Components other than modules such as switches, relays, transformers, etc., have designations and data of their own.

The data for ordering these components can be obtained from the list of components for the schematic diagram (/YL001 ...). Explanatory Notes on the Schematic Diagram The schematic diagram shows all essential functions of the hardware and software and all electrical connections of the components, including the interconnections for the given excitation system. For purposes of clarity for practical use, all unessential information has been deliberately omitted from the schematic diagram. Such details, generally needed only in special cases, can be obtained from the data sheets for the modules in question. Plantspecific hardware and software settings can be obtained from the test / commissioning report. The schematic diagram comprises the following sections: List of symbols used Cable list Views of the swing frame, Layout of modules Lists of components Block diagrams for the system hardware Block diagrams for the system software Lists of connections Measurement circuits in general Hardware and software for the regulator channels Hardware and software for the alarm circuits / operator commands and operation messages Hardware and software for monitoring the electronics Hardware and software for protection excitation of the /YA006,/YA007 /YD003 /YD101,2, /YD115 /YL001 /YU101 /YU105 AU010,AU020etc. CE... DE... EG... EW EY... GS... GW... GX...

Hardware and software for Exciter field circuit breaker Hardware and software for power supply in general Hardware and software for excitation monitoring and for the converters, including converter controls

The view of the swing frame /YD101 shows not only the names of the modules but also, usually, a cross-reference to the page of the schematic diagram on which the pertinent connections for the module are to be found. Locations where no entry is made for the type of module but where a cross-reference to the schematic diagram appears are locations left open for standard optional equipment.

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As seen from the examples below, every signal has a signal designation and a diagram crossreference. The signal designation gives the signal a specific and unambiguous name made up of the name of the functional group (e.g., GS020) and the signal code (e.g., XU12). The crossreference to the diagram indicates the page in the schematic diagram on which the associated signal source, or sink, can be found. The signals also form the tag names where they are referred in logic sheets. The signals are also described in plain text where that is helpful. This plain text provides the user with information on the functional characteristics of the signal in question (it is not an identification of the signal!). Different text can be used to designate the same signal at the output and the input. There are often different texts at the signal branching points as well, to explain their specific functions at the signal sinks.

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Signal output from Binary controls

(1)

Schematic diagram number For identification, filing, and reordering the schematic diagrams pertinent to this installation

set

of

(2)

Name of the functional group All the components and functioning parts shown on the given page of the Schematic Diagram are functional components of this group. The listing for a functional group can be comprised of one page or several pages. Page Number The pages for a given functional group are numbered in ascending order, starting with /YS.... Sheets showing functions of the binary controls start with /YS5.. . Processing priority Processing cycle in the processor for the functional block inquestion. Functions with the 1st priority (1.)are processed at intervals of 20 ms. Functions with the 2nd and 3rd priorities (2., 3.) at programmable multiples of this 20 ms interval. Block number Each block is assigned a number, for unique identification. This also guides the processor for order of execution, within a group and within the priority assigned. EDN 48-0628-11 10

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Designation for the signal(Also called as tag) This consists of the functional group name (e.g.,GS020) and the signal code (e.g., XU12). For output signals, the functional group name is normally identical to the designation in the page heading (2). There is a different signal code for each signal within any given functional group. Naturally, the outputs for signal branching (as in the present example) have identical signal codes. In certain cases for convenience of understanding while trouble shooting short forms of texts are also given as tag names. Signal cross-reference Designation of the sheet for the signal sink Plain text Optional description of the function of the signal.

(7) (8)

Signal Input for the Binary controls(Example):

(1)

Plain text Optional description of the origin and signal meanings. Signal designation. Consists of the name of the functional group which the signal is coming from or the signal name (tag name) Signal cross-reference Designation of the sheet for the signal sources.

(2)

(3)

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Direct hardware signals on modules (Example): (1) Location of the module Together with the designation of location in the page heading (in this example, AA), this tells where the module is placed (In this example, AA-29 means swing frame A, Tier A, Location 29).

