Paper of Tenses

Created by Aam Karnamah

12211401

STIBA INVADA Jl. Brigjen Darsono No. 20 By Pass (Cideng) Cirebon Telp. (0231) 3388321, 209669

Aam Karnamah

PREFACE
Alhamdulillah, Praise to Allah, because His Blessing and mercy to the writer to complete the paper which very simple its contents. The paper was made for to fulfill study subject abaout Tenses. Hopefully The Paper can be utilized as one of the reference, guidance and also guide to reader in education administration. Thanks to all which have helped and writer cannot be mentioned one by one, so that this paper be finished.
As the proverb says THERE IS NO IVORY THAT IS NOT CRACKED, of

course this paper writer still many insuffiency. Writer really allows all readers to give their suggestion to improve its content in order to be made as one of the good examples for the next paper.

Cirebon, July 2012 Writer

Aam Karnamah

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CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................ ii Contents .......................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER II DISCUSSION 2.1 Present Tenses 1. Simple Present ............................................................................... 3 2. Present Continuous ........................................................................ 3 3. Present Perfect ............................................................................... 5 4. Present Perfect Continuous ............................................................ 5 2.2 Past Tenses 1. Simple Past .................................................................................... 6 2. Past Continuous ............................................................................. 7 3. Past Perfect .................................................................................... 7 4. Past Perfect Continuous ................................................................. 8 2.3 Future Tenses 1. Simple Future ................................................................................ 9 2. Future Continuous ......................................................................... 10 3. Future Perfect ................................................................................ 11 4. Future Perfect Continuous ............................................................. 12 2.4 WH-Questions ..................................................................................... 13 2.5 The Exercises ...................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER III CONCLUSION Conclusion ................................................................................................ References ......................................................................................................

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Each language must have rules or we often refer to as the grammar, as well as with the English language, a lot of rules that must be considered in its use. Perhaps because it, tenses are one of the matters which often made reason of difficult for learn English. True, tenses needn't be the scourge of us which wish to improve English ability. Moreover we as a student who majored in English Literature, we have deservedly mastered tenses. In this paper writer will discuss the matter 12 tenses of 16 tenses in English. The twelfth rule writer mean are : Simple Present Tense, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Simple Past Tense, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Simple Future Tense, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, Future Perfect Continuous and asking with WHQuestions and also examples the exercises that writer practice with writers friends.

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CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
Tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time. Basically, there are four fundamentals of tense: Present Past Future Past Future

group above can be grouped again into four kinds of : Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

To be can comprehend it, look at these matrix of tenses below: Present Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Future Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Simple Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous

So, every form of tenses will have four different forms as follows:

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2.1 PRESENT TENSE 1. Simple Present Simple Present tense used to show habits, facts or general truths. Examples: Mr. John works five days a week I always make my brother a sandwisch every morning The sun sets in the west Cows give milk and sheep give wool Facts Habits

In general Simple Present Tense formed with subject then followed by VI (infinitive), if the third person singular (he, she, it) add "s/es". Then followed by object/adverb. For negative on Simple Present, we just add be do/does and not before VI. And interrogative sentence made by removing do/does forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + VI (s/es) + O/Adv (-) S + do/ does + Not + VI + O/Adv (?) do/does + S + VI + O/Adv ? Time signal Simple Present : Always Ussually Often Sometimes Seldom Rarely Never Every

2. Present Continuous We use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about : Activities happening now. Examples The kids are watching TV. I am reading a novel. Activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment.
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Examples Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week. I am reading a really interesting book now. Activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future events. Examples Polly is coming for dinner tomorrow. in general, the continuous is used to focus on the activity itself or to stress its temporary nature. Examples John goes to school by bike, but this Monday, hes going by motorbike. Present Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary be (am/is/are) then the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb. For Negative on Present Continuous, we just put not before V-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing am/is/are forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + am/is/are + V-ing + O/Adv (-) S + am/is/are + Not + V-ing + O/Adv (?) am/is/are + S + V-ing + O/Adv ? The following verbs arent normally used in the continuous tense: Verb of sensation (see, hear, feel, smell, taste, notice, recognize, etc.) Verb of emotion (like, refuse, adore, care, forgive, hate, etc.) Verb of thought (believe, expect, forget, know, mind, etc.) Verb of possession (own, possess, belong to, owe, etc.) Time signal Present Continuous : Now / right now At present / at the present At this moment / at the moment
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3. Present Perfect We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about : Describe our experience Examples I have been to France. Change that has happened over a period of time. Examples I have stopped smoking lately. Present Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary have/has and add the past participle (VIII) then followed by object/adverb. For Negative on Present Perfect, we just put not before VIII. And interrogative sentence made by removing have/has forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + have/has + VIII + O/Adv (-) S + have/has + Not + VIII + O/Adv (?) have/has + S + VIII + O/Adv ? Time signal Present Perfect : For... Since... Just Already Yet lately

