancement MOSFET is similar to the depletion type in the construction except that there is no physical existence of the channel when it is unbiased. When the positive voltage is applied between the gate and the source, the electron get accumulated in the channel by capacitive induction in the channel formed out of electrons allowing the flow of current. This channel gets widened as more positive voltage is applied between gate and source. There will not be any condition through the device if the gate source voltage is negative. Setting VGS to a constant value, varying VDS and nothing the corresponding changes into give the drain characteristic. VGS 0, the device does not conduct drain current and the device is considered to be in the off state. In this state, the entire voltage gets drop across the device i.e., between drain and source. In the ON state of the device, gate source voltage is positive and the drain current is increased with the increase in the gate source voltage. It is understood clearly in the transfer characteristics. As the enhancement type MOSFET conduct only after applying positive gate voltage, it is also called as normally OFF MOSFET. For this reason it becomes easily controllable and is used in power electronics as a switch.
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VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTERS

2.1 Introduction to Voltage Source Inverters (VSI)
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), as the name indicates, receive DC voltage at one side and convert it to AC voltage on the other side. The AC voltage and frequency may be variable (or) constant depending on the application. A VSI should have stiff voltage source at the input, that is, its Thevenin impedance should be ideally zero. A large capacitor can be connected at the input if the source is not stiff. The DC voltage may be fixed (or) variable, and may be obtained from a utility line (or) rotating AC machine through a rectifier and filter. It can also be obtained from a battery, fuel cell, (or) solar photovoltaic array. The block diagram of various VSIs is shown below:

Fig. 2.1: Block diagram of a VSI 2.1.1 Applications of Voltage Source Inverters AC Motor Drives AC Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS) Induction Heating AC Power Supply from Battery, Photovoltaic Array (or) Fuel Cell Static VAR Generator (SVG) (or) Static VAR Compensator (SVC) Active Harmonic Filter (AHF)

2.1.2 Types of Voltage Source Inverters 1. Based on Type of Output Voltage Single Phase VSI Three Phase VSI

2. Based on Shape of Output Voltage Square Wave VSI Sine Wave VSI PWM Wave VSI Stepped Wave VSI Quasi Square Wave VSI

2.2 Single Phase VSI

2.2.1 Types of Single Phase VSI Based on Circuit Configuration Half-Bridge Inverter Full-Bridge Inverter

2.2.2 Half-Bridge Inverter One of the simplest possible inverter configurations is the single-phase, halfbridge inverter as shown in the figure below:

Fig 2.2: (a) Half-Bridge Inverter Circuit (b) Output Voltage and Current Waveforms

The circuit consists of a pair of power semiconductor devices Q1 and Q2 connected across the DC supply, and the load is connected point a and the center point of a split-capacitor power supply. The Snubber across the device is omitted for simplicity. The devices Q1 and Q2 are closed for 180 angle to generate the square-wave output as shown above. In fact, a shot gap, or lock-out time (td), is maintained, as indicated, to prevent any short circuit or shoot-through fault due to turn-off switching delay. The load is usually inductive and assuming perfect filtering, the sinusoidal load current will lag the fundamental voltage by angle as shown above.

2.2.3 Full-Bridge (or) H-Bridge Inverter Two half-bridges can be connected to construct a Full (or) H-Bridge inverter as shown in the figure below:

Fig. 2.3: (a) Full-Bridge Inverter Circuit (b) Output Voltage and Current Waveforms The split-capacitor supply is not needed in this case, and the load is connected between the center points a and b. In the square-wave operation mode, the device pairs Q1Q3 and Q2Q4 are switched alternatively to generate output as shown above. The load is usually inductive and assuming perfect filtering, the sinusoidal load current will lag the fundamental voltage by angle as shown above. In active mode, the load current will be carried by the Q1Q3 or Q2Q4 pair, whereas the feedback current will flow through D1D3 or D2D4 pair. Both the diodes and IGBTs are designed to withstand the supply voltage Vd.