(2)

WIRE-WRAP Connection The connections marked with a w are WIRE-WRAP connections. All connections in Tiers AA, AB without a w are connections made via system cables. (refer to the Cable List, Schematic Diagram /YD003). Note: Connections to and from binary controls are grouped on to free rack connector and connected to the terminals behind racks R1 to R3(maximum up to R6 using Harting connectors.

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Brief description of Excitation Sysem

The Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator regulates the terminal voltage (and/or the flow of reactive power during parallel operation with other machines or the grid) of the synchronous machine (generator) by direct control of the Main Exciter field current using (static) Thyristor Converter. The Voltage Regulator is intended for the excitation control of generator equipped with Alternator Exciter employing rotating non-controlled rectifiers. The excitation equipment of the Generator and its interconnections with the voltage regulator is shown in the block schematic diagram sheet - YU101. The PMG (Permanent Magnet Generator) as applicable for the project and indicated in block diagram normally provides supply to the thyristor sets. The Excitation system consists of Logic Sequence panel, Regulation panel, Thyristor panel, Field suppression panel and Transformer panel. Regulation part consists of two independent Automatic voltage Regulation channels along with its limiters and PSS for controlling Generator terminal voltage and one independent manual channel for controlling the Exciter field current. Each channel has independent sensing unit, power supply unit, gate control unit and pulse intermediate stage. Excitation of the generator is started by closing the field circuit breaker Q2 and by switching ON Excitation, which leads to releasing of pulses to Thyristor Bridge for the channel in operation. The redundancies provided in the system assure good operating reliability (availability) of the excitation equipment. In case of failure of operating channel automatic transfer of excitation control to standby channel is ensured.

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The Thyristor converter consists of two independent parallel rectifier bridges, both of which are always in service. Even if one block fails the other bridge takes over the full design current of the excitation circuit. Each converter block is provided with its dedicated Pulse Final Stage and conductionmonitoring unit for necessary control and logical operation. In medium rating Thyristor Bridge, each of the arms in the bridge is fitted with a thyristor and a branch fuse. Each device is protected with suitable RC snubber circuit for dV/dt protection of device. The Thyristors are generously dimensioned with respect to voltage and current, thus ensuring a very low failure rate. Redundancy in the regulator section is ensured by means of three independent channels. Channel-1 and Channel-2 are Automatic Channels and Channel-3 is manual channel. Each channel has independent measuring inputs. Auto Channels have limiters & power system stabiliser. Channel 1 and Channel 2 (the AUTOMATIC channels) are built as voltage regulators and either of them can be ON during normal operation. In addition to the voltage regulator, which has a PID control algorithm, these AUTOMATIC channels also contain various limiters and power system stabilisers and corrective control circuits to ensure the use and stable operation of the synchronous machine up to its operating limits. Each of these channels possesses a Gate Control Unit with pulse intermediate stage to generate the firing pulses for the thyristor converter. During normal operation, the Pulse intermediate Stage of the Channel in operation is active and transmits the firing pulses to both the Thyristor Bridge via pulse final stage amplifier and pulse transformer. Various monitoring functions of operative channel initiates an automatic switchover to hot stand by channel in case of a malfunction. When Channel -I is ON, the pulses from Pulse intermediate Stage of Channel-2 and Channel3 are blocked and so on. Under faulty conditions of both Auto channels, automatic bumpless transfer to Manual channel is initiated. Channel 3 is (the Manual channel) built as a field current Regulator. The Manual channel is very useful for the purpose of commissioning & maintenance or under extreme emergency operational requirements,. The excitation can be controlled in Manual channel both from local or remote as desired by the commissioning /operating personnel. Field discharge normally is initiated on shutdown of the generator, or in fault situations by the generator protection equipment. Field discharge commands drive the thyristors set in operation to the maximum negative output voltage (inverter operation) via the gate control sets in operation. In addition to this, a tripping command is given to the main Exciter Field Breaker. The field breaker connects a discharge resistor across the field of the main exciter for effective field suppression. Automatic follow up of channels ensures that the standby channel always generates the same control variable as the operative channel under steady-state operation. . This ensures smooth switchover from active channel to standby channel. To ensure that the stand by Channel will, in case of a switch-over initiated by a malfunction in the operating Channel, take over without disturbing the operating point of the machine as it was prior to the problem, the response of the tracking for the channels is set relatively slow.

