-co

Univ. of

"TbRGNTO

Library

.YUS

SYNTAX OF PLAUTUS.

BY

W. M. LINDSAY,

M.A.,

Professor of Humanity in the University of St. Andrews.

.?^i^
OXFORD:
|ams JMrkcr anb
27

Ccr.

BROAD street; AND

31

BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, LONDOI^i

1907.

PREFACE.
A Summary
of Plautine Syntax
will, I

hope, be of use not merely

to readers of Plautus, but to all

who

are interested in Latin

These Comedies are the

which
is

earliest

remains of

Roman
many

Literature,

Grammar. and
the

they reveal to us the obscure beginnings of

fully

a construction

developed in

classical

Latin.

For example,

classical use of the Supine, of qicominus

and other words can be

I, i).

understood only with the help of Plautine Latin (see below,

Summary cannot
and occasional

achieve completeness in cataloguing instances,

in discussing doubtful readings or constructions, in pursuing

minor

details

varieties.

But some compensation

for these

omissions will be found in the bibliographical references; for ever

since Ritschl brought the study of Plautus into fashion, there has

been a steady stream of monographs ^ on special points of Plautine Syntax. The Syntax of Terence and the early Latin Poets has been included as far as was practicable. For the Republican Prosewriters and Inscriptions, the student should consult the brief but
useful account given

by Altenburg

in

an

offprint

from Fleckeisen's
entitled
'

Jahrbiicher der classischen Philologie (Suppl.

XXIV),

de

Sermone Pedestri Italoruni Vetustissimo,' Leipzig (Teubner), 1898 ; and he will find some interesting parallels from the other ancient
dialects

of Italy in

C. Buck's

Grammar

of Oscan

and Umbrian

(Boston, 1904).

The

only existing work which deals with Early Latin Syntax as

a whole, Holtze 'Syntaxis priscorum scriptorum latinorum usque ad Terentium,' Leipzig, 1861, was compiled at a time before the text
of the early authors

promised

had been properly restored. Of the longGrammatik der lateinischen Sprache,' edited by a group of German scholars, only the first volume (Leipzig,
'

Historische

Teubner, 1903) has appeared as yet (see below, V,

^

i).

Where
and

a recent

monograph contains mention of

it

earlier writings

on the same

subject, I
utility

have not thought

necessary to refer to them.

In other respects too,

brevity, rather than completeness, are consulted in

my

bibliographical

notices.

When
is

the example of this or that construction

is

taken from a play

will often

of which there

an annotated edition, additional examples on the line

cited.

be found

in the editor's note

CONTENTS.
I.

Colloquialisms.
in Plautus.
4.

The Concords,
2.

i.

Elasticity of O. Lat. Syntax, e.g.

3.

First Supine, quomiiuis.

Plautus' colloquial Latin.

e.g. refert
7.

No

Graecisms
5.

Constmctio ad Sensum,
6.

and

interest.

Con-

cord of Gender.
8.

Concord of Number.
to Relative.
Ii.

Plural of Abstract Nouns.

Attraction of Antecedent

9.

Of

Rel. to Antecedent.

10.

Change

of Subject.

Pleonasm.
i.

pp.
2.

10
No

II.

The Cases
tive.
3.

of the

Noun.

Cases without Prepositions.

4.

Nomina5.

Genitive competing with Abl.

Gen. of Respect.
7.

Greek Gen. in Plautus. 6. Gen. of Exclamation. 8. Gen. with vereor, etc. etc. 9. Adjectival Gen.
11.

Gen. with potior,

lo. lucrifacere, etc.

dotis dare, etc.

12.

scehis viri, etc.

15.
18.

13.

Partitive
16.

Gen.

14.

Gen.

of Plenty and
17.

Want.
Gen.

Gen.

with dignus.
19.

Gen. of Price.
Dative.

Objective

Possessive Gen.

Predicative

20.

Dat. of Purpose.

21. arraboiti dare, ttc.

24. Possessive Dat.

22. Dat. for ^a' with Ace.

25.

23. Dat.
etc.

Commodi.
etc.

Verbs with Dat., euro,

28. notnen est
31. viciniae,
Lei/ino,
etc.

26. Dal. with Adjectives.

27. Dat. of Capacity.

30. History of Loc.
34. in

mihi Gaio,
etc.

29. Locative-suffix.

32.

Loc.

and Abl.

33.
36.

advenietis domi.

35.

Cognate Accusative.
of Space.
39.

Adverbial Ace.
of Motion.

37.

Ace.

of Time.
esse,
te

38. Ace.

Ace.

40. Ace.

with dignus

terditus esse

and
etc.

Intrans. Verbs.

41. Ace. with Verbal

Noun.
44.

42.

novi qualis
47. Ace.

sis, etc.

43. Ace. with

45.

Compound
etc.

Verbs.

Verbs with
49. Ace.

Ace. fpareo,

Ace.

with,

/ungor,

46. Ace. with u/tro, etc.

of Exclamation.
50.

48.

Ace. with Verb suppressed.

51.

with indutus.
52. Vocative.
nience.

Construction of instruo, inipertio.

Ablative.
54.

Double Ace.
58.

53.

Abl. of Motion.

55. Abl. of Prove-

56. opus est, usus est.

59.

57. Abl. with facio, vescor, etc.

60. Abl. of Price.

Ad-

verbial Abl.
62.

Abl. Absolute.
63.

61. Abl. of Cause.

Abl. of Description.
68. Abl.

Abl.

of Time.

64.

Abl.

of Place.

65. Abl. of Difference.

66. Abl. of Comparison.

67. Abl. with dig?iHs 69.

and
70.
III.

decorus.

of Plenty and Want.

etc.

Abl.

of Respect.
pp.

Verbs with Abl., prohibeo, caveo,

Adjective,
i.

1037

The

Noun
etc.

for Adj., Adj. for

3.

Adv.,

etc.

2.

Comparative,
etc.

certior fieri, potior f., mille.

nequam, frugi

{bonae),

4.

unus,

pp.
2.

37-40

IV.

The Pronoun,
qui
.

i.

Personal.

Possessive.

3.

quis
5.

quisquam,
est
8.

is,

etc.

4. quisquis,

quivis, qtiiliibet, etc.

7. is for

quae tua

pruquis

dentia.

6. 9.

qui ; quin for isne qui.

quisquam, quispiam.
13.

repeated qui.
11.

Indef.
12.

lo.

quisnam, ecquid,
14.
is.

quot calendis,

hotnoioxis.

hie, iste, ille,

15.

is

for Reflexive Pron.

IV
l6. zl/e

CONTENTS.
and
/lie

[ov

is.

17.

i'j^o,

etc.

is.

18. is pleonastically

added,

illiid qiiidem.

19. is for ob id, etc.

20.

Pronominal Adverbs
hoino.
22.

for

Cases of
ambo.

Pronouns.
23. j^j^.

21.

Pleonasm,
/V/tfw.

e.g.

mmo
and

Deictic use of Pron.

26. a//^n
27.

24.

25. quisque

quisquis.

28. ntillus, etc.

29. taniits.

pp. 40
2.
5.

52

V.

The Verb.
4.
est,

i.

Impersonal Passive.
for Middle.
7.

Auxiliary V^erbs.

3.

Deponents.
6. coepins

Middle Voice, Active

etc.,

Frequentative Verbs.
8.

with

Passive.
&X.C.

Omission of Verb.

Omission of sum.
11.

9.

lubido est {ox lubet,

Pres.
Inf.
17.

10.

Sequence of Tenses.
14.

Present Tense.
15.
19.

12.
16.

13.

Imperfect.
Perfect.

Impcrf.
18.

Subj.
etc.

Future.
Perfect.

amabo.

Future

faxo,

20. ainatus

sum ixAfui.

21. Perf. Subj.

22.

Pluperfect.

23.

Pluperf.
26.

Subj.

24.
for

Subjunctive and Optative.

Future.
27. Subj.
29. in

25. Subj. for Imperative.

Subj.

Indirect

Questions.

Dependent Clauses. 28. Parataxis. Subj. by Attraction. 30. Subj. and Ind. in
32.

Dependent Clauses.
36.
tion.

31.

Indefinite use of 2 Sing. Subj.

Imperative.
Inf.

33. Infinitive for Verbal

Noun.
Inf.

34. Ace. 37.

Inf.

and

Inf.

35.

Verbs with
Fut.
Inf.

Verbal Phrases with

39.

of Purpose.
Inf.

38. Inf. of Exclama41.

Pass.

Historical
43.

Inf.

40.

Fut.

Act.

42. Supine.
45.

Gerund and Gerundive.

46. Fut. Part. Act.

44.

Participle Pres. with

sum.

Perf. Part. Pass.

47. Part, for

Noun.
PP-

52-79

VI.

The Adverb,
Adverbs.
4.

i. Adv. with esse. Comparison of Adv.

2.
5.

Adv.

for Adj.

3.

Qualifying
etc.

Construction of /?r/j'.f(?,

pp.

7981
2.

VII.

The

Preposition,

i.

Prep, and Adv., Tmesis, Postposition.

List

of noteworthy Prepositions.

pp. 81
2.

92

VIII.

The Conjunction,
Conjunctions.
lative.
3.

i.

Position of enclitic Conj.

4.

List of noteworthy
6.

Causal.
7.

Concessive.
8.

5.

Conditional.
9.

Copu-

Asyndeton.

Interrogative.

Negative.

Prohibitive.

10.

Temporal.
Interjection.

pp. 92

137

IX.

The

pp.

137138

SYNTAX OF PLAUTUS.
I.

Colloquialisms.

The Concords.
in the classical

1.

The

rules of Latin

Syntax which prevailed

period, e.g. that qiiamquam

and temporal quom govern the

fail

Ind.,

qnamvis and causal qiiom the Subj., so often

Plautus, that Plautine Latin at
first

us in reading

sight appears to

be regardless

of rules.

This appearance

is

partly

due

to the fact that Latin

fittest.'

Syntax obeys the Darwinian law of the 'survival of the

Out of a great variety of constructions possible in the time of Plautus, only one or two favoured types have survived to the
classical

period.

While Plautus,
etc.,

for

example,

puts
eo,

the Verbal

Noun

in -his to a variety of uses, e.g.

spedatum
these,

spedatu redeo,
eo and became the

pnlcher spedatiii, facile fadii,

two of

spedatum

fadle fadu,
First

survived the struggle for existence and

and the Second Supine.

witli

Again we

find in early writers quo

Abl. Neut. used

sense,

magis in affirmative, with minus in negative

and accompanied by the Ind. when a fact is stated, by the intention, e.g. Ter. Phorm. 877 immo etiam dabo quo magis credas, Eun. 737 quo intellexi minus, Andr. 197 quo (nuptiae) fiant minus. Out of all this variety fallaciae
Subj.

when an
. .

emerges
also
to

in

class.

Lat.

the

conjunction

quommus governing
It
is
;

the

Subj. and associated with Verbs of hindering.

partly

due

the

colloquial

character

of

Plautine Latin
it

and before

taking up the details of Plautine Syntax,

will

be well to consider

how

far

colloquialisms interfere with a strictly grammatical expres-

sion in his plays.

2. Since Aelius Stilo declared that the

Latin,

Muses, if they had spoken would have used the Latin of Plautus, and since Cicero

expresses his admiration for the old-fashioned language of a

Roman

matron by saying that

(de Or.
3,

it

reminded him of Plautus and Naevius

45),

we must

see in his plays, not vulgar Latin, but the

every-day talk of the educated

permits

Romans

of his time.

How

far

he

himself on occasion to reproduce the vulgarisms of unis

educated speakers

a question that has not yet

been investigated;

Syntax of Plautus.
I greatly

but

doubt that the investigation would shew that

of slaves
or

this or

that departure from a rule of classical Latin Syntax

in

was found only

Ballio
in

the

utterances

of characters

like

the

Pseudolus.

We

have indeed the express testimony of an ancient

is

writer that non salveo in True. 259

a piece of bad Latin, suited

to the character

who
sat

uses

it

AS.

salve.

TR.

mihi est tuae

salutis.

nil

moror.
the
is

non salveo.
is

But the surly

is

slave, Truculentus,

from

whom

play

named,
"

a unique

type in

Plautus' Comedies.

He

Roman

Mrs.
like

Malaprop,'
raho
(v.

who

is

credited

with

mutilated
(v.

forms

of words

688) for arrabo, osculcniia

oscii/iun), etc.
;

675) for obsequeutia (with

a suggestion of

so that one can

'.

make no

general

inference from this particular case

3.

Nor can we suppose

that
(e.g.

Graecisms were employed by Plautus,

Hor. desine mollium tandem quereThis
is

as

by the Augustan poets

larum), to embellish his

colloquial tone of

style.

out of keeping with the

Comedy. (On Pers. 3S5 non tu nunc hominum mores vides ? see VI, 2; on Asin. 634 quas hodie adulescens Diabolus ipsi daturus dixit, see V, 34 on the Gen. of Respect, e.g. Rud. 213 incerta sum consili, II, 5, and of Exclamation, e.g.
;

Most. 912 mercimoni lepidi

4.

II, 6.)
as well as
I

We

must then regard the Syntax of Plautus,

e.g.

his

vocabulary and the arrangement'' of his sentences (and,

add, his Prosody,
Phillppus,
voluptatoii,

would

voluptas mea) as a

faithful representation of the cultured every-day speech of his time.

logical expression

Of course every-day speech does not of thought. What

as
'

follow the strict laws of the

is

known
;)art

in
in

our Grammars
it.

Constructio ad Sensum' plays a great

This

'

Con-

structio

ad Sensum

'

is

powerful agent

in

the development of

pare
^

See however Donatus on Ter. Pliorm. 249, my note on p. 48 of No. III. of this Series.

Eiin. 432, 792, etc.,

and com-

The

elasticity

of the dialogue metres

at

allowed a

fairly

exact reproduction

of every-day speech, except occasionally

the end of a line.

Thus, while causa,

gratia are always preceded, not followed by their Gen., Adj., or Pron.,
occasionally at the end of a line causa mea, causa
of alliteration
tiia.

may

also interfere.

(See F. I.eo

we find The poetical ornament Bemcrkungen ueber plautinische

arrangement which
is

Wortstellung, Gottingen, 1895.)

in adjurations, e.g. Bacch.
reflects

The

distorted

normal
^

every-day speech.
(See IV,
2.)

905 per te, ere, obsecro deos immortales, apparently Also an arrangement like (iia Broinia aiici/ln yowx

slave-girl B.'

Syntax of Plnutus.
Syntax
of
'

in

Latin and in
'

all

languages.
in

For example, the notion

refert,

concern
I

interest
is

'

was
;
cf.
'

Early Latin expressed by

which,

think,

most naturally explained as

it

re (Abl.) (with the

sense of class. Lat. ex re

Capt. 296 tua re feceris, and see

my

note on this line) and fert

tends

'

(cf.

via fert ad urbem, Ter.

'it

Andr. 188
'to')

dum tempus
interest.'

ad earn rem
course

tulit),

tends with (Engl,

than Plautus and
in
this sense,

my

In

of time
to

(later

Terence) the verb

interesse

came

be used

and

proceeded to take the same construction as

refert, viz. ;;/m ijite?-est.

Examples from Plautus

Pers.
(

are:

(Ace.)
iniexit

70

ubi

quadrupulator quempiam
ille
illi

manum
manum,
;

comprehenderit), tantidem

(Dat.) rursus iniciat

True. 762 postid ego te

manum

iniciam quadrupuli, venefica

(

Asin.
te

88 nunc verba
velim
;

in

pauca conferam

breviter

exponam) quid

mentem est tibi ( = meministi) patrem Pers. 66 animus induci ( = credi) potest eum esse civem tibi esse ? Capt. 579 nunc iste teludos facit (= deludit; et fidelem et bonum cf. II, 25), Aul. 253 quem senecta aetate ludos facias, Rud. 900 nam nunc et operam ludos dat {vJ. facit) et retia Rud. 791 si te
Bacch. 161 ecquid in
;
;

non ludos pessumos dimisero.

On
5.

the use of an Ace. with depereo^ de?norior, and even amore

S7nii, all

perdiius

three being equivalents oi

deaiiio,

see II, 40.

The Concords

are often violated in colloquial speech.

Since

Plautus habitually uses the Fem. Adj. with res as the equivalent of
the Neut. Adj. used substantively (e.g. mala res and ma/ii/n, parva

and pa7-[i')uin), he allows in e.g. Merc. 337 quidquid est (juam rem (= quod) agere occepi, Stich, 82 quom nihil quam ob rem (= ob quod) id faciam meruisse arbitror. From the Adj. muUebris is elicited a (suppressed) mulieres in Mil. 186 profecto ut nequoquam
res

de ingenio degrediatur muliebri, earuniqiie artem

obtineat colere
;

et

disciplinam

similarly with proleiariiis in Mil.

;

753 proletario
.
. .

sermone nunc quidem, hospes, utere

nam

/ solent

dicere

and with
citia

erilis in

Pers. 193 scio fide hercle erili ut soleat impudi-

opprobrari, nee subigi qiicantur

umquam

ut

pro ea fide habeant

iudicem.

The
VIII,

Neut.

Plur.
in

and Neut.
Plautus

Sing,

of Adj.

interchangeable

(e.g.

viira

sunt

and Pron. are so and iniruin (est),

2, 'si'), that

we need not wonder

B 2

at the loose construction

Syntax of

Platitiis.

of Poen. 913 A. vale et haec cura clancukim ut sint dicta.

B.

non

dictumst

Poen. 542 per iocuni itidem dictum (dicta Bentley) babeto quae nos tibi respondimus, Mil. 699
dicta
sunt),

(=

vale;

cf.

baec atque huius (horum

RitscJil) similia alia

damna multa
sermones

mulieruni
sera[n]t.
(cf.

me

uxore ])rohibent.

niilii

quae huius

similis

In contrast with a 'Concord' like viea Selenium Cist. 631

prol. 17

Poen.
object

scortum exoletum ne quis (quod

noticed the

Ital.) in

proscaenio sedeat)
(

may be

common

phrase quod amns

amica)
('

'

of affection' (cf Trin. 1160 postremo quod vis non duces

nisi illud (i.e.

marry'),
trisie

the dowry) quod non vis feres).

is

Like Virgil's

lupus stabulis
rebus, soror,

the construction of Poen.

est

optimum
is

habitu
-is

cf.

238 modus o'mnibus Mil. 685 nam bona uxor suave

alii)
;

ductu

est

(suavest,

i.e.

est,

ductu

and

like Virgil's hoc

opus., hie

labor est

a phrase like ea
is

{=

id) stultifiast Pseud. 576.

And
eo
?

Neut
that
si

Pron.

often loosely used with reference to a pre. .

ceding Noun, as
('

victum,
.
. .

quid factumst 405 minas quadraginta Capt. 898 A, aeternum tibi dapinabo '), vera autumas. B. unde id ? ( = eum), Trin. 595 ager
in Trin.
.

sum
si

of

money

sed id

alienatur, Bacch. 125 A.

tibi

non

hie placet

mi ornatus.
error, pavor,

B.

nemo

ergo

haec apparavit, cf Rud. 215 algor,

me omnia

tenent.

The use

of the Ace. with the Inf. violates the

Concord of Case in lines like Asin. 642 vobis est suave amantibus complexos fabulari, Cas. 89 non mihi licere meam rem me solum
.
.
.

loqui
. ,

!,

Amph.

i8r

mihi

in

mentem

fuit

dis

advenientem

gratias
6.

agere.

The Concord

of

praesente nobis, e.g.

Number is violated in the O. Lat. phrases Amph. 400, absente nobis, e.g. Ter. Eun. 649,

the Abl. Sing, praesente, absente having apparently

typed form,

become a stereoAbl, or rather Instr., Sing, of the Relative Pronoun (3 Decl.) became a stereotyped 'whereby,' e.g. Rud. ubi sunt signa qui parentes noscere haec possit suos, quibuscum

much

as qin,

mo

periit

parva

Athenis

?,

Ter.

Qui coniecturam banc nunc facio omnia memoras quo id facilius fiat

Andr. 511 multa concurrunt simul, (so with quo in Poen. 905
;

from which has come the

;

use of quo for ut with a comparative following

see
e.g.

VIII,

2).

We

have often a Sing. Verb with two Subjects,

Pseud. 1097

epistula atque

imago

me

certum

facit.

Mil. 225 qua cibatus

com-

meatusque ad te et legiones tuas tuto possit pervenirc, Ter. Adelph.

in

340 turn fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet and occasionally O. Lat. we get a Plural Verb with A cum B,' e.g. Ter. Heaut.
;
'

Syntax of

Plaiitus.

473 Syrus cum illo vostro consusurrant (cf. Cato Orat. 51 si sponsionem fecissent Gellius cum Turio, Claud. Quadrig. 85 Sagittarius

cum

funditore utrimque

summo

studio spargunt fortissime),

a construction with which we

sed Philolachetis servom

may connect
(cf.

a line Hke Most. 560

qui mihi

eccum Tranium,

neque faenus

neque sortem argenti danunt

te

Amph.
in

731 cur igitur praedicas

heri

me

vidisse,

qui
is

hac

noctu

portum advecti sumus?).

ille

SHghtly irregular too

Naev.

trag.

40 egone an
only with

iniurie facimus ?
e.g.

Plural

Verb

is

common

not

ukfque,

Cure.

187 uterque insaniunt, alms aliuin, e.g. Cure. 378 habent hunc morem plerique argentarii, ut alius alium poscant, reddant nemini,
quisque, e.g. filios suos quisque visunt, Poen. 107

omnis meretrices,

ubi quisque (Fem.) habitant, invenit, uter diwd neuter, e.g.

Men. 779
iretis,

loquere uter meruistis culpam, Men. 785 neuter ad

also witli

me

but

quisquam,

sensimus, Pers. 56

Amph. 1071 neque nostrum quisquam nam numquam (quisquam meorum maiorum fuit,
e.g.

quin parasitando paverint ventris suos, mihi

Men. 192

ut superior sis

quam quisquam qui impetrant, Ten Andr. 627, and very often with aliquis in commands like aperite aliquis Merc. 131, etc., exite hue aliquis Epid. 399, Accius 425 Oeneum aliquis cette in conspectum. And a collective Noun like pars often takes a Plur. Verb, e.g. Most. 114 sed magna pars morem hunc induxerunt,
True. 105
fit

pol hoc et pars spectatorum

;

scitis

pol haec vos

me
in-

baud mentiri cedunt ? and

(quantum
in

cf.

Poen. 619 sed quid hue tantum

Epid.

hominum

even urbe

213 tum meretricum numerus tantus,

omni fuit, obviam ornatae occurrebant. Est 'ilya'is suggested by Pers. 137 sicut istic leno non sex menses Megaribus hue est quom commigravit, but menses is Ace, as we
see from
Aul.
prol.

4 banc

domum
est

iam multos annos

ventri

est

quom
datis,

possideo et colo, and corresponds to an Adverb of

in
e.g.

Time

like dut

Amph. 302 iam

in
e.g.

diu

quom
. . .

victum
is

non

dudum
est

Trin.

loio;

with

Nom., sunt
;

used, e.g.

Most.

and editors change tetulit 470 septem menses sunt quom of the MSS. {A n. I.) to em in Pseud. 245 mane, est conloqui qui volant te, since we have elsewhere sunt qui, e.g. Pseud. 462
sunt quae te volumus percontari.

change from a Sing, to a

age, licemini.

Plur.
ftibri-

Verb

is

seen in phrases with age, e.g. Cas. 488 age modo,

caniini, Stich. 221 logos ridicules

vendo

The same
divisions

change of Number
a sentence like Trin.

in

Noun is seen in the two 237 numquam Amor quemquam

a

of

nisi

cupidum

Syntax of
se in

Plautiis:.

honiinem postulat
(cf.

plagas coniccrc

cos petit, eos sectatur

Cure. 494, Mil. 887, 993) and is often found with a Relative like quisquis and its Antecedent, e.g. Poen. 505 qui, quidquid
agit,

properat omnia

(cf.

Rud. 1140, Trin. 1168), Men. 560 ubi

quidquid doniist
attjue

vir

compilet
;

clanculum

ea

ad

aniicam

deferat
7.

cf.

Ter. Heaut. 393.

to Singular
sqq.,
is

lines like Ter.

Another type of change from Plural Heaut. 483 sqq., Eun. 225

seen in
sqq.

Phorm. 241

Lastly
the

we may mention under

this

heading the colloquial use of

Plural of Abstract Nouns, e.g. Merc. 794 at te, vicine, di deaeque perduint, cum tua arnica cumque amationibus. (For

more examples
produced
gioja,
8.

see

Langen

'

Beitriige,'

pp. 103 sqq.)

The

collo-

quial use, so frequent in Plautus, oi '^aiidia Plur. iox gandiuiii Sing,

in

Late Latin the First Decl. form gaudia, whence

joie, etc.

Ital.

French

The

relation

of Relative to

Antecedent has some peculiar

at

features in O.

Lat.,

which must be stated

:

some

length.

(For

fuller details, see

Bach

'

de attractione quae dicitur inversa apud

scriptores latinos,' Strasburg, 1888.)

We

often find the Antecedent

recurring in the Relative Clause, e.g. Epid. 41 est causa, qua causa

simul

mecum

ire

veritust,

Rud. 997 quo colore

est,

hoc colore

capiuntur pauxilluli, Aul. 574 ego te hodie reddam madidum, si vivo, probe, tibi quoi decretum est bibere aquam, Merc. 1015 immo

dicamus senibus legem censeo priusquam abeamus,

teneant contentique
cision
sint.

qua

se

lege

This repetition
sublegunto,

is

suitable to legal pre-

and

is

often found in laws, e.g.

.
. .

iure ea lege viatores

quo

Lex Agrar. quaestores eo iure qua lege quaes-

tores

sublegerunt.

But when the Antecedent is mentioned only once, it is, curiously enough, in the Relative Clause, rather than in the Main Clause, that Plautus seems to prefer to place it. When it stands in the
Relative Clause,
it is

naturally attracted to the Case of the Relative

'

and

so

we have

that peculiar feature of O. Lat. the

'

Attraction of

the Antecedent to the Relative

Stat no, vestra est).
It

(imitated in Virgil's urbem

in

seems very strange that

volui,
;

a line like

quam Amph.

1009 Naucratem quern convenire

favoured

in navi

non
is

erat,

Plautus

should prefer Naucratem to Naucrates

but that

evidently the

mode

of expression with him.

Syntax of Plautns.

As

other examples of Attraction

may be

cited

:
quod
habuisti

Cas. 975 quid fecisti scipione (-iiem 3/SS.) aut pallium ?

Mil. 155 hie illest lepidus quern dixi senem.
Mil.

598 ne uspiam insidiae sient concilium quod habere volumus.

concilio)

Cure. 419 istum quern quaeris ego

sum

(cf.

Epid. 448).

Ter. Andr. prol. 3 populo ut placerent quas fecisset fabulas. Cist. 61 indidem (= ibidem) unde oritur facito ut facias
stultitiam sepelibilem (cf. Caecilius

266 venire

illi

(=
:

eo)

ubi sitast sapientia).

and as examples of Plautus' predilection

Cure. 433 ut ei detur et vestem.

for the Relative clause

quam

istic

emi virginem

et

aurum

Capt. 179 nisi qui meliorem adferet

quae mihi atque amicis placcat condicio magis.

True. 275 pignus da
Pers.
ni ligneae

haec

sint

quas habes Victorias.

373 dicat quod quisque

volt.

With

this

importance attached to the Relative Clause we may

e.g.

connect the very frequent omission of the Antecedent,

Amph.

652 omnia adsunt bona, {sc. ei) quem penest virtus, Capt. 574 quem patrem (sc. eius), qui servus est?, Cure. 581 ego illam
reddidi,
{sc.

ei)

qui

argentum a

te

attulit,

Mil.
(sc:

355 cedo vel

eo) mihi solae
!

decern

edocebo minime malas

ut sint

make,

B. (sc. ei) quod superfit, Bacch. 991 A. eugae litteras minutas qui quidem videat parum verum, (sc. ei) qui satis videat, grandes But satis sunt, Cas. 427 quid opus est, (sc. ei) qui sic mortuus ?
;

IS

is

often used,

even when the Subject has been placed

e.g.

in the

Relative Clause,

Most. 250 mulier quae se suamque aetatem

Trin. 137
ille

spernit, speculo ei usust,

qui mandavit,

eum

extur-

basti ex aedibus, Trin.

;

985 quia ilium quem ementitu's, is ego sum ipsus Charmides cf. Most. 315 nam illi ubi fui, ind(e) effugi foras. We find the same phenomena in other dependent Clauses; (i) the repetition of the Antecedent, e.g. Bacch. 442 quom patrem
adeas postulatura, puero
sic dicit pater,

Cas. 393 nunc

tu,

Cleustrata,
tibi
/lic,

ne a

me memores
is

malitiose de hac re factum aut

suspices,

permitto, which
iste, ille

the true explanation of the apparent use of

for is in lines like Mil.

1083

si

hie pridie natus foret

quam
quae

illest,

hie haberet
.

regnum
. .

in

caelo,

Pseud. 430

nam

istaec

tibi

renuntiantur

fors fuat

an

istaec dicta sint mendacia. Mil.

Sy!i/<7.\

of Plnutus.

1053 nisi 656 hunc

tu
si

illi

furs sui)petias,

iam

ilia

animuni despondebit, Aul.

Mil. 352 sed ego hoc

amitto, hie abierit, Mil. 275 hie illam vidit osculantem,

(contrast, e.g.

quantum hunc audivi loqui

{]uod ago, id
vides, ei

me

agere oportet, Poen. 644 hunc chlamydatum quern

;

Mars

iratust)

(2) the attraction of the

Antecedent,

e.g. Trin.

423 pater (= patri) quom peregre veniet, in portast locus, Cist. 592 vir tuus (= virum tuum) si veniet, iube domi opperirier; even when
a Rel. Pron. plays the part of Antecedent, e.g. Bacch.

128 qui

(=

quern)
(

si

decem habeas

linguas,
.
. .

mutum
sunt.

esse addecet, Rud. 972

quos

qui)

quom

capio,

mei

The
Plautus

ordinary treatment of Relative and Antecedent prevails in

when the Rel. is in Gen., Dat. or Abl. Case or is accompanied by a Preposition or is in Ace. Case before an Inf., e.g. Capt, 113 maiores {sc. catenas) quibus sunt iuncti, demito, Capt. 573 nam
ille

quidem, quem tu esse hunc mernoras, hodie hinc

abiit

Alidem

also
e.g.

when the Rel. Clause does not come first in Amph. 546 nunc te, nox. quae me mansisti,

the sentence,
mitto, ut con-

cedas die.
9. Of the attraction of the Relative to the Antecedent (like Horace's iudice quo nosti populo) there is apparently an example in Terence, Heaut. 87 A. scire hoc vis? B. hac quidem causa qua

dixi tibi

but not in Plautus

(See R. Foerster
'

for in

Cas. 932 inde foras tacitus

profugiens exeo <(hoc> ornatu quo vides,

we can

easily supply

'

me

exeuntem

'

'

die

Casusangleichung des RelativJahrbiicher class. Philologie,

pronomens im Lateinischen
Suppl. xxvii, pp. 170 sqq.).

in

the

10. The peculiar treatment of the Relative Clause in Plautus is probably rather a feature of Early Latin than of colloquial Latin.

we may refer irregularities Change of Subject, e.g. Capt. 266 nunc senex est in tostrina, nunc iam cultros attinet, Stieh. 5 de nostris factis noseimus, quarum viri hinc absunt, quorumque nos negotiis absentum sollieitae sumus semper, Amph. 566,
the carelessness of every-day speech
:

To

of construction like the following

587, Rud. 291, and other changes of construction,

e.g.

Pseud. 421
cjuin tu

atque id iam pridem sensi

et

subolebat mihi. Pseud. 1183

mulierem mi emittis aut redde argentum (cf. Asin. 254 quin tu abs te soeordiam omnem reice et segnitiem amove, atque ad ingenium
vetus vorsutum
iiuite

te

recipis
is

tuum?).
in

iingrammalical

seen

So Men.

violent a change as to be
prol.

64 ingressus fluvium

Syntax of Plauhis.

rapidum ab urbe liaud lougulc, rapidus raptori pueri subduxit pedes, Poen. 659 tu, si te di amant, agere tuam rem occasiost (cf. Epid. 77 te cupio perire mecum benevolens cum benevolente), and the use
of ut opinor with the construction of opinor in Ter. Adeh(ih. 648 ut

opinor eas non nosse te

(cf.

Cic.

Rep.

i,

58 and is

ot^^ai,

etc.,

in

Greek) and

?//

aibat with the construction of aibat in Ter. Phorm.

480

ut aibat de eius consilio sese velle facere.

find

Besides Anacoluthon,

we
e.g.

naturally Aposiopesis in the Dramatists' imitation of talk,

(for

True. 504
'

other examples see

Niemeyer

'

Plautinische

Studien

p. 3).

These may serve

quialisms.

for the present

e.g.

as samples of Plautus' collo-

Others,

the

use of the Abl. Abs. of the Subject

of the Sentence (II, 59), Parataxis (V, 28), smis sibi for suus ipsins (IV, 2), will be mentioned at their proper place.
II,
style,

Redundancy of

expression, so

marked a

feature of Plautus'
it

may be

classed with these colloquialisms, for undoubtedly

reflects
is

every-day speech.

Like the repetition of the Antecedent

e.g.

in id
in

Pseud. 960 hoc est sextum a porta proxumuni angiportum ; angiportum me devorti iusserat, Rud. 13 10 ecquid meministi
ibi

vidulo qui periit quid

infuerit,

Bacch. 821 tantist quantist

fungus putidus, Most.

fuge, Bacch. 767
cicer, Asin.

527

tu,

ut occepisti,

tarn

frictum ego ilium

tantum quantum quis reddam quam frictum est

quam

illest.

435 neque eo esse servum in aedibus eri qui sit pluris Mil. 21 peiuriorem hoc hominem si quis viderit, aut

gloriarum

pleniorem

quam

illic

est.

Pleonasms

like

multi satpe

Mil. 8S5, etc., propere celeriter

^^<-^^

postquavi

post ^x\x\.
756
etc.,

Rud. \2^2t^^ priusqiiaviprius Pseud. 417, una s innii '^iosi. 1037 etc., icniversus
etiam quoqiie Pseud. 122 etc. occur on
;

totus Trin. 171, oinnis totus frag. 120, hie hodie dies Epid. 157 etc.,

ergo igitur Trin.

every page.

(On
on

Jieino

homo, see IV, 21

on the double Negative,

statistics

VIII, 8;

magis with

Comparative, III, 2; for

:

of

Terence's use of Pleonasm, E. Johnston

c[uaestiones duae.

de sermone Terentiano

from every-day

talk, in

Konigsberg, 1905). Tney evidently come direct which emphasis is sought by repetition and
e.g.

laboured statement,

mulierculis (cf Vid. 67, Mil. 431

Rud. 896 ne quid significem quidpiam and see IV, 3, below), Amph.
;

159 nee quisquam sit quia me omnes esse dignum deputent, Pers. 53 veterem atque antiquum quaestum maiorum meum servo atque
obtineo et
sion are

magna cum

cura colo.
in

Two

different forms of expres-

jumbled together

lines like

Rud. 587 praeter animi

lo

Sv/i/(JX

of

Plaitttis.

quam

lubuit scntcntiam,

Epid. 625 e tuis

verbis

mcum

futurum

corium pulcruni praedicas.

Wc
Quid
in Ter.

have

two-sided

remark

apparently

in

Pseud.

1044

tu intus, quaeso, desedisti

quam
'

diu?, like the exclamation

!

A few Hcaut. 363 persuadere illi, quae solet cjuos spernere to the non astrictus soccus of Plautus, may possibly be put down
'

e.g.

the recurrence of

///

(in

different senses) in Mil. 70 sqq. or of

nil
;

arbitror in Stich. 82 sq
arbitror.

quom

minime, nolo turbas

even of aio
in

sed hoc mihi

quam ob rem id faciam meruisse optumum factu esse

sq. te velle
tuis,

arbitror, or

Most. 1027

uxorem aiebat tuo

Rud. 561
sq.

nato dare, ideo aedificare hie velle aiebat in

nocte

hac aiunt proxuma se iactatas atque eiectas hodie esse aiunt e mari
although this
'

last

does indeed seem to echo every-day talk

').

(like

our

says he,
.

says he

(For other examples of repetition,

.
.
.

e.g. ut

ut Capt. 248, mihi

202,

see

Rauterberg,
1883).

'

mihi Aul. 551, me me Cure. 577, Most. Quaestiones Plautinae.' Wilhelmshaven

of Assonances like Capt. 358,

(progr.),

The heaping up
tit

quod bonis bene

which
all

beneficium,

is

a deliberate rhetorical ornament

the early Dramatists, except Terence, assume,

in his Prologues (see

and even
II.

Terence

Leo

Analecta Plautina

Got-

tingen, 1898).

II.
I.

The Cases of the Noun.

The

Latin of Plautus' time stands at a stage between the very

early period,
cision to the

when

the use of Prepositions to give force and prein evidence,

meaning of the Cases was not much

and

the classical period; just as classical Latin itself stands at an earlier

stage than the encroachment of the Prepositions even on such cases
as the Genitive
/iioiiie

and

Dative^'.

The

primitive expression, e.g. salio

first

'leap

from the mountain,' became

de inonte.

desilio /no/ite,

ami

finally salio {desilio)

Plautine Latin

may be

said to be

coincident with the transition from the second to the third type of
expression.

For

its

unclassical uses of a prepositionless case are

usually

found after a
primitive

Compound
incumbam
;

Verb,

e.g.

agro, Cas. 307 gladium

although

Amph. 207 we find a few

abituros
survivals

of
"^

the

type,

especially

stereotyped

phrases like foro

The germs of this appear at an early stage, e.g. Cato Agr. CuU. 158 addito de perna frustum, 70, 2, de ea potioue unicuique bovi dato cf. Pseud. 1164 dimidium de pracda, Capt. 1019 (see below, on t/Prcp. ).
;

Syntax of Plantus.
fiigiiint

ii

Pers.

435,

saxo saliat Trin. 265,

'

mala/ii.

crucein

{reiii)

beside

/ in malatit crucein {rem)

fri/iu

go and be hanged,' as

in legal

Latin the stereotyped phrase

time,

movere survived long

after Plautus'

and

in

both colloquial and literary Latin the quasi-adverbial

ire^

rus

ire,

donio

etc.

'^

Iin'ado,

used of a disease, takes the Ace.

(Trin. 28, Asin. 55), otherwise in

Epid. 670).

Just as the

and Ace. (Bacch. 711, Asin. 908, meaning of a Case was eked out by the

addition of a cognate Preposition, salio de monte, salio ex nionte (or

meaning of an Adverb. Plautine compounds like in-ibi^ inter-ibi, etc., e.g. Pers. 125 marsuppium habeat, inibi ( = in eo) paulum praesidi, Pers. 165 interibi (= inter eas res) ego puerum volo mittere ad amicam meam. 2. Nominative. Under this heading may be mentioned a type
desilio, exsilio), etc.,

so was the

Latin

is

rich in Adverbial

of Parataxis,

which consists
O.

in

using two words

in

Apposition,

instead of subordinating, the one to the other.

of this
characteristically

good example
232

Lat.

usage

is

Capt.

nam

fere

maxuma

pars

morem hunc homines

of

habent, with niaxuma pars,

homines instead

maxuuia pars hominum.

The same

notion

could be expressed by the Adverbial Accusative (see 36), homines inaxumam partem. Not far removed from this is the O. Lat. phrase
plerique omnes (e.g. Triu. 29) instead
or the like.

of

plerique, ne

dicam omnes'

Some

ancient editors put a

comma

between plerique

and omnes.
Ter.,

On
;

'

id

genus

'

(homines),

etc.,
is

not found in Plant, or

with the Subject of the
for the

see 36

on the pleonastic use of

;

sentence,

IV, 18

and on the use of the Nom.

Voc,

see

below, 52.
3.

Genitive (A. W. Blomquist

de Genetivi apud Plautum usu,

In Plautus the Gen.
is

Helsingfors, 1892).

In Greek the Gen. has absorbed the Abl.

d

The

quasi-adverbial nature of these words even in Plautus' time

seen from
istac

his use of a

Preposition

when an

attribute

is

employed,

e.g.

in

domo

Cure. 208, in patriam

in

to

domum Stich. 507, ad alienam domum Rud. 116, so that Ennius trag. 281 V., domum paternamne anne ad Peliae tilias, it may be right construe act awh kolvov. When the attribute is a Poss. Pron., the usage varies,
;

domi nostrae Men. 359, ?kIost. 874, Poen. 838, but in nostra do/no Cas. 620, (cf. True. 262 nostrae domi P, in nostra domo A) doinos abcatniis nostras Poen. 814, but in nostrum doiiiniii Amph. 409, Capt. 911, Trin. 382. (The reading ab domo is doubtful in Aul. 105, Epid. 681 cf. Stich. 523). Of
e.g.

Pseud. 84

proxwna vicinia next door (cf. 54) and mala crux groups than Nouns qualified by an Attribute.
course
' '

are rather word-

12

Syntax of Plantus.
in

and Abl. have the same function

complevit
flagiti

sentences hke

Men. 901

nie

et
;

formidinis (Gen.) and Cist. 127

Cist. 165

me

complevi

flore Liheri (Abl.)

paternum servum
erili
;

sui participat.cunsili

(Gen.) and Mil. 263 non potiiit quin sermone suo aliquem famili-

arium participaverit de arnica

egeat,

(Abl.)

Mil. 1033 quia

tis

(Gen.)

quia

te

(Abl.)

careat

Vidul. 42

cibique

minimi (Gen.)

maxumaque
nullius

industria

(Abl.);

Pseud.

1196

quem ego hominem

novi (Gen.) and Rud. 997 quo colore est (Abl.). (For other types of the concurrence of Gen. and Abl. see below,
coloris
4.

15'

16).

4.

characteristically Plautine Genitive

'

is

what

is

usually called

the Gen, of

Respect,'
;

e.g.

Amph. 105 quam

liber

harum rerum

multarum
'

siet

Pseud.

facinorum saepissime.
in,'
'

746 A. ecquid argutust ? B. malorum We should express this by the Preposition

matters,'
is
'

easy-going
'

in

these

talented

in

villainy.'

This
1025

notion of
like

in,'

'

in respect

of

expressed by the Abl. in sentences

aiebat rebus ceteris
;

Bacch. 268 adulterare

eum

Capt.

compedibus quaeso
fugitans litium Ter.
in Asin. 855-7
si
it

ut tibi sit levior filius

atque huic gravior servus.

Sometimes the 'Gen. of Respect' and the "Objective Gen.' (e.g. Phorm. 623) are hardly distinguishable thus
;

huius

rei

me mendacem

inveneris

amantem

uxoris

maxume,

seems unreasonable
Cf.

to separate the functions of

the two Genitives.

Capt. 264 quarum

rerum
is

te falsiloquum

mihi esse nolo.

The

Plautine Gen. with credo

in

called in

some

Grammars a
Asin.

'

Gen. of Respect,'

others a

'

Partitive Gen.', e.g.

numquam
ei

459 quoi omnium rerum ipsus semper credit; True. 307 edepol mihi quisquam homo mortalis posthac duarum
\Ve find
it

rerum creduit.
fidem
'

also \N\'Ci\fidcm habeo in Pers. 7S5 quia

non
;

habui

argenti,

which

favours

the

title

'

Gen.

of

Respect
it

but the occasional addition of quicqiiam^ quid associates

'

Partitive Gen.,' Asin. S54 neque divini neque mi humani posthac quicquam accreduas Poen. 466 quid ei divini aut humani aequomst credere ? Other Verbs with the Gen. that may be mentioned in this connexion are fallor, Epid. 239 nee satis

with

the

exaudibam, nee sermonis fallebar tamen

ing,
e.g.

also

Verbs of incriminatcapitis

convicting, penalizing

(like

furti

accusare,

dainnare),

Bacch. 696 quem mendaci prendit manufesto modo, True. 132 manufesto mendaci, mala, teneo te, Poen. 737 homo furti sese
adstringet, Poen. 1337 iniuriarura
niulto induci (-dici?) satius est,

Syntax of Plant us.

Most.

13

postid ego te

1099 apiul iudicem hunc argenti condemnabo, True. 762 manum iniciam quadrupuli, Mil. 371 quern pol ego
Cf. Poen. 184 dupli tibi, auri et hominis, fur leno
i/isimido, the

capitis perdarn,
siet.

With
in

crime usually stands

in

Gen., but we find

insimulare falso

Ace.

facinus
sa>iits,

Amph. 859 collibitum siet meo tam malum (cf. Amph. 820,
laetus,
etc.,

viro sic
etc.).

me

In the phrase animi

the

Loc.

is

usually recognized.

But we find
ilia

in

Plautus, e.g.
tibi,

Epid.

138 desipiebam mentis,

is

quom

scripta

mittebam
proposed,
5. in

where mentis
nienti's.
'

clearly Gen., although in Trin.

tui
?,

454

satin tu's sanus

tii

mentis aut animi

the emendation has been

sanus

Some

of the Plautine

Genitives of Respect
e.g.