4. Present Perfect Continuous We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. Examples: They have been talking for the last hour. Sarah has been typing the report for this morning. Present Perfect Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary have/has been and add the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb.
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For Negative on Present Perfect Continuous, we just put not before Verb-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing have/has forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + have/has been + V-ing + O/Adv (-) S + have/has been + Not + V-ing + O/Adv (?) have/has + S + been + V-ing + O/Adv ? Time signal Present Perfect Continuous : For The whole day Since All afternoon Long Lately

2.2 PAST TENSE 1. Simple Past We used Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past, describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. Examples: I saw a movie yesterday. Last year Vinna always sang in Anne cafe. In general Simple Past Tense formed with subject then followed by verbII, then followed by object/adverb. For negative on Simple Past, we just add be did and not before Verb and verb past tense (VII) return became infinitive (VI). And interrogative sentence made by removing did forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + VII + O/Adv (-) S + did + Not + VI + O/Adv (?) did + S + VI + O/Adv ?

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Time signal Simple Past : Yesterday ... ago Last... Just now

2. Past Continuous We use Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Past Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary be (were/was) and add the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb. For negative on Simple Past, we just put not before V-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing were/was forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + were/was + V-ing + O/Adv (-) S + were/was + Not + V-ing + O/Adv (?) were/was + S + V-ing + O/Adv ? We will find a lot of cases when the two tense forms were used in one sentence. We can combining Simple Past and Past Continuous. Examples When my mother came, I was answering the phone. The water ran out while I was tooth-brushing my teeth. Time signal Past Continuous : When While All...

3. Past Perfect The Past Perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It can

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also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. We can combining Simple Past and Past Perfect. Examples After I had locked the door, I went to school You had studied English before you moved to New York. Past Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary had and add the past participle (VIII) then followed by object/adverb. For Negative on Past Perfect, we just put not before VIII. And interrogative sentence made by removing had forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + had + VIII + O/Adv (-) S + had + Not + VIII + O/Adv (?) had + S + VIII + O/Adv ? Time signal Past Perfect : Before after until as soon as

4. Past Perfect Continuous We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. However, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Examples You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. John was very tired. He had been running.
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Past Perfect Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary had and add been before the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb. For negative on Present Perfect Continuous, we just put not before Verb-ing. And interrogative sentence made by removing had forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + had been + V-ing + O/Adv (-) S + had been + Not + V-ing + O/Adv (?) had + S + been + V-ing + O/Adv ? Time signal Past Perfect Continuous : When Until

2.3 FUTURE TENSE 1. Simple Future We use the simple future tense for actions that will happen in the future or to make a prediction about the future. examples: I think he will phone me later It will rain tomorrow. People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century. In general Simple Future Tense formed with subject then followed by will (all subject) / shall (I, we) and add VerbI (infinitive), then followed by object/adverb. For negative sentences in Simple Future Tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For interrogative sentences made by removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below!

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(+) S + will/shall + VI + O/Adv (-) S + will/shall + Not + VI + O/Adv (?) Will/shall + S + VI + O/Adv ? Sometimes we use form be going to on simple future to replace will/shall, but be going to and will/shall express different meanings. We use will/shall express on future simple tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. While, be going to for future event that has been planned before the time of speaking. Examples: I am going to go to London this coming May. Deni is going to send his application tomorrow. Time signal Simple Future : Tomorrow Next... Immediately Soon This... Today Tonight Later this...