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The sequence of Automatic changeover: CH.3 (Manual) CH.1(Auto) CH-2 (Auto) CH.3 (Manual) In addition to voltage regulation the Auto channel is also capable of performing the following functions and is designed and set at works as per the project specific requirement. The functions/features possible in Channel-1 / Channel-2 are: Reactive droop / drop Decreases / increases the excitation proportional to compensation the Generator reactive current. Soft start Enables gradual build up of Generator terminal voltage to preset value in both channels depending on the set time. V / Hz Limiter Reduces excitation with a delay whenever set V/Hz ratio has been exceed to prevent saturation effect in Generator or Generator Transformer. Maximum Field Current Reduces excitation with a delay whenever set Limiter. maximum excitation (exciter field / Gen rotor) current limit has been exceeded. Inductive Stator Current Reduces excitation with a delay whenever set Limiter maximum Generator Stator current limit has been exceeded in the lagging zone of the machine capability. Capacitive Stator Current Increases excitation whenever set max. Generator Limiter stator current limit has been exceeded in the leading Zone of the machine capability. Load Angle Limiter Whenever the load angle increases beyond the set value, the limiter increases the excitation to reduce the load angle. Power System Stabilizer Influences the voltage regulator to dampen low (PSS) frequency active power oscillations.

In addition to the Regulator Systems, the Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator is provided with redundant BINARY CONTROLS SYSTEMS, PLC-1and PLC-2, realised using maxDNA architecture. Each PLC unit is provided with a DPU (Distributed Processing Unit) along with its dedicated set of Analog/digital Input/ Output modules housed in Racks of Regulation cubicle-1 (REG-1) and Regulation Cubicle-2 (REG-2). Modules housed in Racks R1, R3 and R5 of REG-1 are dedicated for PLC-1 and those modules pertaining to Racks R2, R4 in REG1 and R6 in REG-2 are dedicated for PLC-2. Each PLC unit is capable of complete control processing and initiating logical operation as per the system requirement. Redundancy in PLC unit ensures that at any instant of time only one of the PLC units is in operation while the other unit is in hot stand by state. In case of failure of operating PLC (failure of DPU or I/O modules) the entire logic control is automatically transferred to the stand by PLC unit. Any one of the redundant PLC-1/PLC-2 has the capability to act as master for realising the necessary complete logical / binary controls of the Excitation System. The logical functions being performed in each PLCs are 1. Exciter Breaker ON / OFF controls. EDN 48-0628-11 15

