COMP2101 / CS20S Discrete Mathematics Limits, Sequence and Series Question 1 For the sequence x defined by x1 = 2, xn = 3 + xn 1, n 2 10 Find Solution

ion 1 10 Find 6 and

xi
i=1

xi
i=3

xi = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 + x10
i=1 = 2 +5 +8 + 11 + 14 + 17 +20 + 23 + 26 + 29 = 155 6

Find

xi = x3 * x4 * x5 * x6
i=3 = 8 * 11 * 14 * 17 = 20,944

Question 2 Find a formula for the sequence c defined by n

cn =
i. ii. Solution 2

bi

i=1 For the sequence b defined by b1 = 2, bn = 3 + bn-1, n 2 For the sequence b defined by bn = n(-1)n, n 1

Find a formula for the the sequence c defined by n i=1 For the sequence b defined by b1 = 2, bn = 3 + bn-1, n 2 b1 = 2, b2 = 5, b3 = 8, a=2 d or r?, d = 3 AP l = 2+(n-1)3,
Sn = n(a + 1)/2

cn =

bi

i.

c1 = 2 c2 = 7 c1 = 15

cn

= = = = =

2 + 5 + 8 +...+ (n-1)3 n(2 + 2 + 3(n-1))/2 n(4 + 3(n-1))/2 4n/2 + 3n(n-1)/2 2n + 3n(n-1)/2

ii.

For the sequence b defined by bn = n(-1)n, n 1 b1 = -1, b2 = 2, b3 = -3, b4 = 4, b5 = -5, b6 = 6, c1 = -1 c2 = 1 c3 = -2 c4 = 2 c5 = -3 c6 = 3

a=2 d or r?, Not known

cn

=
=

-1 + 2 + -3 + 4 + -5 + 6 +... n/2 ( -n 1)/2 if n is even, if n is odd

Question 3 Using the sequences y and z defined by yn = 2n 1 zn = n(n 1) 3 3 Find

( yi)( zi)
i=1 i=1 3 i=1

Solution 3 3 i=1

( yi)( zi) = (y1 * y2 * y3) ( z1 * z2 * z3)

= (1 + 3 + 7) (0 + 2 + 6) = 88 Question 4 Determine the limit of f(x) as x for the following: 3x x i. f ( x) = ii. f ( x) = x+5 3 + 5x

Solution 4
i. f ( x) = 3x x+5
3x

lim f ( x) = lim x + 5 = 3
x x

ii.

f ( x) =

x 3 + 5x x 1
x

lim f ( x) = lim 3 + 5 x = 5
x

Question 5 Let f and g be functions N R, where N is the set of Natural numbers and R is the Real numbers In notation formats, what is meant by f is Omega of g denoted

f (x) = (g(x))
Solution 5

f (x) = (g(x))
i.

means

if there exist a positive constant C1 such that |f(n)| C1|g(n)| for all but finitely many positive integers n.

ii. If lim
x

f ( x) exists, then g ( x) f ( x) >0 g ( x)

lim

Question 6 If the first term of a series is a, the nth term is l and the common difference is d for AP or common ratio is r for GP, determine for both AP and GP i. the sum Sn of the first n terms ii. the nth term, l Solution 6 For AP

Sn = (n/2)(a + l) or (n/2)(2a + (n-1)d) l = a + (n-1)d

For GP

Sn = a(rn - 1)/(r - 1) or a(1 - rn)/(1 - r)

l = arn-1

Question 7 Three consecutive terms of an arithmetic series are 4x + 11, 2x + 11 and 3x + 17. Find the value of x. Solution 7 For AP, the difference between consecutive terms is the common difference, d
Therefore d Also d Equating d = = = (3x + 17) (2x + 11) x+6 -2x -3x x = = = x+6 6 -2

= =

(2x + 11) (4x + 11) -2x

Question 8 Consider the geometrical progression: 2 + 5/3 + 25/18 + 125/84 + What is i. Sn ii. the limit of Sn Solution 8 i. The series is a GP a =
As and a ar (2)r r = = = = =

2 2 5/3 5/3 (5/3)/2 5/6 a(rn - 1)/(r - 1) 2 ( (5/6)n 1) / ( (5/6) 1) 2 ( (5/6)n 1) / (-1/6) -12 ( (5/6) n 1)

For GP Sn = = = =

ii Where |r| < 1 Limit of Sn

= =

a / (1 r) 2 / (1 (5/6) )

= =

2 / (1/6) 12

Question 9 In an arithmetic series, the sum of the second term and the fifth term is 18. The sixth term is greater than the third term by 9. i. Find the first term and the common difference. ii. What is the smallest value of n such that Sn > 600, where Sn is the sum of the first n terms of the series? Solution 9 i. u2 = a + d u3 = a + 2d

un = a + (n-1)d Sn = (n/2)(2a + (n-1)d)

....... 2 ....... 3

The fifty-sixth term of an arithmetic sequence: u56 = a + 55d= Summing formula: u2 + u5 = 18 a + d + a + 4d = 18 2a +5d =18 ....(1) u6 = u3 +9 a + 5d = a + 2d + 9 3d = 9 d =3 ....(2) Substituting the value for d into equation (2): 2a + 5(3) = 18 2a = 3 a = 3/2

ii. Sn

(n/2)(2a + (n-1)d) (n/2)[2 (3/2) + (n-1) (3)] (n/2)[3 + 3n - 3] 3n2 n > > > 20

> > 600 1200

600 600

As n can only be of the set of Natural Numbers n = 21 The question asks what is the smallest value of n for the sum to exceed 600. 21 terms are needed to exceed this value.

If A=4 D=4 A1 = 3.5 A2 = 7.5 A3 = 11.5 A4 = 15.5 A5 = 19.5 A6 = 23.5