2. Future Continuous We use the Future Continuous Tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. Examples: Tomorrow I will starting work at 2 pm and stop work at 6 pm We also use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples: I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

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Future Continuous Tense formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall be and add the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb. For negative sentences in Future Continuous, we insert not between will/shall and be. For interrogative sentences made by removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O/Adv (-) S + will/shall + Not + be + V-ing + O/Adv (?) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing + O/Adv ? Time signal Future Continuous : At this time tomorrow At these hours tomorrow afternoon At six oclock tomorrow morning At eight oclock tonight At this time next year

Note : time signal which used Future Continuous more specific than Simple Future 3. Future Perfect We use the Future Perfect talks about the past in the future, expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. Examples: I will have arrived at the office by 8. By next November, I will have received my promotion. Future Perfect formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall and add have before the past participle (VIII) then followed by object/adverb.

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For negative sentences in Future Perfect, we insert not between will/shall and have. For interrogative sentences made by removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + will/shall + have + VIII + O/Adv (-) S + will/shall + Not + have + VIII + O/Adv (?) Will/shall + S + have + VIII + O/Adv ? Time signal Future Perfect : By

4. Future Perfect Continuous We use the Future Perfect Continuous tense to express situations that will last for a specified period of time at a definite moment in the future. We also use this tense to express certainty about the cause of some future situation. Examples: I will have been swimming by 9 am tomorrow. Before they come, we will have been cleaning the house for 5 hours. Future Perfect Continuous formed with subject then followed by verb phrase composed of forms of auxiliary will/shall and add have been before the present participle (V-ing) then followed by object/adverb. For negative sentences on Future Perfect Continuous, we insert not between will/shall and have been. For interrogative sentences made by removing will/shall forwards subject. Look at the table below! (+) S + will/shall + have been + V-ing + O/Adv (-) S + will/shall + Not + have been + V-ing + O/Adv (?) Will/shall + S + have been + V-ing + O/Adv ? Time signal Future Perfect Continuous : By

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For When...before...

2.4 WH-QUESTIONS For open questions and needs more information in the answer, we use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often called WHquestions. There are WH-questions - what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why and how. We use what when asking for information about something, noun, name of the person, profession. We use when to ask about the time that something happened or will happen. We use where to ask questions about place or position. We use which when asking about choice. We use who (subject) or whom (object) when asking about someone's identity. We use whose to ask about possession. We use why to ask for a reason. We use how to asking about manner, condition or quality. And the derivative of how, there are: how much/many to asking about quantity. We use how far to asking about distance and how long to asking about length (time or space). What, which and whose can be used with or without a noun as a question word. Whom can only be used to elicit information about the object of the sentence. Formula WH-questions formed with WH-questions then followed by auxiliary, subject, Object/Complement. Look at the table below! WH-questions + aux + S + Object/Complement? Examples: What is your name? What homework will you do tonight? When have you been to London? Where have they been? Which colour do you want? Who opened the door?

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Whose turn is it? Why don't you help her? How was your exam? How long will it take?

2.5 THE EXERCISES Topic : Food Question (I) 1. What your favorite food? 2. Why do you like it? 3. Where do you usually buy it? 4. With whom you buy it? 5. Have u ever made it yourself? 6. When did you make it? 7. How did you make it? 8. How long did you make it? 9. Who accompanied you to cook it? 10. When will you cook fried chicken again? Narration : Yolandas favorite food is fried chicken. She likes fried chicken because she feel it is very delicious. She usually buys it in Oriental Restaurant with her mother. She have ever made it herself in last week. She explained how to make fried chicken, after chicken has been cut and spiced then fried. She was accompanied by her grandmother while she was cooking. And she is going to cook fried chicken again in next week. Answer (Yolanda) My favorite food is fried chicken. Because I think fried chicken is very delicious. I usually buy it in Oriental Restaurant. I buy it with my mother. Yes, I have. I made it in last week. After chicken has been cut and spiced then fried it. I made it about 1 hour. I was accompanied by my grandmother. I will cook it in next week.

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Topic : Hobby Question (I) 1. What your hobby? 2. Why do you like shopping? 3. Where do you usually go shopping? Answer (Ika) My hobby is shopping. Because I like hang out with my friends. I usually go shopping to Grage Mall.