2.3 Three Phase VSI

The three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is widely used in AC motor drives and general purpose AC power supplies. The three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is as shown in the figure below:

Fig. 2.4: Three Phase VSI Circuit Configuration

The circuit consists of three half-bridges, which are mutually shifted by 120 angle to generate the output three phase voltages. The voltage source for the inverter is made up from a rectifier and the so-called dc link, composed of a capacitor, C, and inductor, L. If the ac machine fed from the inverter operates as a motor (i.e., in the first or third quadrant), the average input current is positive. However, the instantaneous input current, may assume negative values, absorbed by the dc-link capacitor which, therefore, is necessary. The capacitor also serves as a source of the high-frequency ac component, so that it is not drawn from the power system via the rectifier. In addition, the dc link capacitor smoothes and stabilizes the voltage produced by the rectifier. The optional dc-link inductor is less important, being introduced to provide an extra screen for the power system from the high-frequency current drawn by the inverter.

2.4 Fourier Series Analysis of Inverter Output Voltages

The Fourier series coefficient are given by

(2.1) For all n, the Fourier series is given as

(2.2) Hence,

(2.2.1) Finally, the Fourier series of the quarter-wave symmetric parallel connected Multilevel waveform is written as follows:

(2.3) Where, k is the switching angles, which must satisfy the following condition

(2.3.1) Where, s is the number of H-bridge cells. n is odd harmonic order. and E is the amplitude of dc voltages.

2.4.1 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Calculation The total harmonics distortion (THD) of the output voltage waveform is mathematically given by,

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(2.4) Where H1 is the amplitudes of the fundamental component, whose frequency is w0 and Hn is the amplitudes of the nth harmonics at frequency nw0 The amplitude of the fundamental and harmonic components of the quarter-wave symmetric multilevel waveform can be express as:

(2.4.1)

(2.4.2)

(2.4.3)

Therefore, output voltage THD of the presented waveform can be calculated. Theoretically, to get exact THD, infinite harmonics need to be calculated. However, it is not possible in practice. Therefore, certain number of harmonics will be taken into account. It relies on how precise THD is needed. Usually, n = 63 is reasonably accepted.

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2.5 Conventional Conduction Modes of Three Phase VSI

A three-phase VSI can be operated conventionally in two modes of operation. They are: 180 Degree Conduction Mode 120 Degree Conduction Mode 2.5.1 180 Degree Conduction Mode
This is the most common type of transistors firing, in which, one transistor, per

inverter leg, conducts for 180. So, three transistors remain on at any instant of time. For phase "a", when transistors T1 is switched on, phase "a" is connected to the positive terminal of the dc input voltage, + V/2. When transistor T4 is switched on, phase "a" is connected to the negative terminal of the dc source, -V/2. The same sequence occurs in the other two phases "b" and "c". Six patterns of operation are available in the 2-cycle, where the interval of each pattern is 60. The conducting transistors during each distinct interval are shown in Table 2.1, where the rate of sequencing theses patterns specifies the bridge output frequency.

For three-phase star-connected balanced load controlled with 180 conduction mode, Fig. 2.4 (a-e) shows respectively, transistors gating signals, instantaneous line-tocenter and line-to-line quasi-square output voltage waveforms, neutral point voltage, and line-to-neutral (phase) output voltages. The gating signals are shifted from each other by 60 to get three-phase balanced voltages. The phase voltage waveform contains four voltage levels of dc bus ( V/3, 2 V/3). The six switching patterns for 180 conduction mode is shown in the following table: Table 2.1: 180 Conduction Mode Six Switching Patterns Interval Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 /3 /3 /3 /3 /3 /3 T1 Conducting Devices During Interval T2 T2 T3 T3 T3 T4 T4 T4 T5 T5 T5 T6 T6 T6 T1 T1 T2

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2.5.1.1 Output Voltage Waveforms for 180 Conduction Mode The various waveforms related to 180 degree conduction mode are shown below:

Fig. 2.5: 180 Conduction Mode (a) Gating Signals (b) Line-to-Center Voltages (c) Line-to-Line Voltages (d) Neutral Point Voltage (e) Phase Voltages

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2.5.1.2 Fourier Series of Output Voltage

The line-to-line voltage, Vab, is expressed in Fourier series, recognizing that the even harmonics are zeros, and n is the harmonic order, as