2. Excitation ON/OFF controls. 3. Channel 1 / Channel 2 / Channel 3 change over controls. 4. Excitation Raise / Lower controls for each of the channels In addition to Binary controls, monitoring of PT voltage & Field current as well as follow-up function are also implemented in PLC-1 & PLC-2 independently. The most important monitoring inputs for the excitation system as field currents (If) & Generator voltage (Ug) are redundant (2-fold). These inputs are checked for discrepancy and plausibility. An alarm is always initiated in case of malfunction in field current if the value is below the acceptable minimum limits while in Auto channel. In case of malfunction of If, tripping of the unit is initiated if Manual channel is in operation. A switch over to stand by regulating channel, if permitted, is also initiated in the case of failure of PT signal to the regulator. For ease of trouble shooting/ commissioning at site a local Operator Work Station is provided in the Regulation cubicle-1 for issuing various commands to the regulator, such as -- LOCAL / REMOTE operation selection. -- EXCITER FIELD BREAKER ON / OFF. -- EXCITATION ON /OFF. -- CHANNEL-1 / CHANNEL -2 / CHANNEL -3 selection. -- CHANNEL -1 RAISE / LOWER -- CHANNEL -2 RAISE / LOWER -- CHANNEL -3 RAISE / LOWER -- ALARM ACKNOWLEDGE / RESET. -- FIELD FORCING LIMITED. --DOOR MOUNTED INDICATING LAMPS / MONITORING UNITS IN THRISTOR PANEL -- LAMP AVR FAULTY -- THY-1 CONDUCTION MONITORING UNIT. -- THY-2 CONDUCTION MONITORING UNIT. --DOOR MOUNTED INDICATING LAMPS / METERS IN FIELD SUPPRESSION PANEL -- LAMP STATION DC SUPPLY HEALTHY -- DC VOLTMETER (INDICATION EXCITER FIELD VOLTAGE) -- DC AMMETER (INDICATION EXCITER FIELD CURRENT)

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2. Power Supply System

Principle of primary power supply (/YU101) In this Brushless excitation system, the PMG provides the power supply for the converter. A station battery supply is absolutely necessary for the control of the field circuit breaker. Two power supply interface units are provided. Each one is supplied from Station DC battery Feeder and from the nominal AC input, i.e., PMG supply through a transformer. The AC voltage rectified is connected to the DC battery voltage in the power supply interface units through the de-coupling diodes and noise suppression filters for forming independent DC supply bus. The paralleled output from power supply interface units, feeds the dedicated rack mounted Power supply unit of each of the regulating Channels (CH-1, CH-2 and CH-3) through miniature circuit breakers. When two feeders of Station DC battery are extended up to AVR panel, the DC input of the two, power supply interface units shall be from, two different feeders. The two synchronous voltages Usyn1 and Usyn2 are derived from the AC input supply to the thyristor bridges via transformers T3 and T4. Channel-1 is supplied from Usyn1. Channel-2 and 3 are supplied from Usyn2. The Gate Control Units need these voltages to enable them to issue the pulses at a given firing angle relative to the input voltage of the converter. For testing, the two synchronous voltages can be switched over to an auxiliary power supply while the generator is at a standstill (T3, T4) using switch S20. The electronic equipment and the Gate Control Unit circuits can then be tested while at standstill. Normal operation of the unit using Test Supply is not permitted. Single phase AC supply required for tier fans FN -1 and FN 2, panel illumination and anticondensation heater circuits are derived from Station Illumination Supply. Power Supply Distribution System refer to block diagram (/YU101) Regulation Channel-1 and Channel-2 are powered from the output of separate power supply interface units (UNC 4664) G01 and G02 respectively. The output from power supply interface units G01 & G02 feed the rack mounted DC /DC converter Power supply units (AA37/AB37) of regulating Channel 1 & Channel 2 respectively through miniatures circuit breakers. The electronic modules for Channel-1, Channel-2 and Channel-3 are each supplied exclusively from their own dedicated rack mounted Power supply units with electrical isolation between input and the output. These power supply units can function within a input voltage range of 75% to 140% of rated input voltage. All output voltages (+5V; 15V and +24V) are directly or indirectly monitored for under / over voltage. An event of disturbance in voltage level is signaled by a fault signal while at the same time the output current is reduced and the power supply unit shuts down. 24 VDC System Power Supply (SPS) and Field Power Supply (FPS) required for powering independent PLC-1 & PLC-2 are each derived using redundant DC/DC converters (100% redundancy) which can accept a wide range of input voltage and are powered through miniature circuit breaker from output of power supply interface units. EDN 48-0628-11 17

System Power supply is used for powering modules in PLC (max DNA) racks. Field power supply is used as interrogation voltage for binary inputs available as potential free contacts for driving output auxiliary relays.

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