'

would,

if

found

an Augustan poet, be called Graecisms,

earn incerta

iliac

sum

consili (cf.
;

Rud. 213 hac an Ter. Phorm. 578 quod quidem

''

me
for

factum consili incertum

incerti).

facit Ennius trag. 142 V. suarum rerum But the imitation of a Greek construction is as suitable the literary style of Augustan poetry as it is unsuitable for the

every-day language of Plautus.

their

Their ItaHc origin

e.g.

is

proved by

aserum earum rerum.' Similarly the use (especially in Tacitus) of the Gen. of the Gerund and Gerundive to express purpose, e.g. Tac. Ann. 2, 59 Germanicus Aegyptum proficiscitur cognoseendae antiquitatis, is found in Umbrian, e.g.
occurrence
in

other

dialects,

(Oscan)

manum

eizazunc

egmazum

'

manum

asserere

ocrer peihaner

'

arcis piandae.'

It is

therefore a native construction,

is

and,

although

not found in Plautus,

once used by Terence,

levas, see below, 14).

Adelph, 270 ne id adsentandi magis

faeere existumes.
6.
is

quam quo habeam gratum

Plautine usage which
influence of Greek.

(On Rud. 247 me laborum

of Exclamation
is

The Gen.

another

often, but

probably

in error, ascribed to the

Examples are very

lepidi to
!,

rare:

Most.
!

912
of

di

immortales,

mercimoni
is

True. 409 o mercis malae

In Mil. 1223 there

no need

change
Terence,

fortunata

inulier

es

the

MSS.

into

foriunatae

mnlieris.
in

The Ace.
e.g.

usually has this function in Plautus

and always
!

Ter.

Phorm.

134 iocularem audaciam

(see be-

low, 47).
7.
Tivos)
'^

Nor can we

ascribe to

Greek influence

(cf.

apxetf nvds,

fiefitSjo-dal

the Gen. with potior,

in

viemini, obliviscor (in Ter.

Eun. 306

The Gen.
trag.

Capt. 825 non ego nunc parasitus sum, sed regum rex regalior,
mulier melior mulierum,
(See above,
I,

Ennius

56 V. mater optumarum multo

is

the

Partitive Gen.

But there

is

a mixture of

two

ideas.

10.)

14
oblitus

Sy///ax of

PInut us.
104
tu

sum

niei

in

Plant, only with Ace. of thing, e.g. Cas.

non sum
te oblitus

oblitus officium

meum
Cas.

cf.

Livius Andronicus Odyss. 4

sum).
fias,

From
satiust

112

hercle

me

suspendio,

quam
'

eius

potior

mortuum, we might

infer that potirl

ttoo-u

took
')

the Gen. because

fieri ;

it was the equivalent Q'i poiis (cf. Greek and the same explanation has been offered of

lord

ohlivisci,
esse.

rc-

viinisci,

mcminissi\

the

equivalents

of

oblitus.,

iiieino?;

The
also

treatment of these

three Verbs

(cf.

ve?!if

mihi

in

vicntem,

commoucre Rud. 743 mearum me absens miseriarum commones) scarcely differs from the classical usage (for details see Babcock in
Cornell Studies xiv, 1901)
;

but the Plautine use oi potiri calls for

remark.

Potire (Active), 'to put in possession

of

(good or bad

things), takes Ace. of person

and Gen. of thing,

;

e.g.

Amph. 178
'to
fall

eum nunc
the power

potivit
of,'

pater servitutis

potiri (Passive),

into

takes Gen., e.g. Capt. 92 postquam

;

meus

rex est
of,'

potitus hostium

potiri (Deponent),

'

to

make

oneself master

'to obtain,' takes

Ace,
107 1

e.g.

Adelph.
Abl., e.g.

876 hie potitur

Pseud.
si

Rud, 190 laborem hunc potiri, Ter. gaudia (see below, 45), and sometimes
ille

hodie

ilia

sit

potitus muliere, Ter.

Phorm. 830 curavi propria 8. The Verbs niiscref,

Plautus' time, as they
. .

ut Phaedria poteretur.
taedet,
piidet,
etc.,

govern

the Gen. in

do

later

also fastidire, e.g. Aul. 245 abiit

fastidit

mei, Turpilius 103, Titinius 94, Lucilius 293, 654

Ma.

fastidire

Agamemnonis, but the MSS. shew the Dat.

rdd.) fastidis ?
;

in

Stich.

334 mihin (mein

cupiunt
tui

also cupere,

e.g.

Mil. 963 quae

Stiideo,

(but also

Ace

e.g. Mil.

1050 quae

te cupit).

which we

shall find

(44, below) to be used with the Ace. as well

amet Could we have a better example of the elasticity of Early Latin Syntax and of the danger of altering the traditional text of Plautus when an abnormal construction is exhibited ? Of vercor with Gen. we have many examples in the Dramatists, e.g. Ter. Phorm. 971 neque huius sis veritus feminae primariae, Afranius 302 veretur tui (cf. 31, 99), and (Impersonal) Atta 7 nilne te populi
nee studeat
tui.

as the Dat., appears with the Gen. in Caecilius 201 qui te nee

veretur, qui vociferere

in via?,

Pacuvius 182 Tyndareo

fieri

con-

tumeliam, cuius a
lius 157.

te

veretur

maxumc

Cf.

metitens

sui Turpi-

g.

The
mihi

Genitive has often the function of an Adj.,

e.g. Mil.
1 r

nisi

supplicium

virgarum de te datur

(cf.

v.

nisi

502 mihi

5;

SvJifa.r

of

Plaiifjis.

supplicium stimuleum de te datur).

Quality

This Gen. of Description or

may

stand alongside of an Adj.,

homo

iracundus, animi perditi.

e.g. Men. 269 ego autem That the same function is exercised

by the Abl. has been already remarked, e.g. Mil. 10 fortem atque although cuiusmodl fortunatum et forma regia (see below, 62) (with ciiismodi, etc.) is never replaced by quo?nodo, which is, as in
;

classical

Noteworthy is Most. 8: Latin, appropriate to Verbs. paucorum mensum sunt relictae reliquiae, Ter. Heaut. 909 decern also Most. 782 magni sunt oneris, dierum vix mi est familia
;

quidquid imponas, vehunt

Aul.

325 trium litterarum

homo

(i.e_

FUR).
10.

The

type of Genitive represented by

Incri facere,

a type

variously explained in
titive Gen.,' is

Grammars

as 'Gen.

of Material' and 'Parare

much

affected l)y Plautus.

Here

some examples

Most. 354 ecquis homo est qui facere argenti cupiat aliquantum lucri?; Bacch. 859 nihil est lucri quod me hodie facere
litcri facere, e.g.

mavelim

Poen. 771

me
425

esse hos trecentos Philippos facturum lucri

et praeter
;

operam restim sumpti fecerim quod comest, quod facit sumpti; compendi facere, e.g. Most. 60 orationis operam compendi face; Pseud. 1141 Asin. 307 verbivelitationem fieri operam fac compendi quaerere compendi volo. The phrase damni facere occurs only in a context which admits of damni being a Partitive Gen, Merc. 421 multo Bacch. 1032 edepol, si quid faciendumst, facere damni mavolo quam propter tantum damni feci et flagiti (cf Pseud. 440) Asin. We find also the 182 neque ille scit quid det, quid damni faciat. liicrum facere (when used absolutely), e.g. Ace. in these phrases
sninpti facere, Gas.

Trin. 250

quod

ebibit,

True. 426 lucrum hercle videor facere mi, voluptas mea, ubi quip-

piam

me

poscis; siiuiptuni facere {\\\\Qn used absolutely), e.g Asin.

217 necesse est facere sumptum, qui quaerit lucrum; Bacch. 98

et operam dare mi et ad earn operam facere sumptum de tuo compendium facere (with Gen.), e.g. Stich. 194 ut faciam praeconis compendium, 'to dispense with an auctioneer'; Rud. iSo errationis
;

fecerit

compendium,

'

will

make

short

work of wandering.'
e.g. Cas.

We

find also

ponerc {addere, conferre) ad compendinm,

517 id

ponito ad compendium.
II.

From

this

Gen.

it

seems but a step to the Gen. praesidi

Philippos portat praesidi,
pcciili

m
in

Poen. 670 trecentos

nummos

Cas. 258 cui homini hodie peculi

nummus non

est

plumbeus, and
tibi

the Gen. dotis in phrases like Pers. 394 dabuntur dotis

inde

'

Synfax of Plan fits.

Cist.

sescenti logi,

562 unde
et

tibi

talenta

magna
ista

viginti pater det

dotis, Trin. 11 58

spondeo,

mille auri Philippum dotis (cf. True.

845 sex talenta magna dotis

the Ace. dotem in Trin. 509
Trin.
1

demam
eum
it

pro

inscitia).

We

find

(sc.

agrum) dabo doteni

sorori,

143 aurum

quod darem tuae gnatae dotem.

is

And

from

this

Gen. again
in

not far to that curious use of the

Gen. of the Gerund seen

fabulandi
conferant,
Mil.

Poen. 34 (matronae) domum sermones 637 ut apud te exemplum experiundi

in

habeas.

Some
consulas.
12.

find a Gen.,

some a Loc.
light,"

the phrase boni cousukre

'

to

regard in a favourable

True. 429

quiequid

attulerit,

boni

To

the type scehis viri (e.g. Cure. 614, Pers.

hominis, e.g.

192) belong

fla^^itiiiiii

monstntm mulieris Poen. 273, dcliciae pueri, e.g. Pers. 204, and frustum pueri Pers. 848. Not unlike them is the Partitive Gen. in Poen. 856 apage ? nescio quid viri sis, Amph. 576 (ef. Poen. 92) quid hoe sit hominis?,
Asin. 473,
Cist. 605, etc., quid istue est verbi?

13.

The

Partitive

Gen.

is

as greatly affected by Plautus as

to Jioc ncgot'mm in Trin.
;

by
578

Cicero.
(cf.

He

even prefers hoc negoti

quid

Mil. 956) die hoc negoti

laboris
est,
sit

quomodo actumst
'what a trouble
it

cf.
is,'

non reputat
signi

Amph. 172 Amph. 421

phrase,

die quid

ubi
e.g.

tantum

siet

in

Amph. 463 hoc operis, Quid reruvi aedibus.

Aul. 370 rapacidarum

is

common

observare possis quid rerum geram, Pers. 513 Persae quid rerum gerant ; and tibi tcrrarum, nusquani getitiu7?i, etc.,
Aul. 54 ne
(ef.

me

are as frequent in Plautus' time as they are later

*

interea loci

meanwhile,' postid locorum

'

afterwards

ininime gentium Merc. 419,

Poen. 690}.
(lit.
'

Of other Adverbs
'

with the Gen.

may be

noticed adfatim

up to

satiety

cf.

fatigo), e.g. Mil.

980
;

tibi

divitiarum adfatimst.

Cist. 231

aliorum adfatim est qui faeiant

illic

largiter, e.g.
largiter,
(i.e.

credo edepol ego

largiter

inesse argenti et auri

Rud. 1188 Rud. 131

satin

mercedis indipiscar.
find
est
its

Along with parum

parvum, Neut.

Sing.)

we

equivalent,

/^rzw

res (ef. I, 5),

Amph. 633

parva res

voluptatum

in vita?

opera liberorum esse amplius.

est

777 gaudeo tibi mea Plautus apparently uses both copiae

Cf. Cist.

and copia
est

est,

operae est

and
-a

(in

Mere. 286) opera

Cas. 810
illo

est, e.g.

Merc.

990
nos

ut aliter facias

non

est copiae,

morbo quo dirumpi

cupio non

copiae (-ae A,
Mil.

F); Capt. 216 quom quae volumus

istue

copiast,

1041

multae idem

eupiunt quibus copia

7;

Syntax of

Plautiis.

non

dicam

erit, ad te venero, Merc. 286 operam aut otium. This use of the Gen. is pushed to an extreme in phrases hke

est

True. 883 operae mi ubi

tibi

si

videam

esse

Poen. 641
hie

(after

quid bom,

v.

640) boni de nostro

tibi

nee ferimus
ut
ille

nee damns,
gesserit,

Afost.

1018
tu

(after

quod

negoti^v. 1017)

meeum

Phorm. 709 ante Noteworthy too is Ter. Eun. brumam autem novi negoti ineipere 408 A. immo sie homost, perpaueorum hominum. B. immo nullorum
hine abes, negoti?, Ter.
!

dum

arbitror,

si

teeum

vivit.

14.
'

The

'Partitive'

Gen. with
(ef.

largiter,

adfatim borders on

tlie

Gen. of Plenty and Want.'

Here, as we have seen,

the Abl.

competes with the Gen.

expers metu
;

laboris expers, Asin. 43 Most. 234 exheres bonis), although different words seem to shew a predilection for the one

Amph. 170
vitae,

Baceh. 849 exheres

Case or the

other.

Thus plenus
Abl.,

is

but only once

with

Merc. 881

found 24 times with Gen. caelum ut est splendore

plenum
400
tui

careo with the

the extant plays of Plautus, but

Gen. does not occur (by accident ?) in is found once in Terence, Heaut.
;

carendum quod
levare in

erat
Cef.

curnulatus takes Gen. in Aul. 825

scelerum cumulatissume
latus)
;

Caecilius 61
ut

Rud. 247
is

homo ineptitudinis cumume omnium iam laborum levas

!

oimstus with Gen.

in Aul. 611,

617;

found twice in the phrase aula onusta auri on the other hand compos, which usually takes
217 ea
{scil.

Gen., appears with Abl. in Capt.

copia) facitis nos

compotes
(cf.

also
scis,

compotem
Abl.

with

eam nunc esse inventam probris Accius 37 magnis compotem et multis malis compotire, 68). From the other Dramatists may
Naevius
trag.

be cited Pacuvius 291

Liberi,
to be

postquam ^est oneratus frugum et floris Pomponius loi domus haec fervit flagiti. Vitae seems
in Stich. 18

Gen.

haec res vitae me,

soror, saturant.
is

15.

similar concurrence of

Gen. and Abl.

seen with another

salutis

Adj., digitus, for

we

find

once

in Trin.

1153 non ego sum

estis.

dignus?; possibly too with the Adj. cupidus^

is

for the Abl. (Dat. ?)

attested in Pseud. 183 vino

modo

cupidae

16.
{ci.

Along with the Gen. of

Price, e.g. p/uris {mifioris) aestimare

pluris preti Bacch. 630), huius

find plure {jninore) in

non faciam Ter. Adelph.

(cf.

163,
109,

we
in

Republican Latin

Charisius
;

p.

10 K. plure aut minore

emptum
;

antiqui dicebant

see Wolfflin

Archiv

lat.
it

Lexikographie
also

9, 107),

an Abl., like magna (parvo),

(later -e)

although

may

be a Loc.

for

-i

was the Loc.

suffix

Syntax of Plautus.
Cons.-stems,
as
-ei

with

(later

-i)

with 0-stems (see 29).

etc.,

The
in the

Gen. (or Loc.) nihili of

phrase homo nihili ;
(or Loc.)
pluris tua
of.
is

iiihili

facere,

becomes an Adj.
Poen. 463.
e.g

non homo

trioboli
re/erf,

This Gen.
nihilo pol

of Price

found with

Rud. 966

hoc quam quanti

:

illud refert

mea.

809

is

curious

me nemo
(i.e.
'

potest

minoris

The phrase in Pseud. quisquam nummo, ut

by a cook).
(4).

surgam, subigere
17.

hire

my

services,' said

The

'

Objective Gen.' has been aheady mentioned

In

Asin. 77 sq. the

obsequi gnato ?neo

Verb takes the

.
.

Dat,, the Verbal

Noun

the Gen.,

obsequium

illius.

Interesting Plautine examples

rei

of this Gen. are True.

145
?)

(cf

223)

male gerentes, and the

obscure
18.

itiris

codiores {doct.
'

Poen. 5S6.
:

Of

the

Possessive Gen.' these examples are noteworthy

? {sci/.

Cure. 230 estne hie Palinurus Phaedromi

heus, Agasi Ptolemocratia, cape hanc
Virgil's
(sdi.

servus)

Rud. 481
uxor
;

urnam

tibi

(? sa'l

cf.

Hectoris Andromache), Ter. Adelph. 582 ubi ad Dianae

aedem) veneris.
e.g.

With
est

Gen.
that

like Capt.

583 est miserorum

habit

ut malevolentes sint,

may be compared
'

the use of the Possessive

Pronoun,

non mei/m

is

not

my

'

(cf.

IV,

2).

We

also

find officiiim in

this

type of expression,

e.g.

True. 436

facere

non amantis mulieris, sed sociai unanimantis, quod modo haec fecit mihi.

fidentis fuit officium

On
19.

the Gen. with/tzr (as with similis), see below, 26.

Dative.
in

(H. Peine

de dativi apud priscos scriptores usu.

Strasburg (diss.) 1878.)

The Dative
classical

Early Latin plays

much

the same parts as in the

period.
is

Dative,
Trin.

That peculiarly Latin usage, the Predicative much affected by Plautus. Noteworthy examples are
: . .

aliis qui comitati simus; Cure. 72 (with 356 habemus a play on words that reminds us of Shakespeare).

A,

me

inferre

Veneri vovi

iaientaculum.

('that

would

offer.')

B. quid

te

ante pones Veneri iaientaado

?
')

('

will

you put

yourself on the table

418

sit, si dederim tibi Pseud. nunc per urbem solus sermoni omnibust (-ni A, -ne F); Most. 154 parsimonia et duritia discipuli/iae aliis eram True. 704 quom hoc iam volupest, tum illuc nimio magnne mellinae mihi

Most. 922 at enim ne quid captioni mihi

ita

Mil. 671 quibus

nunc

me

esse Qx'^Qxiox stunmae sollicitudini ; Poen.

;;

Syntax of
1217 A. gaudio ero vobis
libertatique (cf. Trin. 629,

Plaiitus.

19
tibi.
'

B.

at

edepol nos voluptati

'

A.
sug-

where the

Dative of Purpose

is

gested

rem tuam, Lesbonice, esse videatur, ^/6'/w^ ?iw\.famae, Nouns of the Fourth Decl. may be noticed Mil. 771 quam ad rem itsui est?; Mil. 740 quanto sioiiptui fuerim tibi; Poen. 626 ut qiiaestui habeant male loqui melioribus Poen. 1281 tum profecto me sibi habento scurrae ludificatiii ; Cist. 366 remque nostram habes perditui et praedahii. The Nom often
:

si

in

sinani)

of Verbal

competes with the Predicative Dat.,

est

e.g.

aut voluptati, sino

illi

True. 466 id
Ter.

illi

Poen. 145 si morbo, id

tibi
illi

lubido
seniost,

ea

miserae

miseriast,

Heaut. 920,

Eun.

940.

Only

miseria est (e.g. Mil. 68), flagitiiun est (e.g. Mil. 694) seem to be

used
553),

but both hicro

exitio est (e.g.

exitium,
cf.

excidium,
;

est (e.g. Mil. 675) and lucrum est (e.g. Merc. Bacch. 953) and exitium est (e.g. Bacch. 945 exlecebra fiet hie equus hodie auro senis

947, 1054

Ennius
is

trag.

46 V. eum esse exitium Troiae, pestem

;

Pergamo).
tamen.

Cordi

not Dat. but Abl.

cf.

Cist.

109 in cordi est

20. As examples of the Dat. of Purpose may be noticed quoi rei 'why?' for what purpose ? (passim) and (with the Verb aiispico) Rud. 717 non hodie isti rei auspicavi, Pers. 689 lucro faciundo Ter. Heaut. 837 hasce ornamentis ego auspicavi in hunc diem
' '
;

consequentur alterae
(cf.

{scil.

minae).

Other examples of the Gerundive

decemviri legibus scribundis,

servituti

etc.) are, e.g. Mil. 745 serviendae ego servos instruxi mihi, hospes, non qui mi imperarent

Most. 288 purpura

of Trin. 229
is

aetati

occultandae

est.

The

aetati
v.

aguudae
232
:

equivalent to the

ad aetatem agiindam of

229 utram

aetati

agundae arbitrer firmiorem.

sit

232 utra in parte plus

(for a similar use of the

voluptatis vitae ad aetatem

agundam

Gen. of the Gerund, see

phrases like Pers. 792 ferte

From 5, above). aquam pedibus. Most. 308 cedo aquam

This

manibus,

we cannot

dissociate Cure. 578 linteumque extersui.

use of the Dative of Verbal

Nouns

of the Fourth Declension

was

much
'

in favour in the

to

sound a

retreat

homely Latin of the camp (e.g. receptici canere and Varro's ') and of the farm (e.g. in Cato's
like
:

books on husbandry we find phrases Varro R. R. i. 60).

21.

oleas esui optime condi

Not

far

removed

are

phrases like arrahoui dare 'to give

;

as earnest-money,' e.g. Most. 6j^^

pignori

poiiere,

e.g.

Capt. 433

20
(cf.

Syntax of Plautus.
655
reliqui pigneri

putamina

cf.

Most. 978 quadraginta etiam

dedit huic quae essent pignori)

e.g.

quaestioni dare (accipere) servos^

Most. 1088.

22.

The equivalence

of the Dat. to the combination of a Prep.

{ad^vi)\i\\\\ the Ace. (see

VII,

2),

which led
languages,

to the
is

'Auxiliary'

formation of the Dat. in the

in Plautus' time.

Romance

prominent even
.
.

Thus we find dare ad, e.g. Capt. 1019 hunc ad carnificem dabo (cf. Amph. 809 haec me modo ad mortem dedit; but Merc. 472 ibi me toxico morti dabo), Pseud, iioo
ut det

nomen ad Molas coloniam

in

similarly Cist. 786

;

nunc quod
used with

ad vos, spectatores, relicuum relinquitur

the Dat.

while

viitto is

Capt. 692 te morti misero.

But

in

Ter. Andr.

70

ex Andro commigravit huic viciniae,

we should probably read

95.

hue

viciniae,
//

like

hie

vieifiiae
is

Phorm.

truer anticipation

of Virgil's
pulchrisque

elamor eaelo
dant

locis

Ennius Ann. 94 V. praepetibus sese cf. (of the vultures seen by Romulus
;

Ann. 401).
23.

The Dativus Commodi

too

is

as

common

in

Plautus' time

as later,

and provides a quibble in Capt. 866 A. esurire mihi videre. B. mi quidem esurio, non tibi. Our Grammars describe as a
Dat. of Reference
^
'

'

Trin.

that similar use of this Case in lines like neque edepol tu is es neque hodie is umquam eris, auro huic quidem so far as this gold is concerned.' It comes

971

'

very near the function of the Abl. (with

in

al^)

after a Passive

Verb
esse

one or two places,

(cf.

e.g.

Epid. 154 ubi

tibi

istam

emptam
lat

scibit

the old legal formula euiptus viihi esto pretio,

and see
Sprache.

G. Landgraf: Beitraege zur historischen Syntax der

Munich

(progr.), 1899).
is

This Dat.

associated with Adjectives, e.g. Pseud. 783 eheu

quam

illae

rei

ego etiam nunc sum parvulus

argento faenori

!,

]\Iost.

532 sceles-

tiorem ego
times the
eant

annum
Dat.

numquam

ullum

vidi.

Some-

exercises the function of a Gen., e.g.

per

totam
esse

caveam
the Dat.
esse^

spectatoribus,

Amph. 66 Rud. 935 monumentum

meae famae
fui.

et factis,

Trin. 204 qui illorum verbis falsis acceptor

is

With
Capt.

always used with eognahcs, patroniis,

etc.,

but without
4,

the Gen.

We
est

find both pater est alieuius

(e.g.

(e.g.

974) and pater

alieui

Capt. 633,

loii),

Akin
fefiet^

is

the 'Dat. of the Person Judging,' e.g. Ennius Ann. 280 V. hostem
erit

qui

mihi

Carthaginiensis.

Syntax of Plauhis.
etc.
8, 66.)

21

(For

details

see

Landgraf
is

in

Archiv

lat.

Lexikographie,

24.
is

The

Dat. of Possession

equally

common.

The Verb sH

suppressed in

the phrase vae vidis Pseud.

e.g.

formula for toasts,

Pers.

13 17 and in the bene mihi, bene vobis, bene 773

meae amicae
25.

(On the use of the Ace. in toasts, Much the same Verbs govern the Dat.
!

see below, 46.)

in
full

Plautus as in
construction,

Cicero, e.g. credo ^ ignosco, impero.

We

have the

Dat. of Person
eis

and Ace. of Thing,

in lines like Bacch.

1185 ut

delicta

ignoscas (but Merc. 997 ora ut ignoscat delictis tuis

atque adulescentiae), Poen. 490 an mi haec non credis?. Mil. 1159 nunc hanc tibi ego impero provinciam. But we find both Ace.

and Dat. with

euro, e.g. Stich.

679 meis curavi amicis,

amicos

meos curabo

decet (see Seyffert in Berliner

Philologische Wochen-

schrift 24, 141), e.g.

Amph. 820

nostro generi non decet (contrast

838 ut pudicam decet), Ter. Adelph. 491 ut vobis decet (contrast Heaut. 1054, etc., ut te decet); vito has Dat. in Plautus (Cas. 211 huic verbo vitato, Poen. 25 vitent ancipiti infortunio, Stich.
121 qui potis est mulier vitare
vitiis?),

but the Ace.

is

found, e.g.

Rud. 168
with Dat.
in Trin.

fluctus devitaverint.
'

Ausculto with Ace. means 'I hear,'

662

nisi

so editors change me of the MSS. into mi obey ^ mi auscultas atque hoc ut dico facis.
'

The
210
si

distinction

between the function

is

of

the

Dat.

(Indirect

Object) and the Ace. (Direct Obj.)

seen with timeo in Ter. Andr.

;

ilium relinquo, eius vitae timeo; sin opitulor, huius minas

(i) with

and with the two uses of ludos facio

of,'

Ace. 'to

make game
one with

even in Passive,
esse indigne

e.g.
!

Bacch. 1090 hocine

Dat.
'

me
e.g.

aetatis ludos bis

factum

(2) with

to honour,

divert

a comedy,' often approaching the other sense,

Most. 427 ludos

ego hodie vivo praesenti huic seni faciam,

quod credo mortuo

nuraquam
26.
in

fore
like

freedom of construction with Gen. or Dat. appears

erat hospes par sui Siculus

some

x\djectives, e.g. par, usually with Dat., e.g.

ei

with Gen. in Rud. 49

Poen. 376, but senex (parvi

MSS.), Accius
reperiri potest.

465 quodsi ex Graecia omni illius par nemo But editors are perhaps right in rejecting all cases
Dat., e.g.

s Cf.

audiens

sum with

Amph.

991 eius dicto, imperio

sum

audiens.

became stereotyped as a synonym of oboedire and took Dat. of Person, e.g. Amph. 989 ego sum Jovi dicto audiens, Cato Agric. 142 dominoque dicto audiens sit. Cf. Pers. 378 futura's dicto oboediens an non patri?

The phrase

dicto audiens esse

22

Syntax of Plauhis.
;

of Dat. with similis

(see

for the

evidence for this construction

is

weak

my

note on Capt. 582).

Studiosus takes Dat. in Mil. 802

qui, nisi adulterio, studiosus rei nuUi aliaest

improbus.

(On Pseud.
Rud. 1247
is

183 vino

modo cupidae

estis,

see above, 15.)

to take the Dat. (Abl. ?) in
(-ci

Consciiis (with esse)

seems

ne conscii
the

sint ipsi maleficiis suis

Pylades).

This Dat.

of

same type

as Ter. Adelph.

671

auctor his rebus

quis est?,

and the examples, cognatus

27.

esse, etc.,

quoted above, 23.

(of.

The 'Dative

of

Capacity'
rei

oneri

ferendo
;

esse,

etc.)

appears in Stich. 720 nuUi

for

erimus postea
3 J.

'we

shall

be

fit

nothing afterwards,' Cato

nihil agas

inc.

qui tantisper nulli rei sies,

i.

dum
p.

(which can hardly be Gen., as Priscian

it,

p. 227,

266 H. prefers to make

or

Loc,

like iiihili)

cf.

Ter. Adelph.

it

To 357 qui aliquoi reist, etiam eum ad nequitiem adducere. should be referred the common phrase {bonae) frugi esse. In Early Latin frux in the Singular had the metapl.orical sense of
'good conduct'
in

phrases, e.g. Poen. 892 erus si tuus 270 certa est res ad frugem applicare animum, Pseud. 468 tamen ero frugi bonae. The phrase with the
volt

various

facere frugem, Trin.

Dat. obtained a firm footing

28.

(cf.

III. 3).

The
in

curious appositional use of the Dative of a Personal

'

Name

a phrase like

nomen

est

mihi Gaio

'

is

also Plautine,

e.g. Rud. 5 nomen Arcturo est mihi. Men. 1068 mihi est Menaechmo nomen, Stich. 174 Gelasimo nomen mi indidit parvo pater. But it seems to be a rule with Plautus that, when the Dat. of the Person is put between the worcl nomen and the Name, the Name

shall not stand in the Dat.

Case,

e.g.

True. 12 hie habitat mulier,

nomen quoi
1891, p.

est

Phronesium.

(For additional examples see

et

Asmus
p.

de Appositionis apud

Plautum

Terentium collocatione, Halle,

1894,

Becker

in

49; Seyffert in Bursian's Jahresbericht Studemund's Studien i, pp. 170-1.)

sibi
'

331;

On
29.

suus

his

own

'

see

IV,

2.

Locative

(see

J.

Heckmann

in

Indogermanische

For-

schungen, 18, pp. 296 sqq.). Comparative Philology has corrected the old notion that
in all Declensions the

Toe.

suffix (e.g.

and has shewn

Decl.)
-61 (cf.
-^,

that in

A-stems
suffix

(i

-/ was Romai, Corinthi, Carthagini), Deck) the suffix was -ai, a diph-ai)^

thong (while the Gen.

was disyllabic
-ei,

in

0-stems

(2

Gk.

oiVoi)

which became
(.part

and

later (after Plautus'

time)

in

Cons. -stems

of

Decl.)

-t^

which became

-e.

Syntax of Plautus.

23

This Cons.-stem Loc. was used in Latin as Abl., e.g. Carthagine, Instead of this Abl.-Loc. -e patre, in Greek as Dat., e.g. -najpL
in Cons.-stems

we

find occasionally

-I

in

Plautus, e.g. militi^ which

e.g. nav'i, classi.

seems to be the I-stem Abl.

as the Cons.-stem
c/asse,

(originally -id),

Just

suffix

-e

was often used

in

I-stems, e.g. nave,

its

and
etc.,

(in Plaut.)

mare, so the I-stem suffix -i{d) found

If this be the true explanation,

way

into Cons.-stems.

Carthagmi,

mani,

and

in

Plautus Acchermiti

in

the lower world,' e.g.

Capt. 998, are Ablatives, not Locatives. 30. In the classical Latin period the Loc. had lost

its

identity.
-ae,

In the
that

first

Decl both Loc.

ai

and Gen.

-ai

had become

so

Romae
in

habitare was indistinguishable from

Romae

conditor
cultor.

and

similarly in the second agri (older -ei) habitare

and agri

became merged in the Gen., as in the third (and probably the fourth and fifth) it was In Plural Nouns of all Declensions Dat., identified with the Abl. Loc, and Abl. had apparently been fused into one Case from

Thus

these two Declensions the Loc.

a remote period.
31.

How
in

far

Roman
is

of Plautus' time recognised

to say.
in
'

the

Loc.

as a special case part

difficult

It certainly plays a greater

Plautine

Latin

than
viciniac

Ciceronian; witness expressions

next door
'

of place like

proxumae

(passim), meae viciniae

Rud. 613

of time like die septinii

Mil. 784.

Men. 1156;

of value like trioboli^

flocci, natici, aeqiii facere

32. But the notion of Price (Loc. tanti, phcre

see above, 29)

minimo (cf Epid. 295 quanti emi potest minimo?), and by a Gen., e.g. pluris (cf. Asin 858 nihili). And beside animi anxiits sq. minimi mortalem preti
could be expressed equally by an Abl
,

e.g.

(cf.

Epid. 326 angas te animi) we have desipere mentis

'

(see above,

animo ferox, Mil. 1323 et quia tecum eram, propterea animo eram ferocior. So that the way was paved for the identification of the Loc. with the Gen in the First and Second Decl. and
4) as well as

with the Abl. in the Third.

33.

The Loc. seems

in Pers.

to

be loosely used for the Ace. after a Verb

loris

of

Motion

731 transcidi
after

omnes adveniens domi, Epid.

fias,

361, adveniens

domi extemplo
is

ut maritus

just as the Ace.

;

is

sometimes loosely used

this use of

a Verb of Rest (see 39)

although

domi

open

to question.

^ This

is

strong evidence in favour of animi being really Gen. and not Loc.

':

24
34.
(also
'

Syntax of Plautus.

And
to
'

the laws of Classiaal Latin for the expression of

'

'

at

and

from

')

without a Preposition

in

the case of towns

and small islands and with a Preposition

not
strictly

in the case of countries

were

enforced in Early Latin.

Even Terence uses

in

Lemno

nearly as freely as
in

Ciliciam

in

Lemni and allows in Lemnum (iter Phorm. 66, while he actually seems

esset) beside

to prefer ex

Atidro, e Cori?itho, etc. (see below, 39, 54). On boni consukre see above, ii.

35.

Accusative

(Biese 'de objecto interno apud Plaut. et Ter.'

Kiel, 1878).

This Case plays so

many

parts in Plautus

and so often usurps

the function of other Cases that

we

are occasionally reminded of

the Late Latin Declension (reflected in the

in

Romance

languages),

which

all

the Oblique Cases are

is

merged

in the Accusative.

The Cognate Ace.

much

in

evidence.

Early Lat. did not

recognize the restriction that the Ace. should always contain some
additional notion besides that contained in the
legal phrase, 'to
7,

Verb

for the early

be a

slave,'

was scrvitutem servire

(cf.

Quintilian

3,

26), a phrase of frequent occurrence in the

Comedies and
Aul.

also

used by the historian Livy.

42
olere

Other Plautine examples are

39
oboluisti alium,

i\Iost.

unguenta exotica,

152

lapides loqueris, Capt. 467 ita venter gutturque resident esuriales

ferias.

Verbs,

The Ace. Neut. of a Pronoun is used with all kinds of Amph. 346 quid veneris 'for what purpose,' Most. 786 quod me miseras, adfero omne impetratum, Pers. 177 amas pol,
e.g.

misera id tuus scatet animus, Most. 306 haec qui gaudent, gaudeant perpetuo suo semper bono. Mil. 392 id me insimulatam .
;
.
.

neque

impune insimulatam. It gives occasion to a pun in Cas. 460 illuc est, illuc quod ('that is why') hie hunc fecit vilicum et idem me pridem facere atriensem
patiar probri falso
\
, . .

me quidem

voluerat sub ianua.

it is an easy transition to the Rud. 69 increpui hibernum meam vicetn, Poen. 413 maiorem partem in ore habitas meo, e.g. Most. 355 Cist. 22 decet pol, mea Selenium, hunc esse ordinem benivolentes inter se. In Amph. 301 editors change modum maiorem to inulto maiorem, igitur magis modum maioiem in sese concipiet metum. Qiiod genus and id genus are not found in Plaut. or Ter., but are

36.

From

this

Cognate Ace.

Adverbial Ace,

e.g.

famiHar to Lucilius (see Arch. Lat. Lex.

see below,

5,

387).

On

cetera,

ceterum

VIII,

on circum, VII,

2.

Syntax of Plantus.
37. For the Ace. of

25
:

Time

(see T.

Kane

Case Forms with and

without Prepositions used by Plautus and Terence to express time.

Baltimore, 1895)
lifetime'' (e.g.

may be

cited the quasi-Adverb aetatem 'for one's

ut profecto vivas aetatem miser, Asin. 21

Amph. 1023

ut tibi superstes uxor aetatem siet, Asin. 274 aetatem velim servire,

conveniam modo), Asin. 848 cum hac annum ut esses, annum (with ellipse of quam), Pers 628 si hanc emeris, numquam hercle hunc annum vortentem, credo, servibit

Libanum

ut

Pers. 21 plusculum

tibi.

VVe find already in Plautus that curious misuse of the Ace. for
videor?, just as

the Abl. in expressions like Mil. 618 tibi istuc aetatis homini, Merc.

290 quid

tibi

aetatis

we

find ojuni in aetate for

07nnem aetatem in Poen. 228 quae noctes diesque omni in aetate

semper ornantur.
Latin, e.g. Baech.

Abhinc takes an Ace. of Time, as in

classical

388 hoe factumst ferme abhinc biennium, Ter.

Andr. 69 abhinc triennium, Turpilius 134; but the MSS. shew the Abl. (cf. a7mo 'a year ago' Amph. prol. 91 etiam histriones anno

quom

in proscaenio hie

Jovem

invocarunt, venit, auxilio

is

fuit

see below, 63) in Most. 493 qui abhinc sexaginta annis (-os edd.)

occisus foret.
38.
(cf.

As examples of Ace. of Space

litteris,

these

may
si

serve

Poen. 837

Rud. 1294) cubitum longis

Aul. 56

hercle tu ex istoe

loco digitum transvorsum aut

digitum longe a paedagogo

39.

The Ace.

of

unguem latum excesseris, Baech. 424 pedem ut efferres aedibus. Motion (see J. Heckmann in Indogermanische
is

Forschungen, 18, pp. 296 sqq.), which

in class.

Lat. confined to
in Plautus' time,
(cf.

names of towns,
e.g.

donnis, rus, etc.,

had a wider range

Cure.

206 parasitum misi nudiusquartus Cariam

Livius

Andronicus Odyss. 14 partim ('in groups') errant, nequinont Graeeiam redire although we also find i/i Cariam etc., e.g. Cure. 67
;

'^,

nunc hinc parasitum in Cariam misi meum), Cas. 448 hunc Accheruntem praemittam prius, Poen. 814 domos abeamus nostras, sultis,
i

The corresponding Adj.

is

is

actci-nus, e.g. Capt.

897 aeternum

tibi

dapinabo

victum.
^ It

countries.

sometimes said that Plautus regarded Caria and Elis as towns and not Such an explanation is obviously unsuitable to Egypt (cf. Most. 440).
is

The

truth

that Plautus does not follow the strict laws of class. Lat. with regard

to geographical names.

He

uses in

Ephesum
it

ire as well as

Epiiesum

ire,

and

the like

(cf.

Ter. Phorm. 66).

Egypt,

should be noticed, receives the same

Plaut. Most.

treatment from writers of Cicero's time and later as from Plautus, e.g. Cic. Nat.

Deor.
994).

3,

56 Aegyptum profugisse (but in Aegyptum Varro has Aegypto in E.' Ling. Lat. 5, 57.
'

Pis. 49, as in

26

Syntax of
;

Plauttis.

nunciam

cf.

Men. 1020 edepol,

is

ere,

nae

tibi

suppetias temperi

adveni modo, Pseud. 1086 quique

Ter. Phorm. 1026

infitias

non

eat.

{Exseqnias
is,

ire

Ace. of Object, like Poen. 698

ire

leno, viam.)

Both inalam crucem

and

in

malum

criicem ire are used,

ag- Poen.
B,

malam 496 A. nisi aut auscultas aut is usually in malam rem, but True 937 malam crucem ibo potius rem is et magnam, Ter. Eun. 536 malam rem hinc ibis? (See
in naalam crucem.
;

below,
It is

V,

42, on

Supine.)
e.g.

sometimes loosely used with Verbs of Rest,

Men.

51

siquis

quid vostrum

Epidamnum
amorem

(-ni alii) curari

sibi velit, just as

hue

is

used for hie in Aul. 640 ostende hue, or as in governs the

(-re alii) haerere.

Ace. in Epid. 191 in

(On O.

Lat. in

manum And

esse, in potestatem esse,

it

see 51.)
after a

is

most in evidence

Compound

Verb, being, in
is

a manner, governed by the Prep, with which the Verb

com-

pounded
40.

(see below, 43).

The main

function of the Ace., the expression of the Object

is

of the Verb of the sentence,

pushed

to the widest possible extent.

all

The
has

use of the Neut. Ace. of Pronouns with

manner of Verbs

been already noticed

'

in

connexion with the Cognate Ace.

'

(above, 35).

Constructio ad Sensum

is

the usual explanation

in 969 quid dignus siem ( = merear), Poen. 860 aliquem id dignus qui siet, Ter. Phorm, 519 quod es

Grammars

for lines like Capt,

dignus

in Pseud. 643 hoc inicere ungulas, hoc may be the O. Lat. ; form of hue (see below, IV, 20). On manum inicere {= comprehendere) with Ace. and on other examples of Ace. in Constructio
'

ad Sensum,' see
its

I, 4.

Perditus

esse

with the sense oi deamare takes

construction, Mil.
132).

1253

"^^

quaeso, amore perditast te misera!

(cf. Cist.

The passage
in

of Intransitives into Transitives had already begun

Plautus'

explanation as the Ace. with perditus

e.g.

Poen.

and the Ace. with them admits of the same esse. Examples are pereo, depereo, e.g. 1095 earum hie alteram efflictim perit
time,
:

Bacch. 470 meretrieem indigne deperit ; demorior, e.g. Mil. 970 ea demoritur te ; calleo, e.g. Most. 279 ut perdocte cuncta callet
!

convenio^l meet,'
licet

e.g.
;

Men. 401;

conloquor, e.g. Pseud. 252

;

non
si

conloqui te

(on consuesco, see below, 70)

queror,

studeo, e.g. Mil.

1437 minus has

res studeant (see above, 8); pecco,

Bacch. 433

unam peccavisses syllabam; exeo, illo modo servitutem

;

Amph. 176

satiust

me

queri

Ter.

Hec. 378 iam ut limen exirem

Syjitax of Plantus.

27

(cf. Mil. 1432); aversor, Ennius Ann. 464 V. aversabuntur semper vos vostraque vulta.

41. In Most. 100 simul gnariires vos volo esse banc rem

we may say
tion of

that g?iarures esse has the sense

as in

mecum, and takes the construc-

noi'i'sse,

Amph. 879 quod

gravida est

(=

concepit).
as the

We may
Verb

also say that the Verbal Adj. governs the

same Case

itself (cf.

Turpilius 65 at enim scies ea quae

fuisti inscius)

although this treatment of Verbal Adj. and Verbal Noun, so common in Greek, is at the time of Plautus in process of disappearing.
It is

almost wholly confined to Verbal

lat.

Nouns
True.

in

-ti'o

(see

Landgraf
tibi

in

Archiv

Lexikographie 10,401), when used in interrogative

^i/i'd,

sentences
aditio

which begin with

Cure.

e.g.

622 quid
est?,

banc

est?,
tibi

626 quid
est

tibi

istum tactio

Amph. 519

quid

hanc curatio
is

rem, verbero, aut muttitio?

;

of the Ace.
this

peculiarly Plautine

for

This use Terence, though he allows Eun. 671 quid hue

tibi

type

of phrase,

uses

the

Gen.

in

reditiost? vestis quid mutatiost?

We may add Capt. 519 neque exitium exitio est, and Pseud. (In Ter. 385 ad eam rem usust hominem astutum (see below, 56). Andr. 202 nihil circumitione usor es (usus es A/SS.) may be the
true

reading

for the 21/sfe of the

rei)

but in Ampli. 34 iusta is a doubtful emendation, MSS. may stand for mstae Daf., nam iustae (sc.

ab

iustis iustus

sum

orator datus).
es

In Poen. 410 quid nunc

its

mi

es auctor?,

the phrase

auctor takes the construction of

equivalent, suades.

absolutely proved

That facio can be used like nie facio 'play the patt of is not by Mil. 1034 facito fcfstidi plenum {al. face te), Most. 890 ferocem facis quia te erus amat (te U776 Kownvl). Cf. Ten Phorm. 476 tum Phormio itidem in hac re ut [in] aliis strenuom
praebuit
;

hominem
is

and see below, V,

(cf.

4.

42. This claim of the Ace. to denote the Object of the sentence

seen in the anticipatory use

Gk.

olha

o-e

oorty
g.

et),

for

which
Pseud.

Plautus shews an extraordinary predilection, e

leto censes

Merc. 483 quo

perierit.

me

ut

peream

?;

Rud. 390 eam veretur ne

:

1061 nunc ego Simonem mi obviam veniat velim.

of instances see Lindskog

(For a
et

full

list

Quaestiones de Parataxi

Hypotaxi argentum
patrem

apud priscos Latinos.

construction
\v\\kv
^

Lund, 1896, pp. 76 sqq.)

It is

the normal

facio e.g. Pers. 414

possum

te facere ut

accipias?, Most.

389

satin

habes,

si

ego advenientem
e.g.

ita

faciam tuum

ut fugiat longe

ab aedibus? (but

Pseud. 819

28
quae
illis

Syntax of Plantus.
qui terunt, prius
is

quam

triverunt, oculi ut exstillent facit).

Not unlike

Pseud. 13 19 hoc ego nunquam ratus sum fore

me

ut tibi fierem supplex.

43.

referred to the Prepositional part of the

With some Compound Verbs the use of the Ace. may be compound, e.g. circumduco,

also various
nire

Most. 843 eho, istum, puere, circumduce hasce aedes et conclavia ; Compounds with ad, such as adhinnio, Cist. 308 adhin-

equolam possum ego banc; acddo,e.g.

;

Stich.

88 sonitus aures
11

accidit

accmnbo,

'sit

next,

at

table,'

e.g.

Bacch.

89 scortum

accumbas ; accedo, e.g. Most. 689.igitur tum accedam hunc, Lucilius 112 Ma. ut Setinum accessimus finem with in, such as inhio, e.g. Mil. 715 bona mea inhiant; hicianbo, Cas. 308 gladium faciam
;

culcitam
insistas

eumque incumbam
;

insisto,

e.g.

Mil.

793

erro

quam

viam

insto, e.g.