4. How many times do you go I usually go to shopping four times in a shopping in month? month. 5. Have you ever gone shopping No, I havent. alone? 6. When did you go there last time? 7. With whom go to there last week? 8. Who is her name? I went to there last week. I went with my classmate. She is Indah.

9. What things will you buy if you go I will buy baby clothes. shopping again? 10. Whose baby will you be bought My sisters baby. baby clothes? Narration : Ikas hobby is shopping. She likes shopping because she likes hang out with her friends. She usually goes shopping to Grage Mall four times in a month. She never goes alone. Last time she was going to there in last week with her classmate, Indah. And she is going to buy baby clothes for her sisters baby if she will go shopping again. Topic : Doll Question (I) 1. Whose doll is that? Answer (Yulianti) Its my daughters doll.

2. What kind of doll your daugther She likes Piglet. like?

3. Why she like Piglet?

She likes Piglet because I think Piglet is so cute and funny.

4. How many doll of Piglet does she She has 20 Piglet. have? 5. Where did you buy doll of Piglet? I bought it in baby shop.

6. Who has she given Piglet in fist My husband gave it for her. time? 7. Have you ever takes her to prefer Yes, I have. doll self in baby shop? 8. How her feel while done it? 9. With whom her done it? She is very happy. She was doing it with her bother.

10. When will you buy doll again for I will buy doll of piglet again in her her? second birthday. Narration : That doll is doll of Yuliantis daughter and she likes doll of Piglet. She likes it because Yulianti think Piglet is so cute and funny. She has 20 doll of Piglet that it was bought by Yulianti in baby shop. In fist time she was given doll by her father. She has ever taken to prefer doll self with her bother. Yulianti will buy doll again in her second birthday. Topic : Friend Question (I) 1. Do you have close friend? 2. Whats her name? 3. How many rose do you have? 4. Which colour 5. 6. Yes, I do. Her name is Farida. I have 10 pots Answer (Kasirih)

7. 8. 9. 10. Narration : Kasirih has a close friend, namely Farida. They have Topic : Comic Question (I) 1. Are you comic lovers? 2. What comic do you like? 3. Who characters do you like in that comic? Yes, I am. I like Detective Conan comic. I like Shinichi Kudo. Answer (Zahro)

4. Why do you like Detective Conan Because its very interesting to read. comic? 5. How your feel if you read that I was so curious while I was reading it. comic? 6. Which comic was you make so I was so curious while I was reading curious? Detective Conan comic vol. 56 7. How many comic do you have? 8. Where did you buy it? I have 20 comics of Detective Conan comic. I bought it in Gramedia book store.

9. Do you always buy Detective No, I dont. Conan comic every published? 10. When will you buy comic again? Narration : Zahro is a comic lover. She likes Detective Conan comic and in that comic she likes Shinichi Kudos character. She likes that comic because its very interesting to read. She was so curious while she was reading it, especially Detective Conan comic vol. I will buy comic again next month.

56. She has 20 comic of Detective Conan that bought in Gramedia book store. But she not always buys Detective Conan comic. She will buy comic again next month.

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

From results discussion about tenses, so we have reviewed conclude that in using tenses we need to know form of verbs, because form of verbs is what distinguishes the use of tenses with other tenses. The form of verbs are verb infinitive, simple present (VI), present participle (V-ing), Past (VII) and past participle (VIII). Each we find be (be, am, is, are, was, were, been), the verb that followed by present participle (V-ing), except for the passive voice. And each we find have (have, has, had), the verb that followed by past participle (VIII). And after auxiliary future, the verb that followed by verb infinitive. And for simple tense, the verb that followed by VI for simple present and VII for simple past. in reality, not all tenses are 16 tenses that we use, we only use 12 tenses just as often it was not simple present, simple past, simple future and present continuous.

REFERENCES
Prayitno, A.M. 2009. Mastering English Language. East Jakarta : Yayasan Terapan Kuanta Indonesia. Sulistyo, Ule and Inet Gunawan. 2012. 16 Tenses & Their Secrets. West Jakarta : PT. Bhuana Ilmu Populer. http://en.wikipedia.org http://mengerjakantugas.blogspot.com http://www.eclecticenglish.com http://www.englishclub.com http://www.englishpage.com http://www.learnenglish.de