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Cogeneration Technologies

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E-mail: info @ cogeneration dot net Tel. (281) 955-7343 Cooler, Cleaner, Greener Power & Energy Solutions

Combined Cycle Power Plants

www.CombinedCyclePowerPlants.com TM
We provide turnkey Combined Cycle Power Plant EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) services

We provide "turnkey" cogeneration/combined cycle power plant development services. We provide Demand Side Management design and project development solutions that may provide a return on investment in less than 12 months. We also offer energy-saving technologies that may include; Absorption Chillers, Adsorption Chillers, Automated Demand Response, Cogeneration, Demand Response Programs, Demand Side Management, Energy Master Planning, Engine Driven Chillers, Trigeneration and Energy Conservation Measures. Unlike most companies, we are equipment supplier/vendor neutral. This means we help our clients select the best equipment for their specific application. This approach provides our customers with superior performance, decreased operating expenses and increased return on investment. Our company provides turn-key project solutions that include all or part of the following:

Engineering and Economic Feasibility Studies Project Design, Engineering & Permitting Project Construction Project Funding & Financing Options Project Ownership/Long-term Lease - with no capital requirements - . Project Commissioning Operations & Maintenance

For more information: call us at: 281-955-7343 or 832-758-0027

Are you selling your Combined Cycle Power Plant? List it with the Combined Cycle Power Plant Leader and at the industry's "official" website:
www.CombinedCyclePowerPlants.com

Are you in the market for a Combined Cycle Power Plant? Call us (281) 955-7343 If your combined cycle power plant is in running condition, and you have all maintenance/repair and overhaul logs, e-mail us at: sales@cogeneration.net and include all details and information and we will let you know if your equipment can be listed here. We may be interested in buying your combined cycle power plant. For more information about listing or selling your combined cycle power plant email us at sales@cogeneration.net To See Our Complete Equipment Inventory List - click here For New & Used Combined Cycle Power Plant sales/listings call 281-955-7343 or 832-758-0027 We provide "turnkey" cogeneration/combined cycle power plant development services. Unlike most companies, we are equipment supplier/vendor neutral. This means we help our clients select the best equipment for their specific application. This approach provides our customers with superior performance, decreased operating expenses and increased return on investment. Our company provides turn-key project solutions that include all or part of the following:

Engineering and Economic Feasibility Studies Project Design, Engineering & Permitting Project Construction Project Funding & Financing Options Project Ownership/Long-term Lease - with no capital requirements - . Project Commissioning Operations & Maintenance

For more information: call us at: 281-955-7343 or 832-758-0027 Combined Cycle Power Plants
The combined-cycle unit combines the Rankine (steam turbine) and Brayton (gas turbine)

thermodynamic cycles by using heat recovery boilers to capture the energy in the gas turbine exhaust gases for steam production to supply a steam turbine as shown in the figure "CombinedCycle Cogeneration Unit". Process steam can be also provided for industrial purposes.

Fossil fuel-fired (central) power plants use either steam or combustion turbines to provide the mechanical power to electrical generators. Pressurized high temperature steam or gas expands through various stages of a turbine, transferring energy to the rotating turbine blades. The turbine is mechanically coupled to a generator, which produces electricity. Steam Turbine Power Plants: Steam turbine power plants operate on a Rankine cycle. The steam is created by a boiler, where pure water passes through a series of tubes to capture heat from the firebox and then boils under high pressure to become superheated steam. The heat in the firebox is normally provided by burning fossil fuel (e.g. coal, fuel oil or natural gas). However, the heat can also be provided by biomass, solar energy or nuclear fuel. The superheated steam leaving the boiler then enters the steam turbine throttle, where it powers the turbine and connected generator to make electricity. After the steam expands through the turbine, it exits the back end of the turbine, where it is cooled and condensed back to water in the surface condenser. This condensate is then returned to the boiler through high-pressure feedpumps for reuse. Heat from the condensing steam is normally rejected from the condenser to a body of water, such as a river or cooling tower. Steam turbine plants generally have a history of achieving up to 95% availability and can operate for more than a year between shutdowns for maintenance and inspections. Their unplanned or forced outage rates are typically less than 2% or less than one week per year. Modern large steam turbine plants (over 500 MW) have efficiencies approaching 4045%. These plants have installed costs between $800 and$2000/kW, depending on environmental permitting requirements.

Combustion (Gas) Turbines: Combustion turbine plants operate on the Brayton cycle. They use a compressor to compress the inlet air upstream of a combustion chamber. Then the fuel is introduced and ignited to produce a high temperature, high-pressure gas that enters and expands through the turbine section. The turbine section powers both the generator and compressor. Combustion turbines are also able to burn a wide range of liquid and gaseous fuels from crude oil to natural gas. The combustion turbines energy conversion typically ranges between 25% to 35% efficiency as a simple cycle. The simple cycle efficiency can be increased by installing a recuperator or waste heat boiler onto the turbines exhaust. A recuperator captures waste heat in the turbine exhaust stream to preheat the compressor discharge air before it enters the combustion chamber. A waste heat boiler generates steam by capturing heat form the turbine exhaust. These boilers are known as heat recovery steam generators (HRSG). They can provide steam for heating or industrial processes, which is called cogeneration. High-pressure steam from these boilers can also generate power with steam turbines, which is called a combined cycle (steam and combustion turbine operation). Recuperators and HRSGs can increase the combustion turbines overall energy cycle efficiency up to 80%.

Combustion (natural gas) turbine development increased in the 1930s as a means of jet aircraft propulsion. In the early 1980s, the efficiency and reliability of gas turbines had progressed sufficiently to be widely adopted for stationary power applications. Gas turbines range in size from 30 kW (micro-turbines) to 250 MW (industrial frames). Industrial gas turbines have efficiencies approaching 40% and 60% for simple and combined cycles respectively. The gas turbine share of the world power generation market has climbed from 20 % to 40 % of capacity additions over the past 20 years with this technology seeing increased use for base load power generation. Much of this growth can be accredited to large (>500 MW) combined cycle power plants that exhibit low capital cost (less than $550/kW) and high thermal efficiency. The capital cost of a gas turbine power plant can vary between $35000-$950/kW with the lower end applying to large industrial frame turbines in combined cycle configurations. Availability of natural gas-fired plants can exceed 95%. In Canada, there are 28 natural gas-fired combined cycle and cogeneration plants with an average efficiency of 48 %. The average power output for each plant was 236 MW with an installed cost of around $ 500/kW.

Simple Cycle Power Plants (Open Cycle)

The modern power gas turbine is a high-technology package that is comprised of a compressor, combustor, power turbine, and generator, as shown in the figure "Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine".

In a gas turbine, large volumes of air are compressed to high pressure in a multistage compressor for distribution to one or more combustion gases from the combustion chambers power an axial turbine that drives the compressor and the generator before exhausting to atmosphere. In this way, the combustion gases in a gas turbine power the turbine directly, rather than requiring heat transfer to a water/steam cycle to power a steam turbine, as in the steam plant. The latest gas turbine designs use turbine inlet temperatures of 1,500C (2,730F) and compression ratios as high as 30:1 (for aeroderivatives) giving thermal efficiencies of 35 percent or more for a simple-cycle gas turbine.

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