Poen. 918 tantum

;

eum

instet exiti, Pers.

impendeo, e.g. Ter. Phorm. 180 514 nescis quid te instet boni imtiitto, e.g. Capt. 548 ne tu quod istic tanta te impendent mala
;

fabuletur aures inmittas tuasj

mlucesco,

Amph. 547

ut

mortales

inlucescas luce clara et Candida, Bacch. 256 Volcanus, Luna, Sol,

Dies,
e.g.

di quattuor, scelestiorem
;

nullum inluxere alterum; invado,

e.g.

Trin. 28 (see above, i)

with ob, such as obrepo,

occenio, Pers.

Trin. 61

me inprudentem
(cf.

{ini

569 occentabunt ostium occurso, Mil. 1047 ita me occursant multae accento Stich. 572) Bothe) (cf Afranius 183) ; obstino, Aul. 267 ea affinitatem hanc
obrepseris
; ;

obstinavit gratia
occubo, e.g. Mil.

although

many Compounds

with ob take the Dat.,

totis horis

212 quoi bini custodes semper

occubant

obsono,

Pseud. 208 quoni sermone huic obsonas 'you drown his

talk.'

words with your

44.

The competition of Ace.

in

with Dat. has been already menaicsculto,

tioned (25)

connexion with

etc.

To

the

Compound

Verbs which take Ace. as well as Dat. (e.g. Epid. 135 nunc iam alia cura impendet pectori), we may add i?iservio. Most. 190 matronae, non meretricium est unum inservire amantem, Most. 216
vididgeo, e.gr Ter. Heaut. 988 te inEun. 222), Lucilius 900 Ma, tu qui iram indulges nimis, Afranius 391 qui nos tanto opere indulgent in pueritia. Also the Simple Verbs servio, Turpilius 39 modice atque parce eius
si

ilium inservibis solum;

(cf.

dulgebant

Mil. 1437 minus lias res studeant. True. 337 ilium student iam, Titinius 85 Ferentinatis populus res Graecas studet ; medeor, e.g. Ter. Phorm. 822 cupiditates, quas,
serviat cupidines; studeo, e.g.

Syntax of Plautus.

29

res advorsae sient, paulo mederi possis (cf. medicari with Ace. Most. 387 ego istum lepide medicabo metum ; with Dat. Amph. frag. viii. advenienti morbo medicari iube). Anteeo {antideo) takes
e.g. Bacch. 1089 solus ego omnes moribus indoctis, but otherwise Dat., e.g. Pers. 778 solus ego omnibus antideo facile, Amph. 649 virtus omnibus rebus anteit. Parco has Ace. and Dat. indiscriminately,

quom

Ace. with an Abl. of Respect,

stultitia et

longe antideo

e.g.

Mil. 1220 ne parce vocem, ut audiat

evcftrjiifi,

(cf.

Most. 104, and the

old formula, like Gk.

used

at

sacrifices parcito liiiguavi)^

Pers. 682 tace, parce voci

(cf.

Poen. 1145).
tiior, etc.

45.

The Ace. competes

/^//i?/'
is

with the Abl. in the construction of the

Deponents
the Ace.
Trin.
i

(see above, ']),fii?tgor,friior,

It

Apparently
e.g.

the older usage.

appears normally with fimgor,

;

sequere hac me, gnata, ut

Trin.

abator, e.g.

682 qui

munus fungaris tuum also with abusus sum tantam rem patriam, and

frimiscor, e.g.

Rud. 1012. But with fnior and ntor it has been almost wholly supplanted by the Abl. (for full statistics see Langen
lat.

in Archiv

Lexikographie
e.g.

3,

pp. 329 sqq.).

Careo too

may

take

tandem non ego illam caream, si sit opus, vel totum triduom ?, Turpilius 32 meos parentes careo. 46. The use of the Ace. after the Interjection em is natural for em was originally the 2 Sing. Imperat. of emo, I take (see chap. IX). Natural too is Most. 845 apage istum a me perductorem Either to Analogy of apage {cinaye) or to the ellipse of some Verb
Ace. in O. Lat.,
Ter. Eun. 223
;
'

'

the Ace. with u/tro (which

is

related to u/tra as a'tro to citra ;

cf.

VII,
a

2,
!,

s.v. intra)

is

usually ascribed, e.g. Capt. 551

ultro istum
!,

me

Amph. 320
!

ultro istune qui exossat

is

homines
(see

Most. 607
tica?n fideni

ultro te

Ellipse of obsecro

the usual explanation of

!

in lines like Aul.

692 luno Lucina, tuam fidem

sit).

V,

7,
e.g.

IX).
bene

In toasts,
mihi,

etc.,

we have seen

(24) that the Dat. was used,

find also the

bene vobis (sc.

vos,

We

Ace,
te,

e.g. Stich.

709

bene

bene nos, bene

(at

te,

bene me,

bene nostrum etiam

Philaenium, mihi

Stephanium, Asin. 905 atque uxoris mortem.

vae

a throw of dice)

Similarly instead of the usual vae tibi I

te !
all

we have
is

in Asin.

481

47. In

kinds of Exclamations the Ace.

as

common

as the

Gen.
lepidi

(ef.
!)

6,

above;
o

is

rare.

Bacch.

759

912 di immortales, mercimoni Examples are: Most. 107 1 o mortalem malum! imperatorem probum !, Poen. 324 A. Milphio.
e.g.

Most.

3
B. edepol

Syntax of

Plautiis.

Milphionem miserum

!,

Rud. 686 edepol diem hunc

!,

acer-

bum

!,

Mil. 977 hercle occasionem lepidam

Mil.
!,

1056 eu hercle
Cist.

odiosas res!, Bacch. 991 eugae litteras niinutas

685

ilicet

me
.

infelicem

et

scelestam
fit.

often without any

!,

Interjection,

e.g.

Trin. 1035 A.

more

B.

morem im[)robum

Mil. 1385 facetum

puerum
kind

Asin. 931 bellum filium !, Bacch. 1177 lepidum te !, Mil. Often we find a construction of this 248 nimis doctum dolum
!,
!

Amph. 8S2
!

durare nequeo in aedibus.

ita

me

probri, stupri,
et

dedecoris a viro argutam

meo

!,

Mil. 837

bono subpromo

promo
!
(e.g.

cellam creditam
Trin,
etc.).

Beside the

common

exclamation gerrae

760) we find the Ace. The ellipse of dicis

sq.
:

niigas ! (e.g.

Most. 1087, Pers. 718,

is

or fabularis

suggested by

Rud.

1322

A. quid dare velis qui istaec

tibi investiget

indicetque

eloquere propere celeriter.

tricas
!

B.

nummos
!

trecentos.

A. A.

B. quadrigentos.

A. tramas putidas
!

B. quingentos.

cassam gland em
B. sescentos.

A. curculiunculos minutos fabulare.

is

48.

The

suppression of a Verb

certainly the explanation of the

Ace. in lines like Cas. 319 quam tu mi uxorem?, Poen. 972 quid tu mihi testes ?, Most. 908 A. quoiusmodi gynaeceum ? quid porticum ?

insanum bonam (see below, V, 7% The Ace. is found with the Participle indutus, e.g. Epid. 223 quid erat induta ? an regillam induculam an mendiculam ?, 225 utin
B.

49.

impluvium induta
vidi

fuerit?, INIen.
is

511 non ego

te

indutum

foras exire

pallam

Either indutus

Middle^ not Passive, or indutus takes

Ace. on

the analogy of gesture.

But
?,

Cist.

641, utrum hac

me

(hacine Brix) feriam an ab laeva latus

fini

Men. 858 hunc senem osse

dedolabo assulatim viscera, are doubtful instances of the *Acc.

They rather .shew Apposition, like Cas. 337 quis mihi subveniet tergo aut capiti aut cruribus?, for the Greek Ace, is
of Limitation.'
alien to Plautus.
V.

Ennius

in his

'

Annals

'

ventured on this Ace.

in

311 V. perculsi pectora Poeni, and found imitators in subsequent It is probDactylic poets (e.g. Lucr. i, 12 perculsae corda tua vi).

ably a Graecism, although the Ace. in another line of the Annals

(v.

400 v.) succincti corda machaeris, might be classed with the

Syntax of indutus.
in Latin, see

(On

the gradual extension of this use of the Ace.

Landgraf

in the

Archiv

lat.

Lexikographie, 10, 209 sqq.)

Syntax of Plautus.
50.

31

The same

variation of construction that appears in class. Lat.

(i)
c.

with verbs hke circumdo,

murum
'

urbi, (2) c.

seen with instruo in Plautus,

e.g.

Mil. 981

urbem muro, is aurum atque ornamenta

'

quae

illi

instruxti mulieri.

Impertio

aliquem aliqua re

is

the usual

construction, e.g.

127 Stratippoclem impertit salute servus Epidicus, Ten Eun. 270, etc., but 'aliquam rem alicui (usual with Cicero) appears occasionally, Pseud. 41 Phoenicium Calidoro amaEpid.
'

tori

suo

salutem impertit

(cf,

Vidul. 39, Novius

ii").

The Double Ace, of person and thing, is found even with, Men. 700 consulere hanc rem amicos insimiilo, e.g. ciraanduco Amph. 859 sic me insimulare falso facinus tarn malum
51.
e.g.

consulo,

(cf.

43, above)
;

hie te elusit

630 ilium anulum, quem parasitus cogo (when Ace. of Thing is Neut. Pron.), e.g. x'^mph.
;

eludo^

Cure.

164 haec
verbs,

eri

immodestia coegit me, Ter. Adelph. 490, and other

the
.

besides

usual
.

doceoy

celo,

posco,

etc.,

e.g.

inaiso, Ter.

me incusaveras; cottdono, e.g. Phorm. 947 Phorm. 914 quae condonamus te (cf. Eun. 17) Afranius 173 id aurum argentum me condonat litteris privo, Novius 69 quot res vis hunc privari
.

pulchras
Lastly

may be mentioned
///

the O. Lat. use of

with Ace. instead

of Abl., e.g.

vienteni est (like in

mentem

venit) (see

VII,
34.)

2).

(On
52.

the use of the Ace. with the Infinitive, see

V,

Vocative.

(W. Ferger
is

de Vocativi usu Plautino Teren-

tianoque.

Strasburg, 1889.)

In Latin the Voc.

in the Sing, of the

distinguished in form from the

;

Nom.

only

Second Decl.

and that not always

e.g. Stich,

in Plautus, in

the colloquial language of endearment,

da mihi savium, Asin. 664 da, meus ocellus,

mea

763 meus oculus, rosa, mi anime,

mea

voluptas, Cas.

137

meus

festus dies,

meus

pullus passer,

mca

columba, mi lepus.

Voc. and puer

But Plautus and Terence recognize a distinction between puere Nom. (sometimes Voc.)* which has disappeared by

the classical period.

is

added
is

to a Vocative in emotional utteris

ance, e.g. Trin. 1072 certe

est,

est profecto.

mi
tibi,

ere ex-

optdtissume

!,

in the invocation of

absent persons,

etc., e.g.

Trin. 617

ere Charmides,

quom

absenti hie tua res distrahitur

!;

utinam

te rediisse

salvom videam
vigila.

but

is

usually omitted, e.g. Capt. 1009

exi,

salve,

Tyndare, Pers. 725 heus, Saturio,

Callidamates,

luppiter !

is

common

Most. 373 Callidamates, in Terence, but

32

Syntax of Plauius.
{Pro luppiter
! is also

Plautus uses Itippiter ! without O.

both.)

used by

53.
in

Ablative.

(On Abl, of Place and Motion see

18, pp.

J.
;

Heckmann

Indogermanische Forschungen,
:

Time, Kane

Case forms
a

on Abl. of 296 sqq. to express Time. Baltimore, 1895.)

itself

The
(2)

Latin Abl. combines in

the Indo-European (i)

Instrumental,

Case denoting

instrument,

Abl, accompaniment,

There is a play on these two senses of instrument description, etc. and description in Amph. 368 A. immo equidem tunicis consutis hue advenio, non dolis. B. at mentiris etiam certo pedibus, non
:

tunicis venis.

In Plautine Latin we find the Abl. with

has in classical literature,
viz.

all

the funcInstru-

tions

which

it

Motion from,
x\bl.

ment, Description, Cause, Time, Place, Price,

Absolute, etc.
suffice.

few of the more notable examples under each head will

54.

The

Abl. of Motion, confined in class.

Lat.

to

names of

towns, with domus and rus^ has (like the Ace. of Motion, above,

Most. 440 triennio post Aegypto and Lucilius 1276, quoted below). advenio 39 Cure. 225 paves parasitus quia non rediit Caria (though we also find the Prep, used, e.g. Capt. 1005 erus alter eccum ex Alide rediit). Corresponding to the Loc. militiae, viciniae (cf. above, 31), we have (On vicinia Most. 1062, see True. 230 eum mittat militia domum. the next paragraph). But also ab domo Aul. 105 quia ab domo abeune.g.

39) a wider range in Plautus,

domum

(cf.

note,

dum

est mihi, Epid.

681 (see p. 11).

We
to

find

it

not merely with such

Verbs

as abscedo, e.g.

Epid. 285 et repperi haec te qui abscedat

it

suspicio,

where we may ascribe

si)

the Prep, in Tmesis (like

inmittere verba aiires, 43), but with salto Trin. 266 peius perit quasi
(

= quam

saxo
(cf.

saliat,

although the Prep,

i).

is

usually supplied with

Simple Verbs

above,

55. Provenience
etc., e.g.

Mil. 648

is indicated by Abl., not merely of town-names, non sum Animula 'I do not hail from A.', Asin.

499 Periphanes Rhodo mercator dives, Merc. 940 video ibi hospitem Zacyntho (cf. Ter. Andr. 892 civem hinc), but with the same freedom as the Abl. of Motion in O. Lat. Corresponding to Loc.
vici?iiae,

we have Most. 1062

1377,

foris

concrepuit proxuma vicinia

fores).

(cf.

/line

Mil.

hinc

sonitum fecerunt

Lucilius
'

admits

Aegypto sargus (1276 Ma.)

along with Syraciisis sola

bootsoles

(446 Ma.). Compare also phrases like Pers. 251 Ope gnatus (but Mil. 1081 ex Ope natust) ; also the Abl. in the phrase

from

S.'

Syntax of Plautus.
stare sententia^ e.g. Cure.

33
(cf.

250 ea omnes stant sententia

;

Rud.

808 age

alter istinc, alter hinc adsistite

dicis).

Men. 799 hinc

stas, illim

causam
56.

The

Abl. with opus est

e.g.

is

usually explained as a relic of the

'

a work (to be done) Nom., e.g. Capt. 164 opus Turdetanis, opust Ficedulensibus, iam maritumi omnes milites but whether the Grammarian Nonius Marcellus opus sunt tibi (482 Me.) is right in saying that the Ace. was also used is doubtful. Cf. True. 88 (of uncertain text), 902 puero opust cibum (-bo edd.), Ter. Phorm. 666 opus est sumptu (-turn A) ad nuptias. It might be defended on the analogy of usus est with Ace., of which we have a probable example in Pseud. 385 ad earn rem usust hominem

Instrumental Case,

opus

est gladio

there

is

with a sword''.

In Plautus

we

find also the

astutum, doetum,

eautum

et

eallidum.

In this line the Verbal

Noun
sunt).

usus seems to take the earlier construction (see above, 45) of the Verb utor (whence a use of the Gerundive like haec utenda

Some however

prefer to ascribe the Abl. with opus est to the

est

analogy of the Abl. with usus

(the usual construction, just as

utor in Plautus normally takes Abl).

Both usus
opus.

est

are found with Abl. of Perf. Part. Pass., e.g.

Amph. 505

and opus est citius quod

584 A.

non

factost
est

usus

fit

quam quod
empta
?

factost
si

Cf. Pers.

opusne

hac
facto

tibi

B.

tibi

venisse est opus, mihi

quoque empta
57.
\N\i\\

est.
*

sacrifice,'

'

make an
Also

offering,'

we

find the Abl.,

e.g. Stich.
of,'

251 quot agnis fecerat?

in the sense

of

disposing

e.g.

Most.
sit

minore quid
quid fuat

636 quid cost argento factum?, Capt. 952 meo factum filio, Epid. 152 quid ilia fiet fidicina igitur?
esse,

Similarly with

etc.,

e.g.

Trin.

157 siquid eo

me

nescio, Caecilius 180 quid

is

fuerit, Mil. 299 hoc futurum obsonio est?

?).

(but the Dat.

Also, e.g.

also used, e.g. True. 633 quid mihi futurum est

Men. 266 quid eo

with vescor,
similarly
lit.

vis? 'what do you want with

'

it

?'

The

Abl.

feed myself,' appears to be Abl. of

e.g.

Instrument;
fruor,

with

victito,

Mil.

321

mirumst
tttor,

lolio

victitare te, tarn vili tritico.

etc.,

On

the construction of

fungor,

see 45

oi potior, 7.
used with the corresponding phrase, artho
as the Abl. to the Instrument,

'

In Sanscrit the Instr. Case

est.'

is

bhavati 'opus

To

the Agent the Gen.

would be as appropriate

e.g. Most.

412

id viri doctist opus.

We
D

find the

Gen. of the thing

in Lucilius

334 Ma. nummi opus

(see

Marx's note).

'

34
58.

Syntax of Plautus,

The Adverbial
ibis,

Abl.

is

much

in evidence, e.g. Mil.

450

nisi

voluntate
id

Aul. 477 sapienter factum et consilio bono, Trin. 362

nunc

facis

baud consuetudine Rud. 729 ioculo^,

(cf.

more^

e.g.

Aul.

246 more

hominum
Adv.
ratus.

facit),

like ioco

(the opposite of the

e.g.

serio). for

which we also ^ndper iocum^

B. an id ioco dixisti
?

Amph. 964 A. me
serio ac vero
'

dixisse per iocum.

Cf.

equidem

Bacch.

268

rebus ceteris

'

in

other respects
gloriose),
is

(see 4,

above).
si

Like Capt. 689 clueas gloria

(=

Poen. 1192

quod

agit cluet victoria, Asin. 142 sordido

vitam oblectabas pane

in pannis inopia.

The Abl. Absolute (see E. Bombe de abl. abs. apud antiRomanorum scriptores usu,' Greifswald, 1877) is sometimes loosely used of the Subject of the sentence, e.g. Amph. 542 ut quom
59.
'

quiss.

absim
invito

me
me

ames,

me tuam
patiatur

te

se vidente

amicam
eripis,

suam

absente tamen, Ter. Heaut. 913 qui cf. Rud. 712 meas mihi ancillas ;
te

Most. 230
132.

quam

me
is

vivo

unquam sinam
(cf.

egere

aut mendicare, Stich.

like auspicato, Pers.

Similar

an Abl. (without a Noun)

praefinito
si

608 vide ut ingrediare auspicato

e.g.

Ter. Hec. 94), and (without a Verb)

re aedes

Poen. 728 quid

recenti

pultem

?,

Most. 916

me

suasore atque impulsore.

in

Other
*

examples of

this Abl.

(sometimes called

Grammars

the

Abl. of

Accompaniment'

or of 'Attendant Circumstances') are Trin. 446

bonis tuis rebus meas res irrides malas (tuis in rebus A)^ Trin. 376 tua re salva, True. 75 re placida atque otiosa, victis hostibus (but

cf.

Poen. 524 praesertim in re populi placida atque interfectis hostibus; Pseud. 102 1), Bacch. 599 tuo ego istaec igitur dicam illipericulo, Mil. 513 quam magno vento plenumst undarum mare ('when the

wind

is

high'),

and the curious phrase

in Cas.

demum nuUo
may be

scito scitus es (cf. Leo's note

on Pseud. 1047).
'

525 nunc enim tu This

as far as

the true explanation of the O. Lat. use of fini

fini

with Abl., Men. 859 osse

with the roots as

dedolabo assulatim
fini,
lit.

viscera,

Cato R.R.
limit,'

31, 2 operito terra radicibus

'

'the bone being the

limit.*

60. The Abl. of Price has been already mentioned (16, 32). Here may be added these instances Asin. 87 argentum accepi,
:

The Diminutive own language

scarcely survives except in this Adverbial use.

e.g. astu, are

Stereotyped
Latin, as in

Adverbial Ablatives of obsolete Nouns,

our
obsolete

numerous

in

Nouns

survive in Adverbial use, e.g. stead.

Syntax of Plautus.
dote

35
minis
trecentis

imperium

vendidi

Pers.

668 non edepol

(cf.

carast.
It is often

accompanied by the Adv. contra

below,

VII,

2),

True. 538 iam mi auro contra constat filius. 61. For the Abl. of Cause we may quote Pseud. 799 A. cur conducebas? B. inopia alius non erat, Most. 196 te ille deseret
e.g.
:

aetate et satietate, 840 aetate

aetate tardiores, Capt. 808
potest,

non quis obtuerier, Poen. 509 scibam quarum odore praeterire nemo pistrinum

Amph. 1066
lacrimo

qui terrore

meo
is

occidistis

prae metu,
Stich.

Ter.
etc.),

Adelph.

466, 409 Phorm. 998 delirat miser timore; also ea re (cf. qiiare), e.g. Aul. 799 ea re repudium remisit aunculus causa mea, hoc, etc., e.g. Pseud. 807 hoc ego fui hodie solus obsessor fori, Rud. 1234 isto tu pauper

gaudio

{prae

used

in

es,

62.

quom nimis sancte piu's hence eo The Abl. of Description, often

;

quia, etc.

the equivalent of an Adj.,

9),
e.g.

competes with the Gen. (see above,

Mil.

1369 dicant

te

mendacem nee verum

in Plautus, the

esse, fide nulla

suris.

esse te, Pseud.

12 18 rufus

quidam, ventriosus, crassis

The
Age.

Abl. seems to predominate

Gen.
in

in the Silver
lat.

(For

details, see

Edwards

and Woelfflin
sqq.)

Cnm

is

Lexikographie 11, pp. 197 sqq., 469 used in sentences like Aul. 554 quingentos coquos
it

Archiv

cum

senis manibus, just as

is

an alternative expression of other

2), e.g.

functions of the Abl. (see

VII,

Merc. 811

rediit

cum

quidem

salute familial

maxuma

(contrast

Men. 134
e.g.

avorti

praedam

ab hostibus nostrum salute socium).

63. Abl. of

Time

('at' or 'within'):

Most. 505 quae hie

also

monstra

fiunt

anno

vix

possum

eloqui.

Anno can
91,

mean

within

the past year,' 'a year ago,'

minis ego emi istanc

hie often

Amph. prol. anno uxori meae (cf.

e.g.

Men. 205 quattuor

above, 37).

The

Pron.

504 neque istuc redire his octo possum mensibus, Poen. 872 iam his duobus mensibus volucres tibi erunt tuae hirquinae {scil. alae). Most. 238 nam neque edes quicquam neque bibes apud me his decem diebus. Like
Pers.

accompanies the Abl.,

hidis

'

at the games,' e.g. Pers. 436,

is

Aul. 540

si

nitidior sis

filiai

nuptiis.

64. Abl. of Place ('at' or 'within'): e.g. Merc. 51 conclamitare

tota urbe. Gas. 763

omnes
locis

festinant intus totis aedibus

homo idem duobus

(see above,
i),

ut simul

sit.

Amph. 568 With a Compound Verb

;

e.g.

The

phrase capite

sistere

Rud. 907 qui salsis locis incolit to be tumbled on one's head D 2

'
'

pisculentis.
is

common,

36
e.g.

Syntax of Plautus.
Cure. 287 quin cadat, quin capite sistat in via de seniita. The e.g. Carthagine, Athenis, has been already mentioned
34),

Locative Abl.,
(29

and the greater freedom of

330
;

its

use in Plautine than in

servit captus

class.

Lat., e.g. Capt.

filius

Alide (usually in Alide

see

meus ilHc apud vos my note on v. 94).

(cf.
:

The

Abl. expresses also 'along,' 'by a route'

si

rcda via),
si

e.g.

Poen. 631

bene

dicetis, vostra ripa

vos sequar

male

dicetis,

vostro gradiar limite.

65. Of the Abl. of Difference we may take as example the joke in Rud. 1305 A. immo edepol una littera plus sum quam medicus. B. tum tu mendicus es (which shews that Plautus spelt tnendicus with /, not ei) Stich. 498 uno Gelasimo minus est quam dudum fuit there's one G. less,' Cas. 359 te uno adest plus quam ego volo, Pers. 684 duobus nummis minus est, True. 304 (of a wall) quae in noctes singulas latere fit minor loses a brick each night.' If qtn be really Instr., not Abl., of quis, there is evidence of the Instru; '
'

mental origin of

this function, for ecgui, nuviqui, siqia are the

e.g.

forms

used with Comparatives,

numqui minus
is

.f*

(but quo mimis, e.g.

Ter. Andr. 655). 66. The Abl. of Comparison

tives,

used not merely with Compara-

but with aeque,

e.g.

Cure. 141 qui

(=

quis)

me

in terra

aeque

fortunatus erit?
e.g.

(On the use of aeque with the Comp. of an Adj., aeque iniserior, see III, 2). Some appeal to a line like Amph.
is

704, ex insana insaniorem facies, in support of the theory that the

Abl. of Comparison

a developement of the Abl. of Motion or

Provenience.
67.

The
we

Abl. with dignus

is

associated in
others with

some Grammars with

In

the

Abl. of Comparison,

in

the Abl. of Price.

Plautus

find not only dignus aliqtia re, but dignus ad, e.g. Mil.
ilia

968 ad tuam formam

above, 40).

una

dignast.

He

gives decorus the

(On id dignus same Abl. as dignus in

esse,

see

Mil.

619

neque
68.
in
tis

te

decora neque

tuis virtutibus.

The

Abl. of Plenty and

Want has been

discussed above (14),

e.g. Mil.

connexion with the similar use of the Gen.,

(Gen.) egeat, quia te (Abl.) careat, a line

1033 quia which exemplifies

;

Plautus' invariable construction of these two Verbs

Turpilius 157

expers malitiis
struction

also the Abl. with compos,

{-ri),

which follows the con-

of the Verb compotire

e.g.

Rud. 911 piscatu novo

soils

me

uberi compotivit,

Rud. 205

ita hie

sola

locis

compotita

sum.

Syntax
69.

oj Platitus.

37
the

The
'

Abl. of Respect, indicating the sphere in which

:

Verb operates
vostrae,

e.g.

Most. 708 atque pol nescio ut moribus sient

'

in respect of character

Pers. 238 malitia certare

tecum

with

deficio^ e.g.

Asin. 609

quem

si

intellegam deficere vita.

This Abl. plays the part of a Cognate Ace. in lines like Most.
1

158

scis

solere illanc aetatem

tali

ludo ludere, Pseud. 24 ludis

iam ludo tuo.

70.

Of

other Verbs with Abl.

may be
e.g.

noticed
e.g.

desisto, e.g.

Mil.

737
istis

istis

rebus desisti decet; supersedeoy

rebus iam; emimgo 'swindle,'

Epid. 39 supersede Bacch. iioi me auro esse

emunctum; tango
lenunculum
Bacch.
Asin.
;

'swindle,' e.g. Poen.

e.g.

1286 aere
Poen.
;

militari tetigero

circumduco 'swindle,'
argenti

1287 nanctus est

tondeo
'swindle,'
;

hominem mina quem

135

circumduceret
hie

242 itaque tondebo auro usque ad vivam

cutem

eluo^
e.g.

nam

in

mari

repperi,

elavi

bonis;
et

interficio^

True. 518 salve qui

interficere, sc.
vita,

me

interfecisti

paene vita

lumine (hence
illo
!,

'to kill'); prohibeo^ e.g. Asin. 515

quem
Ter.

amo

prohibeor, Pseud.

13 id

te

(Abl.) Juppiter prohibessit

Phorm. 425 aut quidem cum uxore hac ipsum prohibebo domo; abstmeo, e.g. Rud. 1108 abstine maledictis, Aul. 601 qui ea curabit abstinebit censione bubula, Rud. 424 potin ut me abstineas manum.?; caveo^, e.g. Bacch. 147 cave malo ; excido, Ter. Andr. 423 erus, quantum audio, uxore excidit; consuesco^ Ter. Adelph. 666 qui ilia consuevit prior {v.l. illam).

On

refert med^ see

above,

I, 4.

III.

The

Adjective.

1. Just as an Adj. may play the part of a Noun, e.g. boni 'good men,' bonum 'a good thing' (cf. proxumicm 'next door,' Rud. 767 quin inhumanum exuras tibi cauterize e.g. Asin. 54
'

your inhumanity
Adj.

'),

so a

Noun

occasionally plays the part of an

'

Instances from Plautine Latin are turbo ventus

'

whirlwind,'

lapis silex

flintstone,' Philippics

nummus

(but Philtppeus Poen. 714

te caveo, Pers.
,

" Sometimes with ab and Abl.,

sis

e.g.

Men. 151 abs

43 cave
sis

317 cave

a cornu.

The Ace.
'

is

also found, not merely of Neut. Pron.

e.g. Asin.

e.g.

Men. 265

ego istuc cavebo, but of Nouns,

sense
'

malam rem.
e.g.

In the legal

to take surety

the

Verb takes cum with Abl.,

Pseud. 909 malus

cum

malo

stulte cavi.

38
cf.

Syntax of Plautus.

Poen. 781), Most. 1049 ut senatum congerronem (-num ^^) convocem, Poen. 543 obsecro hercle, operam celocem hanc mihi, ne corbitam date express-boat service, not lugger service.' Of
'

the

ecjuivalence

of an

Adj.
'

to

the

Gen. Case of a Noun the

'

common
example.

phrase

erilis filius

our young master

may

serve

as

An
(e.g.

Adj. plays the part of an Adv. in lines like

est dimidiatus
.

Men. 154
te

dies

quidem iam ad umbilicum

Mil.

mortuus.
.

Besides iuvitus

449

vi

atque invitam ingratiis

totus,

rapiam
^

domum,

Aul.

106 invitus abeo), we often find

miser

dhorsjis, cihis used

Adverbially, e.g. Aul. 410 totus doleo atque oppido perii,

Bacch.

208 misera amans desiderat, Poen. 368 discrucior miser {viisere is Terentian but hardly Plautine in such phrases; Sjogren 'de part,
cop'., p. 60 cites Aul. 14, 315),

Rud. 1252 sed quom inde suam

True.

quisque
apart,'

ibant

divorsi

domum,
e.g.

787

divorsae

state

'

stand

Amph.

11 15 citus e cunis exilit, etc.

side,

Adj. and Adv. are

et

often
(cf.

found side by

Capt.

960 recte

vera

loquere

Ter. Adelph. 609), Trin. 268 sunt tamen quos miseros maleque

habeas, Bacch. 474 tu Pistoclerum falso atque insontem arguis. (For other examples see Sjogren de part, copulat.', p. 58.)
'

On
e.g.

the use of the Pron. Adj. for a Conjunction, iiulUis for

is

iion^

Asin. 408

nullus venit, 'he did not turn up,' see

IV,

28.

The Adj.
2.

varius plays the part of a Perf. Part. Pass, variaius in

Mil. 216 nisi

quidem

hie agitare mavis varius virgis vigilias.

In regard to the

Comparison
notice,

of the Adj. (see

W.

Fraesdorff:

de Comparativi Gradus usu Plautino.

peculiarities
call

Halle, 1S81), two Plautine

for

the

pleonastic

use of magis with

Comparative (see Seyffert

e.g.
(cf.

in Bursian's Jahresbericht,

1895, p. 296),

Capt. 644 quin

Trin.

1029),

nihil, inquam, invenies magis hoc certo certius and the association of aeque {adaeque) with the

same Degree,
opinor.

e.g.

Merc.

335

homo me

miserior

nullust

aeque,

The

genesis of the phrase,

'

common
tibist

both in Plautine and

'inform

class.
:

Lat., certiorem facere

to inform,'

may be
872

seen in lines like these

Pseud. 18 face
facere,
e.g.

me

certum quid
1097

me'
te

(cf.

scientem

Asin. 48, Ter. Heaut.

nam

scientem faciam

quidquid egero). Pseud.

facit

epistula

atque imago

me

certum
es

'makes me

certain,'

Pseud. 965 sed eccum qui ex incerto

faciet

mihi quod quaero certius, Amph.

Similarly

347
1 1

numquid nunc
2

certior ?

we

find potior fieri, Cas.

hercle

me

sus-

Syntax of
pendio,

Plaiitus.

39

quam

tu eius potior

fias,

satiust

mortuum.
like

On
Adjs.,

the Positive

use of the Comparative

ocitcs^

see

VI,

4.

Some

Participles

receive
e.g.

Comparison

often

with

comical intention,
doctior

Cas.

vivunt, Trin. 397 factius

694 occisissimus sum omnium qui nihilo facit, Poen. 581 quin edepol con-

sum quam

tragoedi aut comici, Stich. 118 utra siet condicio

pensior, virginemne

an viduam habere?, Most. 441

A. credo, exspectatus veniam familiaribus.

B. nimio edepol
ille

potuit exspectatior

venire qui te nuntiaret mortuum,

Ter.

Heaut.

645

ignoscentior.

parison

are Poen.

991

nullus

me
B.

Other examples of comic Comest hodie Poenus Poenior, and

ipsus,

the often quoted ipsissumtis

(cf.

avToraros), Trin.

es?

B. aio.

A. ipsus es?
?

inquam,

989 A. is ipsusne Charmides sum.

A. ergo ipsusne es
'

B.

ipsissumus.
etc.,
is

Notice that the construction

to Plautus

verier

quam
is

gratior,'

unknown

and Terence.

There
vitam

an example

in a

superiorem

atque

speech of Cato (10, 2) quantoque suam ampliorem atque antiquiorem animum

inducent esse
paratives, see

quam VIII,

innoxiorem.
2.

On quam

and atque

after

Com-

lines:

The Predicative use of the Adj. may be illustrated by these Mil. 953 immo omnes res posteriores pono atque operam
tibi, Cist.

do

193 nihil est perpetuum datum.

3.

Indeclinables.
Latin

Nequam,

lit.

'

nohow,'
Pers.

is

an Adj.

in

the

colloquial

of Plautus'

time,

e.g.
;

nequamst, male res vortunt quas agit

frugaliter
;

sin

453 si malus aut autem frugist, eveniunt

True.

gloriosae.

157 postremo illi sunt improbi, vos nequam et Like other Adjectives, it may act as a Noun, e.g. Poen.

me

159 A. vin tu illi nequam (= malum) dare nunc? B. cupio. A. em, Frugi bonae Dat. (II, 27) was shortened \.o frugi^ and dato.

associated vfiih fruga/t's, as

may be

seen from these lines

sies (cf. 41),

True. 34

temptat benignusne an bonae frugi

frugi servo detur potius

Cas. 268 ut enim

quam

sin

autem

frugist,
e.g.

eveniunt frugaUter.

servo improbo, Pers. 454 (just quoted) Nikili (II, 32) too became

an Adj.,

Cas. 257 armigero nihili atque improbo, Asin. 472

for

Ennius coined the word frux

facit frux.

'homo

frugi' in

Ann. 314 V. dictum

factumque

40
impure,
bestiam.
4.
nihili

Syntax of
'you good
for

Platitus.

nothing,'

Mil.

i8o

propter

nihili

carum
usu.

Numerals. (M. U^uts. unus nominis part. I. De

' '

Paul

Quaestionum Grammatiis

numeralis apud priscos.scriptores

Jena

(diss.)

1884.)
(cf.

The

colloquial use with the Superl.

frequent in Plautus
p. 293).

Seyffert in Bursian's Jahresbericht,

:

1895,

Other notable uses are

{scil.

(= quendam) quaero meas

unos

Epid. 453 pol ego magis unum pugnas) cui praedicem Trin. 166
;

(= tantummodo) sex dies; Most. 677 iterum iam ad unum (= idem) saxum me functus ferunt icnus populus 'a whole people,' Mil. 584 nam uni satis populo improbo merui mali Poen. 226 sed vero duae, sat scio, maxumo uni populo quoilubet plus satis dare potis sunt. Some find an anticipation of the Indefinite Article of the Romance languages in a line like Capt. 482 dico unum
; ;

ridiculum dictum de dictis melioribus.

possum

e.g. Trin. 959 si hunc Philippum circumducere, Mil. 1079 quin mille annorum perpetuo vivunt, Ter. Heaut. 601 huic drachuis

Milk

a Neut. Noun, and takes the Gen.,

mille

illo

nummum

marum haec

argenti mille dederat

mutuum

(cf.

Aul. Gell.

i,

16.

In True. 485 editors change mille memorari potest io pote).

IV. The Pronoun.

I.

Personal.

(W. Kaempf

de pronominum personalium usu

Berlin, 1886.)

et

coUocatione apud poetas scaenicos Romanorum.

The
*

pleonastic strengthening of Pronouns (see below,

3)

is

feature of language, especially of colloquial language, as in English

this

here

man

'
'

my

very

own

self.'

We
where

see

it

in the

emphatic
are

forms of the Pers. Pron. egomet,

repetitions of the
i

tute,

-7net

and

-te

mere

Pron. stem and the 2 Pron. stem,

e.g.

Most. 369

A. tutin vidisti? B. egomet, inquam.

used in the phrases egomet mihi (or

;;/^)

These forms are especially and tute tibi (or te), for

which we find also ego mihi and tu the emphatic form of the Reflexive
-se) sibi

tibi.
se.

The

reduplicated sese

is

In the normal ipsus (not

(or se)

we have a
sibi

parallel to egomet mihi, tute tibi, e.g. Trin.

.

321 qui ipsus

satis placet
no'veris).

qui ipsus se contemnit

(cf.

Rud.

730 tu ipsus

te ut

non

On the colloquial use of hie (homo, etc.) for ego, see below, 13 and on the occasional careless use of is for the Reflexive (and vice Vos seems (but, I think, only seems) to be used for versa), 15.
;

'

Syntax of Plautus.

41

tu in Mil. 862 (Lurcio to Palaestrio) ne dixeritis obsecro huic vostram fidem, Most. 62 (Grumio to Tranio) ervum daturin estis, bubus quod feram?, Pers. 501 salutem dicit Toxilo Timarchides
et familiae

omni

si

valetis,

gaudeo.

In his note on Ter. Adelph.

774 in peccato maxumo quod vix sedatum satis est potastis, scelus, oratorie potastis dicit, cum unum ebrium Donatus remarks (Cf. True. 401, 953, Ter. Hec. 263 ; in Stich. 255, True. cernat.
' :
'

358, Poen. 1372, Pseud. 1217,

2 Sing,
2.

etc.,

the two families of

MSS.

offer

and

2 Plur.

respectively.)

To meiis^ iims, suns, noster, vester we must and Interrog.), aliefws (of alius), e.g. Trin. 82 suspicio est in pectore alieno sita. ego meo sum promus pectori We know from the parody die mihi, Damoeta, cuium pecus anne Latinum ?, that the Possessive of qui and quis was discarded
Possessive.
add quoius
(of Rel.
:
:

'

by

purists.

Perhaps the reason was that

it

was regarded as an
si

incorrect use of the Gen. Sing.

In a line like Rud. 1021

veniat

nunc dominus quoiust {scil. vidulus), we might parse quoius either as Possessive or as Gen. Sing, oi qui. The pleonastic strengthening of suus by the addition of sibi is a feature of colloquial Latin (see G. Landgraf in Archiv lat.
Lexikographie
gladio
times.
8,

43),
'

which,

especially in

the proverb

suo sibi
to late

hunc iugulo
It

hoist with his

own

petard,' survived

looks as

though

it

were fashioned on the pattern of

tibi servus tuo arbitratu serviat, Rud. meas mihi ancillas invito me eripis (the juxta-positiou of Possessive and Personal Pron. is normal) with sibi instead of ei (cf. 15); cf. Trin. 156 reddam suum sibi, Poen. 1083 suam sibi rem salvam sistam, si illo advenerit. But the Dat. sibi has usually no place in the construction of the sentence, e.g. Capt. 5 sed is quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri, 81 suo sibi suco vivunt. Like

phrases like Bacch. 994 tuus

712

sua sibi pecunia of Pers. 81

mihi pecunia.

is

True. 698 ubi male accipiar

mea

Other notable uses of the various Possessives are

mea^
etc., .e.g.

mea
'

i'

for era
;

Mil.

1263, Ter. Adelph. 289,

etc.,

mea

tu

noster

in the expression of

welcome and approval

tui

noster esto

be one of

our set' (like Horace's scribe

P

gregis hunc), e.g. Bacch. 443,

is

The vagueness

of this use of the Possessive

his
'

utilized for

keeping Euclio

at cross-purposes

meam me
but
is

ducats and daughter,' Aul, 744 quid tibi ergo invito tactiost?, where fneam is meant by Euclio for * meam ollam,'

between

understood by Lyconides as

'meam

filiam.'

42
Mil.
'

Syntax of Ptautus.
nostri similarly for
'

8gg nosmet
alieni

'

ex nostra familia
certo edepol tu

'

or possibly for

ipsi

in

Mil. 431 persectari hie volo, Seeled re, nos nostri

an

simus (cf

Amph. 399
In

me

alienabis

numhis

quam quin
slave
:

noster siem).
istuc faciet

Rud, 1245 Daemones says to

minime

noster Daemones, using noster in the

slave's sense of the word.

In Plautus, as in

class. Lat., a Possessive

oh,

may

play the part of

te

a Pers. Pron. with a Prep, like

propter, e.g. tiius for oh

(jui
'

in

Capt. 133 ego qui tuo maerore maeeror, Amph. to66 meo occidistis prae metu it may express the sense of
;

terrore

eharacter;

istic'or 'appropriate,' e.g. non est 7neum Mil. 1363, etc.

cf^ Trin.

445 haud nosco tuuni, Ter. Eun. 1066 non cognosce vestrum tarn superbum. Most. 789 antiquum obtines hoe tuum, tardus ut sis; also Pers. 579 si quidem hanc vendidero pretio suo. The Possessive is sometimes omitted with erus master (for my The arrangement of Rud. 347. master,' 'your master'), e.g. phrases like Capt. 875 tuum Stalagmum servum, Amph. 1077 tua
'
'

'

Bromia

ancilla, is

normal

^I, 4).

(For

statistics,

see

M. Nilsson

quomodo Pronomina, quae cum

substantivis

coniunguntur, apud
p. 23.)

Plautum et Terentium coUocantur, Lund, 1901, 3. Relative, Interrogative, Indefinite.

tiones Plautinae de Pronominibus Indefinitis.

(A.

Prehn

Quaes-

Strasburg (progr.),

1887

with

it

read Seyffert's remarks in Bursian's Jahresbericht,

1890, pp. 15 sqq.)

Pleonastic
Indefinite

strengthening

(see
in

I,

11) of the
like

Interrogative and

Pronouns appears
qiiis
. .

lines

Most.

256 quid
.
.

guicquam?, Aul. 810

qtusquam2, Asin. 785 nequid quicquatn, Rud. 896 nequid signifieem quippiam mulierculis, Mil. 431 nedum quisptam nos vicinorum imprudentes aliquis immutaverit,
Pers. 648, etc., 7iemo
.
.

quisq/uim, Asin. 146, etc., ni/ii/ qnicquani.

is, ille,

The

Relative

is

occasionally strengthened by the addition of

1023 quorum eortim unus surrupuit eurrenti cursori solum, Epid. 329 quid ilium ferre vis, qui, tibi quoi divitiae domi maxumae sunt, is nummum nullum habes nee sodali tuo in te copiast (cf.
e.g. Trin.

Pseud.

225)
'

and

this

suits

the theory that cuius :^older quoins')

'

represents

quo-eius,'

ciii

(older qtwiei) represents

is

quo-eiei,' with

addition of the cases

of

to the Relative-stem.

We

find

also

qui
ego

ego, e.g.

Epid. 388 vel ego, qui

(cf.

dudum

fili

causa coeperam

med

excruciare animi

Epid. 329, just quoted).

4. Doubling of the Pronouns, to express indefiniteness, appears

Syntax of

Piatitus.

43

not merely in quisquis (never in Plur.), etc., but also in, e.g qiiantumquantum Poen. 738 (cf. ubiitbi Rud. 12 10). The same sense is given by the addition of vis^ lubef^, ciimque {quo7nque),
,

e.g.
fit

Pers.

210 quoi pol quomque occasio

;

est (cf.

Bacch. 252 ubi

(

quaqiie mentio)

also of -que, e.g. quandoque^ quisque

in tegulis

quisquis)^

e.g. Mil.
'

156 quemque

videritis

alienum.

(On quisque
(qua es pruPlautus,
in lines

each,'
5.

and on quisquis with the function of

like

quisque^ see below, 25.)

Although a phrase

'quae tua

est prudentia
'

dentia, cuius es prudentiae), nihil te fugiet

is

the beginnings of this use of the Relative

like Mil.
.

unknown to may be seen

nova

et

951 quin tu tuam rem cura potius ., quae tibi condicio (In Mil. 801 Parataxis is preferred: ille, luculenta fertur.
est,

eiusmodi

cupiet miser.

On
'

Terence's utist audacia and ut

est

dementia, see
6.
its

VIII,

s.v.

ut.')
(cf.

The

old Instrumental Case

II, 65) of ^?'

and quis retains

}
its

instrumental function in lines like Cure. 705 A. quodne promisti

?

B. qui promisi
to a

A. lingua.
is

B.

eadem nunc nego; but

its

transition

mere Conjunction

patent in

frequent association with

a Plural Antecedent,
(see below,

e.g.

Aul. 502 vehicla qui vehar.

last stage, e.g.

And

it
.

has
.

already in Plautus' time sunk to this

With haps also Negative) -ne, it becomes the Conjunction quin (see But quin may be also Nom. Masc, like quaen below, VIII, 2).
2).