(2.5)

The line-to-neutral voltage, Van, is expressed in Fourier series, recognizing that the even harmonics are zeros, and n is the harmonic order, as

(2.6)

2.5.1.3 Disadvantages of 180 Degree Conduction Mode

The main drawbacks in 180 conduction mode are: The magnitude of the nth harmonic is 1/n of the fundamental. Two switches across the voltage rail (e.g. T1 and T4) may conduct simultaneously, causing short circuit on the dc bus. This is due to the absence of any time-delay between the on-switching signal edge of transistor T4 and the offswitching signal edge of transistor T1. The poor voltage and current qualities obtained, especially in line-to-line voltage, dictates the requirement of large filters to be inserted between the converter and the motor. These values can be decreased by increasing switching frequency, but switching losses increase.

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2.5.2 120 Degree Conduction Mode In this mode of operation, each switch conducts for 120. As a result, at any instant, only two switches conduct. Table 2.2 and Fig. 2.5 (a-e) show the available sixconduction patterns, and output voltage waveforms, respectively. In the first interval (number 1), both of T1 and T2 transistors are conducting. So, phase "a" voltage is picked up to + V/2, where phase "c" voltage is picked up to - V/2. Unlike the 180 conduction mode, during this period, the third phase "b" is open, i.e. it is a floating point. The phase voltage waveform contains three voltage levels, which are; 0, Vd/2. For three-phase star-connected balanced load controlled with 180 conduction mode, Fig. 2.4 (a-e) shows respectively, transistors' gating signals, instantaneous line-tocenter and line-to-line quasi-square output voltage waveforms, neutral point voltage, and line-to-neutral (phase) output voltages. The gating signals are shifted from each other by 60 to get three-phase balanced voltages. The phase voltage waveform contains four voltage levels of dc bus (0, Vd/2). The six switching patterns for 180 conduction mode is shown in the following table.

Table 2.2: 120 Conduction Mode Six Switching Patterns Interval Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 /3 /3 /3 /3 /3 /3 T1 Conducting Devices During Interval T2 T2 T3 T3 T4 T4 T5 T5 T6 T6 T1

The main advantage of this mode is the existence of a 60 dead-time between two series switches conducting (e.g. T1 turning-off edge, and T4 turning-on edge), thereby, a safety margin, against simultaneous conduction of the two series devices across the dc supply, is provided. Unfortunately, this safety margin is obtained at the expense of lower devices utilization, since each transistor conducts only for 1200. The output voltages comprise same harmonic contents given by n=6 r1. This mode is rarely used in industry.
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2.5.2.1 Output Voltage Waveforms for 120 Conduction Mode: The various waveforms related to 120 degree conduction mode are shown below:

Fig. 2.6: 120 Conduction Mode (a) Gating Signals (b) Line-to-Center Voltages (c) Line-to-Line Voltages (d) Neutral Point Voltage (e) Phase Voltages

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2.5.2.2 Fourier Series of Output Voltage The line-to-line voltage, Vab, is expressed in Fourier series, recognizing that the even harmonics are zeros, and n is the harmonic order, as

(2.7)

The line-to-neutral voltage, Van, is expressed in Fourier series, recognizing that the even harmonics are zeros, and n is the harmonic order, as

(2.8)

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150 CONDUCTION MODE OF THREE PHASE VSI

3.1 Introduction to 150 Conduction Mode

In this conduction mode of operation, each switch conducts for 150. Hence, twelve switching patterns are required per cycle, with each pattern of duration 30. Three transistors conduct in one interval, while only two transistors conduct in the next one, as in 180 and 120, respectively. Due to this switching pattern, the output phase voltages will have seven levels of DC bus voltage (0, V/2, V/3, 2V/3) and the line voltages will have five levels of DC bus voltage (0, V/2, V).

