1.

Evaluation of city as phenomenal

Man is sociable earlier humans led a nomadic life relying on hunting. there are was a need to be secure which gave rise to small settlement. The first ancient settlement appeared around 3000 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Indus valley. They had organic and planned urban forms. These cities had elaborate religious, political and military hierarchy. Urbanism is the process through which the cities grow. After the invention of agriculture around 12000 years ago, population grew and people migrated outward from their earlier agriculture harts. The cities of the ancient civilization had urban elite a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources and sometimes the lives of others from the collection for protection to the codification of laws. The urban elite brought order and control to the society. The form of the cities was often governed by the topography of the people. The typical feature of cities was the wall which helped in defense. People practiced agriculture and wholdy depended on it for their living .this led to the invention of water network for transportation. Throughout the history cities had been found at all intersection of transportation routes ,at ports where goods must shift from one mode of transportation to another as at river and ocean port. Later on the industrial revolution changed the cities. the rail rods and water transportation came into existence. A city today is divided into 2 parts 1. An inner zone, coexistence with boundary of old industrial city. 2. Suburban areas which has been designed for the automilate from beginning. Earlier the cities developed independently in regions transitions to agricultural foods production had taken place.

why cities originated?

1 agricultural surplus: production of more food than needed created centralized structure to administer 2 hydrological factor: elaborate irrigation practices requires new division of labors, large scale corporation and more cultivation led to occupational specialized has population pressure

3. What is settlement developed over in time??

The earliest human societies consisted of hunters and gatherers. Those are small group of or tribes. About 20000 year ago pastoral societies and agrarian societies emerged. Pastoral societies relying on domesticated live stock move across large dislanor ,white agrarian societies grow crops settle in a certain place and forums First permanent human
settlements. Their settlements grew in size because of some social aspects are: 1) agricultural surplus 2) hydrological factors 3) population pressing 4) trading requirements 5) defense needs 6) religious causes A combination of all this factors from about 600 B.C large societies emerge in which cities develop, although society is still large of based on agriculture. Large scale urbanization is a mono recent phenomenon linked to industrialization of the society. Human settlements are currently called cities, town or villages and a distinction is made between urban and rural settlement.

development of city. Explain any metro in detail.

Mumbai is capital city of Maharashtra. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were have to fishing communities. For centuries the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being surrender to the Portuguese and east India company . During mid 18th century Mumbai was reshaped by Hornby Vellard project completed by 1845 , the project along with construction of major roads and railways transform Bombay into a major sea port. Education and economic development characterized the city during the 19th century. When India became free in 1947 , the city was in corporated into Bombay state. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1966. Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment capital of India, it is also worlds top 10 centers of commerce in terms of global financial flow generating 5% of indias GDP. The university of the Mumbai was the first modern institute of higher education in Mumbai. Mumbai municipal corporation was established in 1872 providing a modern framework for rapidly growing city.

Development of patan.

Patan has a rich historic background from ancient times itself it was the capital city of Gujarat and ones had a highest population 1,00,000 in history. It is one of the emerging centres of north Gujarat amongst sabarkantha, banaskantha , mehsana. There is a lot of development due to factors like trade and commerce, education ,tourism , local art and craft. There are political for rapid urban development in coming days. But the popularity and the importance of patan city was lost by king time. Owing to the development of

cities like ahmedabad , vadodara and also most of the people were migrated to Mumbai in search of a better life. So in 1986 with the aim to bring back the dormant patan alive, HNG universities head quarters was formed also 1955 was a period which identified potential of patan as district. 1977 declared as district 1977-2007 university was stabilized 2007 2012 there was city level functioning municipality. The road network was built in last 5 years potential extension of railway track. University has sustained since last 25 years and so more students and courses are likely to be in the future. International affiliation Are also seen. In future the migration of people will be increased. As a result of which municipality might be upgraded to municipal corporation development of forgotten heritage sites like Rani ni vav , Sahastraling Talav and the interest of ASI government and local pressure groups, other monuments which can be developed and patan may be known city of golden heritage. Patan today is growing rapidly with the highways transportation , education and other urban aspects.

6 Any city from history describe

The Indus Valley is on the border between India,Pakistan and Afghanistan.The main city may have been Mohenjo-Daro but it could have been Harappa. HARAPPAN SOCIETY The Indus River Runs through north India, sources at Hindu Kush, Himalayas Rich deposits, but less predictable than the Nile Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus valley Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E. Complex society of Dravidians, 3000/2500 B.C.E.