VIII,

qui fit ut the Particle (Interrogative, and per-

.?

or

quaene,

Nom.

Fern.,

in

Cist.

654 quae (Neut.

?
'

Plur.)

dudum
}

fassast

mihi quaene
Dat.

infitias

eat

?,

Mil. 66 A. itane aibant

tandem

B. quaen
me,'

me ambae
ne id
:

obsecraverint
in

why

they both

implored

quoin

Masc.

Mil.

adimatur,

quod

vidit

viderit?

588 quoin id {scil. quod vidit) (For more examples see

Rauterberg
7.

By

a grammatical laxity

Quaestiones Plautinae. Wilhelmshaven (progr.), 1883.) is appears instead of a repeated qui

Hne like Trin. 1141 quem ego nee qui esset noram, neque eum ante usquam conspexi prius (cf. Poen. 624 fortunati omnes sitis,
in a

<l

We

see the origin of these forms in hnes like Trin. 570 quid tibi lubet tute
Stich.

agito

cum nato meo,

698 vide utram

licet.

tibi lubet tibi

etiamnunc capere, cape

lubet
.

provinciam, Bacch. 866 pacisce ergo, obsecro, quid

pacisce quid vis,

Rud. 854 A. utrum vis opta, dum siquid vis, Merc. 182, etc., siquid
crystallized in Mil.

B. neutrum volo, Mil. 103 1 impera,

vis,

roga.

But the form

qtiidvis is already
licere facere

500 an, quia latrocinamini, arbitramini quidvis

is

vobis, verbero?

Quovis

not equivalent to quo (tu) vis in

Most. 888 cibo

perduci poteris quovis.

44

Syntax of Plautus.
certo scio nee fore nee

quod

Fortunam

id situram

fieri).

On

the

common
I,

Attraction

of the

Antecedent

to

the

Relative

and the

very rare Attraction of the Relative to the Antecedent, see above,

8, 9.

8.

The

Indefinite

Pronoun appears
time

in the
ne, si,

form quis in classical

Latin after certain Conjunctions only,

restricted
in

man,

etc.,

but

is

less

the

Dramatists'

Pacuvius 25).
istis

We
201

an quis Asin, 717, etc., may take as examples Most 749 iam de
(cf,
:

rebus voster quid sensit senex?, Bacch. 274 etiamnest quid

?,

porro

Stich.

Men. 664 opera

Stich.

reddetur,

178 nam ilia Eun. 51 T roget quis.

quando quem auctionem facturum sciunt, quando quid tibi erit surruptum domo, artes omnes perdocet. ubi quem attigit, Ter.

And

quis plays the part of qinsquis in lines

Merc. 991 supplici sibi sumat quid volt, Pers. 398 vel tu vende vel face quid tibi lubet (cf. quidvis, quidlubet).
like
9.

me
not
find

Quisquain (normally Subst., as ullus

""

is

normally Adj.)
for

is

confined to Negative
also, e.g., Cas.

and Interrogative Sentences,

solist plus in

we
(cf.
is

128).

677 tibi infesta Quispiam, only found

quam cuiquam
the

Cas.

Sing, in

Comedians,

not

used by Plant, (but by Ter. Eun. 87 3) in direct statements, but

only in questions or after
of the Adv. uspiani.
10.
si,

ttbi,

nisi, ne, etc.

The same

is

true

The

Interrogative Pronouns are strengthened by the addition

?
^

of Particles like tandem, nam, e.g. Poen. 619 ecquidnam adferunt

et ille
'

chlamydatus quisnam
?
'

est qui sequitur procul ?

(On quianatn

why

of Epic Poetry, see

VIII,

2).

Ecquid

is

sometimes a mere

Particle, e.g. Mil.

1106 ecquid
7).

fortis visast ?

'did she seem good-

looking?'
see

(cf.

VIII,

On

quid 'why?,' quidni 'why not?'

VIII,

2.

11.
Stich.

The

phrase quot calendis 'on the

first

day of each month,'

60 vos meministis quot calendis petere demensum cibum,

affords

an interesting contrast

to quoti-die {cottidie).

Plautus' use of qui, quod for class. Lat. quis, quid (and vice versa)

belongs rather to

Accidence than to Syntax

in

(Statistics

will

be

found
schrift

in Seyffert's article

the Berliner Philologische

Wochenwith

1893,

p.

278).
is

The

use

of Subj.

and Ind.

Mood

Relative Pronouns
12.

treated in

V,

30.
(J.

Demonstrative and

others.

Bach: de usu pronominum

On nuviquam

qiiisqua?n, see below, 28.

Syntax

oj

Plautus.

45

demonstrativorum apud priscos scriptores Latinos, in vol. II. of Studemund's Studien auf dem Gebiet des archaischen Lateins.'
'

Berlin, 1891.)

To

the Demonstratives
hoino,

hie, iste

(or istic\

ille

(or

illic),

is,

must

be added

which,

in

the colloquial Latin of Plautus

is

and

Terence, often has the function of

laches venisse dixit mihi

or

ille,

e.g.

Most.

1 1

24 Philo-

suum peregre hue patrem, quoque modo hominem advenientem servus ludificatus sit, Trin. 952 si forte noverisne hominem?, Trin. eumpse Charmidem conspexeris, etc., adgrediar hominem 'I'll go up to him,' Ter. Phorm. prol. 45,
.
.

2,

Hec. 828.

It is often

appended

to another Pron., e.g. Mil.

684

tu

homo et alteri sapienter potis es consulere et tibi, modo tu homo amas you're a new type of lover.'
'

Mil. 624 novo

13.
iste

The

distinction
'

between hie

'

the person beside

ille
'

me

or us,'

(often iste tuns)

the person beside you,'

'

the person at

a distance from

me

or us

is

carefully observed in the

Comedies

and often reveals

ego

to us the position occupied at the

moment by

the several actors on the stage.

is

Hie

(usually hie homo, etc.) for

e.g.

a well-known usage of colloquial Latin,

Ter. Andr. 310

tu, si hie sis, aliter sentias.

In Epid. 291
(v.

it

has this sense, even

'

though

in

a neighbouring line
too
(cf.

286)

it

has the sense of

;

he.'

Common
yourself
'

is

hoe habet 'a

hit!,' e.g.

Most. 715
lucescit

hoe age

'

exert

Mil.

458 vin
'

tu facere

hoc strenue?).

Hoe means
(cf.

the sky

'

'

the day

in e.g.

Amph. 543

hoc iam

Mil.

218, Ter. Heaut. 410), acting in fact as Subject of the Impersonal

hie est
'this

Verb; 'the door' in e.g. Amph. 1020 aperite hoc. heus On hoc ? ecquis hoc aperit ostium ? (cf Trin. 870).
is

ecquis
est

quod

the reason

of,'

see
also

VIII,

2,

s.v.

quod.
e.g.

Terence's quid-

q2iid huitis (Neut.)

may

be mentioned,
980.
iste,

Heaut. 961 quidquid

ego huius
huius
feci,

feci, tibi

prospexi et stultitiae tuae, Eun. 202 et quidquid

feci,

causa virginis

The contemptuous

use

of

even of an absent person,

is

apparently found in Plautus, see Seyffert in Bursian's Jahresbericht,

189s, p. 300), e.g. Cas. 275 Hercules dique istam perdant, where the speaker is alone on the stage. Other phrases with this Pronoun
are
:

Quid

istiic ?

'

what

Capt. 541 quid istuc est

is

meaning of your conduct ? quod meos te dicam fugitare oculos?

is

the

'

e.g.
It

to

be distinguished from quid

assents,
e.g.

istie

(Adv.)
tu

?,

the formula of unvel

aias

willing

Rud. 1331 A. proin

vel

neges.
last

B.

quid istic?

necessumst, video.

The

full

form of the

46

Syntax of Plautus.
istic

appears in Epid. 141 quid

('in

that

matter urged by you')

verba facimus?

Ilk became the Definite Article of certain Romance languages.

In a few lines of Plautus
e.g.
it

seems

to play
ille

something

like this part,

Trin. 493 aeque

mendicus atque

opulentissimus censetur

censu ad Accheruntem mortuus, Stich. 133 placet ille meus mihi mendicus (cf. Ital. il mio). Of phrases with ille may be mentioned
:

hie

ille

est,

e.g.

Most. 162 haec

(in v.

ilia est

tempestas

mea

'this

is

the

storm

mentioned

108)

'

tirmc ilhid est guofn, e.g. Capt.

nunc
hne,

illud est

quom me

fuisse

quam

esse nimio

Adelph. 299 ; the abnormal nunc id est seems due to metrical convenience)
g.

516 mavelim (cf. Ter. quo?n of Rud. 664, a Cretic

;

ille

Juppiter

'

J.

in

heaven above,' e
(Pseud. 922)
qui
Mil.

Cure.

26 nee
Juppiter
ille

me

ille

sirit

Juppiter, Most. 398

ille

ita ille faxit

;

{ille is

explained in Pers. 818

//// ceteri

supra nos habitat)

alter

and
illis

(cf.
;

French ces
illud

autres),

168

nihili facio

quid

faciat ceteris

volui

dicere^ in correcting a slip of the tongue, e.g. Mil. 819 A. sorbet

dormiens.

B. quid, sorbet? A. illud

'

The

rhetorical use of hie

stertit

'

volui dicere.

ille

as

'

the latter

the

former,' e.g.
is

Accius 6 haec fortes sequitur, illam indocti possident,

rare in the

naturally

Comedians,
ipsi

e.g.

(hoc

MSS.) etiam

Bacch. 397 ilium laudabunt boni, hunc culpabunt mali (see Seyffert in Bursian's

Jahresbericht, 1895, p. 307).

But hie

/z/V

and

ille

ille

'the one'

'

the other

'

are characteristic of the colloquial Latin of Plautus'

e.g.

time and

later,

Most. 778 vehit hie

illiie,

clitellas,
illis

vehit hie

autem

alter senex,

Ter. Phorm. 332 quia enim in

;

fructus

est, in illis

opera luditur

also Ime

hinc

illinc, etc.

In this connexion

may

be mentioned that phrase of Most. 605 with its curiously modern B. faenus ring A. cedo faenus, redde faenus, faenus reddite
:
!

illic,

faenus hie

('

interest

here, interest there

')

nescit

quidem

nisi

faenus fabularier.
the Demonstrative which

14. Is in O. Lat., as in class. Lat.,

(i) refers

is

to

some

thing or person previously mentioned, (2) ace.g.

is
.

companies a Relative Pronoun,

of a repeated

qui.

(On

its

use instead
is

Relative, see above,

7.)

This function

shared

by the Conjunctions and Adverbs formed from the same Pronominal Stem ita (see VIII, 2), ibi\ inde, eo^ etc.
:

In Livius Andronicus Odyss. 9

ibi

seems to be used

differently.

Homer's
:

line

(Od.

2,

n Pylum

<^aut^ 317) f/f riuAovS' ^KQwv f] avrov ti^S' 4vl Si]ixtp is thus rendered deveniens aut ibi ommentans. But we do not know the context.

Syntax of Plautus.
15.

47

By

a grammatical laxity
to

is

{ille)

seem occasionally
mihi talentum

be confused,
argenti

e.g.

Rud. 1378

and the Reflexive Pron. si vidulum hunc re-

degissem (Orat. Obi.) in potestatem eius (= suam), iuratust dare

capram,
uxoris
16.

magnum quam dederam

(cf.

Bacch. 1098), Merc. 238 dicit

ei),

(Orat.

Rect.) servandam sibi(=

suai

dotem ambedisse oppido.

We

find ille put for is sometimes, e.g. Mil. 21 peiuriorem

hoc
is)

hominem
est.

siquis noverit, aut gloriarum pleniorem

quam
and

illic (

Editors are chary of allowing hie to stand for

is in

Plautus

(for
prol.

examples
19,

in

Terence,

see

Bach,

p.

364)

alter

Capt.

335,

Men. 650.
it

Certainly the notorious confusion of

(especially
to
/

these Pronouns by scribes

in late

and

hi^

is

and

liis)

and

Latin
to

makes
Plautus

difficult

be sure that the error

(cf.

is
:

to be

ascribed

and not

to a copyist

Seyffert

Studia

Plautina. Berlin (progr.),

de

'

is

'

et

'

hie

'

1874, p. 17; and especially H. Ziegel pronominibus quatenua confusa sint apud antiquos.

Marburg, 1897).
alterae

And undoubtedly
sit

lines like
nisi

quae patria
esse

profecto nescio,

scio

Rud. 751 nam huic probiorem hanc

(= eam)
for eo
'

quam

te,

are no evidence.

But

it

impuratissume, Mil. 275, (see above, I, 8) is impossible to ignore the use of Iioc
Pseud. 808, 822, Mil. 850.
Latin Pronouns.

on

that account,' e.g.

(For
the
like

other examples see

pp.

Meader

New

York, 1901,

In True. 533 his te dono (contrast 531), 36 sqq.). Demonstrative Pron. marks the actual presentation. (On a
sic

confusion oi
17. Is

and

ita see

below, VIII,

2.)

may be referred to ego, tu, e.g. Amph. 177 hodie qui fuerim liber, eum nunc potivit pater servitutis, Merc. 632 egomet credidi homini docto rem mandare, is lapidi mando maxumo, Baccli. 123 quem ego sapere nimio censui plus quam Thalem, is stultior
es

barbaro Poticio.
18. Is is pleonastically

used (as with the Rel. qui ;

(cf.

cf.

3,

above)
o), e.g.

with the Subject (or Object) of the Sentence

Homeric

Poen.

1069 pater tuus,

is

erat frater

patruelis

meus, Poen. 302

aurum, id fortuna invenitur, natura ingenium bonum, Bacch. 387 homini amico ei, Men. 678 immo edepol pallam illam, amabo
.

te,

quam

tibi

dudum

dedi, mihi

eam

redde, Ter. Adelph. 452 (see

p.

Seyffert in Bursian's Jahresbericht,

1895,

301).

Similarly the

Neut. Sing, of various Pronouns

to a whole

may
id

stand in anticipatory apposition

in

sentence

(see

Redslob

Literarisches

Centralblatt,

1895, P-

761), e.g.

Men. 107

quoque iam,

cari qui instruuntur

48

Syntax of Plauhis.

deseruntjMen. 536 istuc, ubi illae armillae sunt quas una dedi?, Pseud. 391 ergo utrumque, tibi nuncdilectum para ex multis [atque] exquire
ex
illis

unum
facit

qui certus

siet.

It

is

not far removed from a mere

id
id

Particle in lines like Poen.

verba

840 nam emortuo, Capt. 267 ne

149 at scelesta viden

quidem,

illi,

ut meditatur,

quidem, involucre inicere

quidem,

voluit, Asin.

ut ne id

me dignum
(see below,
e.g. Stich.

esse existumat uter has arisen

quem
the

adeat.

From mean

a similar use of the Neuter of

Disjunctive

Interrogative
to say'
is

uirum

VIII,

2).

I/hid quidem 'I

common,

589 A. hunc hercle ad cenam ut vocem, te non vocem. B. advorsum te fabulare. A. illud quidem, ambos ut vocem. The fuller phrase
ilbidvobii dicere has been already mentioned (13).

The

loose colloquial use

of the Neut.
in

Ace. as
Mil.

Object of the

Verb has been discussed

that account
')

II,

35,

e.g.

1158

id

('on
id

nos ad
')

te,

siquid velles, venimus, Trin. 35

etc. (2,

quam

quod
19.
is,

('

wherein

prosint pluribus.
tuus^ etc., used for ob
te,

As we have seen

above), so

hie, etc.,

may

play the part of ob

id, etc., e.g. Pers.

756 eas vobis

habeo atque ago (cf. Poen. 1255), Rud. 631 si speras tibi hoc anno multum futurum sirpe et laserpicium, eamque (= eorumque) eventuram exagogam Capuam salvam et sospitem, Amph. 924 da mihi hanc ( = de hac re) veniam, ignosce, irata ne sies. 20. The Pronominal Adverbs often play the function of Cases (whence Fr. en = zWt', dont = de-iinde), e.g. Rud. 1409 dimidium tibi sume, dimidium hue ( = htiic) cedo, Rud. 1387 dandum hue ( = huic^ i.e. mihi) argentum est probum; id ego continuo huic ('to Daemones ')
grates

dabo, Mil. 712 sacruficant, dant inde

Mil.

ex eo sacrificio) partem,

676 est te unde hospitio accipiam ('the means of), Stich. 142 quo dedisti nuptum, abire nolumus, Stich. 80 si manere hie

sese malint, potius

credo, in
et

quam alio nubere, Men. 703 immersit aliquo ganeum, Amph. iii utrimque est gravida, et ex
love
(cf.
;

sese,

viro

ex

summo

also the
3).

common

phrases eo addere, eo accedere,

e.g.

Cure. 344

VI,

These Adverbs shew the same Pleonastic strengthening as the Pronouns themselves (cf. i, 3, above), e.g. Mil. 666 hinc ibidem. In this conifididetn expromam tibi. Most. 482 hie nexion may be mentioned the common combination of nemo (originally ne-hemo, i.e. non homo) and homo, e.g. Most. 901 homo nemo hinc quidem foras exit, Pers. 211 nemo homo umquam ita arbitratust, Ter. Eun. 549 nemo homost, Lucilius 836 Ma. quis tu
21.
. . .

Syntax of Plauius.

49
talis, e.g. Stich.

homo

es?

nemo sum homo.

Also hie tantus^ hie

769 qui lonicus aut cinaediciist qui hoc tale facere possiet ? Plautus revels in conglomerations like haee hine hue, etc. (the Pronoun normally preceding the Adverb), e.g. Mil. 377 quo modo haec
hinc

hue transire
see

potuit,

Men.
in

845

qui

hunc

hinc

tollant.

(For examples,
p. 15

Seyffert

Bursian's

Jahresbericht,

1890,

n^
'

22. The Deictic use of Demonstr. Pronouns may be illustrated by Trin, 483 non hercle hoc longe not an inch,' Most. 393 non hoc longe, Delphium nam intus potate hau tantillo (' not a scrap ') hac quidem causa minus. On the combination of the In;

terjection eeee with the

Demonstratives
{-am,
etc.),

hie,

ille,

iste in

the forms
etc.)

eeeum,

{-am,

etc.),

eeeistu/n

eeeilliun

{-afn,

and

of

e/ii

with i/k in the form ellum, see

IX.
'

Eeeistum and

eeeilliDii

have apparently furnished the Demonstratives of some Romance

languages,
23.
e.g. Ital.

questo

'

this,'
:

quello

that.'
'

Ipse (W. Niemoeller

et

de pronominibus
Halle,
to

ipse

'

et

'

idem
in

'

apud Plautum
form
ipsus,

Terentium.

1887) appears also

the

a form appropriate

use with the Reflexive Pron.,

(see above, i).

This Pron. often bears the colloquial meaning of

Aul.
misit.

'

master,' e.g.

356

si

a foro ipsus redierit, Cas.

'

790 ego eo quo

me

ipsa
is

Issula 'mistress

in Cist.
is

450 meae
so well
'

issula sua aedes egent

Diminutive of that form which

pretty

known

to us

from Martial's
the

poem on

the

lapdog Issa

My
2.

Lady.'

On

comical

Superlative ipsissunnis, see above. III,

24.

Idem (Niemoeller

I.e.),

older isdem

(Amph.

945),
(cf.

is

formed

like ibi-dem, itidem, etc.,

by addition of a Particle

demum) with
'that very'*.

the sense of 'very' 'precise,' so that is-dem

It
is

means

usually followed
2).

by

g2ii,

but sometimes by atqtie (see below,

(cf.

VIII,
450,

With suppression of opera Abl.

u)ia opera Ter.

eadem opera Capt.

319 qua opera
agninis lactibus)

etc.,

Hec. 798;
(in

also Pseud.

credam

tibi,

una opera alligem fugitivam

canem

we

find

the

Adverb eddem, used

Fut. or Fut. Perf., e.g. Capt. 293 sequere hac

Asyndeton normally) with me igitur eadem ego

:

ex hoc quae volo exquisivero (in Pers. 445 with Fut. Imperat.).
t

Is without the addition of this Particle

infit

Bacch. 265

dicere
:

aduherinum

et

sometimes has this function, e.g. non eum esse symbolum, Men. 468

non faxo eum esse dices

ita ignoiabitur.

5
25.

Syntax of Plautus.
Qtiisque 'each' has also, as
'

we have seen

(4), the function

whoever,' e.g. Asin. 404 quisque obviani huic occesserit irato, vapulabit (cf. Pennigsdorf: de 'quisque' et 'quisquis' pro-

oi quisquis

nominum apud
quisquis occupies

cornices

latinos

usu.

Halle,

1878).

Similarly
si

the place of quisque in lines like Trin. 881

et

unum

quidquid singillatim

placide percontabere, Most. 831 ut

quidquid magis contemplo, tanto magis placet, Aul. 198 ubi quidquid teligerunt, tenent (but Asin. 945 ubi quicque occasionis sit), and in the Plautine phrase cum eo cum quiqui, Poen. 536, etc., in
'

any

case.'

The MSS. seem

often to confuse the two words, e.g.

True. 225 adridere ut quisquis

adloqui, and in Trin. 218

{F

quisque A) veniat blandeque

many

editors substitute through metrical

reasons quidque for quidquid of the

MSS. {^AP)

quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe unde quidquid auditum dicant.

auctoritas,

The two Pronouns

are rightly distinguished in Poen. 483 sqq.

quemquem
ut

visco offenderant,
:

tam crebri ad terram decidebant quam pira

quisque acciderat,

eum necabam

ilico.

By a

similar laxity of usage, the Abl. (Instr.) of quisque

in the

is,

if

this

be the right reading, used

in suo
(?'./.

phrase sue quique

quique loco

sita

munde

{I'.l.

Poen. 11 77 quicque). Most. 254 suo quique

loco,

quicque, strongly supported by Nonius' remarks) loco viden

satis

capillum

compositumst
23,

commode?

(cf.

Stich. 62, Titinius 130).

So

4 suo cuique dolio) and Varro (L.L. 10, 48 The classical use of quisque with Ordinal sui cuiusque generis).
in

Cato (R.R.
also

Numerals

is

usage

of Plautus, e.g. Trin. 524

in

quinto

quoque sulco moriuntur boves. With a Superlative he uses it only once, and in the -Plural, I\Iost. 155 optumi quique expetebant
a

me
The

doctrinam

sibi.

(For examples of ubi quisque, see Seyffert

in Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift, 16, p. 14.)

use of quisque and uterque with a Plural Verb

is

discussed

in I, 6.

26. Alter seems to be construed (like a Comparative) wiih the

Abl. in Asin. 492 neque

me

alter est

Athenis hodie quisquam cui

credi recte aeque putent, although the Abl.

may be
duo

really

dependent

on aeque
27.

(cf.

II, 66).
is

Amho

sometimes accompanied by

in

way

that

Syntax of Plautus.

51'

reminds us of expressions in the Romance languages like Ital. ambe due 'both,' e.g. Amph. 974 iam hisce (Nom. Plur.) ambo,
et servus et era,

frustra

sunt

duo

(see Seyffert in Berliner Philo-

logische Wochenschrift, 1896, p. 845).

28. Just as the Conjunction non (older noomiii) originated from

the Adverbial use of the Neat. Sing, of ne-uims (older oenus^, so
is used for 7wn in the colloquial Latin of Plautus, e.g. Cas. also nihil for 795 qui amat, tamen hercle, si esurit, nullum esurit 7ion, e.g. Mil. 625 nihil amas, umbra es amantis, Mil. 469 etc. nihil

nullum

opust,

and

for ne, e.g. Mil.

etc.)
is

1007 hercle banc quidem

nil

tu amassis.
ille

Nullus {nulla,

found in the
intus

same

senses, e.g.

Rud. 143

qui vocavit nullus venit, Trin. 606 at tu edepol nullus creduas.

Cf.

Rud. 340 A. quasi non

ullus venit; Pers.

sit

B. neque pol est neque hue

attuli,

quidem

226 hue nullam

Rud. 1135

tu

mihi nullum

ostenderis

{sc.

vidulum), Mil. 48 at nullos habeo scriptos, sic memini

this suggests

an explanation of the Lucretian noenu and to be printed noenu like jiullu' sequetur (for 'non s.') Lucil. 507 (but Lucil. 987 si noenu molestumst). Nullus (Adj.) is often used for nemo (Pron.) e.g.
tamen.

And

as noenus (like nullus beside tmllum),

Bacch. 190 A. qui scire possum?

for nihil in Livius

B. nullus plus; nullum appears Andronicus 22 B. namque nullum peius macerat

(cf.

homonem quamde mare saevom

and
nullo

came

to supersede neminis

Pomponius 3), and nullius and nemine, although Plautus

e.g.

does not refuse the Gen. and Abl. of nemo,

1062.

Capt. 764, Mil.

Nullus
ecce
si

is

the equivalent of nihili in Cas. 305

!,

si

id

factum

est,

me

nullum senem

and nullus

esse

of perire in Bacch. 193

abest, nullus est.

Instead of nemo (for ne-homo) we often find

the redundant phrase nemo

homo

(see above, 21), e.g. True.

300
the
full

nemo homo hie solet Nemo umquani is

favourite expression
statistics see J.

perire

apud nos.
(e.g.

not
is

unknown
Neue

Amph. 566)
e.g. Stich.
f.

but

fiumquam qiiisquam^
in

77 (for

Lange

Jahrbiicher

Philologie, 1894, pp.

275 sqq.
29.

Seyffert in Bursian's Jahresbericht, 1895, P- 3 '2).

in

Tan f us

the Deictic sense of

'

ever so much,'
gloria,

e.g.

Cure

286 nee demarchus nee comarchus nee cum tanta

has already

Another of its usages may be seen in lines like Bacch. 1034 sescenta tanta reddam, si vivo, tibi, Bacch. 1184 quern quidem ego ut non excruciem, alterum tantum auri non
been mentioned
(22).

meream, Trin. 530

tribus tantis

illi

minus
2

redit

quam

obseveris.

52

Syntax of Plan tits.

TanUimst 'enough!,'
e.g. Trin. 22, the
its

Dramatists' equivalent of

Cicero's sed haec hactenus, reveals

origin in lines like

Merc. 282

A. numquid amplius? B. tantumst, Ter. Eun. 996 A. numquid est

aliud mail

damnive quod non

inelior *so

dixeris relicuom ?
e.g.

B.

tantum

est.

With tanto

much

the better,'
is

Bacch.

2 11,'

and similar
8).

phrases the Substantive Verb

normally omitted (see

V,

Taiiia

(instead oi tantd) figures in a curious usage of O. Lat.,

which has

not yet been satisfactorily explained (see Havet and Leo in Archiv
lat.

Lexikographie

11,

579 and

12,

miserior, Stich. 339 multo tanta plus,

100): Rud. 521 multo tanta Men. 800 multo tanta amplius,
3,

Men. 680
amplius).

bis tanta

pluris (cf.
later

Cic. Verr.

225 quinquies tanta

tot is anticipated in

Whether the
is

use of tanti for

Amph. 1057
ita

doubtful:

tanta mira in aedibus sunt facta,

vae miserae mihi

On

hie

taniiis.,

see above, 21

V. The Verb
(Vol.
III.

of the

new

Historische Grammatik der lateinischen

Sprache (Leipzig, 1903), edited by a group of German Scholars, contains an account of the Latin Verb, its Classes, its Tenses and
its

ISIoods, with full details of Plautine usages.)

I.

The
it

history of the Italic

in -r

shares with

Verb is full of difficulty. The Passive some other Indo-European languages and from
;

a consideration of these^ as well as of the Italic Dialects,

it

would

seem

that this Passive

was originally an Impersonal governing an

Latin Passive, as far back as

Accusative Case.

The

we can

trace

it,

has Person-endings, and therefore must have followed that tendency

which appears

in

the occasional change of an

(cf.

Impersonal to

Personal Verb in Early Latin

Priscian

i,

pp. 432, 561 H.),

e.g.

Aul. 491 quo lubeant, nubant, Trin. 211

sciant, Stich. 51 (post Plautine?) et

dum illud quod lubeant, me quidem haec condicio nunc

Pacuvius 31 paenitebunt, and

non

paenitet,

Ter.
te

Andr. 481 quae adsolent quaeque oportent,

haec pudent
?,

Adelph. 754 non

also in the curious phrase,

praedatum
Capt. 928)
fecero, Ter.

irier

Rud. 1241 mihi istaec videtur praeda (see below, 41). Like )ne veretur for class. Lat.
is

vereor (see above, II, 8)

e.g.

inihi do/et, for doleo (see

my

note on

Men. 439 mihi dolebit, non tibi, siquid ego stulte Phorm. 162. But we see in Plautus a marked predilec-

Syntax of Plantus.

53

tion for the 3 Sing. Pass, used impersonally, e.g. cahtur (always in

speaking of hot weather, while calet means

hot
')
;

'

this or that thing is

acriter,
(cf.

Pseud. 273 A. quid agitur, Calidore? B. amatur atque egetur Pseud. 457 A. quid agitur? B. statur hie ad hunc modum

non fama
*

B. vivitur, Pers. 386 quoiusmodi hie cum mala facile nubitur ?, Pers. 448 dum stas, reditum oportuit, Ter. Hec. 457 creditur I believe you,' and the common -^X-ws.^o. facere certumst I have decided to do it and this may be, in a way, a survival of the old Impersonal stage. Whether we find also survival of the
tu

Ter. Eun. 270), Pers. 17 A. quid agitur?

nunc hominum mores

'

vides,

'

primitive construction, the government of an x\cc. Case by this 3 Sing. Pass, is not certain. I think that we do in lines like Cas. 185

domi {des. is Pass, of despico cf. insanum bene, 254? inducamus vera ut esse credat quae mentibitur, Pseud. 817 teritur sinapis scelera, 1261 ubi mammia mammicula opprimitur, Ennius trag. 100 R. incerte
pessumis
V. 189),

me modis

despicatur

Mil. 24 epityra estur

errat animus,

praeterpropter

vitam

{alii

-ta) vivitur

'

life

is

lived

casually.'

(On vitam

vivere, see II, 35.)

The
959
is

intermixture of Act.

and Pass.

Inf. in a

passage like Most.

thoroughly Plautine

triduom

unum

est

baud intermissum

hie esse et bibi,

scorta duci, pergraecari, fidicinas, tibicinas

ducere.
2. Another feature of the Italic Verb is its formation of Tenses by means of Auxiliaries. This tendency asserts itself in Plautine Latin in the use of dare, reddere, habere (see P. Thielmann in

Archiv Lat. Lexikographie,

e.g.

2,

pp. 272

423) with

Perf. Part. Pass.,

nunc ego lenonem ita hodie intricatum dabo, Mil. 1 1 74 si tibi meum opus ita dabo expolitum ut improbare non queas, Mil. 1 2 14 A. si impetras. B. reddam impetratum. Mil. 886 nam
Pers. 457

ego multos saepe vidi regionem fugere consili prius quam repertam
haberent;
also
in

the

periphrastic

Tense-formations

mentioned

below, 15, 44.

3.

The

lines of distinction

between Active, Passive, and Deponent

are not so strictly

marked

in Plautine as in Classical Latin.

Thus
viereo

Plautus
sit III ;

uses

Active opino,

but also
-atus

opifior,

with

Perf.

opiuatiis

ludifico

(sometimes
apiscor
is
:

-cr),

sum; vago and vagor ;

367,
etc.

and mereor ;

Passive in Trin.
Beitrage
zur

(For other

examples see Langen

Kritik

und Erklarung des

54
Plautus.

Syntax of Plantus.
Leipzig,
{v.l.

1880, pp. 59 sqq.

cf.

Naev. com. 67 populus

far this

patitur, tun

tu

non) patias

?).

How

Variation

is

con-

nected, on the one hand, with the use of the Verbal Adj. in -tus

along with the Subst. Verb as a Perfect Tense Passive (see 45) and, on the other, with the old Intransitive or Subjective use of the

Deponent
solitus

(or Middle, e.g.

Greek

aKova-oixai,

<'jy\roixai,

etc.),

has not yet

been investigated.
33 A.
4.
iurasti ? B.

Certainly a type of Conjugation like soleo (Act.),

in

sum (Dep.) was widely extended non sum iurata).

Early Latin

(cf.

Turpilius

Latin does not

possess a Middle Voice

like

Greek.
e.g.
cf.

The
sequor

Latin Deponent often corresponds to the Greek Middle,

to
fjTOfiai,

and Verbs

like acciiigor (e.g. Ter.

Phorm. 318

Amph.

308
nixis

cingitur, certe expedit se), vescor, amicior (e.g. Pers.

alls

me

inferam

atque

amicibor gloriose) really

307 subhave the

Reflexive function, that as a rule belongs to the Act. with the Refl.
Pron.,
e.g. se accingere.
?

Indufus takes an Ace. Epid. 223 quid erat

?,

induta

an regillam induculam an mendiculam

?

225 utin impluvium

to

induta fuerit

(II, 49}.

In

Amph. 238 we seem

:

have a mixture

of converii and se convertere

voriitur
'

sed fugam in se tamen

to flee;'
cf.

nemo

con-

but

still

no one turns
;

Stich.

306 meditabor

me

ad ludos Olympios
later)

but the colloquial Latin of Plautus' time

(and

loves to use in this sense the Act.

Veib without any

Refl. Pron., e.g. recipere for se recipere Pers. 51,

294,

Rud. 880

(also se recipere, e.g.

oft"')

Merc. 498, Bacch. Pers. 46, Merc. 881); capessere

for the usual se capessere (e.g.
te

{cL/acessere 'to be

Rud. 178
agis
;

Rud. 172)
Bacch.
1

quo (unde) agisi for quo

te
?,

agisi Pers. 216, Poen.

TiZZ'i

106 (also quo

^lil.

e.g.

Trin. 1078); capite

sistere, e.g.

Cure. 287,

S50 (II, 64)

male
(cf.

res

vortunt Pers. 453

foris aperit

'the door opens' Pers. 300

se

Aul. 411).

Apparently habere for

habere

is

to be similarly explained, e.g. Ter.

Phorm. 429 bene

habent

tibi

principia

(cf. iZ e'xei)

also praebeo for se praebeo in Ter,

Phorm. 476, and the

molas
;

like.

Cf.

Pomponius 66

age, anus, acciuge ad

cf,

perhaps Ter. Eun. 912 move vero ocius (but

Andr. 731).
89) followed

In a passage of the Cistellaria we have insitiuavit se

(v,

by mstuuavit
lavere
is

(v.

the Transitive Verb, lavare

e.g.

92 inde in amicitiam insinuavit cum matre). While is the Reflexive to bathe,' take
'
'

a bath,'
as

Mil. 251 dormit, ornatur, lavat, which however appears

Deponent-Middle
5
.

in Poen. 229 ornantur, lavantur, tergentur. Another feature of colloquial Latin, much in evidence in the
is

Comedies,

the use of Frequentative Verbs, e.g. fores pultare

'

to

Syntax of Plautus.
;
'

55

cf. Amph. prol. knock at the door 7 quasque incepistis res quasque inceptabilis, 821 tu si me impudicitiai captas, capere non But habeo is potes, Most. 116 usque mantant neque id faciunt.

equally used with habito

e.g.

(e.g.

Trin. 12) in the sense of 'dwelling,'

?

Trin. 193 ubi

nunc adulescens habet

in

Cf.

verti for versari

in

Most. 639 iam

homo

mercatura

vortitur.

Intransitive Verbs have already in Plautus' time begun to govern an Ace. on the analogy of their Transitive equivalents, e.g. depereo

(on the Analogy oi

6.

deatiio), calleo {oi

sdo) (see II, 40).

The

curious Assimilation of

coeJ>i

and desuio

to the

Mood

of

a Pass. Inf. in class. Lat., urbs coepta

est {desita est)

oppugnari

(cf.

Men. 718 itaque adeo

'

iure coepta appellari est canes), instead

of

coepit

'

('

desiit

'),

has a slightly wider range in Early Latin,

!,

e.g.

frag.

109 retrahi

iiequitur^

Hec. 572 forma

in tenebris nosci

Rud. 1064 ut nequitur comprimi Ter. non qidta est, Eun. 22 magistratus

quom
vi

ibi adesset, occeptast agi, Caecilius

Pacuvius 390 sed

impelli

quom
jDrece

279 si non sarciri quitur, contendi nequitiDii vi, Accius 664 neque
su7n,

neque
ita

quitits

Pacuvius

100

siqua potcstur
Inf.

investigari via (contrast Plautus' use of potest with

Pass, e.g.

Cure. 451
7.

non potuere uno anno circumirier). The omission of the Verb is common in Terence, who

cleverly

in this respect
e.g.

reproduces the unconventional utterance of every-day,

arcessito).
{sc.

B. intellego, Andr. 300 A.

Phorm. 440 A. siquid opus fuerit, heus domo me {sc. verbum unum cave de nuptiis

dicas),

ne ad

morbum hoc

etiam

{sc.

accedat).

B. teneo.

not so marked a feature of Plautus' style, although it is by means absent, e.g. Rud. 1086 quid i.-^tuc tua? {scil. refert). no 8. Most frequent is the omission of the Substantive Verb (see W. Olsen quaestionum Plautinarum de Verbo Substantive specimen. Greifswald, 1884 with it read Seyffert's corrections in
It is
: ;

Bursian's Jahresbericht 1886, p. 52), e.g.

Amph. 56

sed ego

stultior,

and the common phrases tanto meiior (e.g. True. 953), quae res? (e.g. Mil. 1344, Cas. 844) and the like. (On nimiriim and minim ni, minim qiiin, see VIII, 2.) Fotis {pote) often appears instead
oi potest,
e.g.

Ter. Phorm. 337 non pote satis.

is

This

is

often found in Tenses where sitjn

'true,'

an Auxiliary,

e.g.

quae facta (passim); factum

Ter.

'quite right,' (eg. Trin.

561, etc.) for factum est; Amph. 964 an id equidem serio ac vero ratus, with ratus for ratus sum ; Trin. 1049 illis quoque abrogant etiam fidem, qui nil meriti Men.

Adelph.

429, ioco

dixisti ?

56

Synfax of Plautus.
\\\i\\

119 nunc adeo, ut facturus, dicam,

faciitnis {ox factiirus sum,

Esse is often omitted in the Passive Stich. 54 faciendum id nobis. (Gerundive and Perfect) and Active (Fut. ") Infinitive, evidently with
the view of shortening the cumbrous phrases /aa'e//dum
esse,

esse^

factum

facturum

esse.

(For examples see Reinkens

liber

den accusa-

tivus

cum

infinitivo bei Plautus

1886, pp. 14, 15, 23).

und Terentius. Diisseldorf (progr.) With oportel^ the omission of esse from the
and invariable
in

Perf. Inf. Pass, is usual in Plautus

Terence,

e.g.

Adelph. 213 morem gestum oportuit. 9. The use of an Abstract Noun with
is

est in periphrasis for

a Verb

characteristically Plautine, e.g. Mil. 229 confidentiast

(=

confido)

nos inimicos profligare posse, Trin. 626 est lubido

(=

lubet) ora-

tionem audire duorum adfinium.

Tenses.
10.

Sequence

of
et

Tenses.
Terentiana.

(Wirtzfeld

de

consecutione

temporum Plautina
strict

Siegburg,

1888.)

That the

laws of Sequence should often be defied by the colloquial

is

Latin of Plautus

only natural.
this

The

following examples will give

an idea of the extent to which

was done
tibi
iretis

Men. 784

sqq. ut

A. quotiens tandem edixi

caveres (Imperf.) neuter ad

me

cum

querimonia

B. qui ego istuc, mi pater, cavere

possum? A.
tibi

men
B. nisi

interrogas

non

vis.

A. quotiens

monstravi

viro ut

morem

geras? (Pres.)
B.

Bacch. 689 sqq. A. ego patrem exoravi.

faceret

nempe ergo hoc

ut

(Imperf) quod loquor?

ne noceat (Pres.) neu quid ob earn
(Pres.)
te audivi, ut

A.

immo

tibi

rem suscenseat.

Amph. 745

sq.

quippe qui ex

urbem maxumam

expugnavisses (Plup.) regemque Pterelam tute

occideris.
(Perf.)

1 Another theory regards /a^/;-; as the original form of the Fut. Inf. Act.,

Irom which facturuin

Rev. 18,450.
*

esse

was afterwards developed.

See Postgate in Class.

Factum

oportct

is

thus adapted to the pattern oifacto opus est (see II, 56).

Syntax of Plantus.
Bacch. 352
Most. 715.
sq.
ita feci ut auri

57

quantum vellet sumeret, quantum autem lubeat reddere ut reddat

!

patri.

hoc habet
te qui

repperi ('I have found') qui seneni

ducerem.
Capt. 1002 sqq.

(Contrast Epid. 285 repperi haec

abscedat suspicio.)
adveni
.

nam

ubi

illo

haec mihi advenienti

Cist.

567 sqq.

upupa qui me delect em datast. iam perducebam illam ad me suadela mea anus ei amplexa est genua plorans, obsecrans
:

ne deserat se
Mil. 131 sq.

dedi

mercatori
{sc. litteras)
.

quoidam qui ad
.

ilium

deferat

.,

ut

is

hue veniret.

Pseud. 795

sq.

quin ob eam rem Orcus recipere ad se

noluit,

hunc

ut esset hie qui mortuis

cenam coquat.
adveniens

Poen. 602 sqq.

(adsimulabimus) quasi tu nobiscum

hodie oraveris
liberum
ut

commonstrarenius

tibi

locum

et

voluptarium,
ubi ames, potes, pergraecere.
Pers. 537 sq.

tua ego hoc facio

('

am

doing

')

gratia,

ut tibi recte conciliandi

primo facerem copiam.

:

After the Historical Pres.

we

find Pres. in lines like

Amph. 205

Telebois iubet sententiam ut dicant suam,

:

but Past in lines like

Amph. 214

sq.

respondent bello se
uii

et suos tutari posse,

proinde

propere suis de finibus exercitus deducerent,

or both Pres.

and Past

in lines like

Amph. 225

convenit, victi utri sint eo proelio,

urbem, agrum,

aras, focos

seque

uti

dederent.

(On Conditional Sentences,

II.

see

VIII,

5.)

Present.
all

We

find in Plautus the

same types of

this

Tense

as in

periods of Latin, such as the Pres. of unachieved action,

e.g. Mil.

36 A. quid
vis

illuc
;

scio
e.g.

iam quid
Mil.

dicere

quod dico (= volo dicere) ? B. ehem longum est it would be tedious,' etc.,
'

694

flagitiumst,

si

nihil mittetur (but also Past, e.g. Mil.

58
725

Sj'ft/ax

of Plaiitus.

aequom

fuit

deos paravisse uno exemplo ne omnes

sat erat decern, Ter.

vitam

viverent, Mil. 755 hominibus

fuerat praestabilius)
;

Hec. 284 quanto

287
sq.

the

Historical Pres., e.g.

Mil.
:

forte
illi

fortuna per impluviuni hue despexi in

proxumum

atque ego

aspicio osculantem Piiilocoinasium (often with qiioin, qiioinam

and

other temporal Conjunctions,

In

all

languages
'

tlie

Pres.
'

VIII, 10}. may play the

d\i.i is

part of a Fut., especially

in Attic

with the Verb

to go,' e.g.

go to-morrow,' and
is

Greek
in

this

usage has been carried so

languages and
eo

far that

the recognised Fut. Tense.

In O. Lat. this use of the Pres.

is

less in

evidence than

modern

mostly confined to some Verbs of motion, especially

and

its

in a phrase like iani

reverter,

Compounds. In Plautus with redeo the Pres. is normal ad te redeo (Mil. 1020, etc.), (but the Fut. of e.g. Pseud. 1159, and the Fut. Perf. oi rcvetiio, e.g. Bacch.
eo,

1066); with
is

exeo^ iranseo, etc., also with

viso'^',

inviso, the

Pres.

more frequent than the Fut., while with sum (e.g. iam ego hie (For details see ero), adsuin, and other Verbs the Fut. is used. Sjogren Gebrauch des Futurums im Altlateinischen. Upsala, 1906, chap, i.) The Pres. is also normal with iion, after a Command, B. non sedeo istic, vos sedete e.g. Stich. 93 A. adside hie, pater. ego sedero in subsellio also with quain inox and tain in questions, e.g. True. 208 quam mox te hue recipis?. Mil. 1400 iamne ego in
: :

hominem involo? Also in (see VIII, 5), e.g. si sapis

Jioc

various types of Conditional Sentences

(or sapies), iacebis ; si vivo, te ulciscar
'

faciam,
e.g.

si

threats,

possum cxorare in hope Cas. 730 dabo tibi \ki-^a

to

;
'

especially after nisi in

.
.

icaKov

nisi resistis.
?,

In

questions,

when asking
;

the advice of another, quid ago

? is

not

'

quid

agam

?,'

is

Plautus' phrase, but quid faciam

also

used both

in

dialogue

and soliloquy

however quid fit

discussed in

The

use of the Pres. for the Fut. in Temporal Sentences with

etc., is

dum, priusquam,

VIII,

10.

On

the use of the

etiam,

Pres. Subj. in a Future sense, e.g. Trin.

1136 sed

maneam

opinor, and the Dubitative Pres. Subj., see below, 26.

12.

The

Pres. Inf.

is

quite legitimate after dico, promitto, etc., in

is

Plautine Latin, where the Fut. Inf.

normal

in

class.
'

Lat.,

e.g.

Capt. 194 ad fratrem, quo ire dixeram, mox ivero, lit. I had spoken of going,' the Inf. being treated as a Verbal Noun, the Object of

dixeram, Trin. 5
y

si

quidem operam dare

same fonnalion

promittitis.