3.2 Switching Pattern for 150 Conduction Mode

There are twelve switching patterns that are required per cycle in 150 conduction mode. The duration of each switching pattern is 30. The switching pattern is shown in the following table:

Table 3.1: 150 Conduction Mode Six Switching Patterns Interval Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 /6 T1 T2 T2 T2 Conducting Devices During Interval T3 T3 T3 T3 T3 T4 T4 T4 T4 T4 T5 T5 T5 T5 T5 T6 T6 T6 T6 T6 T1 T1 T1 T1 T2 T2

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3.3 Gating Pulses and Output Voltage Waveforms

Fig. 3.1: 150 Conduction Mode (a) Gating Signals (b) Line-to-Center Voltages (c) Line-to-Line Voltages (d) Neutral Point Voltage (e) Phase Voltages
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3.4 Fourier Analysis of Output Voltage Waveform

The Fourier series coefficient are given by

(3.1) For all n, the Fourier series is given as

(3.2) Hence,

(3.3) Finally, the Fourier series of the quarter-wave symmetric parallel connected Multilevel waveform is written as follows:

(3.4) Where, k is the switching angles, which must satisfy the following condition

(3.5) Where, s is the number of H-bridge cells. n is odd harmonic order. and E is the amplitude of dc voltages.

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By applying Equations (3.1), (3.2), (3.3), (3.4) and (3.5) to the output voltage waveform, the expression for line-to-neutral voltage is given by,

(3.6)

3.4 Advantages of 150 Conduction Mode

The 150 conduction mode has the following advantages: Increases the RMS values of output voltages, compared to 120 mode, to almost those obtained by 180 mode (Table 6). Provides a 300 safety margin period, which is large enough, to avoid short circuit on dc supply. Produces seven level phase-voltage waveforms, (0, V/3, V/2, 2V/3), compared to only four or three levels in 180 and 120 modes, respectively. Highly reduces the THD and DF of output voltage wave shapes, by presenting 12step waveforms, which are closer to the sinusoidal waveform compared to the original 6-step ones. Almost eliminates the low order harmonics that has 1/n of fundamental magnitude in previous modes, by improving the l/n undesired magnitude relation.

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SIMULATION OF 150 CONDUCTION MODE OF VSI USING MATLAB/SIMULINK

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO SIMULATION

Simulation is an effective tool by which we can experience the practical results through the software. There are number of simulation software available and the most efficient tool is the MATLAB. There are number ways in which MATLAB software can be used for simulation of electrical circuits. We employ the Simulink part of the MATLAB for the simulation of three-phase VSI operating in 150 conduction mode.

4.2 What Is MATLAB?

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non-interactive language such as C or FORTRAN. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation. MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it is the
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standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high productivity research, development, and analysis.

4.2.1 Toolboxes MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.

4.2.2 The MATLAB System The MATLAB system consists of five main parts: Development Environment: This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path. The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library: This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions, like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix Eigen values, Bessel functions, and Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). The MATLAB Language: This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both programming in the small to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and programming in the large to create large and complex application programs. Graphics: MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications.
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The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API): This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

4.3 What Is Simulink?

Simulink is an interactive environment for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic, multi-domain systems. It lets you build a block diagram, simulate the systems behavior, evaluate its performance, and refine the design. Simulink integrates seamlessly with MATLAB, providing you with immediate access to an extensive range of analysis and design tools. These benefits make Simulink the tool of choice for control system design, DSP design, communications system design, and other simulation applications.

Blocksets are collections of application-specific blocks that support multiple design areas, including electrical power-system modeling, digital signal processing, fixedpoint algorithm development, and more. These blocks can be incorporated directly into your Simulink models.

Real-Time Workshop is a program that generates optimized, portable, and customizable ANSI C code from Simulink models. Generated code can run on PC hardware, DSPs, microcontrollers on bare-board environments, and with commercial or proprietary real-time operating systems.

4.4 Simulink Model of Three-Phase VSI with 150 Conduction Mode

The various components required for creating a MATALB/SIMULINK model of a three phase VSI are obtained from different libraries available in SIMULINK. It is very important to know about various libraries available in SIMULINK from which required components can be gathered. The required components are added to a new model file. The following table explains various components required for creating a model and the library in which they are available.