Harappa and Mohenjo-daro Possibly served as twin capitals Each city had a fortified citadel and a large granary Broad streets, market places, temples, public buildings Standardized weights, measures, architecture, bricks

Specialized labor and trade

Domestic trade, items inc. pottery, tools, metals Trading with Mesopotamians about 2300 to 1750 B.C.E.

The Indus Valley contained numerous natural resources that were an important part of Harappan civilization. Resources included: Fresh water and timber. Materials such as gold, silver, semi-precious stones. Marine resources.

STREETS AND BUILDINGSThe City Structure The Indus tribe lived in houses just like today. They where built from bricks aand cement . They had a very complex city structure with one to two floors There is a road, which runs through the city, where carts ran down to transport goods. These where pulled by camels, oxen and elephants, which where also used to travel on

THE GREAT BATH The great bath was a special place in the Indus Valley. It was used for baptizing babies. Like the drains, the bricks were clay to make it waterproof so none of the water could escape. The only way the water could escape was through a special system where, if they wanted to, they can let the water out if it got to dirty and then they could fill it up again. It also has a plug hole which was used for totally emptying out the bath. The bath is made from tightly fitted bricks which had tar on the inside of the bath. The tar was used as a water proof layer so the people could bath. The bath was 12 metres long and 7 metres wide. STREETS In Indus valley narrow streets and alleyways are off of the major streets, leading into more private neighborhoods. Many of the brick houses were two stories high, with thick walls and high ceilings to keep the rooms cool in the hot summer months. FOUR THEORIES OF COLLAPSE

Archaeologists have offered four explanations for the collapse of the Harappan Civilization. Three are based on ecological factors: intense flooding, decrease in precipitation, and the dessication of the Sarasvati River. The fourth hypothesis is that of the Aryan Invasion, proposed by Sir R. E. Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggott. Image in text of massacre thought to support this hypothesis. Later interpreted as peaceful mass burial.

Fourth largely abandoned in the 1940s in favor of a combination of factors from ecological disasters.

7 define town planning. Imp of town planning for city.

The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience, and beauty. An attempt to formulate the principles that should guide us in creating a civilized physical background for human life whose main impetus is thus foreseeing and guiding change. Important of town planning for city. : For the construction of a new town, town planning is important art. Earlier towns were used to emerge by themselves. But now a proper planning has been done to avoid any problem in the future. A properly planned structure helps in utilising the land capability and it's resources to its maximum. A properly planned structure helps in utilising the land capability and it's resources to its maximum. Now-a -days all of us are so much busy that we do not want to run here and there for any other things. Either these are schools, hospitals, market, parks etc., everybody seeks to it that all the facilities are in most nearby locations. The designing includes all these things. If planning is not done then houses may emerged before installation of electricity grids and water supply systems. Hospitals can be raised at the unapproachable area and industries may raise before installation of the transportation system. And it is important to keep in mind that town planning is not limited to the development of streets and civic amenities. It's motto shall be encompassing all the facilities with aesthetic surroundings and to provide the better standards of living to the people

Classify city on the basis of population

Cities are divided,for legislative purposes, into four classes.

First class: Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Once a city is in the first class, it is not reclassified unless its population decreases by 25 percent from the census figures that last qualified the city as first class.

Second class: Cities with a population between 20,001 and 100,000 Third class: Cities with a population between 10,001 and 20,000 Fourth class: Cities with not more than 10,000 inhabitants Changes in classification take effect upon the filing of certified copies of the federal decennial census in the office of the secretary of state. How Classification by Population is Used There are several ways that classification by population is used. Here are a few examples: To bring cities under a law as they reach the threshold population. This would appear to be the most basic application of the classification scheme. Statutes written to apply to cities of a particular class are authorized or required to do something that is related to their ability or needs as they reach a certain population. To limit the application of a law. There are many laws (coded and uncoded) that were enacted referring to, for example, a city of the first class with a population over a certain number. As discussed above, this is the type of law that could be viewed as general but relates to just one or a very few cities. In this case, the intent is probably not to bring in other cities as they reached the threshold population. To describe the area in which something must or may be done.

8 what is town planning act?

Town planning act.: the comprehensive planning of the physical and social development of a town, including the construction of facilities US term city planning.