The two

Viso seems to be of the

as die old I""utures (or S-Aor. Subj.)

dixo, amasso, etc.

Syiitax of Plautus.

59

constructions are found side by side in

ut abeat. 13. B. egon

^Vlost.

633 A. die

te

daturum,

dicam dare?
(A. L. Wlieeler
'
'
:

Imperfect.

Tlie Syntax of the Imperfect

I.

Indicative in

Early Latin

in

Classical Philology,

357

390.)

Instead of the usual Imperfect sense, an Aoristic meaning seems

often to be attached to a

Verb

like aibam,
et

and

(as in class. Latin)

eram,

e.g.

Pseud. 1083 A.

malum
sat erat

scelestum et periurum aibat esse

me. B. pol hau mentitust (see below, iin).

In a line
to

like Mil. 755,

nam idem hoc hominibus

use
of the
(cf.

decem, we seem

have the same

dapibus,

Imperfect erat as
above, 11).

in

Horace's tempus erat

?
'

sodales

Cf. tune hic eras

are you here?

'

Ten Hec.

340

(cf.

Phorm. 858, 945).

Imperatival use of the Imperfect Subj. (never Pluperf.

14.

The

in O. Lat.), e.g.
cogitares, is

Merc. 633 quid mentioned below, 25.

tu faceres,

men

rogas

? reqiiireres,

It is the Past of the

Imperatival

Pres. Subj., e.g. requiras, cogiies, just as the Imperfect quid

'

facerem?

what was

I to

do

?
'

is

the Past of the Uubitative Pres. Subj. quid

faciaml 'what
the
Pluperf.

am

I to

do

?'

On

the distinction of the Imperf. from

Subj. in Conditional Sentences, see

VIII,

5.
is

The
not

'Potential' use of 2 Sing. Imperf. Subj. (e.g. crederes^ putares,

unknown),
Velleni,

e.g.

Cure. 331 scires velle gratiam tuam (see below, 31).

viallem, etc., are

common,
tibi,
is,

e.g.

Poen. 1066 patrem atque

In

matrem viverent vellem

Wishes, the Imperf. Subj.

Cure.

512 tacuisse mavellem.

as in class. Lat., appropriate to un-

realizable wishes for the present, e.g.

Rud. 533 utinam fortuna nunc

anetina uterer, as the Pluperf. Subj. to the same wishes for the past,
e.g.

repercis

True. 375 utinam item a principio rei repersisses meae, ut nunc saviis. But the Imperf. is not unknown where classical
e.g.

Latin would require the Pluperf.,

Capt. 537 utinam te di prius

Altlatein-

perderent
15.

quam

periisti e patria tua.

Future.
and
is

(Sjogren

Gebrauch des Futurums

just

in

ischen.

Upsala, 1906.)
its

The

substitution of the Pres. for the Fut.

of eo

Compounds has

been treated (n).

i

The competi-

tion of the Pres. Subj. (especially in

Sing.) with the Fut. Ind. in

O. Lat.
It

discussed below, 26,

its

e.g.

Bacch. 1058 taceam nunciam.

in the 3rd

has

left

mark on the language

Sing., e.g.

Conj.
later,

Sing., e.g.

dicam, the only form in use in Plautus' time, as 4th Conj.

Plautus'
I

and

in

the
in

audiam^ which competed with audibo

is

time.

There

apparently no
scibo

rule

which determines

Plautus' use of audibo

and audiam,

and

sciain.

The

love of

6o

Syfitax of Plautus.

Latin for Auxiliary Verbs

is

seen in the three periphrastic forms

sniii,

of the Future in Plautine Latin, (i) -uriis

Pers. 778,

e.g. Cist. 47,

507,

Cure. 75, (2) vo/o with Inf., (3) eo with r Supine, e.g. True. 559 ipsus perditum se it (for other examples, see below, 42; and on the use of (i) and (3) to form Fut. Inf. Act. and
Fut. Inf. Pass., see 40, 41).
Latin, early and later, the Fut. often has the shewn in these examples from Plautus: Asin. 734 you will find 20 minae to- be inside hie inerunt viginti minae here,' Pseud. 677 hoc sic erit 'you will find this to be the case'

In

Colloquial

peculiar sense

'

(cf.

Ter. Heaut. 1014).

It

looks like the use of the Fut. in general

erit

statements such as Most. 289 pulcra mulier nuda

purata pulcrior, and

quam

pur-

may be compared
may

with the Fut. in this type

of Conditional sentences, Most.

1041 qui

homo

timidus

erit,

nauci non

erit.

Or

it

be explained like the Epistolary Imperfect,

which
to

is

due
he

to the writer's putting himself in the place of the

is

man

whom
16.

writing,

and so regarding the time from another's

O. Lat.
(do
chiefly used

point of view.

Aniabo

'prithee,' in

by women, and
is

always accompanying a question or a

to a suppressed

command ^,
if
:

to

be referred

Protasis

'

this)
its
.

you do,

will love you.'

Poen. 250 sqq. throws

A. In the
soror, parce,
Inf.
ait

light

on
.
.

origin

amabo.

B. quiesco.
'

A. ergo

amo

te.

amare
sqq.)

we find amare (not te multum Erotium,

et

amaturum
(For

esse'), e.g.
details,

etc.

Men. 524 see Lindskog

:

Quaestiones de Parataxi

Hypotaxi apud priscos Latinos, pp. 19

(Sjogren

On

Fut. Imperat. see below, 32.

:

17.

Future Perfect.

Gebrauch des Futurums im

Fut. Perf. has the appearance

Altlateinischen.

Upsala, 1906.)

The

of a Subj., the Perf Subj. of an Opt., so

be said
it

to differ as edain

is

certain that
is

i\i2X fuero and fuerim may and edim (see 24}. However that may be, the two Tenses are often hardly distinguishable,

e.g. fuerint

3 Plur. of both.

(On the

close relation of Fut.

and

Pres.

Subj.

see

15,

26).

Why

Plautine

(and Terentian)
Perf.,

Latin

should use only the Fut., never the Fut.

volo,
is

of oportet, possum,

not clear.
true

As regards other Verbs,

the

has

its

function, e.g. Bacch.

708 hoc ubi

Tense sometimes egero, tum istuc

It

agam, but often has practically the same function as the Fut.
Sometimes expressed by ut and Subi., dies aliquos sinas eum esse apud me.
z

e.g. True. 872

immo amabo

ut hos

Syntax of Flautus.
is

normal

after si in threats,
is

e.g.

si
;

attigeris,

vapulabis, where an
is

Aoristic sense

perhaps conveyed

while after nisi the Pres.

normal,

e.g.

nisi abis, vapulabis.

Cicero's

use of videro^ in postseen in Terence,

poning the consideration of a

e.g.

difficulty, is clearly

Hec. 701, Adelph. 538; not so clearly

Fut. Perf.

in

Plautus (Merc. 448,

45)-

The
ni

in the sense oi ero^ e.g.

Deponent and Passive can take as Auxiliary ///^ri? Men. 471 non hercle <(ego)> is sum qui sum, banc iniuriam meque ultus pulchre fuero. 18. With the Fut. Perf. may be included O. Lat. S-Futures (or

rather Aorist Subjunctives) like faxo.

The

difference in
is

Plautus'

use oifaxo zxidifecero seems to be that fecero

in

only used absolutely,

illas

answer to a request,
A.
. .
.

e.g. Stich.

351: A. cape

scopas.

B.

capiam.
in the

convorre.
e.g. Stich.
;

B. ego fecero.

Faciatti

may be used

same way,
B. faciam

354 A. pinge,

humum

consperge ante

aedes.

faxo, on the other hand, governs a Verb syn-

tactically, e.g.

faxo scias, faxo ut scias, or paratactically faxo scies.

is

This paratactic use

e.g.

not found

\\\t\\

facia 711^ but only the syntactic,

Capt. 65

si erit,

ego faciam ut pugnam inspectet non bonam.

various class. Latin types of Perfect are
is

19.

Perfect.
:

The

all

found in Plautus

the Perf. of what

past and gone, e.g. Capt.

516 nunc

illud est

quom me
fuit

fuisse

151 vixisse nimio satiust iam

nihilo esse

quam esse nimio mavelim, Bacch. quam vivere, Pers. 637 omne ego pro
fuit (cf.

duco quod

quando
(cf.

Rud. 132 1, Ter. Haut.

7iovi^ e.g.

93)

the Perfect with Present function, such as

B. novi

Bacch. 789
to follow

A. nosce signum.

986;.

Scivi

would appear
scitis ?

the analogy ol novi in lines like Poen. 724 A.

B. scivimus,

Poen. 629 ego male loquendi vobis nescivi viam, Capt. 265 siquid
nescivi, id

nescium tradam

tibi.

Also the Perf. Ind. for Pluperf Subj.,

fuisti

e.g.

Mil.
;

11 12

ad equas

('you would have been') scitus admissarius

a Perfect like

perii used of Future time in Conditional sentences, e.g.

peril,
si

me

aspexerit, Asin.
Inf., e.g.

Inf. for Pres.

Amph. 320 243 interii, si non invenio ; the Perf. Aul. 828 non potes probasse nugas ; espePoen. 872 nolito edepol
extulisse extra aedes

cially after volo or nolo in prohibitions, e.g.

devellisse, Ter.

Hec. 563 interdico ne

This Perf.

puerum

usquam
neiquis
velet

velis.

Inf. is a characteristic
ita
.

of the early legal

style, e.g. (Sen.

Cons, de Bacchanalibus)
velet
.

exdeicendum censuere,
vir

eorum Bacanal habuise

adiisse vellet), with

Bacas

nequis adiese

(i.e.

which we may compare Livy's version

62
14,

Sytitax of Plantus.
8):

(39,

nequis, qui Bacchis initiatus esset, coiisse aut con-

venisse causa sacrorum velit

Horace

imitates

it

(Sat.

2,

3,

187)

nequis humasse
20.

velit

Aiacem, Atrida, vetas cur?

The

Perf.

in the sense of

sum,

Deponent and Passive can take as Auxiliary fui e.g. Most. 694 non mihi forte visum ilico fuit.
Perfects Hke solitus est
for
siin in

The
is

substitution oi fui gives precision to the Preterite sense, which

often obscured in
lubet.

so/cf,

luhituvi
e.g.

est

Similarly with fuerim

Perf. Subj.,

Epid.

225, Pers. 379.

21.

On
9.

the
Its

use of the Perf. Subj.

Potential
use,
(all
is

in

Prohibitions,
'

see below,
believe,'

VIII,
dixerim

e.g.

crediderim
in

could

'\
;

would say'
see below, 24)

Verb-forms

-im. were

originally

Optatives
e.g. Asin.

not

unknown

to Plautus

and Terence,

491 praefiscini hoc nunc dixerim, Ter. Andr. 203 ubivis sim

facilius passus

quam
'

in liac re

me
it

deludier.

But the Concessive

is

use, e.g. fuerit

verum

allowing

to

be

true,'

not earlier than

Cicero.
22. Pluperfect. (H. Blase Geschichte des Plusquamperfekts im Lateinischen. Giessen, 1S93.)
:

Plautus often seems to use the Pluperfect as the equivalent of the

Perfect, e.g. Merc.

760 A. uxor

quam dudum

dixeras te odisse.

B. egon istuc dixi tibi?, Cure. 426, 560; Mil. 132

Athenis fuerat, has the same sense as Mil. 127

qui
fuit.

meum erum qui meum erum Athenis

(In Asin. 356 ego

me

dixeram adducturum, editors change

oi fueram with Perf. Part.

dixerain to dixi erum ^

Pass,
is

The ambiguity
B. audin
'

turned to account by the cunning slave in Most. 821 A. eo

fuerant
is
'

pretio eniptae fuerant olim.

dicere

?
'*

Two
is

explanations are possible.

One

that Tense-signification

not so definite and precise in the early stage of a language as in

in Plautine

amaveram and amavi may have been as interLatin as amavero and amabo (see above, 17). Another theory restricts the interchange to the Verb siun, and tries to prove that, while Plautus uses fueram (conceivably a mixture of
the later, so that

changeable

The

latest theories

regarding the Indo-European Verb

make

out the character

its

of an action (instantaneous, protracted, completed), rather than the time of

occurrence, to have differentiated the Indo-European Verbal formations.

Thus

the Present Tense would have originally no sense of Present Time, but would

merely characterize an action as a process

in Latin in sentences conveying general

traces of this tense-less use survive

e.g. Plant.

maxims,

Capt. 232 quod

sibi

volunt (homines),

dum

id impetrant,

boni sunt.

Syntax of
y}//

Plaiitus.

63
{or

and

erani) ior fui,

he never uses,

e.g.,

amavera in

amavi ;

this

extension of the license from sinn to other Verbs was, according to

this theory, a gradual process in Latin,

Latin substitution of Pluperf. for Perf.

and culminated in that Late which is reflected in the

Romance
(See

Conjugation,

e.g.

O. Fr. vidra (= Lat. viderat) 'he saw.'

my

note on Capt. 17.)

In the Pluperf. Deponent and Passive we find the same use ot fueram beside eram as oi fui beside sum in the Perf. (20) and of
fuero beside ero
23.
in the Fut. Perf. (18).
is

The

Pluperf. Subj.

used, as in class. Latin, for unrealizable

.wishes for the past, e.g.

Ter. Phorm. 157

incidisset.

Amph. 386 utinam istuc pugni fecissent tui, quod utinam me Phormioni id suadere in mentem
the
in

But
place
prius

Imperf. Subj.

(see
in

above,

14)

occasionally

takes

its

O. Lat. (not

class.

utinam
In

te,

quam

oculis vidissem meis,

Rud. 495 malo cruciatu in Sicilia

Lat.),
e.g.
'

perbiteres.
'

Jussive

'

Sentences, e.g. ne poposcisses

Subj.
(see

asked,' the Imperf.

above, 14)

is

you should not have invariably found in

O. Lat.,

e.g.

Men. 611

at tu

ne clam me comesses prandium, never

for

the Pluperf. Subj.

ditional

On

the distinction of the two Tenses in Con-

Sentences and on the occasional use of Plup. Ind.

Plup. Subj., see below,

VIII,

5.

SUBJUNCTIVF.
24.

The
in

Latin Subjunctive combines the functions of the Greek

Optative.

Subjunctive and

Comparative Philology
;

tells

us

that

forms
is

-/;;/

were originally Optative-forms

({(T)Lr]u,

thus

sivi,

older siem,

the Latin equivalent of Gk.

eso) is the

while the Latin Fut. ero

(from

O. Lat. X(^)a. forms like atnassim, prohibessini^ faxvii were apparently originally
S-Aorist Optatives,

equivalent of the Gk. Subj. w, older

and

in the
;

language of Plautus' time they

still

retain traces of their origin

for in 3 Pers. they are in

e.g. di

independent
melius faxint

sentences mainly used in prayers and curses,

(passim), luppiter prohibessit Pseud. 14
priate to Conditional statements, e.g.
in 2 Pers. to Prohibitions, e.g.
;

in

Pers. they are approetc.

;

baud (non) ausim Aul. 474,

etc.,

ne dixis Asin. S39,

cave respexis

Most. 523.

(For a

full

account of these -sim forms in independent

sentences in Plautus, see Morris in Amer. Journ. Phil. 18, 165 sqq.)

64
25.

Syntax of Plautus.

The

Subj. can play the part of an Imperative at all periods

of Latin.

Madvig shewed
to general
''

that in Cicero

7ic

with 2 Sing. Pres. Subj.

was restricted
e.g.
lie

prohibitions, whereas Plant,

and Ter.
is

use,

vie

mone and ne me
or, as
it

moiieas as equivalents

(cf.

32, below).

This Imperatival
in the Iraperf.

is

usually called, Jussive Subj.

found

(not Pluperf.),

when

past time

is

referred to, e.g.

Pseud. 437 vel tu ne faceres tale in adulescentia (cf. above, 14). 26. In early Greek the Subj. sometimes plays the part of a Fut.,
e.g.

Homer

II.

I,

262 oh yap

ttco

miov^ tSov avipas oibe

'iScofiai.

So
.?

in

early Latin,

eg.

Amph. 1060 nee me

miserior femina est neque

ulla videatur magis, Trin.

1136 quid ego cesso hos cotloqui

sed

maneam
Ter.

(' I

will wait')

etiam opinor, Bacch. 1058 taceam nunciam,

Phorm. 140 ad precatorem adeam, credo, qui mihi sic oret. is mainly confined to i Sing, and must have something to do with the employment (from very early times) of i Sing. Subj.
This usage
as

Fut. in the Third Conjugation, e.g. dicam, faciatn (while dixo,

like amasso,prohibesso, the S-Aor. Subj.),
e.g.

faxo are

and
etc.,

(at a later stage

apparently) in the Fourth,

sciam beside

scibo,

audiam beside
sed coiilictscam,

audibo in Plant.
it

In a sentence like Rud. 1356,

is

is

impossible to say whether the verb

Subj. (like taceam) or

'

Fut. ,like iacebd).

'

From
i

this

use of

Sing, taceam

I will

be
*

silent,'
all

had better be

silent,' it is

but a step to the ordinary uses (in

periods of Latin) of
better be silent,'

Plur., e.g.
all

tacmmus
;

'

let

us be

silent,'

we had
e.g.

and of
;

Persons in Conditional Sentences,

taceas, si sapias.

taceam, si sapiam
it

faceamus^ si sapiaiints

Similarly

is

but a step from Pseud. 240,

Pers. 575

modo

ego abeam, to the use of

I

lit

{uti) in

modo
is

uti

sciam, quanti indicet, 'only

wish

to

know what

price he ofters.'

To

disentangle the various threads

is

of which the Latin Subj.

composed

not easy.

For example,
it

Plautus uses velim and volo almost indiscriminately, but

baffles

us to detect the precise original sense of &'^//w (Optative? Future?

Potential?).

In

Amph. 928

valeas,

tibi
if

habeas res tuas, reddas

meas, the three Subjunctives would,

they occurred in separate

and Imperative reBut the crudeness of such a distinction is evident when we find them together in the same line. In Greek the
sentences, be classified as Optative, Permissive
spectively.

Optative
b

jMood

lias

retained

separate

existence

but

Latin

On

the general or indefinite use of 2 Sing. Pres. Subj. in Latin see below,
Phil.

31.

Madvig's law has been questioned (Elmer, Anier. Journ.

1894,

pp. 132 sqq.).

Syntax of Plant lis.

Optatives,
siin,

65

veVun, edim, diiim, 'crediiim, etc., were all

merged

in

the Subjunciive

mood

before the time of Plautus, whose language

retains only doubtful traces of the distinction

between edam (Subj.)

and

diiii[{0'^\..),

creduam (Subj.) and creduim (Opt.) (see

my

Latin

514; and on the occasional Potential use of the Perf. Even in the Indo-European language the Subj., above, 21). provinces of Fut. and Subj. were not definitely discriminated, nor In Pers. 16 Fut. and Subj. (= Opt.) seem even of Fut. and Opt.
Language,
p.

to play the

same part

A.

Sagaristio,

di

ament

te.

B.

Toxile,

dabunt

di

quae exoptes,
but dabiint
cf. Poen. 869) (of. ita me di amabunt Ten Heaut. 463 conceivably be an affirmation like the Fut. in Ter. Heaut. 161
;

may

A. utinam

ita di faxint

B. facient.
Prohibitions,

(On the Tenses of the Subjunctive used in VIII, 9.) 27. In Dependent Clauses the use of the
colloquial language
literary

see

Subj.

in

Plautus'

was not
in

at all

so strictly regulated as in the

It is

language of the Augustan Age.

certainty
:
'

extremely

difficult to

say with

could
types

not

use

the Ind.'

Dependent Clause Plautus or 'could not use the Subj.' In most

this

or that

of clause

we

find

both

Moods

used,

but never quite at

There is always a particular nuance of thought expressed by the one and the other. The use of the Ind. makes the statement more a definite statement of actual fact, the use of the Subj. makes it more indefinite, more dependent on external agency.
random.

The

distinction

is

most clearly seen

in

Oratio Obliqua, where the

differ, e.g.

Plautine and the classical usage scarcely

Bacch. 735

Chrysalus mihi usque quaque loquitur nee recte, pater,

quia
tibi

aurum

reddidi et quia

non

te defrandaveriin.

Here quia
reddidi
is

Jion defraiidaverim is Chrysalus'

remark, while quia

Cf. Mil.
far

aurum

the remark of the speaker himself.

Mil. 300 and Epid. 19.

Also in sentences not

981 and 974, removed from

Oratio Obliqua,
Cist.

e.g.

179

et

earn

cognoscit

esse

quam

compi'esserat (the

remark of the speaker).

Aul. 29
is scit

adulescens quae

sit

quam

compresserit

(=

scio

quae

sit

quam compressi
F

Or. Rect.).

66

Syntax of Plauius.
use of the

Similarly after an Impersonal Verb, the

Subj

makes
:

a dependent clause less definite, more a possibility than a

fact, e.g.

Pseud. 460 decet innocentem qui

sit

atque innoxium

servom superbum esse apud erum potissumum,

Amph. 836 quae non

deliquit decet
:

audacem

esse.
et

28. Parataxis (see Lindskog

taxi

Quaestiones de Parataxi
is

Hypo-

apud priscos Latinos.

Naturally
it

Lund, 1896)

characteristic (i) of the

early stage of a language, (2) of colloquial, as

opposed
me,

to literary

language.

is

strongly in evidence in the colloquial

Latin of Plautus' time,

e.g. Trin.

161 alium

fecisti

alius

ad

te

veneram.

Most of

all in

Indirect Questions, which in Plautus are

as often Direct (with Ind.) as Indirect (with Subj.), e.g. Bacch. 557 die quis est, Bacch. 555 die modo hominem qui sit, the two Moods

often

appearing side by side,

et

venio
instet
volt.

e.g. Amph. 17 nunc quoius iussu quam ob rem venerim dicam, Pers. 515 nescis quid te boni neque quam tibi Fortuna faculam lucriferam adlucere

in Early, as in Class. Lat.,

Most. 969, Ter. And. 650, Hec. 874; cf. nescioquis with Ind. and the similar phrase scin quid in lines

like

Pseud. 276 sed scin quid nos volumus?

(For

full statistics

see
I,

E.

Becker
i,

de Syntaxi Interrogationum Obliquarum,

in

vol.

Part

of Studemund's Studien auf

Berlin, 1873.)

dem Gebiet
^- Q^^i^ ^S^^
?

des archaischen

Lateins.

Even where
2>Z2>

the Subj. appears, there

often be
rogitas?,
e.g.

Parataxis, e.g. Stich.

for a

B. quid

may agam

similar Subj.
fle,

is

found in independent sentences,

Capt. 139 A. ne

B. egone ilium

non fleam?, Ter. Andr.

915 A. bonus est hie vir. B. hie vir sit bonus? Similarly with other dependent Subjunctives; e.g. Men. 683 may be printed as two separate sentences or as one main sentence with a dependent
clause
:

mihi tu ut

dederis pallam
lines
like

et

spinter

numquam
tu

factum
facito

reperies.

Compare

Trin. 485

semper

hoc

Lesbonice, cogites, Trin. 59 vin commutemus?, Poen. 909 ita di faxint, ne apud lenonem hunc serviam. Of recent years a great deal

has been done in the way of tracing back the use of a Subj. in De-

pendent Clauses to a similar use

Sentences.

in

Early Latin

in

Independent

29. In phrases like Asin. 44 di tibi dent quaecu7nquc optes, Asin.

780 quo/n
ascribed

iaciat,

'

te'

ne dicat, the Subj.

(pptes, iaciat) is

conventionally

to

'

Attraction.'
;

But similar Subjunctives are found in

and,
if
'

other circumstances too

Attraction

'

has played any part,

Syntax of Plautus.
it

67
in a

may

rather be that the presence of a Subj.

neighbouring

clause has ensured the retention of the old construction, has in fact

aided the old

Mood

to resist the

encroachments of the Indicative.

'

This so-called 'Subj. by Attraction is a feature of the other Italic dialects and evidently belongs to the earliest Italic period, e.g.

Oscan
'

puti

far kahad, nip putiiad edum, which would be

ne possit
esse,'
'

in Latin

quom

far incipiat,
eat.'

when he

takes food,

may he

shew a similar Subj. wliere the neighbouring clause contains an Imper., e.g. Umbrian pone esonom e
not be able to

These

dialects

ferar

ere fertu (in Latin

'

quom

in sacrificium feratur

is

ferto'),

just as

we
te

find in Plautus sentences like

Amph. 439
id,

ubi ego Sosia

nolim esse, tu esto sane Sosia, Asin. 29 die, obsecro hercle, serio

quod

rogem

(cf.

Men. 1105 uterque

quod

rogabo^

dicite).

Plautus uses the Ind. as well as the Subj., e.g. Bacch. 224 venial

quando

volt^

habent^ det

locum.

True, 233 aequo animo, ipse si nil habeat, aliis, qui It is perhaps true that the two moods give
is

a different nuance to the clause, the Ind. implying that the thing a
fact, e.g.

Epid. 19 (with Ind.) quid tibi vis dicam nisi quod esil^ compared with Mil. 300 (with Subj.) quid tibi vis dicam nisi quod

viderim?; Trin. 351 quod habes, ne habeas, Aul. 482 invidia nos minore utamur quam utifnur. (Contrast Pers. 293 and Asin. 44.) But it is often hard to perceive the distinction. Compare Rud. 1137
(with Ind.), sed,
si

erunt vera, tum obsecro te ut

si

mea mihi
sit,

reddantur,
;

with Rud.

128 (with Subj.) ac,

istorum

nil

ut mihi reddas

Merc. 425 (with Ind.), dum ne minoris vendas quam enii, with Rud. 1242 (with Subj.) ut cum maiore dote abeat quam advenerit ; Trin. 1042 (with Ind.), et metuo, si compellabo, ne aliam rem occipiat
loqui, with Trin. 1171 (with Subj.),
oras,

metuo,

si

tibi
is

denegem quod
that the Ind.

me
had

ne

te

leviorem ergame putes.

to

The

truth

begun before Plautus' time

just as in our
'if I be.'

encroach on the sphere of the Subj.,

own time

'

if I

am

'

has almost usurped the sphere of

It is

seldom that we

find the Subj.,

where the Ind. would

seem more
and
ate
;

natural, e.g. Capt. 237

patri (cf. Cure. in this

484 on Most. 1 example the term

;

quod 100 quod

'

tibi

suadeam, suadeam

meo

agas, id agas, see 31, below);

'

Attraction

seems not inapproprifor the use of

viz.

although

it

is

not absolutely certain that Plautus did not write

rule that

suadeo'^.
c
'

Almost the only

is

can be suggested
is

Lorenz's argument for altering the reading

however unsound,
i-uling clause.

that

Attraction'

impossible in a clause that precedes the

Cf.
Cist.

It is less

usual, but not impossible.

optes, tibi

497 A. di

me

perdant.

B.

quodcumque

velim contingere,

etc., etc.

;;

68

Syntax of

Platctus.

the Ind. and Subj. in these by-clauses,

is

that the Ind.

is

must be used

where the time indicated

in the

two clauses

different, e.g.

Men.

04 utinam nunc quae

1 1
.

efficere

quod

poUicitu's (Perf.) possies (Pres.), Trin. 6

illaec siet (Pres.),

hue quae

abiit (Perf.),intro,

dicam

when a Temporal Adverb (e.g. nu7ic) is used^ e.g. Ter. Andr. 339 ubi inveniam Pamphilum ut metum in quo mine est adimam ? But tlie rule is not without exceptions, e.g. Aul. 29 quae sit quam covipresserit. The Ind. is (quoted above) scit
especially
.

also preferred in a clause that stands

first
;

in the sentence, e.g.

Rud.
the

379,

si

amahat, rogas, quid faceret

but

we have sometimes

Subj., e.g. Merc.

344 neque is quom roget quid loquar cogitatumst. This so-called Subj. by 'Attraction' is so marked a feature of Plautine Syntax that more examples, taken from different types of
sentence, will be useful

Bacch. 656 furetur quod qucat ; Aul. 491 quo luheant nubant Capt. 548 ne tu quod \s\.\c fabiileiur auiis immittas tuas Epid. 588
;

non patrem
1

te

nominem, ubi
filius

tu

tuam me

appelles filiam ?
ibi

Bacch.

190 egone, ubi

corrumpatiir mens,

potem?; Asin. 838

puteni ego,
sit ?
;

quem

videain aeque esse

Mil. 426 quin ego hoc

maestum ut quasi dies si dicta rogem quod nesciam ?, Amph. 434 quid
?;

ego

ni

negem

qui egomet stem

Amph. 871

nam mea
si

id

sit culpa, quod egomet contraxerim, Alcumenai innocentiae expetat

Pocn. 681 videre equidem vos vellem,

quom

huic aurum darem

Merc. 152
tibi liceret
;

me
me.

rupi causa currendo tua, ut quae scirevi scire actutum

ille
. .

Bacch. 550

accuratum habuit quod posset mali

faceret in

It will be well to add examples taken from Indirect Questions and Reported Speech, in order to shew how similar is the Plautine

treatment in

all

cases of dependent sentence

Aul. 17 coepi observare ecqui

maiorem

filius
;

mihi honorem haberet

Asin.

quam

eius habuisset pater

reddititm esset

442 aibat reddere (' said he would pay '), quom extemplo ; Cure. 425 quod istic scriptumst (Ind.), id te orare
si

iusserat profecto ut faceres, siiam

vei/es

gratiam.

30. Various uses of the Subj. in

Causal use, 546

(cf.

e.g.
si

Aul. 769 sanus tu

te odit, qui

Dependent Clauses, such as the non es, qui furem me voces, Capt.

565)

istum appelles

Tyndarum pro

Philocrate
3

the Concessive, e.g.

Men. 362

te hie stare foris, fores

quoi pateant

Syntax of Plauhis.
the Subj. of Limitation, e.g. quod sciam
'

69
so far as I

know/ Epid.

638 A. non me novisti ? B. quod quidem ^ nunc veniat in mentem mihi, Merc. 520 de lanificio neminem metuo, una aetate quae sit, are common to Plautine and classical Latin and need not detain us.

But attention must be called

to the

freedom of the Subj.

in Plautus'
it

time in contrast to certain restrictions which attached to

later.
is,

The

rule that Causal (and

Concessive) quoin requires the Subj.,

as will be

shewn

in

Chap. VIII, unknown to Plautus.

Mil. 12 11 saltem id volup est,
;

He
quom

usually

employs the Ind.,

quin fleam,
tu

e.g.

ex

vir-

tute formai evenit tibi

although he can say,

e.g. Mil.

quom

abs te abeam, Most. 896

(cf.

tibi
.

1342 nequeo obtemperem, quom

mihi nequeas?

Capt. 146

quom

feras), just as
:

he uses

Ind. as well as Subj. after Causal qui in Poen, 1030

A. servum hercle

te esse oportet et nequam et malum, hominem peregrinum atque advenam qui irrideas.

B. at hercle te

hominem

et

sycophantam

et

subdolum,

qui hue advenisti nos captatura

In class Lat. quamvis postulates the Subj., quamqicant the Ind.

as much as you wish,' as you wish,' and scarcely has acquired the sense of 'although' (see VIII, 4). With est qui, stmt qui, est ubi, etc., it is not always easy to see what determines the use of the Subj. (e.g. Poen. 884 quid est quod

But to Plautus quamvis means

'

'

metuas?) and the Ind.

cf.

(e.g.

Ten Andr. 448

etc., e.g.

est

quod suscenset

tibi;

the frequent sunt quae volo,

Capt. 263 sunt quae ex te

solo scitari volo).

(For

fuller

statistics see

Dittmar

Studien zur

lateinischen Moduslehre. Leipzig, 1897, pp. losqq.) Here are some examples of the Subj. and Ind. in Dependent Clauses:

Aul. 810

quis

me

Athenis nunc magis quisquam est

?

homo

cui di sint propitii

Bacch. 807 Accius 458

Mil.

quis homost qui dicat

quis
erit

me

dixisse istuc ?
.

qui

non me spernens

turpi

fama

differet ?

994

numquis [nam]

hie prope adest qui

rem alienam

potius curet
^

quam suam

Qui quidem with Subj. has not only this limitative function (with Ind., e.g. Ter. Adelph. 692 perdidisti . ., quod quidem in te fuit ; cf. p. 71), but Thus it is the equivalent of class. Lat. qtiippe qui in a line like others too.
Bacch.
1

132 merito hoc nobis

fit,

qui quidem hue venerimus.

Other examples are

Poen. 12 13, Trin. 552, 953.

70

Syntax of

Plauttis.

Pomponius 158 numquis

mihi
Capt. 997
vidi

hie restitit qui

?

nondum

labeas

lirarit

ego multa saepe picta, quae Accherunti

cruciamenta.
tu vidisti

fierent

Men. 143

enumquam
ubi
raperet

tabulam pictam

in pariete,

aquila
?

Catamitum

(=

Ganymedem)

Trin. 543

Merc. 335
Cure. 248
Trin. 89

nemo exstat qui ibi sex menses vixerit. homo me miserior nuHust aeque, opinor,
neque advorsa
vah
!

cui plura sint sempiterna.

solus hie
tu

homost qui
?

sciat divinitus.

haben
earn

amicum
sit

aut familiarem

quempiam quoi

pectus sapiat
Mil. 784

des quae

quaestuosa, quae alat corpus

corpore, quoique sapiat pectus.

Mil. 1376

stulte feci, qui

hunc

amisi.

Men. 309

sqq.

insanit hie quidem, qui ipse

.
.

Most. 362
Trin. 1057

male dicit sibi. quidem hercle certe non sanu's satis, Menaechme, qui nunc ipsus male dicas tibi. sed ego sumne infelix, qui non curro eurrieulo

nam

tu

domum
sed ego

sum

insipientior, qui rebus

curem

publicis,

potius
Trin. 905

quam,

etc.

Mil.

984
1

hominem ? B. ridicule cum una cibum capere soleo. vah delicatu's quae te tamquam
A. novistin
!
:

rogitas,

quo-

oculos amet.
flocci facit.

True. 769 Amph. 102

de nihilo
tibi

nihil est irasci,

quae
irati

te

non

Juppiter dique
frangas fores.

omnes

eerto sunt, qui sic

Mil. 59
Mil. 180

aniant ted

omnes

mulieres, neque iniuria, qui

sis

tarn pulcher.

vae mihi misero, quoi pereundumst propter

nihili

bestiam
Stich.

395

Hercules, qui deus

sis,

sane discessisti non bene,

Amph. 506
Men. 203

nimis hie seitust sycophanta, qui quidem

sit

mens

pater.

A.
B.

hoc animo decet

probos.
qui

animates

esse

amatores
properent

quidem ad mendicitatem

se

detrudere.

Syntax of Plautus.
True. 832 Epid. 180.

71
viri

non viniim viris moderari, sed qui quidem probi sunt.

vino solent,

A. pulchra edepol dos pecuniast.

B.

quae qui-

dem
Pers. 634

pol
:

non

maritast.

tactus lenost

qui rogaret ubi nata esset diceret,

lepide

lusit.

Poen. 233
Mil. 764
Mil. 20

miror equidem, soror,

te istaec sic fabulari,

quae

tarn callida et docta sis et faceta.

baud centensumam partem dixi atque, otium rei si sit, possum exponere. nihil hercle hoc quidemst praeut alia dicam, quae
tu

numquam

feceris.

Asin. 816
Cist.

533

suspendam potius me quam tacita haec tu perdam operam potius quam carebo filia.
qui, utpote qui, etc., see

auferas.

For examples with quod, quippe

VIII,

2.

In Conditional Sentences we see the utmost freedom in Plautus.

The
very

difficulty of

framing rules for his use of Ind. and Subj.

is

often

difficult (see

VIII,

5).

31. Lastly
Sing.
t)f this
is

may be mentioned

that the curious Latin use of 2 Pers.

Mood

in

general statements, not referring to a definite

person,
(*

as early as Plautus, e.g. Bacch.

trial
'),
:

63 ubi periclum facias

when one makes

fieri

aculeata sunt. True. 569 quod des, devorat,

Trin. 914

istue solet

quod
'

in

manu
'

teneas atque oeulis videas,

id desideres.

Like

it

is

the

'

Potential

credas

one would

think,'

etc

e.g.

Most. 243 videas earn meduUitus me amare, Ter. Hee. 58 per pol quam paueos reperias meretricibus fideles evenire amatores, Syra.

To

the

Pres. credas

volvier, the

of Aeeius 395, interruptum credas nimbum Imperf. crederes of Aeeius 321, Mavortes armis duo

congresses crederes, stands in the same relation as the Imperf. to

the Pres. of the Jussive Subj. (see above, 14.) 32.

Imperative.

(Loch

'zum Gebrauch des Imperativus

187
1.)

bei

Plautus.'

Memel
the

(Sehulprogr.),

The competition
been
mentioned.
B. vale)

of the

Subj.

with
is

Imperative

has

already

That
is

there

a different signification in Imperatives like vale and Sublike valeas (e.g.

junctives
to

True. 433 A. valeas.

Prohibitions,
e.g.

hard

prove.

Similarly

in

Asin.
9).

826 ne mone.

Mil. 1378 ne

me

moneatis (see below, VIII,


72

Syntax of Plauius,

The

Fut. Imperat.

is

usually reserved for

its

proper sense, the

expression of

commands
;

relating to future time, e.g. Pseud.

859

864 quoquo hie

.

spectabit,

eo tu spectato simul

si

gradietur

progredimino,
;

respondetote

etc. Rud. 813 si appellabit quempiam, vos and a command in Pres. Imperat. is often followed

by a further command in Fut. Imperat., e.g. Asin, 740 Leonida, curre, obsecro, patrem hue orato ut veniat. But befie ambulato is
used beside bene ambula, salveto beside salve
lat.

(cf.

Havet

in

Archiv
occa-

Lexikographie,

9, 287), etc.

And

the Pres. Imperat.

is

sionally found

where the Fut. Imperat. would be normal,

(Walder
for

e.g. Ter.

Andr. 848 ubi voles, accerse.

33. Infinitive.
:

der Infinitiv

bei
:

Plautus.

Berlin,

1874; and, especially

Terence, P. Barth
Berlin, 1882.)

de

Infinitivi

apud

scaenicos poetas Latinos usu.

The
these,

Inf.

has
it

its is
{'

original function of a Verbal

Noun
si

in lines like

where

Object of a Finite Verb

')

Cure.

28
sapis

ita
;

tuum
Bacch.

conferto amare

so arrange your loving

lost all

semper,

158 hie vereri perdidit 'he has

A.

at

ego

amo
nisi
'

banc. B. at ego esse et bibere

sense of shame'; Poen. 313 eating and drinking

'
'

Capt. 88
in

qui colaphos perpeti potis parasitus frangique aulas

his

caput
it

having dishes broken across

Subject
:

head.'

Or

in

these,

where

is

Mil. 354 A.
IMost.
est,

praecepta facito ut memineris.

totiens
vis

monere mirumst,

705
et

ire

dormitum
et

odiost, Capt.

750
this

haec quidem hercle

trahi

trudi

simul.

From

comes the association of various Verbs and Verbal Phrases with the Inf., e.g. volo (cf Aul. 201 nunc hie earn rem volt, scio, mecum adire ad pactionem, Merc. 868 A. quid me voltis? 'what do you want of me?' B. ire tecum), pudet (cf. Most. 1 165 si hoc pudet, fecisse sumptum, supplici habeo satis). Occipio prefers an Inf. to any other object, but incipio in Plautus' time
origin
is

not yet so freely used with an Inf. as with the Ace. of a

Noun

or

Pronoun.
197 per

The

Inf.

plays the part of a

Gerund

in lines like

Epid.

omnem

urbeni

quem sum

defessus quaerere, Ter.

(contrast,
te videre

Phorm. 589 neque defetiscar umquam adeo experirier e.g., Amph. 1014 sum defessus quaeritando), Trin. 76 ut
audireque aegroti
e.g.,

sient,

Poen.

1212 facere occasio

est (contrast,

Epid. 271 nunc occasiost faciundi). Pseud. 1141 operam fac compendi quaerere, Men. 233 nam quid modi futurum est ilium quaerere? ('our seeking him'), Rud. 223 omnia iam circumcursavi atque omnibus latebris perreptavi quaerere conservam (' seeking '),

'

Syntax of
Ter.

Plaiihis.

73
et
est

Phorm. 885 summa eludendi occasiost mihi nunc senes Also in its use with Phaedriae curam adimere argentariam.
Virgil's

(like

cernere erat),

which
a/ii)

is

better attested

for

Terence
alii),

(Heaut. 192 miserum?

quern minus credere est? (crederes

Adelph. 828 scire est (scires

than for Plautus (True. 501
34.
it

liberum ingenium atque animum)

put in the Ace.

?).

The Subject

of the Inf.

itself is

even when

is

also the Subject of the Finite Verb, in class. Lat. with dico,

etc., in

Plautine Lat. also with volo,

viros

etc., e.g.

Pseud. 167 magnufice

summos accipere, ut mihi rem esse reantur, 853 an tu coquinatum te ire quoquam postulas (contrast 851 an tu invenire postulas quemquam coquum ?, and see Abraham Studia Plautina although we also find the Nom. in Plautus, not merely p, 189)
volo
'
;

me

with volo,

etc.,

adulescens

Diabolus

but (as in Greek) with dico in Asin. 634 quas hodie ipsi daturus dixit (unless we should read
it

datunwi).

But

is

often,

especially with

Pres.

Inf.,

left

unex-

pressed, e.g. Merc. 410 uxori

meae mihique obiectent lenocinium facere, Epid. 238 dissimulabam earum operam sermoni dare, Men. 461 quoi tam credo datum voluisse {scil. eum), quam me video vivere. Accordingly in Cure. 72 vovi me inferre I made a vow that I would offer is by a quibble misapprehended as I vowed that I would offer myself (the passage is quoted in II, 19).
' '

'

On

pro initio dare,

lit.

'I promise giving,' 'I promise the

gift,'

see 12, above.

(For a
Plautus
35.

list

of the Verbs with which

J.

we

find Ace.

Plautus and Terence, see

u.

Reinkens

liber

ami Inf in den Ace. c. Inf bei

Terentius, Dusseldorf (Schulprogr.), 1886.)

Inf. may be earumque artem et disciplinam obtineat colere abstiiieo, e.g. Cure. 180 dum mi abstineant invidere ; teneo, e.g. Merc. 52 omnes (Nom.) tenerent mutuitanti credere; ocaipo, e.g. Most. 566 sed occupabo adire, Titinius 145 ergo occupa foras exire; intefido, Q.g. Mil. 380 pergin, sceleste, intendere hanc arguere?; maiuro, e.g. Mil. 1093 iube maturare illam exire hue;

Of

the

Verbs with which Plautus uses the

e.g.

mentioned:

oJjtinco,
;

Mil. t86

qiiiesco,

Most. 11 73 A. Tranio, quiesce,

;

<si)>

sapis.

B. tu quiesce

hanc rem modo petere exseqiior, e.g. Merc. 913 ut, si haec non sint vera, inceptum hoc itiner perficere exsequar perpetro, e.g. True. 465 male quod mulier facere incepit, nisi <^id)> efficere per;

See

I,

10,

on

lines like

Poen. 523 servoli esse duco festinantem currere.

74
petrat
;

Syntax of Plautus.
omi/io,
e.g.

Pers.

431; parco, comperco,

iniuste;
trag.

e.g.
e.g.

Bacch. 910

cave parsis in earn dicere, Poen. 350; compesco,

Bacch. 463
22
vel

compesce
e.g.

in

ilium

dicere

tempero^

e.g.

Poen.

dormire temperent, Ennius

Amph.

45 temperaret tollere ; neglego, 586 erus quod imperavit neglexisti persequi ; praetereo,
e.g.

Merc. 402 quod praeterii dicere; ploro,

plorat,

Aul. 308

aquam

hercle

quom

lavat,

profundere

duro,

e.g. e.g.

True. 326
Pers.

non quis
ofifirmastin

parumper durare opperirier?; offintio, occultare quo te immittas, pessume?

36.

222

Of

the

Verbal Phrases

;///

moror^

nihili facio,

etc.,

e.g.

immemor esse, e.g. Pseud. iio4i)ihilist autem suom qui ofificium facere immemor est, nisi est admonitus occupatus esse, e.g. Merc. 288 non sum occupatus umquam amico
Pers. 224 nihili facio scire;

operam dare;
neglegens
;

neglegens esse, e.g. Most.

;

141 postilla obtegere earn

fui

animtim inducere,
') ^j'i'^,

e.g.

Bacch. 1191 facere inducam

animum ferox ('proud

meas
tractare sese
;

e.g.

Asin. 468 ferox est viginti minas

tnaestus esse, e.g. Most. 796 sed ut maestust

(cf.

sese hasce vendidisse

evenisse inopiam)
auctior est in

eorum mi aegritudo animo, ad ilium modum sublitum os esse mi hodie

id misera

Rud. 397

maesta

est, sibi

aegritudo

est, e.g.

Capt. 783 tanto

(or Inf. of Exclamation)

opus

est,

e.g.

Pers. 584 A. opusne est

hac

tibi

empta?

B.

si

tibi

venissest opus, mihi

est
ilia

quoque emptast;

occasio est, e.g.

Pers.

726 nunc
e.g.

occasio inimicum ulcisci

operam perdere, sumere,

Inf. in Lucilius

Aul.

341 ne operam perdas poscere,

Men. 244 operam praeterea numquam sumam quaerere. The 414 Ma., solvere nulli lentus, looks like a Graecism.
37.

The O.