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Table 4.1: Components Required for Simulation S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Component Required DC Voltage Source MOSFET Pulse Generator Series RLC Branch Voltmeter Ammeter Scope Workspace Library Sim Power Systems Sim Power Systems Commonly Used Blocks Sim Power Systems Sim Power Systems Sim Power Systems Commonly Used Blocks Commonly Used Blocks Block Electrical Sources Power Electronics Sources Elements Measurements Measurements Sinks Sinks

4.4.1 Simulink Model

G1

G3

S1
m S

S3
m S

S5
m S

G5

Gate Pulses

Vdc

+ - v

Vin

G4

G6

G2

simout 1

S4
m S

S6
m S

S2
m S

Vab A

v + -

Vab1

+ - v

Input and Output Voltages

C
simout Van1

Van

Fig. 4.1: Simulink Model of Three-Phase VSI

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4.4.2 Parameters of Simulink Blocks The parameters of various blocks used in the simulink model shown in figure 4.1 are explained in the following table: Table 4.2: Simulink Block Parameters S.No 1 Block DC Voltage Source Type Ideal Parameters Amplitude(V) = 100 Pulse Type: Time Based Time (t): Use Simulation Time Amplitude = 10 Period (secs) = 3e-3 Pulse Width (% of period) = 41.667 Phase delay (secs) = 0 Pulse Type: Time Based Time (t): Use Simulation Time Amplitude = 10 Period (secs) = 3e-3 Pulse Width (% of period) = 41.667 Phase delay (secs) = 0.5e-3 Pulse Type: Time Based Time (t): Use Simulation Time Amplitude = 10 Period (secs) = 3e-3 Pulse Width (% of period) = 41.667 Phase delay (secs) = 1e-3 Pulse Type: Time Based Time (t): Use Simulation Time Amplitude = 10 Period (secs) = 3e-3 Pulse Width (% of period) = 41.667 Phase delay (secs) = 1.5e-3 Pulse Type: Time Based Time (t): Use Simulation Time Amplitude = 10 Period (secs) = 3e-3 Pulse Width (% of period) = 41.667 Phase delay (secs) = 2e-3

Pulse Generator (G1)

Pulse Generator (G2)

Pulse Generator (G3)

Pulse Generator (G4)

Pulse Generator (G5)

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S.No

Block

Type

Parameters Pulse Type: Time Based Time (t): Use Simulation Time Amplitude = 10 Period (secs) = 3e-3 Pulse Width (% of period) = 41.667 Phase delay (secs) = 2.5e-3 FET resistance Ron (ohms) = 0.1 Internal diode inductance Lon (H) = 0 Internal diode resistance Rd (ohms) = 0.01 Internal diode forward voltage Vf(V) = 0 Initial current Ic (A) = 0 Snubber resistance Rs (ohms) = 1e5 Snubber capacitance Cs (F) = inf Resistance (ohms) = 10 -

Pulse Generator (G6)

MOSFET

9 10 11 12 13

Series RLC Branch Voltmeter Ammeter Scope Workspace

R -

4.4.3 How to run simulation? After creating the simulink model for a three phase VSI shown in figure (4.1), set the configuration parameters of various blocks as shown in the table (4.2). Then, select the Simulation option available in the toolbar and click on Configuration Parameters. Set the start time and stop time for simulation. Then, run the simulation by selecting Start option available under Simulation in toolbar. After the simulation is completed, click on the Scope to see the output waveforms.

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4.4.4 Switching Pulses Waveforms for 150 Conduction Mode

Fig. 4.2: Switching Pulse Waveforms for 150 Conduction Mode

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4.4.5 Output Voltage Waveforms for 150 Conduction Mode Line-to-Line Voltages

Fig. 4.3: Output Line-to-Line Voltages of Three-Phase VSI in 150 Conduction Mode (a) Vab (b) Vbc
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(c) Vca

Line to-Neutral Voltages

Fig 4.4: Output Line-to-Neutral Voltages of Three-Phase VSI in 150 Conduction Mode (a) Van (b) Vbn
30

(c) Vcn

RESULTS AND COMPARISONS

5.1 Fourier Analysis

Fourier series is the theory behind frequency analysis of signals. Fourier is the basic tool for representing periodic functions which play major role in many applications. Fourier series are the infinite series designed to represent any general periodic function in terms of simple ones, namely, cosines and sines. Any periodic function is made up of the sum of single frequency components. These components consist of fundamental frequency component and multiples of fundamental frequency called the harmonics along with a bias term which represents the average off-set from zero. The Fourier series for a periodic function f(t) is given by,