Lat. Inf. bibere in the phrase dare bibcre {biber), e.g.

Pers. 821
biber,

bibere da usque plenis cantharis, Titinius

78 date
Cist.

illi

Lucilius 222

Ma. da bibere ab summo (but

18 raro

nimium dabat quod biberem, Stich. 757 date bibat tibicini), is in some Grammars explained like aquam dare, in others as an Inf. of Purpose. The Inf. of Purpose is a common usage, e.g. Asin. 910 ecquis currit pollinctorem arcessere?, Pseud. 642 reddere hoc non
perdere erus

me

misit,

Bacch. 631

militis parasitus

modo

venerat

aurum petere
referre, Ter.

hinc, True. 167

Eun. 528 misit

iit

nunc ad amicam venis querimoniam porro orare ut venirem serio, Hec. 345
In
this function

tum

filius

tuus intro

videre, ut venit, quid agat, Turpilius 154

progredior foras visere quid hie tumulti ante fores.

the First Supine competes with the Inf., e.g. Most. 594 venisti hue
te

extentatum

(see below, 42), also ut (or Relative Pron.)

and

Syntax of Plautus.
Subj.

75

These

two

are

combined

in

Ter.
et

Andr.

514

missast

ancilla ilico obstetricem arcessitum

ad earn

puerum

ut adferret

simul.

38.

From

phrases like Bacch. 237

ibi

nam meus

formidat animus

nostrum tam diu

desidere neque redire filium, Capt. 600 crucior

ilH

lapidem non habere me, ut

mastigiae cerebrum excutiam, Asin.

facere?,

407 quid hoc

Asin,
to the Inf. of

sit

negoti,
fit,

neminem meum dictum magni

foras aedibus
e.g. Pers.

127 sicine hoc

me
ita

eici

?,

it

is

but a step

Exclamation,

42 sicine hoc te mihi facere?,

:

Amph. 882
coris a viro

durare nequeo in aedibus

me

probri, stupri, dede-

senem Demaenetum lepidum fuisse nobis!, Ter. Andr. 870 tantum laborem capere ob talem filium!, Eun. 755 militem secum ad te quantas copias addu!,

argutam meo

Asin. 580 edepol

cere

It

is

usually in the form

of a question,

e.g.

Bacch. 152

magistron
hie

quemquam discipulum minitarier?, hominem pati colere iuventutem Atticam

ita

Pseud. 202 huncine

?,

Ter. Heaut. 749

me

di

amabunt, ut nunc Menedemi vicem

:

miseret
illancin

me

tantum devenisse ad eum

ilia

raali.

mulierem alere cum

familia ?
e.g.

The same

function

may be

taken by a Subjunctive clause,

Bacch. 375 egone ut haec conclusa gestem clanculum ?, Cure. 193 quod quidem mihi polluctus virgis servus sermonem serat (see
!

below,
39.

VIII, 2). The Historical

Inf.

is

also a feature of Plautine

(and

still

more of Terentian) Latin.

in et iyinc

It is

found

in narrative passages written

the style of Tragedy, e.g.

lovi

Amph. 229 imperator

utrimque, hinc

vota suscipere,

<(utrimque)> hortari exercitum, Trin.

ruere

835 imbres fluctusque atque procellae infensae frangere malum, antemnas, scindere vela, Amph. 11 10 sqq. ; also in less
dies.
It
e.g. Merc. 46 obiurigare pater haec noctes seems to be limited to the Pres. Inf. of Active or

ambitious narrations,
et

Deponent Verbs
an exception to

in

Main Sentences (Bacch. 482

Inf.

is

probably not
phrases like

this rule).

On

the use of the Pres. Inf. for the Fut.

in

Cure. 597 nego me dicere 'I refuse to tell,' see above, 12; and on the Perf. Inf. in sentences like Poen. 872 nolito edepol devellisse,

above, 19.

On

the association of Act.

and

Pass. Inf., e.g. Most. 959 esse

this chapter.

et bibi, see the

opening paragraph of

J6

Syntax of Plautus.
40.

Of

the three Periphrastic formations of the Future mentioned

above
first

(15), (i) -urus

was

utilized for the Fut. Inf.

sum, (2) volo with Inf., (3) eo with i Sup., the Act./ the third, e.g. Bacch. 1171 ut
ire

istuc

Pass.

dehctum desistas tantopere {On fore tit, see below.)

1

oppugnatum,

for,

the Fut. Inf.

Mil.

186 sq.

may

serve as example of the

first

arcessito, ut,

si

itura sit Athenas, eat

tecum
it

Nisi eat, te soluturum esse navim.

(cf.

The

Inf. of the Substantive

Verb

above

8) is often

omitted with

the Fut. Part. Act. as

is

with the Perf. Part. Pass, or with the

Gerundive,
dixeram.

e.g.

Pseud.

566 neque sim facturus

Inf. Act.,

quod facturum
still

But the

earliest

form of the Fut.

which

survives in

and has probably been removed by scribes from more, shews merely -urum (indeclinable) without esse, e.g. Cas. 693 altero te occisurum ait Casina says she will kill you with one of the two swords.' This points to an Impersonal Fut. Inf. Act., just as we have an Impersonal Fut. Inf. Pass., and just as the Gerund (e.g. agitandum est vigilias) was superseded by the Gerunlines of Plautus
'

some

dive (e.g. agitandae sunt vigiliae).

41.
Lat.

The

Fut. Inf. Pass, does not often occur in Plautus.

e.g.

In
'

class.

it is

Impersonal,

credo hostes victum

iri,

the Inf. of

itur s
:

victum

But we find in Rud. 1241 a Personal construction mihi istaec videtur praeda praedatum irier. In True. 886 the corrupt reading of the MSB. seems to preserve a trace of the common
hostes.'

Latin

practice

of writing

this

Tense

as

Compound word
e.g.

spes eliamst hodie tactuiri militem.

From
si

the colloquial use of est ut, erit ut, etc,

Ter. Hec. 501

'

est ut velit

redducere uxorem
si

'

if it is

the case that he wishes,*"

if

he wishes,'
nolit,

558 recte ego consului meae

Pseud. 13 19 hoc ego

est ut dicat velle se,

(cf.

redde
si

sin

est

autem ut

Adelph. 514

est facturus ut sit

ofiicium suom, faciat), originated the periphrasis fore (Impersonal)

ut.

On
42.

numquam

ratus sum, fore

me

ut tibi

fierem supplex, see II, 42.

Supine.

The Verbal Noun

in -tus

(4 Decl.)
eo.,

is

greatly in

evidence in Plautus.
^

We

find the Ace. with

etc.,

e.g. ire

obso-

OrA^ sum

has a real Fut. Inf. Act., \\z.fore, e.g. Cas. 772 quasi
futurunist.
itiir

nil sciant

fore huius
s

quod

Like Virgil's

hi aiitiquam silvqvu

Had

the choice of this form for the

Inf. Pass,

any connexion with that Attraction

Inf.,

to the Passive of coepi, desino, etc.,

with a Pass.
above,
6.

e.g.

coeptum

est pugnari,

desitum

est pugnari,

&c.

(See

Syntax of Plauius.

77
;
'

natum 'to go a-marketing,'

Abl. with redeo,
e.g.

ire

venatum 'to go a-hunting

e.g.

the

Cas. 719 (Men. 278, 288) obsonatu redire 'to

Cist.

return from marketing;' the Dat. with /labeo,

365

me

habes perditui

et

praedatui,

and with

stnn (see II,

;

19),

also with

some
(Loc.

Adjectives, e.g. fabula lepida auditui

?), e.g.

with others the Abl.

celer cursu

'

quick in running.'

Two
'

of these usages
part of the
')

took

so firm

root in

the language that they

became

Verbal system, the Ace. with eo, Sec. (called the First Supine the Abl. (Loc. ?) witli an Adj. (called the Second Supine ').
'

and

Whether the terms

Plautine Latin

'

First

may be doubted.
is

distinguish from the real

ire.

and Second Supine are applicable to It would be a truer analysis to First Supine, two types of the phrase -tuf/i
'

Type

(i)

Passive

or

Intransitive,

corresponding

to

Transitive -turn dare.

Thus miphan ire nupUitn dare the same relation as venum ire {vendere), (cf. venum diicere frag. 89, venuvi
or as pessuin ire to pessum dare.

(e.g.

Cas. 86) bears to

{venire) to veinnn dare

asportare.,
:

Merc. 353),

(See Biese
(diss.)

de obiecto interno

apud Plautum
is
'

et

Terentium, Kiel

1878, p. 42.)

Type

(2)

a Periphrastic Fut. with the

will do,' e.g. Aul.

same sense

as volo with Inf., or our

perditum

ires liberos, Cist.

736 quamobrem ita faceres meque meosque 4 qui magis potueris mi honorem ire

habitum

Bacch. 565 occiperes tute <(eam^ amare et mi ires con? sultum male, Ter. Andr. 134 cur te is perditum ? The real function
of the First Supine appears rather in lines like Cure. 644 ea

me

spectatum

tulerat,

Pseud. 520 servitum

tibi

me

abducito, Cist. 90

mater

pompam me

spectatum duxit, Bacch. 442

cum patrem adeas

postulatum, Poen. 21 neu sessum ducat, Men. 835 quo me in silvam venatum vocas? (cf. the legal formula in Cic. Mur. 26 te ex iure

manum
emptum)
incipit.

consertum voco), Asin. 661

quin tradis hue

(e.g.

cruminam

pressatum

umerum

But

it is

not always easy

'

Capt. 179 roga

'

to distinguish the province of the

First
liic

Supine and the

pugilatum

Ace. of the Verbal

Noun,

e.g.

Capt.

793

homo

43.

Gerund and Gerundive.

in Plautus

(S.

Platner

Notes on the use

in the

of

Gerund and Gerundive

and Terence,
is

American

Journal of Philology, vol. xiv, pp. 483 sqq.) The use of the Gerundive of a Neuter Verb

a curious

phenome-

non, Epid. 74 pupp's pereundast probe, Trin. 1159 si ilia tibi placet, placenda dos quoque est quam dat tibi. Beside the O. Lat. construction
(cf.

40) with the Gerund governing the Ace,

e.g.

Trin.

78

Syntax of Plmilus.
liercle

869

opinor mi advenienti hac noctu agitandumst

vigilias,

we

find the class Lat. construction of the Gerundive, e.g.

Trin. 866
find

apud

illas

aedis sistendae mihi

sunt sycophantiae.

And we

also that curious intermediate

construction, allowed -by Cic. with

a Gen. Plur.,
quia

nominandi istorum
tui

lucis das tuendi copiam, Capt. 852 magis quam edundi copia. True. 370 (Fern.) videndi copia est, Ter, Heaut. prol. 29 date crescendi
e.g.

Capt.

1008

tibi erit

copiam
of the
prol,

{scil. iis),

novarum

qui spectandi faciunt copiam, Hec. 372

eius (Fern.) videndi cupidus.

Noteworthy

is

the Descriptive Gen.

Gerund

in phrases like Capt.

34 sermones fabulandi.

On

153 edundi exercitus, Poen. the Gen. and Dat. of Purpose

///)

see II, 5. 20; on the use of the Inf. and of the Subj. (with

in

the function of the Gerund, see above, 33

44.

VIII,

2).

Participle.

(Tammelin

de participiis priscae Latinitatis.

Helsingfors, 1889.)

The proneness of
lection for

the Italic family of languages to periphrastic

is

Tense-formation with Auxiliary Verbs

reflected in Plautus' predie.g.

sum

with Pres. Part. Act.,

esse,

sdeJis esse

Poen. 1038,

Ter. Andr. 508, &c., dicfo audieiis

esse

{d'ut6)ohoediens esse, obsequens

{fieri);
neglexi),

Most.
Cure.

141

postilla

obtegere

earn

neglegens
esse

fui

(=
e.g.

292

quos semper

videas
fui.

bibentes

in
^,

thermipolio, Capt. 925 te carens

Asin.

48 propterea

dum hie quod me non

. .
.

Similarly with /'(?

scientem feceris (cf

Ter.

Heaut. 872), Amph. 1030 quern

fervefacio), Pseud. 1041 qui te

faciam ferventem
facit.

flagris (cf.

nunc flentem

45. The use of the Verbal Adj. in -ti/s as a Perf Part. Pass, and Deponent and the formation of a Perf. Pass. Tense, out of this Adj. with the Auxiliary Verb sum {ox fui) are also more or less peculiar to the Italic languages. In Greek dymn^Tos ian never came to mean more than (/)iXoy eVrl (cf. however yeyiiajifievov earl beside ytypaiTTai).

Some

traces of the older elasticity of this Participle are to be seen

in Plautine Latin.

Thus
7

operatus has no Past signification, but

is

like feriatus in

JNIil.

quia se iam pridem feriatam gestitem, or

ifigeniatus in Mil. 731 qui lepide ingeniaius esset (cf tacitus, viaestus,

iratus

').

Again

it

takes occasionally Active (or Neuter) signification

,

^ It has recently been suggested that calcfio, &c. is merely caleiis Jio, &c., on the type of which calefacio was formed. Similarly cali\ns)-bam, calt-[iis)-bo,
the second part of the

Compound
sum
for
'

being Auxiliary Verbs of the same root

'\i

o.sJio.

And
i

even amassim, prohil>essim,

Plautus uses irattis

etc., as
I

avians sim, p7-ohibens sim.

'

am

angry,' iraius fui for

was angry.'

'

Syntax of

Plaiitus.

79
(cf.

and plays the

A, iurasti
?

part of a Past Part. Act., e.g.iuratus

Turpilius

2,Z

Cure. 458), pransus, potus, etc., Men. 437 ante solem occasum, Pseud. 996 novi, notis (= eis qui noverunt) praedicas. A Pres. Part. Act. seems to play this part in
B.
iurata
;

non sum

cf.

Poen. 653
barking.'

adiit

ad nos extemplo exiens immediately after disemNoteworthy also is the use of the Neut. pensum as
'

Noun

in True.

difference to dress) nee

calceos.

765 (where the despairing lover declares his inmi adeost tantillum pensi iam quos capiam

Also the curious phrase in Men. 452 qui homines occu(

patos occupat
46.

reddit).

The independent saluto, is unknown to

example appears
Gell. II, 10, 4)
in

use of the Fut. Partic.,

the early Latin writers.

e.g.

moriturus te
first

The

certain
(ap.

a fragment

of a speech of

Gracchus

qui prodeunt dissuasuri (see Sjogren 'Futurum im

pp. 225 sqq.).

altlateinischen

'

47.

The Verbal

Adj. in

-biindi/s is

a feature of O.

Lat.,

e.g.

Pseud. 1275 sic haec incessi ludibundus. As examples of Participles with the function of Nouns may be cited benevohns a well wisher,'
'

flatus tie/no

'not

soul,'

e.g.

Most.
'

402; with the function of

'

Adjectives, insciens, I'ndigens (never

inscius,'

indigus

'

in Plautus

and Terence).

VI. The Adverb.

(P.

Gehlhardt

de Adverbiis ad notionem augendam a Plauto

:

usurpatis, Halle, 1892

with

it

read Seyffert's review in Bursian's

Jahresbericht, 1895, p. 294.)

I.

The

use of Adv. with esse

is

a well-known feature of colloquial

Latin.

Notable examples are Merc. 583 pulchre ut simus, True. 172 longe aliter est amicus atque amator, Ter. Phorm. 529 hie me huiusmodi scibat esse, ego hunc esse aliter credidi iste me
:

fefellit,

ego

isti

nihilo

sum

aliter
si

ac

fui

(cf.

Pers.

838 sed

ita

pars

libertinorum

est,

Trin. 46

ita

es ut ego te volo, sin aliter es),

Accius 120 quoniam

horum
esse,
'

aequiter sententiae fuere;

e.g.

also the
sis
'

common

phrase frustrd
it,'

Capt. 854 ne frustra

that.'

make
Men.
means

no mistake about
Impersonal,
^

be assured of

It is

most frequently
est.

e.g.

bene est^ (passim). Cist. 59 male mihi

Optume

est,

e.g. Capt. lo, is Superl. oi bene est,

whereas optumum

(fj/

'it is
is

the best course to take,' etc., e.g. Capt. 557 concedi advisable.

optumum

est 'retreat

So
626 quid
things are
tibi

Syntax of

Plautiis.

better,'

aegre est?, Asin. 144 nunc quom est melius 'now Bacch. 1181 i hac mecum intro, ubi tibi sit

lepide victibus,

vino atque unguentis.

est

The

difference of pidchre

sum and pulchre

mihi may find

its

true parallel in the change

e.g.

from an Impersonal to a Personal use of a Verb,

dolet tnihi, lubent for iubet Hits (see

doko

for

V,

i).

Or

the origin of the

construction

may be

the identity of sense in esse

and

se

habere

for with se habere the

Adv.

is

appropriate, e.g. Poen. 235

(cf, I,

nam quom
of
sit

sedulo munditer nos habemus

4).

We

find a

combination

Adj. and Adv. in lines like Capt. 271

proxumum quod

bono

quodque a malo longissime' (compare Epid. 409, plane hercle hoc quidem est, with Capt. 564, etc., pol planum id quidem est; and see above, III, i). The same use of the Adv. is found with _;?^ and/rt^w, e.g. Mil. 1348 ne hoc tandem propalam fiat nimis, Capt.
754 qui mihi hoc fecit palam. 2. The Adv. replaces the Adj. also
in various

phrases of a Greek

type, but probably not Graecisms (I, 3), e.g. Pers. 385

non

tu

nunc

?, Poen. 725 rem advorsus populi saepe leges, Mil. 472 mulierem hinc ex proxumo, Ennius trag. 55 V. ubi ilia paulo ante sapiens virginalis modestia? They may be compared

hominum mores

vides

with phrases

like

adulesccns de genere

summo (Rud.

1197,

etc.),

sine virtute argtitum civem (True. 495).

(On Bacch. 705 sed nunc

Plautus
loves to use

quantillum usust auri tibi? see II, 56.)

3.

To

qualify an Adj.

or another Adv.,

a significant Adv., instead of the colourless valde (O. Lat. valide), inidtum (never with Adj. in Ter. ; cf. Ital. molto), multo (normally

with Comparative},
stultus.

etc.,

e.g.

perspicue palam, scite scitus, inepte

Qualifying Adverbs characteristic of the Comedians' Latin

are

parative; but

insanwn (not 'insane'), nimtum, nimio (normally with Comcf. Bacch. 770, True. 704, Naevius com. 13), nimis,

nimis

quam

(e.g.

True. 468 nimis

quam

paucae), etc.

characteristic

of Early Latin are oppido (usually qualifying a

Verb

in

Plautus, but

not in Terence), adprime, etc.

The

use of certain Pronominal Adverbs,

e.g. quo,

tmde,

itide,

hue,

as substitutes for

been mentioned nubent ?, Most. 547 conveni ilium unde

Cases of the Pronouns themselves, has already (IV, 20), e.g. Aul. 489 quo ( = quibus) illae
(

a quo) hasce aedes

emeram
'

(cf.

Epid. 80, 115).

esse, see

For examples of longe

Redslob

in Berliner Philologische

Wochen-

schrift 18, 816.

Syntax of Plautus.
4.

8i

The

Positive sense of the Comparative

ocitis is

established as

679 evocadum aliquem ocius, but the Comparative sense appears in a line like Cure. 154 nee mea gratia commovent se ocius. Of comic Comparison we may take as
early as Plautus, e.g. Most.

example paenissiime, Most. 656 sume.

5.
si

ita

mea

consilia

perturbat paenis-

On

voluntate nolet,

the Adverbial use of the Abl. Case, e.g. Mil. 11 24 quin vi extrudam foras, see II, 58 of the Ace,
;

II, 36.

Partim
steti.

is

nothing but the older form of the Ace. of pars

and

is

so construed in Ter. Hec. prol. 15 partim

sum earum

exactus,

partim vix

The

construction of abhinc has been already discussed (II, 37).

Fortasse, a by-form of

which

\s

fortassis (e.g. Bacch. 671),

fit

sometimes

takes Ace. and

Inf., e.g.
?

Asin. 37 ubi

polenta, te fortasse dicere,

True. 680 A. haben

fortasse

E. parasilum te fortasse dicere, frag. inc. 58

ted

amare

suspicarier,

Poen.

1004 fortasse medicos nos

are doctors,' Ter. Hec. 313

esse arbitrarier 'perhaps he thinks

fortasse

we

unum

aliquod verbum inter eas iram hanc concivisse.

scilicet
is

The

same construction with the Conjunctions

2),
(cf.

and

I'iddicct

(VIII,
licet

Lucr. scilicet esse globosa tamen)

perfectly intelligible,
licet,

since they are clearly

just as the

Compounds
arti

of scio and

video
eo in

and

Adverb
iiicet

iiicet

takes the construction of

a line like
'

Capt.

469

parasiticae

maxumam malam crucem

(Cist.

the
est,

jester's profession
iiicet

may go and be hanged'

is

685, actum

me

infelicem et scelestam,
(-is)

perhaps Ace. of Exclamation).

But the etymology oi fortasse

has not yet been discovered.

VII. The Preposition.

(Pradel
Part
I.
i,
:

de praepositionum

in

prisca

Latinitate vi atque usu.

Leipzig, 1901.)

The

genesis of Prepositions from Adverbs

may be
?,

illustrated

from

763 omnes 596 an metuis ne quo abeat

lines like Cas.
'

festinant intus totis aedibus. Most.

foras

urbe exsulatum
'

where the

meaning, already expressed by the Case-forms aedibus in the house,' urbe from the city,' is made definite by the addition of the Adverbs
iutns Viud foras.

These Adverbs

at a

much

later "time

came

to be

used as Prepositions.

The independent

existence of Prepositions in

Compound

Verbs,

82
e.g. suppl'uo,

Syntax of
which
is

Plaiitus.

seen in O. Lat. Tmesis,

e.g.

sub vos placo

for supplico vos (cf. Trin. ^TiZ f^istraxissent

disque tuHssent), leaves

bare Abl. (or Ace.)

a trace of

itself in

Plautus

in the retention of the

without a Preposition after

(see II, i).
It is seen, too, in

Compound Verbs

like abeo (or accedo)

the collocation of the words in lines like Stich.

hac secundum vos me, Cas. 815 sensim super attolle limen pedes, nova nupta (where some editors read siipera, i.e. supra) and

453

ite

in lines like

Merc. 821 uxor'virum

circiter

si

clam domo egressast

mi.

foras,
e.g.

Cist.

677 loca haec

erga (Trin.

excidit

Possibly also

in,

amicum
etc.).

11 26,

1128, etc.),

me advorsum
is

(Poen. 400,
all

But the Postpositon of Prepositions

a feature of

the

Italic languages,

and must date from a very

is

early time.
etc.

In

class.

Lat.

it

survives in quocnin, viecum, guamobretn,

In

Plautus

postposition with the Interrog. Pron.

frequent, e.g. Mil.

normal, with the Rel. very

Abl.) pro istuc

?,

1047 qua ab illarum ?, Asin. 397 qui (Instr.Merc. 752 quos inter iudex datu's, Ter. Eun. 542
182 Ma. quando in
in

quo

in loco dictumst, parati nihil est; Lucilius

eo numero mansi, quo

quTs in versamur.

maxima non

est

pars

hominum, 1327
in

We

find also, e.g. Capt.

406 rebus

dubiis.

Most. 30 iuventute ex omni, Ter. Hec. 473 ni te ex ipsa haec magis velim resciscere. In Stich. 71 gratiam per (a patre F) si petimus, the reading is not quite certain more so in Amph. 238
;

sed

fugam

in

se

tamen nemo convortitur

Studeraund
Syntax.
in

'

but however no one

turns himself to

flight.'

(For
ing

fuller details see

Verhandlungen der philolog.

Versammlung
:

in Karlsruhe.
hist.

Leipzig, 1883, pp. 49, 57, 58; Deger-

Beitraege zu

Erlangen, 1893.)

2.

List of noteworthy Prepositions.

a, ab.

Of Plautine usages

the following call for notice

154 foris concrepuit hinc a vicino sene, Merc. 699 quisnam hinc a nobis exit? from the house of;' Pseud. 735 possum a me dare, Capt. 449 viaticum ut dem a trapezita tibi (cf. Horace's scribe decern ab Nerio) Poen. 1092 amat ab lenone hie, Pseud. 203 ubi sunt, ubi
'

Mil.

latent quibus aetas integra est, qui

amant ab lenone
sis

?;

^ Tmesis
Asin. 354
si

appears with other word-groups too, e.g. with

or si

z'is

'please,'

erum

vis

Demaenetum, quern ego

novi, adduce.

On

at-qui, post-

(jiiam, etc., see the next ciiapter.

'

'

Syntax of

Plautits.

83
(cf.

Poen. 618 mulieres ab re divina appareliunt doaii

Poen.

405 quom ab
Asin.

re divina rediero)

891

da
'

{sc.

vinum) ab summo, Most. 347 da ab

;

Delphio

beginning with

Men. loii ab umero qui

Rud.
1

tenet

'

by the shoulder

100 A.

dum

hie hinc a

me
te

sentiat ('thinks with

me

').

B. atqui nunc abs te stat (to express dissent, seorsum

is

added

in Capt.

710 qui abs

sorsum sentio)

'derived from' Cure. 405 inibis a

gratiam, Capt 279 A.

me soHdam quo honorest illic ?

Ter. Andr. 156 ab

et

grandem

B.

summo
;

atque ab summis
*in respect

viris

illo iniuria

of

Cist.

60 doleo ab animo, doleo ab

Epid.

oculis,

doleo ab

aegritudine,
fui,

animo aeger
soror raea
datis
(cf.

Cure. 51 tam a

129 a morbo valui, ab me pudica est quasi

albica-

sit,

True. 241 quando steriHs est amator ab

si

Abl. of Plenty and Want), Mil. 631

pillus hie, videtur

neutiquam ab ingenio senex.

The
Verb
A. ab
in
is

origin of the use of ab to indicate the

Agent with a Pass.

B.

seen in a line like Men. 783 A. ludibrio habeor.

unde?

illo.

Ab
'

re (the

opposite of in rem and ex re)

Trin.
*

is

used even

a positive
is

sentence,

239

subdole ab re consulit.
etc.

Unof the

Plautine

servus a manu,'

a pedibus,'

absque seems to

be a survival from an
is

earlier period

one stereotyped phrase, a Conditional protasis with a Pers. Pron. (or Demonstrative) followed by esset or foret, e.g. Men. 1022 nam absque ted asset, hodie numquam ad solem occasum viverem, Trin. 832 nam absque
language.
it

For

found only

in

foret
tui

te,

sat

scio

in

alto

distraxissent

disque

tulissent
et

satellites

me, Pers. 836

nam

hercle absque

me

foret

hie faceret te prostibilem propediem, Ter.

meo praesidio, Hec. 601 quam fortu-

natus ceteris

sum

rebus, absque

disappearance

of the

una hac foret. (On the subsequent word from the language, see Woelfflin in

Rheinisches Museum, 37, pp. 96 sqq.) ad. The Vulgar Latin use of ad with Ace. as the equivalent of
the Dat.
is,

as

we have seen (II,

38
Cf.

22}, already
si

exemplified here

and there
niintiare
alicjiieni

hostes exuvias dabit.

stipendiis is ad mmtiare ad aHqtietn, e.g. Capt. 360 and alicui^ e.g. Capt. 400. But the phrase promittere ad Stich. 483, 513 is not an example. It is a variation of G 2
in

Plautus, e.g. Epid.

in singulis

^4
promittere ad cenain
the type of vocare
(cf.

Syntax of
(^Men.
794,

Plni/iiis.

Stich.

596), which

is

coined on

ad

cenam.

Similarly

we

find condtcere

ad aliquem

Stich. 433), like condtcere

in

ad cenam
*

Noteworthy uses of ad
'

(Stich. 433, 447). Plautus are adfaiim, to weariness,'

' '

quite sufficiently,'

admodum
Mil. 163.

to (full) measure,'

extremely,' usque

ad mortem mulcare
Trin. 152

Also

nummorum Phihppeum

ad

tria milia

Amph. 669 ad aquam praebendam commodum adveni domum, Asin. 518 ad loquendum atque ad tacendum
tute habeas portisculum

Mil. 659

non invenies alterum lepidiorem ad omnes

. .

res,

True. 854 quae sapit ad rem suam, Cas. 192 nam viri ius suom ad mulieres obtinere hand queunt Merc. 629
;

de
Capt.

istac re argutus es

ad mandata claudus, caecus,

sapientiam
huius
ilia

mutus, mancus, debilis

275

nam ad

('

compared with
(cf.

')

nimius nugator

fait

Mil.

968 ad tuam formam

style

una dignast)
Rud. 317 recalvom ad ('in the
(cf.

of) Silanum senem

capitis

Trin. 874 alterum

ad istanc

albitudinem,

Merc. 265 ad hoc exemplum. Also queinadmodum) Capt. 699 in libertatest ad (= apud) patrem (cf. ad forum
with

Verb of Rest,
;

e.g.

Mil.

930,

like

Cicero's

ad
(cf.

villam)

Men. 965 ad noctem salteni, credo, ad postremujii Poen. 844).

intromittar

domum

advorms, originally Nom. Masc, and advorsum, originally Norn, and Ace. Neut. and Ace. Masc, of the Perf. Part, of advertor (cf.
II, 43),

may be

illustrated

by

Cas. 208

nam
si
;

tu
;

quidem advorsus
concriminatus

=
.

contra) tuam istaec

rem loquere
Mil.

242

illic

sit

advorsum

= apud)
')

militem

Plant, frag. inc. 8 stultus est

advorsum

('

out of keeping with

aetatem
It is

et capitis

caniuulinem.
in lines like these (with Dat.)
ibi ilium qui
:

an Adverb (or Participle)

Trin. 724 et cnpturum spolia

venerit (cf advorsarius)
;

meo

ero advorsus

Syntax of Plantus.
Trin. 1047
Stich.

85

nam
ferre

89

id genus hominum omnibus est advorsum advorsum homini {A : -nem F) occupemus

;

osculum
True.

503 eugae

Astaphium eccam

it

mi advorsum
aptid

(cf.

obviavi).

apud. Noteworthy
in

is

the Comedians' phrase

sum

me

'

am

my

right senses.'
Stich.

Also, e.g.
erit

710 non mora

apud me 'on

my

part'

(cf.

Amph.

555 ut tuis nulla apud te fides apud nos imperium tuumst) ;

;

sit;

Mil.

1197 celebre

Men. 89 apud mensam Cure. 395 apud Sicyonem Amph. 10 1 2 apud emporium atque in macello Amph. 591 servo bono, apud erum qui vera
;

loquitur

(cf.

Pseud. 461)

and apudforum (passim).

above.)

(On

the occasional variant

ad forum,
'

see

circum, originally Cognate Ace.

of circus, e.g. circum ire

to

go
In

a round,' would be originally used only with Verbs of motion.

the Casina prologue
esse
;

v.

26 (post Plautine?)
(cf.

we have
;

it

however with
is

Alcedonia sunt circum forum

cf.

True. 66).

Circa

unknown
circiter,

to Plautus as a Prep, (but

circumcirca Aul. 468)

but not

which

occurs twice in this function (often as

Cist.

an Adverb)

677 loca haec

triennium.

eireiter

excidit

mi

Mil.

350

cireiter

cis in

Plautus

is
: '

used only of time,

citra
'

e.g.

True. 348 nulla faxim

eis

dies paucos siet

is

post-Plautine.

ciam

is

both Adverb and Prep, (with Ace.) in Plautus, clanculum

only Adv. (but Prep,
in Ter.

(apparently a Diminutive of clatn)

Adelph. 52

alii

clanculum patres quae faeiunt).

is

contra (not -rainPlaut.)

rarely" a Prep.
illic

Poen. 1355 numquid

recusas contra me?, Pers. 13 A. quis

B. quis hie est qui sic contra

est qui contra

me

astat ?

me

astat?, Pseud. 156 adsistite

omnes
mi

contra me, Ter. Adelph. 44

ille

contra haec omnia ruri agere vitam.

e.g. Mil.

On
n

its

use (as Adv.) with Abl. of Price,

658 cedo
me
in

tres

Some

say 'never in Plautus rfnd Terence,' regarding

governed by recusas (Double Ace.) and in Pers. Compound Verb. In Adelph. 44 they punctuate
ilk coiiira haec

13, Pseud. 156

after

Poen. 1355 as by ad- of the

sujiply with

omnia and

omnia the verb

fecit.

86

Sy/ic'cix

of P/aulus.
II, 60.
Ii is

homines aurichalco coiiua, sec

(cf.

Auv.

in a line like Riul.

693 (with Dat.) praesidio Veneris malitiae lenonis contra

incedam

obviam ire). coram is only an Adverb

ci/in

in Plautus

and Terence.
sicine

replaces the Abl. of Descrii)tion in lines like Aul. 41 circum-

spectatrix

cum
cum

oculis
?
(cf.

emissiciis,

Rud. 251

hie

cum

uvida

veste grassabimur

Capt. 203 quia

cum
;

catenis sumus, Cas.

524

cum
e.g.

cibo

quiqui facito ut veniant)

the Instrumental Abl, e.g.

Rud. 937 sed hie rex cum aceto pransurust; the Abl. of Manner, Men. 895 magna cum cura ego ilium curari volo, Epid. 516 flagitio cum maiore post reddes tamen Abl. Abs., e.g. Pers. 332
;

sequere hac,

mea

gnata,

me cum
cum
:

dis volentibus

Abl. of Time, e.g.

743.

cum primo

luci Cist. 525,

diluculo abire

Amph.

Noteworthy phrases are aun cura esse ( = diligens esse) Bacch. 398; cum eo cum quiqui ^noimihstdLn^ing' Poen. 588 (cf. Men. 666 cum viro cum uxore di vos perdant Merc. 988) /lupta esse cum
!,
;

aliquo (also

'

alicui
'

')

e.g.

Amph. 99

cavere

cum

'

to be careful in
'

dealings with
aliquo,
e.g.

Most. 1142, Pseud. 909 ; orare (lit. Asin. 662 \ cum animo sua cogitafe,
aliquo, e.g.

to speak

')

cum
;

e.g.

Most. 702

osculari

cum

Mil. 243

pignus dare cum

aliquo, e.g.

Pers. 188; iudicem habere

'

cum

aliquo, e.g.

Rud. 1380; tecum habeto

itself

keep

it

to yourself,' Pers. 246.

de, as early as Plautus' time,

'

can readily divest

'

of the notion

down from
Aul. 31

'

and express merely

foro,

from,'

'

away

from,' e.g.

Men.
It
e.g.

599 abire de
(cf.

Amph. 215 de
'

suis finibus exercitus

deducerent

hie

senex de proxumo 'our aged

from,'
'

neighbour').
of,'

acquires ultimately the sense of

in

consequence
te

Cas. 415 de labore pectus tundit,

verbis
tuis
;

Men. 266 iam abs

e.g.
:

metuo de
bonust

also

'

immediately

after,'

Most. 697 non

somnus de prandio.
495;
taught,' True.

Notice the phrases

mercari de aliquo, Epid.

Poen. 280, whence de me doctus 'selfRud. 293 nos iam de ornatu propemodum ut locupletes simus scitis) de audito on hearsay,' Merc. 903 vidisti, an de audito nuntias ? ; tibi quidem supplicium de nobis detur e.g. Asin. 482; de mea pecimia 'at my expense,' e.g. Bacch. 512; actum est de me lit. my case has already been tried,' e.g. Pseud. 85 ; mereri de aliquo, e.g. Trin. 339 de mendico male meretur it is
discere de (magistro),

454

(cf.

'

'

'

an

ill-service to

a beggar;'
e.g.

demea

sententia 'at

my

advice,' Bacch.

1038; de industria,

animo omnia,

ut fert natura, facias an

Ter. Andr. 794 paulum interesse censes, ex de industria ? ; de die, de node,

Syntax of Plantus.
e.g.

87

Asin.
?,'
'

money
'
'

Most.

516 Rud. 898; quid de ai\^cnlostl 'what about the On its occasional approximation to the 569.

partitive

function of the Prep, in

Romance
line,'

languages,

e.g.

French
origin-

boire du vin,' see II, i n.

erga,
if

derived from e ^'regd

'

'

from a

must have had

ally

a local signification

directly opposite.'
:

this in Plautus is doubtful

True.

The one instance of 406 A. tonstricem Suram novisti

?

nostram? B. quaen erga aedem sese habet

In
all

(mercedem
e.g.

s.h.

Led).

other occurrences

it

expresses

'

feeling (or conduct) towards,'

whether the feeling (or conduct) be good or bad,

per mei te erga bonitatem patris, Asin. 20 siquid
falsuni dixeris.

Capt. 245
erga hodie

med

ex

is
.

already in
.

Plautus' time confused with de, e.g.

desiluit

e scapha,

and ab
e.g.

(e.g.

abire ex).

It indicates

Rud, 173 change of

state in a line like Stich.

*

138 condicionem ex pessuma primariam

in

consequence

of,'

Poen. 69 conicitur ipse in

sapit, hinc
sentit,

morbum ex
sapit,

aegritudine, Poen. 1200

nunc hinc

quidquid

Capt. 997 ornatus haud ex suis virtutibus, Trin. 707 hie agit magis ex argumento; 'after'
ex
;
'

meo amore
'

in

accordance

with,' e.g.

or rather

henceforth,' of time, e.g.

Pers.

479 bonus volo iam ex

:

hoc die

esse.

Here

are

some of

Plautus' phrases with ex

ex fadis nosce rem^

''

eg. Most. 199; (senex, adulescens, etc.) ex proxumo wti^cHoowx^ Mil. 969 ; statiia ex auro, Bacch. 640 ex advorso (cf. the Adv.
;

exadvorsuvi)^

Merc. 880 caelum ut

dolere^

est

splendore plenum nonne

ex advorso vides ?; ex animo

Stich.
I

Capt. 928, like miser ex animo

'

on Loc. animi and Abl. animo) ; ex audita on hearsay,' Bacch. 469 ; e re }iata under the circumstances,' Ter. Adelph. 295 (cf. Stich. 620, where the reading is doubtful); ex sententia 'as one could wish,' e.g. Men. 1151 e re mea 'to my ex hoc loco 'on advantage,' e.g. Asin. 539; ex industria Poen. 219
(cf.

II, 32,

'

the spot'

(cf.

extemplo,

from the O. Lat. sense of templtun),

e.g.

True. 443 iam modo {v. I. immo) ex hoc loco iubebo ; ex improviso, Rud. 1 192 (but improviso wiihoMi Prep., v. 1196); ex no>nine, e.g.
Stich. 242

nunc Miccotrogus nomine e vero vocor; ex

Pseud. 1190.
it

antiqiio 'in

the old

style,'

It will

be noticed how often

ab.

is

exchangeable with

de, e.g.

de

industria,

de audito, or with the simple Abl. (or in with Abl.)

e.g.

animo, nomine, or with

In fact Plautus seems to allow metrical

convenience to dictate the substitution of one of these Prepositions

'

^8
for another.

Syntax oj

Platitits.

Thus beside
;

the noimal aujcn-c ab

we

find in

Pseud.

beside abire a foro, in Men. 599 abire de foro (For a fuller list beside longeab, in Rud. 266, longule ex hoc loco.

1225 auferre de

of examples see Pradel, pp. 553 sqq.) extra. On the analogy oi intro (Motion), vitra (Rest), we should
expect to find also
^'exlro.

But extra
es mihi,

is

used

in

both functions,

e.g.

Men.
sense

182 extra

numerum

Aul.

711

nam ego

declinavi
Lat., the
e.g.

paululum

me

extra viam.

It has, occasionally, as in class

of praeter, especially
extra

with

accompaniment

of unus,

Amph. 833 mi

unum

te mortalis

Ter. Phorm. 98 neque notus quisquam aderat.

nemo corpus corpore contigit, neque cognatus extra unam aniculam

Men. 859 osse
cult.
fini

Jjni, (see II, 59), with Abl.,

dedolabo assula-

tim viscera
fini).

(cf.

Cato Agr.

cult.

28, 2 postea operito terra radicibus

In a sentence like Cato Agr.

113,

amphoras noHto
is

implere nimium, ansarum infimarum

/;/

fini,

the word

Noun.
Breslau,

(Kampmann

de

'

in

'

praepositionis usu Plautino.

(progr.), 1845).

The

old Prep, indu (older indo, endd), e.g. Ennius Ann. 238 V.

indu foro lato sanctoque senatu, 576 endo suam do (Homer's Soi), had been superseded by its rival in and was current in the language
of
Plautus' time only in

Compound

Verbs,

like

indaudire (later

inaudire).

Noticeable uses of in with Ace. are

dare in splendorem
'

to

burnish

'

splendefacere),
;

Asia.

426, etc. (cf Capt. 962, Pseud. 928)

of a

stake

or

wager,

e.g.

Cure.
in

611

si

vis

tribus

bolis

('throws of dice') vel

matris
filia

est,

in

chlamydem, Epid. 701 ni ergo meum nummum, in tuum talentum

122 extollunt,
causa), Mil.

pignus da;
in rein tneam 'to

my
in

advantage;' cf Most.
firmitatem
(

parant sedulo

=
'

firmitatis

832 neque

illic

calidum exhibit
in

in

unam
Cist.

{sc.

minam)

obsonatum
in

prandium, True. 740 for the purpose of

;

601 filiam suam despondit

divitias

maxumas, Poen.
in viros.

904

is

in divitias

homo

adoptavit hunc.

distributive, e.g. Aul. 108 dividere argenti

nummos

True. 303 quae

in noctes singulas latere

').

fit

minor ('the wall

loses a brick every night

Syntax of

Plauttis.

89

Pseud. 128 in hunc diem a me ut caveant, Stich. 635 (like the Ace. of Duration of Time).

With Abl.

'in the case

of,'

e.g.

Mil.

673

nam

in

inimico siquid sumas, sumptus

araico quaestus est

est, in

mala uxore atque bono hospite atque

11 16

quod sumitur, Most.

te, aliis

exempla

edepol faciam ego in

Mil. 611 facilest imperium in

bonis, Ter. Andr. 233 in

in

peccandi
alicui ;
of.

mora

esse alicni (like

morae

esse

C. Mueller in
'

Rhein. Mus. 54, 400), in quaestione to be looked for,' e.g. Pseud. 663
quaestione
like the Abl. of
sis,

esse alicui

to

have

sed vide

sis

ne

in

quando arcessam
in

mihi.
e.g. Mil.

Attendant Circumstances,
genere

703 at

ilia

laus est

magno

et in divitiis

maxumis

liberos

hominem

educare.

like the Abl. of

Time,

e.g.

Pseud. 1304 ebibere in hora una,

Poen. 228.

The Ace.
potestatem
'in

is

substituted for the Abl. in O. Lat. phrases like in

Cf.
'),

esse.

mentem

venit

Amph. 180 numero mihi in mentem fuit (for The reading is not quite Ter. Adelph. 528.
191, Poen. 590,

certain in lines like Most. 328, 594, Epid.

larly the function of the

Simi-

Adverbial Abl.

is

played by in with Ace. in

phrases like Bacch. 355 hie nostra agetur aetas in malacum Most. 32 is nunc in aliam partem palmam possidet.
inter.

modum.

This
Stich.

is

the reciprocal Prep, in Plautine as in class. Latin, e.g.

729 haec facetiast, amare inter se rivales duos. Notice also Cist. 505 inter novam rem verbum usurpabo vetus

Most. 385 abripite hunc intro actutum inter manus.

intra.

The endings

-ro

and

-ra differ in

this,

that -ro

is

appropriate to

words of motion, -ra to words of

rest.

But

this distinction

was soon

For effaced, e.g. True. 43 eaque intra pectus se penetravit potio. subegit solus the temporal use of intra Cure. 448 is noteworthy
:

intra viginti dies.

ob (K. Reissinger

positionen

'

ob

'

ueber Bedeutung und Verwendung der Praeund 'propter' im aelteren Latein. Part 1. (progr.)
:

Landau, 1896).
This Prep, played a greater part
in

O. Lat.

than

later.

Com-

Syntax of Plantus.

pounds wilh ob are characteristic of the early laiigunge e.g. occipio the same part in Plaut. as incipio in Cic, oggero as ingero. The oldest sense is to,' towards,' against,' e.g. Ennius Ann. 297 V. ob Romam noctu legiones ducere coepit cf. obicere ob, e.g. Most. 619 obicere argentum ob os impurae beluae, and the frequent
;

plays

'

'

'

ob oculos obicere^ obsiare, etc.

Noteworthy
347
ait se

is

the sense

'

as

payment or equivalent

for,' e.g.

Asin.

ob asinos ferre argentum, True. 214 nam fundi et aedes obligatae sunt ob Amoris praedium, Ter. Phorm. 661 ager oppositus pignori ob decern minas est.
Also the frequent ob
e.g.

iitdustriam 'intentionally,' 'taking pains,'

;

Cas. 276
like
/;/

(cf.

de indusiria, e.g. Cas. 278, and ex industria)

Ter.

ob

rem

rein^

Phorm. 526 A. non pudet

*

vanitatis ? B.

minime,

dum ob

rem.
Beitrage,' p. 153)
is

penes (see Langen

e.g. Trin.

only used wath Pronouns,

733 penes me, Amph. 652 queni penest virtus. per (R. Obricatis de per praep. latinae usu, qualis obtin:

'

'

uerit ante

Ciceronis' aetatem.

Konigsberg
e.g.

(diss.)

1884).

Its

use

179 per annonam caram dixit me natum pater, Cure. 644 per Dionysia ; cf. per tempits 'opportunely,' the opposite oi post tempus (venire, etc.).
to

express time should be noticed,

Stich.

Also

its

use with

licet, e.g.

Stich. 611 per

banc tibicenam incenato,

tibi licet

Gelasime, esse hodie

esse;
cf. its

licet,
sit

Epid, 338 per banc curam quieto

Rud. 1165
'

per

me quidem,

And

Adverbial use,
in silence'

Q.g.

per pacem

554, Merc. 1020. 'peacefully' Amph. 2>^8, per

Cure.

silentium

Amph. 963 (cf. Poen. 573) we have both per iocum and ioco^ A. me dixisse per iocum. B. an id ioco dixisti ? On the arrangement of the words used in
Ter. Heaut. 36, etc.; in

attestations, e.g. per

ego

te tua

genua obsecro, see

{pos-te) are closely

I,

4 n.

pone

(for
is

'

pos-ne

')

and post

connected.
;

Pone

local, e.g.

Cure. 481 pone

aedem
sic

Castoris

post

is

temporal

usually, but local in Epid. 237

duae

post

me

fabulari inter sese.

:

prae. Plautus' use of this Prep, will be seen from these examples

Bacch. 623 quod

fuit

prae

manu

Amph. 527 ne me uxorem

praevortisse dicant pr^e republica

ilia,

Mil. 989 pithecium haec est prae

Cure. 98

nam omnium

unguentum odor prae tuo nautea est ; Rud. 526 omnia corusca prae tremore fabulor, Amph. 1066
exsurgite, inquitj qui terrore

meo

occidistis prae metu.

Syntax of Plautus.
praeter.
'along,'
'past,'
e.g.

91

Poen. prol. 19 neu dissignator praeter os

foras,

obambulet, Stich. 461 exivi

pedes.

mustela
ut

murem

abstulit praeter

In Naevius com. 41

nam

ludere

laetantes

inter

se

vidimus

amnem
e.g.

praeter, editors substitute propter.

'beyond,'

Amph. 640 quern ego amo

ille nihil

praeter omnes, Ter.

Andr. 58 horum
'contrary
to,'

egregie praeter cetera studebat.

es,

e.g.

Most. 965 puere, praeter speciem stultus

tres

Epid. 106, Ter. Heaut. 59.

'besides;'

e.g.

Most. 823

minas pro

islis

duobus praeter

vecturam dedi.
pro.

The local use, curiously, does not appear in the Dramatists. We may quote Ennius Ann. 628 V. apud emporium in campo hostium
pro moene.

The

following uses

may be
7

noticed

(i) 'proportion,'

Rud. 1115

turn tu pol pro portione nee

(cf.

vir

nee

mulier mihi es
virtute
.
.

Mil.

28 pro virtute ut veneat

accipiam)
(cf.

qui habent

Aul. 541 pro re nitorem et ; Merc. 506), Stich. 690 pro opibus nostris pater

738 tua te ex gloriam pro copia

satis
')

comhuius

module
(2)
c^.

Amph. 289 mens

nunc pro

('

according to

verbis recte et sapienter facit.

'office,'

'authority,' Capt.
21,

pro imperio Amph.

;

244 pro iure imperitabam meo Poen. 44, Ter. Phorm. 196; pro prae-

fectura Capt. 907

(3)

'equivalence,' pro nihilo esse duco., e.g. Pers. 637

True.

230 quin, ubi

nil

det,

pro infrequente

eum

mittat

militia

domum
;

Capt. 542 proque ignoto

noveris

me
('

aspernari, quasi

me nunquam
respondit mihi

Men. 927 haud pro insano

(cf.

like a

madman

')

945).
of,' e.g.

(4)
(z\.

'on behalf

Pseud. 232 ego pro

me

et

pro

te

curabo

procurare).
or other of these senses

From one
monio

come

the following

pro

testi-

dicere, e.g.

Poen. 596

Naevius com. 89 qua pro confidentia ausu's ? Trin. 303 pro ingenio ego me liberum esse ratus sum, pro imperio tuo meum animum tibi servitutem servire

aequom

censui.
illo

Rud. 1410 pro

dimidio ego Gripum emittam manu.

92

Syntax of Plautus.

amicum

With Trin. 26 cuncastigabo pro conimcrita castigare ob meritam noxiam.

:

noxia,

compare

v.

23

propter (K, Reissinger

ueber
to

'

ob

'

und
Stich.

'

propter,'

Part

I,

Landau,
loquitur

1896)
tarn

is

related

prope

(e.g.

330 quisnam hie

subfer to sub, etc.
near,'
'

prope nos?) as

circiter to circu/ii,

Its oldest sense

must therefore have been

local,

'

beside,' e.g.

Mil. 85 3 ibi erat bilibris aula sic propter cados.

The

local

and the

much more frequent (Rud. 3336)

:

causal senses are combined in this passage.

habitat Daemones proxuma propter mare,
;

illic

in

agro atque

villa

senex qui hue Athenis exul venit, haud malus

neque

is

adeo propter malitiam patria

caret.
lit.
'

secundum irom the old Gerundive of sequor,

secuiidus ventus
'

following

'

(cf.

a following or favourable wind

').

(i) 'behind' (\\kQ pone), e.g. Mil. 1349 nos

secundum

ferri

nunc

per urbem haec omnia, Stich. 453 ite hac secundum vos me, frag. 49 secundum eampse aram aurum abscondidi.
(2) 'along,'
e.g.

Rud. 149 quid

illuc est,

Sceparnio,

hominum

secundum
(3)
'

litus?
'

after

{Wke post) possibly of time, Cas. prol. 28 (un-Plautine?)

ludis poscunt

more

certainly of order, e.g. Capt. 239

neminem, secundum ludos reddunt autem nemini nam secundum patrem tu es

'

pater proxumus.

The

class.

Lat. sense
eis

according

to,' is

found by some
et

in Ter.

Eun. T090 postquam

super.

mores ostendi tuos

conlaudavi secundum

facta et virtutes tuas, impetravi.

The
supra

logical

sense 'concerning' (like de)

?

is

very

common,

e.g.

Cas. 254 A. qua de re

is local,

B. rogas

super ancilla Casina.

(

Pers.

819 illequi supra nos habitat

= Juppiter

ille).

VIII. The Conjunction.

I.

In the Indo-European sentence an enclitic word took, as a rule,

the second place.

This

is

therefore the natural place for EncUtic

Conjunctions
siderations

like

autem, quoquc, although metrical or other conin

occasionally interfere

lines like Cas.

28 secundum
par pari aiiud

ludos

reddunt autem

nemini. Pseud.

692

eugae

Syntax of

P/ai/ius.

93
1S4 eo
vos
vostros

autem quod cupiebam

2.
I

contigit.

Cf.

Pseud.

panticesque adeo madefactatis.

give
first

an alphabetical

list

of such Conjunctions as call for

notice.

detailed account of certain functions, Temporal, Causal,

etc., will follow.

List of noteworthy Conjunctions Sydow adeo (Langen 'Beitrage,' pp. 139 sqq.
:
;

zum Gebrauch

von 'adeo' bei Plautus.

Stettin, (Schulprogr.) 1896).

The
(de)

addition of Prepositions for the sake of giving precision was

e.g. salio
it is

not confined to Nouns,

de monte, and Verbs, e

g. desilio
is

monte

(see II, i)

found also with Adverbs.

'

Adeo

an

The Pronominal Adverb eo meant to that spot or quarter' (see IV, 14) and was often used as a Case of the Demonstrative is instead of ad eum,' ad earn,' ad eos,' etc. (see IV, 20). Precision
example.
'

'

'

was given

to these

two uses of the word by the addition of the approIt

priate Preposition ad, e.g. Ter.

two meanings
with usque,

in

O. Lat.

Phorm. 55 adeo means either up

'

res redit.

Adeo has

to that point,' often

e.g.

Asin. 328 mansero tuo arbitratu, vel adeo usque

dum
tibi

peris, or else 'in addition to that,' 'furthermore,' e.g.

Men. 827

aut adeo

isti.

A^uJic adeo, with edico, etc., peremptorily breaks off

etc., e.g.

a discussion,

Mil. 159

855 nunc adeo

tu,
:

qui

meus
'

an

(P.

Hinze

de 'an

nunc adeo edico omnibus, Pseud. tibi, Rud. 728. particulae apud priscos scriptores Latinos
es,

iam edico

vi et usu.

Halle,

1887).

recent theory, the truth of which

(i.e.

is

doubtful,

makes

at-ne the original form of this Conjunction

at

with the Interrogative Particle ne).

the

This would become anne by

initial

law of Latin

Phonetics.

Before an

consonant

this

would be sounded in rapid discourse without the final e as ann or a?t, so that anne (used by Plautus only when an initial vowel follows) and an are doublets {anne est ?, etc., an sum ?, etc.) and the use of an before an initial vowel (e.g. an est?), a use found
as early as Plautus,
is

really the

misuse of the preconsonantal for

the prevocalic

form of the word.

.

Disjunctive Interrogation ne

an,

The common formula of a e.g. Men. 198 egone antu?

ne
.

would, according to this

theory, be originally

anne, e.g.

Rud. 1069 iurene anne

is

iniuria?, with the

seen in ne

necne (see below).

same repetition of tie as (On the employment of a?i

in Plautus'
;

in

Interrogations, see below, 7.)

Anno7i has not

time

become

a Conjunction (or Conjunctional word-group)

for

he more

frequently repeats the

Verb

after nan,

e.g.

Capt. 846 iuben an non

94
iubes

Sjnfav of

Pliuilns.

Pers. 533 taccn an non taccs ? (but Rud. 1399 tacen an ?, non?, Cure. 566, etc.), whereas in Terence amion is normally the mere correspondent of an, e.g. Phorm. 852 sed isne est, quem

quaere, annon

(but Eun. 546

is

est

an non

est ?).

asi 'furthermore;' usually in Conditional Sentences, e.g.

Capt.

683 si ego hie peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit, Trin. 74, Ennius Ann. 561 v.; but not always, e.g. Merc. 246 atquc oppido hercle bene velle illi visus sum, ast non habere cui commcndarem capram,
Accius 260.
at has the force of
'

at least,'

when preceded by
:

si,

in lines like

me derides, at pol ilium non potes (ef. Pers. 170 quamquam ego vinum bibo, at mandata non consuevi simul bibere
si

Men. 670 Men. 746

for

si

tibi

displiceo,

patiundum

at

placuero huic Erotio,

una

other examples see Seyffert in Bursian's Jahresbericht,

1880, p. 297).
Its

use in prayers, curses,

vieine,
di

etc.,

may be

illustrated

by Merc. 793
at ita
vie,

at
e.g.

te,

deaeque perduint, and the

common

Capt. 622.
B. at

Notice also Mere. 464 A. tu prohibes.

of course, blame me.'
at enivi
'

me

incusato

'

oh

but indeed

'

(on the use of cniin in Plautus, see below)

B. at enim ne

in dialogue is

used to oppose a preceding statement of the other

.

speaker, e.g. Most. 922 A. vel mihi denumerato.

quid captioni mihi

atque

sit,

si

dederim

tibi.

(For other examples of

2, p.

at enim see Seyffert in Studemund's Studien

[cic]

426
I.

n.)

(see E.' Ballas

copulativis.
thereto,'
(ef.

Grammatica Plautina Griefswald, 1868) i.e. ad-que and in

:

de particulis

'

addition,'

'and

Pseud.
Aul.

769),
fures

has

not yet wholly become a mere

Copula
often

(e.g.

97

venisse

atque abstulisse dicito), but

e.g. Trin. 941 A. e 569 A. quid duas? B, atque ambas sorores, Capt. 354 solvite istum nunciam, atque (' and in fact') utrumque, Rud. 121 dabitur opera atque in negotio,

means 'and
B.

even,'

'and nevertheless,'
quidem,
Bacch.

caelo

atque

medio

Trin. 746 atque ea condicio huic vel primaria

est,

Pers.

829 ac

tu

Persa es? 'and so you are the Persian.'

The O.

Lat. sense of

'

all at once,'

'

forthwith,'

is

very

common

in

quoniam convocavi, atque illi me ex senatu segregant, Poen. 651 dudum mane ut ad portum proeessimus, atque istune e navi exeuntem oneraria videmus. When used comparatively ( = quam) (see E. Lalin de particuPlautus, e.g. Most. 1050
:

'

Syntax of Plantus.
larum comparativarum
e.g.
sit,

95
Norrcopiae,
1904),

xisu

apud Terentium.

est,

764 baud centensumam partem dixi atque, otium rei si possum exponere, Merc. 897 amicior mihi nullus vivit atque is Ter. Andr. 698 non Apollinis magis verum atque hoc responMil.

sumst,

the leading word

is

sometimes omitted,

e.g.

Bacch. 549

quem esse amicum ratus sum atque (= aeque atque) ipsus sum mihi, Amph. 274 neque se luna quoquam mutat atque (= alio In Amph. 583 proinde ac meritus es, atque) uti exorta est semel. editors change ac to tit (see Langen Beitraege,' p. 295).
'

Corrective

atque (e.g.
:

True.
exibit)

197
is

intro,

amabo,
hoc

vise

illam

atque opperimino

iam

often

changed by scribes and

(-i

by

editors to atqiii^ e.g. Stich. 96 atque

alii)

est satis (see

et

below).
-que, see

On

the use of atqtie as a Copula, the equivalent of

and

below, 6.
rather at qui, a combination of at with

atqui, or

the

Particle

qui (see below), e.g. Asin. 823 at pol qui dixti rectius,
at

Rud. 946
B.

pol

qui

audies

post,

Merc.
is

727

A.

die

igitur.

dicam.

A. atqui dicundumst tamen,

threatening assertion.

in Plautus' plays normally

accom-

panied by Fut. or Gerundive, and expresses a strong threat or

Plautus uses atque in the sense of Cicero's
e.g.

(and Terence's) atqui,

aliovorsum dixeram
in
;

Aul.

287 atque ego

etc.

istuc.

Anthrax,

Ter. Eun. 451 bene dixti, ac mihi istuc non

mentem

venerat,

Andr.

524,

(For details see Leo in

aut

Nachrichten Gottinger Gesellschaft 1895, pp. 421 sqq.) aut (W. Kohlmann de vel imperativo, quatenus ab
'
:

'

'

Marburg, 1898) is commoner than vei (see below) in Plautus and Terence. Just as -ve (see below) appears as the
particula
dififerat.

equivalent of que in

some

phrases, so aut

and

et

appear
aut

in

such

phrases

as

sobrie

et

frugaliter

Epid.

565,

sobrie

frugaliter

Pers. 449.

autem (see Langen

mediately to
et
et
si

Beitrage,' p. 316)

is

sometimes joined imet

et or sed, e.g.

Merc. 119

et

currendum

pugnandum

autem iurigandum est in via, Poen. 841 et adire lubet hominem autem nimis eum ausculto lubens, Rud. 472 sed autem, quid banc hinc abstulerit quispiam ? but usually has an intervening
;

word,

e.g.

Mil. 1149

si

et ilia volt et ille

autem

cupit, True.

838

agite, abite tu

domum

et tu

autem domum.
:

The repetition in Stich. 733 is a piece of comic Assonance tecum ubi autem est, mecum ibi autemst. As example of autem in indignant repetition of another's words,

96

Sy?ifax of Plaiitns.

we may

take Pseud.

305 A. metuo credere.

P..

credere autem

'give credit indeed!,' Ter. Adel.

B. promisti

940 A.

fac

promisi

ego

illis.

autem

de te

largitor, puer.

ceterum,

the Neut. Sing. (e.g. Pers.

692 numquid ceterum

me

voltis?, Cas.

94 dehinc conicito ceterum), is often used Adverbially 'for the rest,' e.g. Merc. 267 vosmet videte ceterum quanti siem, The Neut. Plur. is Poen. 125 dehinc ceterum valete, adeste.
927 quiescas cetera, Trin. 289 cetera ('for rape, trahe, fuge, late. The genesis of the Adversative
is

similar, cetera, e.g. Mil.

the rest

')

Conjunction
'but

in short') qui sis, qui

:

seen in a line like Trin. 994 ceterum (' for the non sis, floccum non interduim.

rest,'

cur (Langen
p.

Analecta

Plautina II.

Miinster (progr.),

'

1882,

3)

is

appropriate to direct Questions, although not quite unindirect (e.g.

known

in

Capt. 1007 attat scio cur

te

patrem esse

adsimules, Ter Heaut. i).

donee.

Neither the origin of this word nor the relationship of

dofiee,

the three forms

donicum and donique (Lucr.)

de

is

at all clear.

On the dum
mology,

use of the Conjunction in temporal sentences, see below, 10. (G.

M. Richardson
often a

'

dum

'

particulae

apud priscos
etye.g.

scriptores Latinos usu.

is

Leipzig,

1886), a

word of uncertain
to
e.g.

mere

Particle,

appended
itself,
it

Imperatives,

iubedum, dic{e)dum agedum, and other words,

qmdiim
its

'

how

so?' (always forming a sentence by

(used by Terence).
sense, as in nondii7?i
\xi
'

e.g.

Mil. 325), ehodum

privuandum
yet,'

probably retains

temporal

not

vixdnni (not used by Plautus and

only once by Terence, Phorm. 594), etiamdum (see below), interdiim.

(On nedum 'much

is

less,'

see below; the relation of

dudum

to

dum
.
.

uncertain.)
;

It retains its

independence

in a line like

Rud. 778 abi

modo dum dum

ego

'

at

dum hoc curabo recte, and in the expression djuii one time at another,' Merc. 348 dum servi mei per.
.

placet

mi consilium, dum rursum baud placet

interruptum credas

nimbum

volvier,

expulsum rapi saxum, Afranius 372 dum morosam praebeo; whereas Catullus 62, 45
manet,

dum me

Accius 395 ita quod sublime ventis

(cf.

morigeram,

dum
.

sic virgo,

dum
.

intacta

dum
;

cara suis

est,

gives the phrase the sense of

offer

dum

tamdiu

in

Plant, True.

232 the MSS.

dum
'

///;;/).

On
;

the use oi

dum

as a temporal

Conjunction 'while' or
'

'

until,'

see 6

on
e.g.

its

acquired Conditional sense

provided that
5.

(cf.

dummodo),

Accius 203 oderint

dum

metuant, see

It

acquires a Causal

sense in a context like Trin. 1x49 quid ego ineptus,

dum sermonem

Syntax of Plmitus.
vereor iiiterrumpere, solus sto?, Ter. Andr. 822
tibi,

97

dum

studeo obsequi

paene

inlusi

vitam

filiae

a Concessive in a context like Rud.

esset,

1261

dum praedam
licet.

habere se censeret, interim praeda ipsus

Cure. 170 ipsus se excruciat qui

homo quod amat

(with

videt nee potitur

dum
legal

On

its

Final

sense

Subj.)

see below.

The
it

word-group di/mtaxat,

literally

'while (or provided that)

touches,' occurs once in Plautus, True. 445 iubebo ad istam quia-

que

perferri minas, praeterea opsonari

dumtaxat mina.

263 sqq.) is in the Comedians' Latin normally (cf. W. Clement in Amer. Journ. Phil. 18,402 sqq.) an Asseverative particle, corresponding to enivwero, e.g. Most. 551
eni7?i

(I.angen

'

Beitrage,' pp.

? B. nihil enim nothing at all.' Etenvn in the prologue of the Amphitruo (v. 26) etenim ille, quoius hue iussu venio, luppiter non minus quani vostrum quivis formidat malum, is said to be post-Plautine. At enim is common in Plautus, but sed enim seems not to occur (in Bacch. 1080 the MSS. offer et enim, which some editors change to at enim, some to Quid enim sed enini), although we have verum enim Cist. 80. appears in Amph. 694 quid enim censes? (On non enim, wrongly

A. quid tute tecum

'

changed by editors to noenum, see below.)

equidem.
editors to

Mistaken ideas of Plautine Metre formerly induced

change qnidem
in

to equidem

in a great

number
not
first.

of lines

(see

Skutsch

Hermes

32,

p.

95).

This created
remain,

a
If

few

occurrences of equidem with other persons than the

are to follow the MSS., one or two
still

we

me

di

bene ament sapienter

639 ita atque equidem miseret tamen (equidem

si

e.g. Pers.

P, eo A)^ Mil. 650 o lepidum semisenem,

habet, atque equidem plane

quas memorat virtutes

educatum

in nutricatu

Venerio

!,

Epid.

603 adulescentem equidem dicebant emisse, Poen. 1240 quia annos multos filias meas celavistis clam me, atque equidem ingenuas
liberas

summoque genere
oratum
the
is

gnatas, Trin. 611

filio.

ultro venit Philto

atque equidem ipsus Undoubtedly the word is normally

associated with
ego

First Person.

The popular etymology, from

though in a line

and

qtiidem,

difficult to justify phonetically,

like Epid.

202
ego Apoecides sum.
et

A.
the

et

egoquidem sum Epidicus,

fairly

Compound egoquidem may have come

:

near in pronunciation
in

to equidem.

In Men. 1070 sq. the two words appear

neighbour-

ing lines

98

Syntax of Plautus.
novi equidem hiinc erus est mens, egoquidem huius servos sum.
:

These two examples shew that egoguidem emphasizes the i Pron. far more than equidem. ergo (Langen * Beitriige,' p. 235). The common etymology e *rego is supported by the Assonance in Most. 1x19 A. aliud te rogo. B. aliud ergo nunc tibi respondeo. This use of ergo in impatient
correction occurs again in Aul. 323 A.
B.

cocum ego, non furem rogo. cocum ergo dico, Cist. 608. As other examples of its Plautine use may be taken these lines Men. 758 ut aetas mala est mers mala ergost, Pers. 24 A.. satin tu
!

usque valuisti?
A. Philolaches
('really'),
.

B.
.

haud probe.
.

tibicinam

liberavit.

A. ergo edepol palles, Most. 972 B. Philolachesne ergo ?

B.

Pseud. 1084 A. pol haud mentitust.

video.
illo

ergo ('therefore')
uti tristi est

haud
senex

iratus fui,
?

Most. 812 A. non tu vides hunc voltu

A.
ergo inridere ne videare,
paullula pecunia potes.

B.

Bacch. 866 A.

pacisci

cum

B. pacisce ergo, opsecro,

the pleonastic phrase ergo
').

quid

tibi

lubet

(cf.

Asin

688,

etc.).

On

igUur, e.g. Trin. 756, see below

et (see

(s.v. 'igitur

E. Ballas

Grammatica
atgiie, (see

Plautina. I de particulis copulativis.

eVt

Greifswald, 1868) (cognate with Greek

'further,'

'in addition')

has sometimes, like

less,'

above) the sense of 'and neverthe-

'and further,' e.g. Bacch. 1196 lubet et metuo, Epid. 141 huic homini opust quadraginta minis celeriter calidis, danistae quas
resolvat, et cito.

The

sense of etia>n
,

it

has normally in combination

Capt. 1009 A. salve
B. et ego
('

with a Pers. Pron.,

et ego, et tu, etc

in lines like
tu,

Tyndare.
te volo.

B. et tu, Cure. 686

cf.

A. heus

leno, te volo.

But

Rud. 8
')

(if

the line be Plautine) et alia signa

other

constellations too

de caelo ad terram accidunt.

-que,
'

On

the use of f/
;

as a

mere Copula, the equivalent of

in ironical ejaculations,

see below, 6

on

et

quidem

see s.v.

quidem.'
in

etiaui, i.e. et iai, usually

accompanies a Verb

Lat., while
in .Amer.

quoque usually accompanies a Noun.

Journ. Phil.
18,

(For details see Kirk

36

21, 303.)

The
mihi

following examples of Plautus'

use of the Conjunction

(' still ')

may

suffice: Trin. 572 quid

is

nunc? etiam
')

consulis

Rud. 959

nihil

etiam

('

as yet

respondit

Most. 1000 A. numquid processit ad forum hodie novi? B. etiam

" et

As atipie is changed by editors to nunc Siculus non est, Koius est.

atqui, so

is et

to at in lines like Capt.

888

Sy/zfax of Plant us.

99

('yes').

In impatient

commands

it

is

usually joined with 2 Sing.

?
'

Pres. Ind. in Plant,

and

Ter., e.g. etiam faces

won't you be quiet

'

The
'

addition of dian produces the Temporal Conjunction etiaindiim,

in

normally used

Negative Sentences

(for

examples, see Richardson

de

dum
s.v.
'

partic' p. 8).

On

the combination of etiam with quoqne,

see

quoque.'
'

etsi, i.e. et si

even

if.'

The

origin of the
ille

word

is

shewn

in lines

like Trin.

474 A. edim nisi si

A.
illaec

votet.

B. at pol ego

et si votet,

Rud. 1348 sqq.

advorsum
te ut
fiet,

si

quid peccasso, Venus,

sient.

veneror
B. tamen

omnes miseri lenones

fidem servaveris.

et si tu

On

the construction of this Concessive Conjunction, see below, 5.

:

hand (Sigismund
its

de

'

haud

'

negationis

apud priscos

scriptores

usu (in Commentationes philologicae Jenenses, Leipzig, 1S83).

use, see below, 8.
idcirco (Pradel
'

On

de praeposit.'
{X\kG.

p.

498).

igitur

'

Xho.w''

\'&

quoniani) temporal or logical, e.g. Mil.

772

quando habebo, ego enim dicam

argento
salvumst.

igitur

rationem

mearum fabricarum dabo

est.
it is

(like

810

turn
?

quando usus
salvum

poscet), Most. 637 A. quid eo est

factum
In
like

B.

A.

solvite

vosmet

igitur,

si

its

temporal sense
e.g.

often strengthened by temporal

Adverbs
igitur

///;;/,

Most. 132

unum

ubi emeritumst stipendium,

tum specimen
igitur

cernitur, demiim, e.g.

Most. 3S0 miserum est

sitis

opus

demum
by

fodere

puteum, ubi

fauces tenet

in

its

logical sense,

ergo, e.g.

Most. 848 ergo intro eo

igitur sine per-

ductore.

inwio (P. Specht

usu. Jena, 1904)
is

de

'

immo

'

particulae

apud

priscos scriptores

confirmative, not corrective, in a line like Pers.

721 A.

nam
'

te sensi
:

sedulo mihi dare

P.).

bonam operam.

B. tibin ego?

immo
s.v.
'

sedulo {A

serio ut vid.

On
.

ifjwio si scias, see below,

si

(cf. iintno

si audias Bacch. 698, Epid. 451).

.

Ua (Th. Braune: Observationes

('tamen')
1882)
sic
is
'

ad usum 'ita' 'sic'

in the

'

tam

'

adeo

'

particularum Plautinum ac Terentianum. Berlin,

is

cognate with the Pron.

to hic^.
sic

and stands

same

relation to

as

is

Thus with Verbs

of saying, ita precedes an Oratio

Obliqua,
miles,

e.g. Pseud. 596 mi ita dixit erus meus septumas esse aedis a porta (with ita), Asin 352 sic hoc

an Oratio Recta,

P Ut is the correlative of ita as qui of is, e.g. ita ut accept Trin. 897, etc., as was saying,' the formula for resuming after an inteiruption. On stent see below.
'

loo
respondit mihi
relationship
is
'

Syntax of
:

Plaiitus.

The ego pol Sauream non novi (with sic). dearly shewn in a sentence of the Trinummus, vv.
'

233 sqq. nisi ('but') hoc sic faciam opinor, ut utramque rem simul exputem, iudex sim reusque ad earn rem. ita (sc. id) faciam, ita Ita seems to be wrongly used for sic in a line like Bacch. placet.
385, where the exposition follows.
e.g. Mil.

Ita

is,

like etiam,

used for

'yes,'

1262 A. militem pol

tu

aspexisti ?

B.

ita.

Presumably
est).

this stands for ita est (see

V.

8,

on the omission of
ilia

We
sic
;

find

also sic for

sic
est.,

'

yes,' e.g.

Ter. Phorm. 813 A.

maneat? B.

also

e.g.
'

Ter. Haut. 242.

actually
?
'

Itajie ?
like,
e.g.

is

common

in

indignant remonstrance and the

Poen. 557 itane? temptas an sciamus? Rud. 747 itane, impudens ? tune hie, feles virginalis, liberos parentibus sublectos
habebis
?

(see Seyffert in Bursian's Jahresbericht 18, 976).

in

Terence does not follow Plautus

haps never 'nam ita;' see Langen

allowing ita with an Adj. or

Ita (per-

Adv., but only tatn (Adelph. 984 the better reading).

'

Beitriige,' p.
e.g.

232) often introfind itaque with

duces the reason for a previous statement,

Bacch. 12 Praenes-

tinum opino esse;

this

ita erat gloriosus,

Mil. 158.

We

function

in lines

like

Pers.

possum mensibus, itaque

this use has

hie est

505 neque istoc redire his octo quod me detinet negotium, although
a parallel in 71am and

been questioned (see Bosscher: de Plauti Curculione.

1903,
p. 47). It finds

Leyden

(diss.),

namque
so far
15),

(see below).
7iam, like
enim.,

has

an

asseverative

sense, but

is

not

removed from the

e.g. Mil.

classical use, (see Spengel's note

nil

on Ter. Ad.

1325 nam ('indeed')

sunt,

miror

si

lubenter, Philocomasium,

hie eras (confirming P.'s previous remark).

Men. 537 A. ubi

dedisti.

illae

armillae
('

quas una dedi

B.

numquam

A.

nam

true

')

pol hoc

unum

dedi.

It often
e.g.

introduces a particular instance of a general statement,

25,

Trin.

where

it

is

misinterpreted by Cicero (following the

Auctor ad Herennium

2,

35)

amicum castigare ob meritam noxiam nam (' for instance immoene est facinus
;
. .

')

ego amicum

hodie

meum

concastigabo.
i,

Cicero in his youthful work on Rhetoric (de Invent,

this as

95) cites

an example of a

false syllogism.

Synfax of
Similarly
it

Plaitfus.

loi

follows a threat in lines like Asin. 130 at

malo cum

tuo

nam iam

ex hoc loco ibo ego ad tresviros.

prol. 15

In his note on Ter. Ad.

nam quod

isti

dicunt malevoli,

homines

nobilis

eum

adiutare, where Terence passes on to a

point in his
incipiendi

rival's indictment of him,

Donatus remarks

'
:

new nam
'

vim habet modo. On uti-nain, see below. nam, the Interrogative Particle, often appears in Tmesis, e.g. Amph. 592 quo id, malum, pacto potest nam?, Mil. 924 num ille The Interrogative and Asseverative uses can hardly te nam novit ? be discriminated in lines like Most. 368 A. quid ego ago ? B. nam
quid
cur
tu, malum, me rogitas quid agas ? accubas, Aul. 42 sqq. nam nam qua me nunc causa extrusisti me miseram verberas ? aedibus ? On quia-nam 'why?' see below; on ecquidnam, T
. . .

ex

below.

namque, used only before an

(except

initial

vowel

in

the

Dramatists

Ennius Trag. 370 R. namque regnum suppetebat mi), is strengthened by eniin in Trin. 61 namque enim tu, credo, me imprudentem obrepseris. Like nam it confirms a previous remark
in lines like Capt.

604 A.

istinc loquere, siquid vis, procul.

si

tamen
tibi.

audiam.

B.

namque

edepol,

adbites propius, os denasabit

:

ne (on Affirmative -ne see

M. Warren

On

the Enclitic

'

ne

'

in

Early Latin, in American Journal of Philology, vol. II)

is

like

Jiatn

used asseveratively and interrogatively.

Its asseverative

(On

Interrogative -ne^
in

see below, 7.)

like

use

is

most frequent

an answer

itme 'yes you'

?

to a question like egone?, e.g. Stich. 635 A.

?

egone
itane
If

B. tune.

A. mihine

B. tibine, Pers.

220 A. itane est? B.

est.
it

were confined

to

such cases,

it

might be explained as a mere

comic

repetition, like that of atitem in Stich. 753 (quoted above, s.v.),

!

or like Pers. 212 A. heia

B. beia

!,

Pseud. 235 A. at

B. bat

But
Mil.

it is

found

in other collocations, e.g. Epid.

totas atque

309 hoceine si miles sciat, hunc in crucem, Ter. Heaut. 950 sed Syrum quidem egone, si vivo, adeo exornatum dabo. We must therefore admit the
occasional asseverative use of this Particle, although the limits of
its

541 plane hicinest. credo hercle has sustollat aedes

use are not easy to define.

firmativa particula ne
'

The

Latin Grammarians talk of a

'

con-

in lines like

Hor.

Sat. i, 10, 21

seri studi-

orum quine
But
ergo
is

putetis

and

in Glossaries

we

find

Jie

glossed by ergo.

also offered as a gloss of

ille ?,

an

in Virg. Eel. 3, 21
is

an mihi

cantando victus non redderet

a sentence which

unmistake-

I02
ably a question, so that

Svfi/ax of Phn/fiis.
that can

all

be meant

is

thai this question

is
is

tantamount

to

an explanatory statement.

Since Interrogative -ne

often used by Plautus in the sense of nonne (see below, 7,) there are

many
ment
-ne.

lines of this kind in Plautus

'

e.g.

Merc. 588 umne ego

homo

miser?,

am
I

not unlucky?,'
! '

is

of course tantamount to the stateis

'well,

am unlucky

But one

unwilling to recognise here,

the unfamiliar Affirmative

instead of the familiar Interrogative

-ne,

To
is

substitute ne {nae) for

-<" in all

examples of the Affirmative

use

impossible.

Donatus
ut

in

his

note

on Ter. Andr.

prol.

17

(faciuntne
corripiunt

intellegendo
et
'

nihil intellegant ?) says:

:

'NE quidam
alii

cum
ne
'

interrogatione pronuntiant

quidam producunt,
'ne' pro

quorum
'

alii

pro 'nonne' accipiunt, id est 'non,'

valde.'
7it

But, not to speak of the awkwardness in the postposition

of

{nae),

we

often find the reduced form , e.g. Ter. Adelph. 770

(cf.

tun

si

meus

esses

(For

statistics

of affirmative

Haut. 217), which could not be replaced by ne. -;/i?, see Mulvany, Class. Rev. 9, 15.)
qteeo, etc.),

On
tibi.

negative ne of nequeo (beside non

in

see below,

8.

ne,

O. Lat. also nei

is

Noticeable

Most. 924 niquid committam the use of ne etiam ' not even,' e.g. Most. 423
(//<),

e.g.

ut ne etiam aspicere aedes audeat, ne (not

e.g.

'

neve*i

')

neve {nive,

Poen, 38), e.g. Trin. 314 sqq., ne ?wn,.e.g. Cas. 575 metuo ne non sit surda atque haec audiverit. Neque neque (see below) can
.

play the part of ne

neu, e.g. Ter. Heaut. 975 nee tu

ne,

aram

tibi

nee

precatorem pararis.
47

Beside ut
qui

we

find qui ne, e.g. incert.

com.

hand

facilest

defensu
i.e.

ne

comburantur proximae, (more

to Plautus

likely qui ne than qui ne,

quin).
(cf.

nedum

'

much

less

'

is

unknown

Aniph. 330 vix

incedo inanis, ne

ire

posse

cum

onere

existumes),

who however

appends the Particle 3jwi to ne in piam nos vicinorum imprudentis

lines like Mil.

431 ne

dum

quis-

aliquis

imnmtaverit.

Terence's

Comedies

offer

numquam
see 8.

sufferre eius

one instance, Heaut. 454 satrapa si siet amator, sumptus queat nedum tu possis.
;

neque, nee.

On

the O. Lat. use oi

Jiec

for 7ion, e.g. nee rede dicere,

The Copula sometimes

in sense, so that
it

unites clauses which are not strictly

connected

is

hardly distinguishable from this O.

lepide, salve
for
!

Lat. use, e.g. Rud. 359

est sapientior, Aul.

Neptune

206 (see Leo's note

find neque for neu, especially

nee te aleator nuUus more examples). We when preceded by another tieque, e.g.

Editors correct Trin, 293 ne[u] colas neve inbuas ingenium.

Syntax of Plautus.

105

supersit.

Bacch. 476 neque amat nee tu creduas, Men. 221? neque defiat neque et '\% also Plautine, e.g. The classical use of neque
. .

Rud. 1083 hoc neque isti usust et illi miserae suppetias feret, 691. hand, etc., see below, On the Double Negative neque
. .

Cist.
8.

In necne, the Indirect Disjunctive Interrogative, the O. Lat. use

of nee for non survives
(cf.

annon).

The first member

or
else
(like
-;/'",

of the sentence
e.g.

has either no Interrogative Particle

emitteresne necne

Capt.

713

eum servum manu?

the

more frequent

annon,

e.g. Capt. 846 iuben an non iubes ?) nempe becomes before an initial consonant nemp. For instances of nempe ergo, e.g. Ter. Andr. 195, see Skutsch Plautinische
'

Forschungen
nimirum.
without
5/ in

'

I, p.

38.

The

genesis of this Conjunction

is

revealed

in the

pages of Plautus.
est)

He

uses various phrases with iniruni est (usually

'si
'),

or mira sunt (see below, under

especially (i) with

Negative and Interrogative Sentences (but also Cas. 191), e.g. True, 305 nil mirum vetus est maceria lateres si veteres ruunt,

Amph. 319 mirum murenam exdorsuare cogitat. Of these Terence recognises only mirum (i) with si (but also Andr. 651), (2) with ;//, e.g. Andr. 598 A. ubi nunc est ipsus ? B. mirum ni domist. A
(2) with nisi ox ni, in Affirmative Sentences, e.g.
ni hie

me

quasi

variation of the expression appears occasionally in Plautus, once nisi

mirumst

(Pseud.

12 13

tu,

nisi

mirumst,

leno,

plane perdidisti

mulierem), once ni

mirum

(Aul. 393 ni mirum, occidor nisi ego intro

Terence recognizes only ni mirum or, we may believe him to have written, nimirum, a single word, Eun. 508 nimirum dabit haec Thais mihi magnum malum, 268, 784. The omission of est is affected also by mirum when joined with quin. Mirum quin (with Subj.) is ironical, e.g. Trin. 495 mirum quin tu
hue propere propero currere.
as
illo

tecum

divitias feras

'

you could hardly take your wealth with you

/'

to the grave,'
nisi (older

Rud
ne-si,
;

1393 (see Sonnenschein's note). like ne-queo, ne-fas, etc.) and

liber

(older ^/;
'

see O.

Brugmann

den Gebrauch des condicionalem

ni

'

in

1887) are usually interchangeable. But in wagers (see below, 5) only ni is found ; on the other hand, only nisi in that curious O. Lat. use of the word in the sense of
der alteren Latinitat. Leipzig,
'

sed.'

This use seems to have originated in the phrase nihil

scio

nisi hoe (scio), e.g.

Rud. 750 quae

esse,
for the

patria

sit

profecto

nescio, nisi

scio

probiorem hanc

Apodosis normally consists of

in
i

nescio or

some

similar Negative

Verb

Sing. Pres. Ind., Cist.

676

I04
ubi ea
sit

S\7//ax of Phiiifus.
nescio,
this
nisi,

ut

opinor, loca
are,
nisi
istic

haec

circiter

mi

excidit.

Extensions of

normal use
:

e.g.

Aul. 364 quos pol ut ego

faciam, ut in puteo
:

hodie servem cura maxumast cenam coquant, Epid. 265 mihi

unum hoc

nee seritur nee melitur

nisi

ea

quae
nisi

tu vis volo, Mil. 24

me

sibi

habeto, ego
')
:

me mancupio dabo
epityra
estur
ut

unum

('

but there's one consideration

insa-

num bene

(cf.

Most. 278 quid olant nescias,

nisi id

unum,
is

male

olere intellegas.)

The

class. Lat.

use of nisi for praeter

huic,

as old

as Plautus, e.g.
natust.

Rud. 970 dominus

ne frustra

sis, nisi

ego

nemo

For the

ironical nisi forte (e.g. Most. 941

nisi forte factu's

praefectus novus)
est,

vera praedico
si,

-nisi

we sometimes find nisi alone, e.gl Amph. 901 sic nisi etiam hoc falso dici insimulaturus es, and eg. Most 769 nee mi umbra hie usquamst, nisi si in puteo
:

quaepiamst. The pleonastic formation nisi si (cf. quasi homo, IV. 21) conveys, like the similar Greek formation ft
additional suggestion of uncertainty.
nisi ut, (e.g. Pseud. B.
It is

si,
\i^

nemo
d,

an formed on the type of

1102 A. sed quis hie

non edepol
quod

scio, nisi ut

homo est chlamydatus ? observemus quo eat aut quam remgerat),

517 ego tantundem scio quantum tu, nisi quod and the more frequent nisi quia (e.g. Pers. 545 iuxta tecum aeque scio, nisi quia specie quidem edepol liberalist, quisquis est). The substitution of si for ut or quod or quia adds a fresh
nisi
{Q.g. Pers.

pellegi prior),

element of doubt.

(For additional examples of nisi quod, nisi quia

see Schmalz in Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift 25, 557.) quidni, quippini, see below.

On

non (older noenum

nonne
no?i (cf.
(cf.

see 8, below).
is

anne, above)
is

appropriate before an

initial

vowel, while
e.g.

an)

used interrogatively before consonant or vowel,

loquor, non
vigilo,
7).

Amph. 407 non

pugnis contudit
?

nonne hie homo modo me

(See below,

num

(see

7).

postquam and priusquam.

see 10, below.)

(On

their use in

Temporal Sentences,

postquam (often in Tmesis, e.g. True. 647 post illuc quam veni) more or less of a Causal Conjunction in lines like Capt. 487 abeo ab illis postquam video me sic ludificarier, Ter. Phorm. prol. i
is

postquam poeta vetus poetam non potest retrahere a studio

maledictis deterrere
.
.

parat.

istuc dicis

priusquam^ the opposite of posterius quam (Asin. 63 posterius quam credo tibi), often in Tmesis, e.g. Rud. 626, Mil.

Syntax of
1096, Most. 326,
qiiam
is
is

Plautiis.

105
'

the Plautine Conjunction for

in

before.'

Antc-

Terence (Hec. 146), but not in Plautus. In Cato's prose both prmsquam and antequam are in equal use. praequam is formed Hke prae quod, Stich. 362 immo res omnes rehctas habeo, prae quod tu veHs. Cf. also advorsum quain, Trin.
once found
176 utrum indicare
eius
Its

me

ei

thensaurum aequom
?
'

fuit,

advorsum quam
est,

me
use

obsecravisset pater

contrary to his father's entreaties.'

may be

illustrated

from Most. 9S2 nihil hoc quidem

facit,

triginta

minae, praequam alios dapsiles sumptus

1146

iam
post-

minoris omnia alia facio, prae

quam

quibus modis
therefore

me

ludificatust.

In Merc.
Plautine)

23
it is

(from

the

prologue, and

possil)ly
:

used in the sense oi praeterquam (see below)

nee pol profecto quisquam sine grandi malo

praequam
Similar

res patitur studuit elegantiae.

is praeut, e.g. Mil. 20 nihil hercle hoc quidemst praeut dicam quae tu numquam feceris, Amph. 374 A. perii B. parum etiam, praeut futurum est, praedicas, Men. 376. praeterquam (Lalin de particularum comparativarum usu apud

alia

Terentium.
into a single
e.g.

Norrcopiae,

1894) had not

yet

become

crystallized

word

at the

time of the Dramatists, as we see from,

et

praeter

Ter. Heaut. 59 quod mihi videre praeter aetatem tuam facere quam res te adhortatur tua, Plaut. Pers, 366 quae praeter

sapiet

quam

placet

parentibus.

^Ve have praeter

quam quod

in

Ter. Heaut. 399 nam dum abs te absum, omnes mihi labores fuere quos cepi leves, praeter quam tui carendum quod erat.
proin, proinde.
different functions,

The theory /m;/ being

same

is

wrong, that these two words had

q.s,.

used in commands,

proin tu hoc

audi,

and proinde

in comparisons, e.g.
;

proinde aique

hoc.

The two
of

words are

really the

proin
'

is

the preconsonantal, proifide

the prevocalic doublet (like our

'

and
is
'

'

an

').

An example

proinde in a
. .

command, when
(See Skutsch
'
:

prevocalic,

Asin. 27 proinde actutum

I,

eloquere.

Forschungen

82.)
'

propterea (see Reissinger

Part.
I,

die Prapositionem

ob

'

und

'propter.'

qua

Landau, 1897,
qjia (see

p. 75).

below, 6).

quam is sometimes enclitically appended in Adverbial sense, e.g. nimis quam (Most. 511 etc.), admodum quam (Amph. 541 etc.), perquam. Comparative quam often lacks the leading word, e.g. Men. 726 non, inquam, patiar praeterhac, quin vidua vivam quam

io6
{i.e.

Syntax of Plautus.
potius
1
1

quam) tuos mores perferam

eo tacent,

(cf.

Rud.
tui

14

quia tacita bonast

Cas. 256, Poen. 747), mulier semper quam

loquens, Rud. 943 non edepol pisces expeto

quam

{i.e.

tam quam)
miuiis.,
etc.,

sermonis sum indigens.

like

It

is

omitted after plus,

in phrases

Pers. 21 plusculum

annum

'for rather
'

more than
less

a year,' Trin. 402 minus

fortnight,' Stich.

quindecim dies sunt it is 160 plus annos decem 'for over ten
. .

than a

years.'

On

the

Pleonasm

///

quam
!,

in

Exclamations,

e.g.

Stich.

570 ut

apologum fecit quam fabre see below, s.v. 'ut.' quamobtem or rather quam ob rem., with the same arrangement as qua de re, e.g. Poen, 317, etc., is hardly yet "crystallized into
a

Conjunction
Part

(see
I.

Reissinger

die

Priipositionem

'

ob

'

und

'propter.'