The Fourier series for a periodic function f(t) in amplitude and phase form is given by,

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5.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

The stepped wave output voltage of an inverter when operated in various conducting modes consists of fundamental components and several harmonic components. The purpose of analyzing the output of an inverter is to determine the harmonics in the output voltage waveform. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is the general harmonic index that is used. THD is a measure of harmonic content in the output voltage waveform. THD is defined as the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the harmonics expressed as the percentage of the fundamental component. THD is also known as Harmonic Factor (HF).Greater the value of THD, greater the harmonic content and greater is the distortion of the output voltage. THD is given by the formula,

The expressions for line-to-neutral voltages of various conducting modes can be used for determining the THD. These expressions are given by,

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5.3 Comparison of THD H.Order

5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49

180 Degree
20 14.285 9.091 7.692 5.882 5.263 4.348 4.000 3.448 3.225 2.857 2.703 2.439 2.325 2.128 2.041

120 Degree
20 14.285 9.091 7.692 5.882 5.263 4.348 4.000 3.448 3.225 2.857 2.703 2.439 2.325 2.128 2.041

150 Degree
1.436 1.026 9.091 7.692 0.422 0.378 4.348 4.000 0.248 0.232 2.857 2.703 0.175 0.167 2.128 2.041

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5.4 Comparison of Various Conducting Modes

The various conducting modes of a 3-phase six switch inverter are compared and tabulated in the following table.

Criteria
Tn Dn LOH DF-LLV (%) THD-LLV (%) Switch Utilization VL /Vd Vph /Vd THD-LL.Ct THD-Ph.Ct

180 Degree
6 6 5th 0.856 31.17 0.159 0.816 0.471 37.64 37.83

120 Degree
6 6 5th 0.856 31.04 0.137 0.707 0.408 31.86 32.22

150 Degree
6 6 11th 0.107 16.88 0.148 0.764 0.441 12.85 12.74

Tn Number of Transistors Dn - Number of Diodes LOH Lower Order Harmonic DF-LLV Distortion Factor of Line-to Line Voltage THD-LLV Total Harmonic Distortion of Line-to-Line Voltage THD-LL.Ct Total Harmonic Distortion of Line Current THD-Ph.Ct Total Harmonic Distortion of Phase Current

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CONCLUSIONS
This project presents a new conduction mode for the most common, simple, and well-known three-phase six-switch Voltage Source Inverter. Each transistor conducts for 150 and so, a seven-level, 12-step output voltage waveforms, which resembles the sinusoidal wave shape, are obtained by the inverter. Consequently, the harmonic contents involved in both current and voltage waveforms are highly reduced, without any additional weight, size, or cost. The number of switches and diodes remain the same in all the conducting modes of operation. But, the utilization of each switch is more in 180 mode of operation when compared to the 120 and 150 modes of operation. The lower order harmonic (LOH) shifts to 11th in150 conduction mode where as LOH is 5th in 120 and 180 modes of operation. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in line-to-line voltage, line current and phase current is more in 180 conduction mode when compared to 120 and 150 conduction modes. The Distortion Factor (DF) in lineto-line voltage is more in 180 conduction mode when compared to 120 and 150 conduction modes.

The 150 mode of conduction increases the RMS values of output voltages, compared to 120 mode, to almost those obtained by 180 mode. The 150 mode of conduction provides a 30 safety margin period, which is large enough, to avoid short circuit on dc supply. It produces seven level phase-voltage waveforms, (0, V/3, V/2, 2V/3), compared to only four or three levels in 180 and 120 modes, respectively. Highly reduces the THD and DF of output voltage wave shapes, by presenting 12-step waveforms, which are closer to the sinusoidal waveform compared to the original 6-step ones. The 150 mode of conduction almost eliminates the low order harmonics that has 1/n of the fundamental magnitude in previous modes, by improving the 1/n undesired magnitude relation.

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