Landau, 1897,
11)

p. 22).

To

the redundancy of

colloquial speech
in Ter.

(cf. I,

we may

ascribe the abnormal expression

eiciat.

Andr. 382 invenerit aliquam causam quam ob rem

in
it

Or we may recognize

symptom

that the phrase

was becoming

a mere equivalent oi air.

Cf.

quare (below).

quamquam and quamvis

quando.
(P. Scherer
:

(see 4).

de particulae 'quando' apud vetustissimos

scriptores Latinos vi et usu, in vol.

IL of Studemund's
Berlin, 1891.)

'

Studien auf

dem Gebieie

des archaischen Lateins.'

The Temfrom
hie

poral (see 10) and Causal (see 3) senses

may be

illustrated

a passage of the Persa, 638 sq. tanquam hominem, quando

efiflavit,

animam
etc.,

quid

eum

quaeras qui fuit?

dico equidem

quando

servio,

haec patriast mea. As an Literrogative, or with expecto,

the

word
ego
208

is

seldom used by Plautus and Terence,

videbo
?,

e.g.

Cure. 212 quando

te

Ter. Eun. 697.

te

They
Islil.
. . .

prefer ^;/^/ inox, e.g. True.

quam mox
insidias

hue

recipis

?,

1406 quam
se,

mox
Ter.

seco

?,

Mil.

304

dabo quam mox

recipiat

Phorm.

161

dum

expecto

quam mox

veniat,

Ennius Ann. 86 V. omnes avidi

emittat piclis
e faucibus
in Berliner

exspectant ad carceris oras,

currus.
schrift,

quam mox

(For details see Seyffert

18, p.

Philologische

Wochen-

1350.

The
.
.

Present, not the

is

Future,

is

used with

quam mox.)

Like siquando

ubi quando in Capt. 290 genio suo

utitur.

ubi quando saciuficat,

Samiis vasis

The

addition

of

qiiidcm forms the Causal Conjunction quanddquidem, e.g. Stich. 483,

Merc. 180, Ter. Andr. 487. quapropier, sometimes in Tmesis,

e.g.

Amph. 815
like

quid ego
'

feci
^

qua

istaec propter dicta dicantur mihi

?, is

our

where-for(e)

an example of the addition of a Preposition to a

to give
it

Particle, in order
').

definiteness

and precision

(see above, s.v. 'adeo

'

Syntax of Plnutus.
quare, or rather qua
re,
is,

107
(Poen. 479', found in

like qiioi rei

Plautus only once, Epid.

B. nuUis*

597 A. qua re filiam credidisti nostram

:

A. quibus

de signis agnoscebas
?

quasi (Lalin
tium.
si^

Norrcopiae, 1894)
siquidem
of
st

de particularum comparativarum usu apud Terenis apparently a similar shortening oi quain

qiiidem.

as

Plautus uses quasi and quavi

secus est quasi
si

si

indiscriminately, e.g.

Amph. 1078 nee

restrict
e.g.

ab Accherfamiliaris

unte veniam, Capt. 273 nee mihi secus erat

filius.

quam

si

essem

He
;

does not

the Conjunction

to

imaginary comcaletur,

parisons

thus

we

find,

Capt. So quasi,

quom

cocleae
:

in occulto latent,

Asin. 178 quasi piscis, itidemst amator lenae

nequam

est,

nisi recens,

Pseud. 199 quasi Dircam olim, Rud. 1008

it is

itidem quasi peniculus novus exurgeri solet.

In these comparisons of fact

the equivalent of quentadmodum^

fact.

and takes the Ind., the

in lines like

Mood

of

It

has the sense of fere

Capt. 20 quasi una aetas erat 'they were of about the

same
est.

age,'

286 videlicet propter

divitias

inditum id
as if

nomen

quasi

Most. 623 quasi quadraginta minas. The usual Sequence of Tenses with quasi
lines like Ter.

'

is

departed from

in
(cf.

Phorm. 382 proinde expiscare quasi non nosses

si

Phorm. 3SS, Heaut. 527).

si (e.g.

Quasi

Cas. 46 quasi

asset ex se nata,

non multo
quasi

secus),

quasi quom

(e.g.

Ter. Adelph. 739 ita vitast

(e.g.

hominum
Quasi

quom

ludas tesseris), quasi ubi

Ter. Eun. 406 quasi ubi illam exspueret

miseriam ex animo)

may

also be

mentioned.
to a

si

may be
in
-e,

compared with
e.g.

nisi si (see above).

-que (see below, 6)

may be appended
rather
quern

word ending

Trin. 76 ut te videre audireque aegroti sient.

or

quemadmodum,

ad

moduiii

modum?
lative,

Bacch. 190),

illustrates the
(cf.

common

(cf quemnam ad arrangement of Re-

Preposition,
etc.).

Noun
It
is

quamobrem,
dixi miles

an equivalent of quouiodo,

quem ad modum
ad
to

quod ad exemplum est? Trin, 921, e.g. Mil. 884 tibi potesset deasciari, Pers. 35, and exhibits
'

that use of

seen in phrases like Merc. 428 ad illam faciem

cf.

denote comparisons or similitude (see VII, 2) of that appearance ;

Ter. Adelph. 424, ad istunc
163, and the like.

ad eundem

modum

modum

Bacch.

749, ad

exemplum Ter. Hec.

si

Cf.

tamqtiam

Asin. 427

tamquam

si

claudus sim,

cum

fustist

ambulandum,
tibi.

beside iam quasi Men. iioi tarn quasi

me

emeris argento, liber servibo

;'

io8
qui (O. Kienitz

Syntax of Plaidus.
:

de

'

qui

'

localis,
if

modalis apud priscos scriptores

the old Instrumental Case,

Latinos usu, Leipzig, 1879),

retains
its

really

original force in a line like Bacch.

bene

sit:'

ego ubi bene

'

sit

tibi
its

84 mihi dicito idato qui locum lepidum dabo (qui 'the

means,' ubi

the place
it

').

On

use as a Rel. Pron., see

IV,

6.

As a Conjunction
qui id facturu's?

plays the part of qiiomodo, quare, e.g. Poen. 169

Lat, qui fit
tit
. .

(cf. class,
;

?),

often answered
!

by
;

quia (see below)

of
ut,

of utinam, e.g. qui ilium di perdant

te tarn

(passim)

e.g.

Trin.

688 nolo ego mihi

prospicere qui

meam

egestatem leves, sed ut inops infamis ne sim,

to a

Amph.
'

339.

It sinks

mere
so
?
'

Particle, like quidevi, in

such phrases as hercle qui, pol

'

qui, etc.
'

On

at qui, quippe qui, see s.v.

at,' s.v.

quippe.'
'

Quiduin
Alioqui

how
'

always forms a sentence by

'

itself (see p. 96).

and

ceteroqui

are not found in O. Lat. writers.

is

quia, the 3 Decl. Neut. Plur., as quid

the 3 Decl.

Neut. Sing.

and quod'\%
futurum
est.

thfe 2

Decl. Neut Sing., has the sense of quod in a line

id futurum unde unde dicam nescio, nisi quia shews the Interrogative sense o( quid ? in the Com(cf.

like Pseud. T07

It

atque

pound quianain2
Tragedians
(cf.

quidtiain?) 'why?' used by Ennius

Virg. Aen. 10. 6), but not

and the by the Comedians (see

e.g.

Langen

'

Beitrage,' p. 325).
is

Although quia
nos pudet quia
after

normal

after verbs of
it

emotion,

Capt. 203 at
it is

cum

catenis sumus,

is

doubtful whether
for nisi quia in
s.v.

used

'Verba Sentiendi

et Declarandi,'

Pseud. 568

admits of another explanation (see below,

'quod').

On

the

use ol quia as a Causal Conjunction, see below, 3.

quideni

may be

joined to

et

without an intervening word,

e.g. Mil.

259 A. abeo.
its

ironical

quidem ego ibo domum. As illustrations of use take Bacch. 221 A. nam iam hue adveniet miles.
B. et
!,

B. et miles quideni
et poscit

Ter. Heaut. 606 A. mille

equidetn

nummum

poscit.

B.

quidem

(On

and

ego quidem, see above.)

;

quidni, in which phrase (as in quippini

see below)

Jii^

has the
e.g.

O. Lat. sense of ne or rather Mil. 1 1 20 A. itan tu censes? Heaut. 529 A.

but not,
e.g.

fion,

stands normally in Tmesis,

ita

B. quid ego ni
?

censeam?, Ter.
?

scis esse

factum ut dico

B. quid ego ni sciam

Mil. 923 populi

?,

odium quidni noverim, magnidicum,

Its

cincinnatum
^

Ter. Phorm. 64 A. nostin? B. quidni?, 813 etc.

Festus cites quid nisi? from Afranius 129,

A.

me

auctore, mater, abstinebis.

is

B. quid

nisi

?,

but does not say in what sense the phrase

used.

Syntax of Plautus.
equivalent, cur
istuc cures
. .

109 209 A.

no>i,

is

also frequent, e.g. Most.

quae
!

B. cur, obsecro,
?

an tu
lent

tetigisti

has aedis
e.g.

non curem ?, Most. 454 A. eho B. cur non tangerern ? Quid, as the equivais

of cur,

Most. 4:9 sed quid tu egredere?,

miseras
the business
fuller

merely an

instance of that use of the Ace. Neut. Pron. with various verbs (e.g.

Most. 786 quod

me

'

on

whicli

discussed above, II, 35.

e.g.

The

phrase

^?(;/V/

you sent me ') / (/uod is frequent,

Most. 69 quid est quod tu me nunc obtuere, furcifer?, Men. 677 scin quid est quod ego ad te venio ? (for other examples see Dittmar
'

Moduslehre,' pp.

1 1

sqq.).

The

other uses of quid in Interroga-

tions

iuratus

by Cure. 45 8 quid quod sum?, Ter. Phorni. 754 quid? duasne uxores habet ?, Rud. (for more details see 736 A. esse oportet liberas. B. quid, 'liberas
illustrated
'
!

and Exclamations may be

Seyffert

in

Berliner

Philologische Wochenschrift,

1896, p. 816);

and the combinations of quid with other

quid
see
in in
? (e.g.
]\Iil.

Particles,
5.

by quid

iia

?,

473).

On
'

quid si see below,

particulae

On

quid

istici

IV,

13.
:

quin (O. Kienitz

Latinos usu.

de

quin

'

apud priscos scriptores

sense, qui-ne

Carlsruhe,

187S).

The

literal

'how
to

not?

'

'

why

not?,'

appears clearly in lines like Trin. 291 quin prius

?
'

me

ad plures penetravi
(i.e.

why
?
'

did I not

make my way
?

the
it

majority

the dead) before

With

Sing., Plur. Pres. Ind.

has the force of a command,

Imperative was, by a laxity

e.g.

quin taces

And

in this sense the

of usage, substituted for the Ind. in

colloquial Latin, e.g. quin tace.

side
et

Sometimes the two Moods stand

254 quin tu abs te socordiam omnem reice segnitiem amove atque ad ingenium vetus vorsutum te recipis

by

side, e.g. Asin.

tuum
it

?,

Pseud. 891 quin tu

is

accubitum

et

convivas cedo. Most.

815 quin

tu is intro atque otiose perspecta ut lubet.

e.g.

With

Sing,
?

has the force of an exhortation,

it

quin taceo
e.g. Mil.

?,

quin tacenius

Sometimes

takes the Dubitative Subj.

?

homo, qui sim

426 A. B. quin ego hoc rogem, quod nesciam ?

it

me

rogas,

From

this last

is

but

a step
like

to the

Conjunction expressing
est
.?

hindrance.

For a sentence

nuniquae causa
:

quin rogem

might be expressed in Parataxis thus

est?

quin rogem

nuniquae causa
hie,

Amph. 559 tamen quin loquar haec, uti facta sunt quam ullo modo me potes deterrere, might be expressed
:

num-

with this

punctuation

tamen quin loquar haec,

uti facta

sunt hie

numquam

ullo

modo me

potes deterrere.


1 1

'

Synfax of

Plaiitiis.

Of

Plautus' use of this Conjunction of hindrance the following

:

examples are noteworthy

Cure. 164 adsum

nam

si

absim, haud recusem quin mihi

male

sit.

Men. 725 non, inquam,

patiar praeterhac, quin vidua vivani

quam
Amph.
1

{i.e.

potius

quam) tuos mores perferam

quin

(cf.

Ter.

Heaut, 763).
106 non metuo

meae

uxori

latae

suppetiae

sient.

Most. 329
Mil.
1

si

cades,

non cades quin cadam tecum.

194 triduom servire numquam te quin liber sis sinam. Bacch. 1012 nihil est illorum quin (= quod non) ego illi
dixerim.

In the corroborative use also of quin the

is

literal

sense

'

how
!

not

clearly apparent, e.g. Capt. 1017

A. quid tu

ais ?

adduxtin ilium
'

huius captivum filium ? B. quin, inquam, intus hie est

you, he's inside here.'
a
Particle like
etiatii,

why

I tell

In this use qui^i

edepol,
hercle,
e.g.

is

often strengthened

by

Poen. 706

quin

hercle

accipere tu non mavis

quam ego

dare.

Editors change hercle qui/i of the

MSS.
'

in

Men. 428

(cf.

Men.

1092, Trin. 464) to hercle qui and atquin of the

to
10,
atqiii,

MSS.
'

in

probably o
seri

riglitly.

On

quin(e) for

isne qui

(cf.

Rud. 760 Hor. Sat. 2,

360 quin

20,

studiorum, quine putetis,

fuit,
'
!

etc.),

e.g. Trin.

quod non fuit ? what the man who devoured ?', Most. 738 A. ventus navem nostram deseruit. B. quaen subducta
comedit, quod
.

erat tuto in terra?, see

qiiippe.

IV,

6.

From Cicero's quippe qui^ (Nom. Sing.), used normally we must distinguish Plautus' quippe qui (cf. above, s.v. qui '), e.g. Amph. 745 quippe qui audivi (said by Alcmena), Aul. 348 horum tibi istic nihil eveniet, quippe qui ubi quid subripias nihil
with Subj.,
'

est.

We
;

have also quippe quando.,

quippe quando mihi
in

e.g.

Capt. 886 A. vae aetati

B. tuae

nil credis,

quippe quoni,

e.g.

Rud. 979

quippe

quom extemplo

macellum pisces

prolati sient,

nemo emat,
sitast
(cf.

as well as quippe qui (in various cases), e.g. Epid.

618 A. habe

bonum animum.
Pseud. 1275).

B. quippe ego quoi libertas in

mundo

Quippifii (Vikt quidni ; see above)

itane censes? B. quippini.?,
t

'why

not?,' e.g.

Men. 948 A.
Pseud. 917
V, 30
.

is

as rare with a

Verb

(e.g.

On

Plautus' qui qtiideni with Subj. in the function ol quippe qui, see

Syntax of Plaid its.

A. nimis tandem ego abs te contemnor.

1 1

B. quippe ego te ni con(e.g.

temnam?)
tu
qiio

as quidni
?

is

rare without a
?).

Verb

True. 726 A. nostin

hunc Strabacem
and
for

B. quidni
:

qiiomitins

quo

lit is

normal

in class. Lat.

when there

is

a Comparative in

the sentence
si

(cf.
si

tenetis,

603

S76 minus minus cum cura aut cautela locus loquendi lectus
for non, as in Mil.
qiio

qiwminus with minus

est).

In Plautus both
unrestricted
in

and

(pu,

the Abl.

and

Instr.

Cases,

are
ilia

this

function,
is

e.g.

Epid.

289 quo

ilium

ab

prohibeas.

And

ut

freely

used with a Comparative,

e.g. Cist.

636

quae mihi dedit, parentes

te

ut cognoscant facilius (cf v.

t,'^

714 qui
facilius),

suos Selenium parentes facilius posset noscere, Aul.

quo

Capt. 33, Accius 598 ut curentur diligentius, Aul. 595 quasi pueri qui nare discunt scirpea induitur ratis, qui laborent minus, facilius
ut nent et

moveant manus.
(in Tmesis, e.g. Amph. 84 quive quo placeret minus) we must distinguish quo minus, e.g. in the
iiiiuus
'

From quominus
alter

fecisset

phrase quo dixi

as

omitted to say

'

(Capt. 430

cf.

Amph.

479, Merc. 24), Stich. 162 quo minus laboris cepisse illam existumo
(see I,
i).
i.e.

quoad,

quo-ad (with the same postposition of the Prep., as

;

in

quapropter, etc.
ut
scire possis

see

VII,
te

adquo

appears in Afranius as adquo 278 expediat loqui, 248 ni tantum amarem

i)
iratus
'

talem tam
hardly yet

merito patrem,

essem adquo
*

liceret.

It

is

the

Relative equivalent of adeo

to that point,'

to that extent,'

and has

become

Temporal Conjunction
full

in Plautus' time, Asin.

296 quoad vires valent ('to the

extent of

my

power'). Men. 769

verum

est

modus tamen quoad

pati

uxorem

oportet, Pseud.

623

nam

olim,

quom
etc.,

abiit,

argento haec dies praestitutast, quoad referret

nobis,

neque duni
is

quod potui,

rettulit. The view that quod of quod possum, was pronounced qiiud and was a contraction of

quoad
be

quod.

now generally abandoned. The passage of the Neut.

by these lines
:

Sing. Pron. into a Conj.

may

illustrated

Epid. 131 empta ancillast, quod ('as') tute ad

missiculabas.

me

litteras

Pseud. 639 ut id agam quod missus hue sum (see II, 35). Rud. 1258 illuc est quod ('why ') nos nequam servis utimur

IT2
(cf.

Syntax of Plautus.
Cas. 460
(erat)

quid
'

isiuc est quod, Capt.

this is the
ire

541

and often
of,'

/loc est

quod

reason (the meaning)

e.g.

Merc. 711 pel hoc est

quod

rus

mcus

vir noluit,

Cas. 531,

Merc. 502 quin

lamentere

Men. 1135, Asin. 863). tibi quidem quod rideas magis

(cf.

est

quam

ut

Aul. 203).
('

Capt. 586 filium

ait,

tuum quod

whereas,'

'

that

')

redimere se

id

ne utiquam mihi placet.

('if')

Capt. 996 quod male feci crucior.

Aul. 91
(cf.

quod

quispiam ignem quaerat, extingui volo

in te

Mil. 162).

Capt. 670 quod

1 1

(= quantum, quoad)
(^

uno

fuit (cf.

Mil.

60 quod ego potero).

in loving

Most. 303 certe ego, quod te amo nusquam melius potui ponere.

you

'),

operam
servio.

Capt. 621 neque mi esse ullum morbum,

nisi

quod

(On

nisi quod, see above, s.v.)

Ter. Eun. 926

nam
ut

ut

mittam quod ('the

fact that

')

eam

confeci sine molcstia.

Ter.

Phorm. 168

ne addam quod sine sumptu ingenuam,

es.

liberalem nactus

That the
Inf., is

later use of

quod with Finite Verb, instead of Ace. and

is

found

in Plautus

very doubtful.

The apparent

instances

quod bonum faciamus, ne forniida (quod = aliquod?), Asin. 52 equidem scio iam filius quod amet meus {vd. quid, vJ. amat. Plautus uses quod amat = arnica), and to
are
:

Mil. 893

dum

nescientes

these

some add True. 383, Poen. 1374, Most. 691, Bacch. 1009,
'

Poen. 547 (see Thulin

de coniunctivo Plautino

'

p.

138

Schmalz

in Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift 25, 557). Quod, used as in Aul. 91, Mil. 162 (just quoted), approaches the

lines like Rud. 1150 si hercle tantillum quod posterius postules te ad verum convorti, nugas, mulier, magnas egeris, Ter. Eun. 1063 miles, edico tibi, si te in alium quaereplatea offendero hac post unquam, quod dicas mihi bam, iter hac habui,' periisti, Andr. 395 nam quod tu speres {v.l.

sense of 'although' in
peccassis,

'

speras)

'

propulsabo

facile

uxorem

his moribus, dabit

nemo,' inveniet

inopem potius quam

Quodsi
is

te

corrumpi

sinat.

found

sem

id prius,

in Terence (e.g. Andr. 258 quod si ego rescivisEun. 924 quod si astu rem tractavit), but probably not

Syntax of Plant?/ s.
in Plautus (for (/nod

'

113
in

may be

the Relative

Cist.

152 quod

si

tacuisset,

tamen ego eram

dicturus).

(/uom
It

is

generally regarded as an old Neut. Sing, of the Relative.

plays the

same

part as t/nod in sentences like the formula for

es liber
istttc

congratulating a slave after manumission,

(Epid.

711,

^twm tu Men. 1031, 1149), Bacch. 338 (with

filius,

gandeo
antediviti
;

as

cedent) istuc sapienter saltern fecit

quom (quod

alii)

On Causal quom, see below, 3 honiini id aurum servandum dedit. on Temporal quom, 10 on Concessive quom, 4. quomodo, or rather quo vwdo, like quo pacto, qua arte, etc., has
;

hardly yet crystallized into a mere Conjunction.

(For

details, see

Ladyzynski
quofiiam

de quibusdam priscorum poetarum scaenicorum locu-

tionibus, Leopoli,
(i.e.

1895; ^^^ see above on quemadmodum .) quom iam ; like etiam, nunciatn, etc.). Causal and Temporal uses, see below (3, 10).
quoque, a
(see above).

On

its

word of uncertain etymology,

is

the equivalent of etiam

The combination
Sosia,

of these two Conjunctions produces

e.g.

(i) quoque etiam,

et te

emphasizing the preceding word,

Amph. 717

quoque etiam,

(2) etiam

quoque,
a

Men.

11 60 venibit uxor

e.g.

Most,

mo
in

quoque etiam, immo etiam cerebrum quoque

et

omne
by

e capite emunxisti

meo.

In Asin. 184

quoque

is

suspected

editors.
scilicet,

Compound

of

scio,

retains the old construction of .Xcc.

some form and Inf.

or other,
(cf.

with

licet,

videlicet,

below)

in lines like Asin. 787 ita scilicet facturam, Ter. Heaut. 856 scilicet daturum, 892 continuo iniecisse verba tibi Dromonem scilicet but
;

is

also used parenthetically, e.g.

Rud. logS continuo hunc novisse

dicent scilicet, Asin. 490 A. tam ego

('of course')
('
:

ita res est,

Capt. 283 id

homo sum quam tu. B. Orcum scire oportet

sciHcet
scilicet

suppose

'),

Ter. Eun. 346 comites secuti scilicet sunt virginem.

is

sed.

Noteworthy
e.g.

the use of this Particle to indicate a surprising

.

discovery,
'

sed estne hie

(for

examples, see
(see

Kaempf
Stude-

Pronomina Personalia,' p. mund's Studien, 2, 3S9), and

si.

44),

sed eccuui

Bach

in

similar phrases.
is

The use

of this Conjunction as a Conditional 'if

fully

treated below, 5.

St plays the part of quod or

etc.,

quom

after verbs like gaudco, miror,

and naturally takes the Ind. Mood.

si

(By the time of Terence,

miror

can be used

like

miror an,
is

hoc

si

sic abiret.)

But there

Ter. Andr. 175 niirabar always a different nuance with si,

e.g.

114
e.g.

Syntax of Plautus.
et voliip est
milii, si

Poen. 1326 sqq. gaudco

quid

(7'./.

(]ui(lcm)

lenoni obtigit magni mali, (iuom(|ue c viitute vobis fortuna obtigit,

where the

^-/-clause

is

stated

from

information,

the

q^co)n-Q\^\\^Q.

from personal knowledge.

The
minim

Protasis of mira
for

S7i7ii

(not used by Terence, though in Eun.

288 he uses mira

inirum,
is

mira vero

militi

quae placeantl or

(rarely viirum est)

in the Ind., e.g.

si

Pseud. 1216 mira sunt

ni Pseudolust, Cas. 191

mira sunt vera

praedicas, Cas, 554 atque

edepol mirum ni subolet iam hoc huic vicinae meae, Mil. 1041 ecastor baud mirum si te habes carum, Ter. Andr. 755 mirum vero,

impudenter mulier
with non viiror,
praetimet,

si

facit

meretrix?, 598

mirum

ni

domist

similarly
sibi si
flagiti,

etc., e.g.

Amph.
si

29 mirari non est aequom,

si

Merc. 784 non miror,

quid damni facis aut

Satis
est,

Pseud. 442 idne tu mirare,

etc.,

patrissat filius ?

satis habeo,
si

also have

Ind. in the Protasis, e.g. Bacch. 911 satin est,

?,

plura ex

me
si,

audiet hodie mala

si
it

Capt. 446 satin habes, mandata

this is the

quae sunt facta

refero?
is

Not unlike
B.

use (with Ind.

Mood)
A.

of

'if

really the case that,' in lines like Most.

volt.

(aedes)

inspicere

inspiciat,

si

lubet,

772 Most. 636 A.

salvomst.
hie

B. solvite vosmet igitur, si salvomst, Merc. 606 si neque neque Accherunti sum, ubi sum ?, True. 748 si volebas participare, auferres dimidium domum. The causal force of this si is

seen

in

the frequent use of ergo,

part

c(\

igitur in the Apodosis.

after

Si plays the

of

2it

(Final)
e.g.

verbs like exspedo, and

si

naturally takes the Subj.

(cf.

Mood,
si

Trin. 98 exspecto
Si,

quid dicas
of,'
is

Trin.

148 ausculto

quid dicas).

'in
i

the

hope
Ind.
si

is

accompanied by posse

in

Subj. (except that

Sing.

used

when present time

ullo

is

referred to), e.g. Mil.

1207

nam

possem

modo

impetrare ut abiret nee te abduceret operam dedi, Men.

cisci,

417 adsentabor, quidquid dicet, nmlieri, si possum hospitium nanTrin. 531 em istic oportet obseri mores malos, si in obserendo 837 at tu isto ad vos obtuere, quoniam cornicem nequis conspicari, si volturios forte possis contui. .SV''in
possint interfieri, Most.

case' takes Ind.

in

phrases like Pers. 611 adduco banc, siquid vis ex

hac percontarier.

On

si

'although

'

(cf etsi) in lines like

viros,

Merc. 694

decem

nimium obsonavit, see The phrase si viaxiivie, an emphatic form oi si (as qnom below, 4. moxume is of qnom), is accompanied by the Ind. (e.g. Bacch. looi non dabis, si sapies verum si das maxume, nae ille alium gerulum quaerat, si sapiet, sibi, Ter. Phorm. 295 verum si cognatast maxume.
si

vocasset

summos ad cenam

Svfifax of Plmitus.

t t

noil

fuit

necesse habere) or the Subj.

(e.g.

Bacch.

1004

nam ego
turn
si

non

laturus

sum,
.

si
.

iubeas niaxume,

Ter.
illi

Adelph.
dari)

340

maxume

fateatur,

non

est utile

hanc

(see Seyffert in

Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift 24, 140).

Si plays the part of

the Ind., just as
(cf.

a7i after

verbs like video,

visa, etc.,

and takes
Latin
Cas. 591

Indirect

Questions often do
si

in

Plautine
placet,

V,

28), e.g.

Pers. 825 vide vero,

si

tibi satis

viso hue,

amator

a foro rediit
'

domum.
(cf.

Si^ in the

sense of

si

modo
e.g.

'

modo

si

Amph.

646, Capt. 996),

si

takes the Subj. (but Ind. in Poen. 915 proba materies datast,

probum adhibes fabrum),

istaec scimus

Capt. 850 scis bene esse,

si

si sit

unde,

Cure. 299 recte hie monstrat,

imperare possit, Poen. 550 omnia

sciant.

iam nos,

si

hi spectatores

In the Apodosis

we

often find possum, e.g. Cist. 308 adhinnire

si

hanc,

detur sola
potes.

soli,

Poen. 351

si

equolam possum ego sapias, curam hanc facere

1429 magis
dicas,
si

compendi
scias,

The Apodosis
Cas, 668

(cf
is

Mil.

quod ego
si
t?i\ies,

scio, Ter.

Eun. 355)

suppressed with the phrase

inwio si

scias, e.g.

immo

si

scias dicta

quae

dixit

hodie

Quid
mater,

the Ind. in a request for information, the Subj. in an

Asin. 537 quid si hie animus occujjatust, mone, Poen. 330 A. quid si ndeamus? B.
e.g.

exhortation to action,

quid faciam

adeas.

On

quid

nisi,

see above,

s.v.

'quidni.'

Sisive
Andr. 216
(seu)

(seu) is the usual

si

formula

in

Plaut.

and Ten,

e.g.
'

Ter.
sive

ista uxor, sive amicast, not, as in classical Latin,

sive (seu).'
ut,

Sometimes we
in
illo

find si

si,

e.g.

Rud
si

deos quaeso

quidquid

vidulost,

si

aurum,

1257 at ego argentum est,

omne
Of

id ut fiat cinis, Capt. 114.

the other associates of this Particle, quodsi and ast have been
sin

treated above;

may be
:

illustrated

by Ter. Andr. 210

si

ilium

relinquo, eius vitae timeo, sin opitulor, huius minas.

sic.
'

(Th.
'

tam

('

'sic,' ita,' Braune Observationes ... ad usum tamen '), 'adeo' particularum Plautinum ac Terentiannm.
*

Berlin, 1882.)
sic sinere

The O.
is

Lat. alliterative (and etymological?) phrase

'to let be'

frequent in Plautus,
sic in

e.g.

Aul. 524.

But the use of

oaths, followed by

Pseud. 477, 1301, ut, occurs only

once, Poen. 869 Diespiter

interire cupio (cf. Tar.

me

^\c

amabit

ut ego hanc famiiiam

di

anie7it,
'

ui.

On
is

Heaut. 463), the usual phrase being ita me the distinction between sic and ita see above,
hie, ita
I

s.v.

ita.'

Sic

associated with

with

is,

e.g.

Merc. 268 nunc

1 1

Syntax of Plautns.
sic est (then

hoc profecto

follows the explanation), Cist. 147 haec

fit? foras

sic res gesta est, Asin.

127 sicine hoc

ita esse ut

aedibus

me

eici?

Contrast Trin.

107 id

credas (referring to a preceding

statement), Ter. Eun. prol. 29 peccatum imprudentiast

esse vos
assert

...

id ita

iam iudicare

poteritis.

But

it

would be dangerous to

(like hie (e.g.

'

Latin of the Dramatists sic and ita and is) were never under any circumstances interchanged Rud. 399, Ter. Phorm. 536). On sic and ita in the sense of
that in the colloquial

yes,'

see above,

s.v.

'

ita.'
'

sicttt, i.e. sic tit (cf. ita ut, s.v.

ita,'

above\

often gives a particular

instance or proof of a statement, e.g. Poen. 503 sqq. tardo aniico

sicut ego hos duco advocatos, est quicquam nequius homines spissigradissumos, and acquires the sense of seeing that,' since,' e.g. Mil. 974 quin tu illam iube abs te abire quo lubet sicut soror eius hue gemina venit Ephesum et mater, accersuntque eam. (For other examples, see Langen Beitrage,' p. 249.) simulac. Just as the Adj. similis is followed by atque or ac (e.g. Ter. Phorm. 31 ne simili utamur fortuna atque usi sumus), so the Adv. simul is followed by atque or ac, a combination found
nihil
.

'

'

'

as early as Liv. Andr. (see below, 10).

e.g.
is

The

rare use of i'/w/^/ alone,

Ter Phorm. 823 due to Parataxis.

hac
(Th.
('
{j'.l.

hie simul

argentum

repperit, cura sese expedivit,

For simul ut may be

Observationes
'

cited Titinius 50 simul

ut pueras
tarn.
'

has) nocte suspirare crevi.

:

Braune
'),
'

... ad usum
:

'

ita,'

'

sic,'

tam

'

tamen
)

adeo

particularum Plautinum ac Terentianum.

Berlin, 18S2

The

following examples are noteworthy

Mil. 457

Stich. 295

tam east quam potis nostra erilis concubina. tam gaudium grande adfero. Pers. 533 numquam ego te tam esse matulam credidi. Mil. 741 nam hospes nuUus tam in amici hospitium
potest

devorti

quin, ubi triduum continuum fuerit, iam odiosus Mil. 901 quis hie, amabo, est qui tam pro nota nominat
Mil. 1246

siet.

me

tam mulier

se ut amaret.
in the

Also the use of 7wn tam

actions, e.g. Cas.

quam
id

comparison of ideas or

non tam aegrest iam, vicisse vilicum, quam id expetivisse opere tam magno senem sometimes non tam sed, e.g. Mil. 851 non hercle tam istoc ('on that account') valide cassabant cadi, sed in cella erat paulum nimis loculi lubrici.
429 atque
;

Syntax of
In Mil. II

Plaiitus.

we should read
b.

(with the

MSS.)

turn bellatorem

Mars
;

haud

ausit dicere
'

neque aequiperare suas

se h.'

virtutes

ad tuas, not (with

Bothe)

tam

M.

In tametsi (also tamenetsi) tavi seems to play the part of tauten

and the same may perhaps be

quae

said of Merc.

33

nihil attingunt

ad rem nee sunt

usui,

tam amator
(cf.

profert saepe advorso tempore.

'

Festus 360

M.

antiqui

tam pro tamen

'

'

'

usi sunt, with

examples
estis

from Naevius, Ennius and Titinius,

nihili,

e.g. Titin.

157 quamquam
it

tam ecastor simul vobis consului, where

'although'.)

is

put in antithesis

to

quamquam
Similarly

tamendem is used by Plautus, as well as tandem^ in lines like Mil. 585 verum tamendem, quidquid est, ibo hinc domum, Merc. 595 sed tamendem, si podagrosis pedibus esset Eutychus, iam a portu rediisse potuit. We may add Ter. Andr. 520 postremo id mihi da negoti, tu tamendem (tamen idem MSS.) has nuptias perge facere (cf. Titinius 58). Tam gratiast, much obliged to you all the
'

same,' the polite formula used in declining an offer (e.g. Stich. 472),

by some explained as tamen gratia est,' by others on the pattern of Hor. Epp. I, 7, 18 tam teneor dono quam si dimittar onustus. tamen (H. Karsten de particulae tamen significatione antiquissima ad Ciceronis fere tempora in latinitate conservata, in Mnemois
'

'

'

syne 18, pp. 307 sqq.

read with

it

Seyffert's review in

Bursian's

Jahresbericht, 1895, p, 318). Plautus' use of tamen does not differ from Cicero's.
is

Noteworthy
line, e.g.

his predilection for putting the

si

word

at the

end of the

Mil. 306

indicium

facio, interii

interii, si taceo,

tamen, Epid. 516 usu apud

A.

abiero

flagitio

cum maiore
:

post reddes tamen.

tamquam
Terentium.
vide

(Lalin

de particularum
i.e.

comparativarum
e.g.

Norrcopiae, 1894),
ut

tam quam,

Trin. 913

modo

hominem
tamq^uam

noveris

B.
?

tu novisti fidicinam

Acropolistidem
si,

tamquam me, Epid. 504 A. sed On B. tam facile quam me.

s.v.
'

tam quasi
ubi.

for

see above,

quasi.'

On

its

use in Temporal Clauses, see below, 10.

:

ut (fuller form uti) (H. Schnoor

Plautus.

zum Gebrauch von

is

'

ut

'

bei

To

Neumiinster, (progr.) 1885). express wishes the Conjunction

strengthened by

nam

in

class. Lat.,

utinam

(cf.

quisttam beside quis), but

we

find in O. Lat.

the simple Conjunction also, e.g. Aul. 785 ut ilium di immortales

1 1

Sytilax of Plauttts.
perduint, beside Capt. 537 utinam te di
Particle used in
tliis

omnes deaeque quantumst

prius perderent.

Another

function

is (lui^ e.g.

Men. 451 qui ilium di omnes perduint (see above, s.v.). Along with Optative ?//, we have Jussive ut (often,
of impressiveness, in
the
full

for the sake

form

////),

e.g.

Capt.

114

sed
is

uti

adserventur

magna

diligentia, a line in

which the longer foim

not

due
e.g.

to

the requirements

of the metre.

Indignant questions are

///

expressed either by Ace. and Inf. ^see V, 38) or by

Cure. 616

and

Subj.,

meane
(For a

ancilla libera ui

sit,

manu ?, Ter. unum diem?

lit

Phorni. 304 egone illam

list

quam ego numquam emisi cum illo ut patiar nuptam

:

of examples with egone ut see Dittmar

Leipzig, 1897, p. 82.)

Studien zur lateinischen ]\Ioduslehre.

(often

And
the

omitted)

with Subj.
itibeo

is,

in

other
is

expressions

too,

equivalent of the Inf. (e.g.

te facei'e, e.g.

ut facias

equally used with iubeo

histricus,

Poen. 4 audire iubet vos imperator

quod)> volt

bonoque
1274

ut

animo sedeant,
<^est

volo ut facias with volo te facere, e.g. Mil.

A. quid

me facere ? B. ad se ut eas), both being equivalents of a Verbal Noun cf. Pseud. 665 A. numquid vis? B. dormitum ut abeas (= abitionem), Gas. 701 cur non ego id perj

petrem quod coepi, ut nubat mihi

?,

Pseud. '940

(etc.) potin ut taceas ?

As
so

the Inf. (for the Gerund'^

is

is

used with

occasio, etc. (see

V,

33),

ut

with Subj.,

e.g.

Mil. 977 hercle occasionem lepidam, ut

!

mulierem excludam
Aul.

foras

The

laxity of colloquial

diction often

allows the repetition of ut in the course of a long sentence, e.g. 791

te

obtestor,

Euclio,

ut,

siquid

ego
(cf.

erga

te

imprudens
7Hodo ut

peccavi aut gnatam tuam, ut mi ignoscas

Ter. Phorm. 154,
'if only,'

Rud. 1256, Trin. 140,

'if I

etc.).

These uses too are noteworthy:

e.g.

Ter. Andr. 409

uti

modo

ut

possim

only could,'

Pers. 575
e.g.

modo

sciam

Ter. Adelph. 835 ne

if I only knew' (with Negative modo nc, On nimium modo subvortat). nos
'
.
.

ut ne^ e.g. Mil. 200, Trin. 105, see above,

s.v.

'

ne.'
its

Ut

'

how

'

in

Exclamations
(cf.

is

sometimes combined with

39),
e.g.

equivalent q^uavi

Gic. Brut.

10,

Mil.

401, ut ad id

exemplum somnium quam simile somniavit !, Asin. 581 ut adsimuSimilarly ut labat Sauream med esse quam facete Stich. 570. and quot are pleonastically combined in Cist. 537 ut illaec hodie
!,

quot modis moderatrix linguae

fuit!

(see I, 11).

On
is

lit

'

when,' see below, 10.

Ut

'

as

'

(see Lalin

de particu1894)

larum comparativarum usu apud Terentium.

as frequent in Early as in Classical Latin.

Norrcopiae,

The

construction of

'

Syntax of Phxutus.
tit

110

opinor with Ace. and Inf. has been mentioned already (I, lo).
acquires a quasi-Causal sense in phrases like Ter.

The Conjunction

Phorni. 774 haud scio hercle, ut homost, an mutet

animum, Phorm.
'

638 ut est ille bonus vir, tria non commutabitis verba hodie apud vos. Like class. Lat. qua est audacia with his usual effrontery (see IV, 5)
'

is

Ter. Eun. 525 banc se intendit esse, ut est audacia;

?

cf.

Adelph.

389 A. eho an domist habiturus

B. credo, ut est dementia.

On praeut,
In uiqui,

stent, see

above,

s.vv.
is

lit.

'as how,' the Rel.

in the Instr. case as in qiiippe

ita

qui (see above), e.g. Asin. 506 an

matris imperio sies
?

tu es

animata utqui expers

But not

in utpote ('as is possible')

I

qui (with Subj.), Mil.

530
462,

pro di immortales

similiorem mulierem, magisque eandem, ut pote

facere
posse,

quae non
Bacch. 511.

sit

eadem, non reor deos

Rud,

On
Verb,

iitut

'however,' which normally has the Ind. oi esse as

Ter.

its
.

e.g.

Phorm. 468 nam, utut erant

alia,

illi

certe

consuleres, see above,

IV.

4.

utrum.
to a

The use

of a Neuter

Pronoun

in

anticipatory apposition

whole sentence has already been mentioned (IV, 18) as a

feature of early Latin, e.g.

Men. 536

istuc, ubi illae armillae

illi,

sunt

quas una dedi?, Poen. 840

facit

nam

id

quidem,

ut meditatur, verba
titer

emortuo.
arisen

From

this anticipatory

use of the Neuter of

has

the

Disjunctive Interrogative

utrum.

We

might put

comma
ille

after utrutn in lines like

te
?).

Pseud. 709 die utrum Spemne

(cf.

an Salutem an
niaior

saluteni,

Pseudole

Men.

11 19 uter eratis, tun

Some
(cf.

editors punctuate

masne an femina's?
mavelis
-ve.
?).

Rud. 104 sed utrum tu ? Capt. 270 quid tu ? servusne esse an liber

See
(VV.

6, below.

vel

Kohlmann

de

'

vel

'

imperativo

quatenus ab

'

aut

partieula difierat.
volo,

Marburg, 1898), originally 2 Sing. Imperat. of preserves a trace of its origin in such uses as
:

Mil. 59

amant ted omnes mulieres ...

quae heri
pallio
(' if

vel ('for example')

illae

me

reprehenderunt.
')

Trin. 655 scio, vel

you

like

exsignavero

(cf.

Most. 300,

Amph.

917).
sed., is

verum, equivalent of
vero
'

to

be distinguished from the Adverb

p. 113).

in truth,'

'indeed' (see Langen 'Beiirage,'

120
videlicet (also
-i:-

Syntax of Plautus.
?)

Compound
and

of video, in

some form
scilicet
\

or other,

and

licet

(as scilicet of scio

Inf., e.g.

licet)

takes (like

see above)

Ace. and
videlicet

Asin.
(videl.

Solonem

599 nunc enim esse negotiosum interdius int. alii), or is used parenthetically, e.g.
('
:

Most. 980 patris arnica's videlicet

presumably,' apparently

').

Gebrauch der Conjunctionen (Zimmermann Causal. 3. quod und 'quia' im alteren Latein. Posen, 1880.) Qiiando, properly Temporal (see 10), has sometimes in Plautus
'

and always
(like

Terence (except perhaps Adelph. 206) a Causal sense cape tibi banc, quando una spondeo, vivis meis morigera moribus, Trin. 573 quando ita vis, Capt. 886 quippe quando mihi nil credis, Cure. 527 quando bene
in

quandoquideni), e.g. Men. 202

gessi
list

('

have managed
is

')

rem, volo hie in fano supplicare.

fuller

of examples

given by Scherer (see p. 106, above.)

,

Neut. Sing, of the Pronoun.

Quia was apparently an I-stem Neut. PI as quod an 0-stem The two Conjunctions thus differ as
(est) (see 2, s.v.
'

mira sunt and niinini

si ').

In Plautus quia

is

more frequent than qitod (whereas supremacy), and is always selected

begin with
quaeris?
mentiri

in class.

Lat.

quod

attains

the

for

answering such questions as

174
A.
sed quid
tu id

an
B.

Interrogative,

e.g.

Capt.

quia mi est natalis dies, Capt. 704 A. cur es ausus

'?

mihi

B.

quia vera

obessent

illi

quoi operam
:

dabam.

Examples of the equivalence oi quod and quia are

Capt. 996 quod male
feci crucior.

Amph. 958 nam

est mihi.

quia vos tranquillos video, gaudeo et vokq)-

Asin. 582 hospitem inclamavit,

quod

sese absente mihi tidem

habere noluisset.
Mil. 1035

me

inclamato, quia sic te volgo volgem.

Qicia
s.v.), e.g.

is

often strengthened by the Particle enim (see above, 2,

Capt. 884 A. quid tu per barbaricas urbes iuras?, B. quia

enim
in

asperae sunt.
is

Quoni, as has been already mentioned,

the equivalent of quod

sentences

like quoni

tu es

liber gaudeo.

We

cannot assign a

definite

Mood
is

to O. Lat.
It

quom, as we can assign the Subj. to Causal

Bacch. 464 stultus
qui

quoni in class. Lat.

qui,
illi

follows the variable course of the Relative

e.g.
es,

which

found now with Ind.,

dici,

male aegre patere

et

ego stulta

mora multuni,

now with Subjunctive, e.g. Mil. 370 quae cum hoc insano fabuler, according

Sj^i^<jx

of Plaiitus.

to the

nuance of the sentence

it is

in

which

.it

stands.

(On

the nuance

otSubj. and Ind. see V, 24-31.)

But since
the Ind.
Subj. are
is
:

generally an actual fact which

is

assigned as cause,

greatly predominant with Causal

qicom.

Examples

of

Capt. 146 alienus

Ter,

quom eius incommodum tarn aegre feras, me patrem par facere est, quoi ille est unicus ? Hec. 65S nunc quom eius alienum esse animum a me
quid
sentiam,

On

quippe

qui.,

see

quam ob rem redducam ? (In Phorm. 202 quom ita sint, the best MS. has sunt). The line between the Temporal above, s.v.
.

istaec

and the Causal use of a Conjunction is not always distinct. See above (s.v.) on postquam with a half Causal sense, e.g. Ter. Adelph. prol. I postquam poeta sensit scripturam suam ab iniquis observari,
.

indicio de se ipse
is

erit,

vos

eritis indices.

Qiioiiiam

(i.e.

quom

iam)
ID),

never (or hardly ever) Temporal after Plautus (see below

in

and

many

of his lines

it

stands on the border-line between

the two senses, e.g. Capt. 930 quid nunc,

fidem

?,

Most.
120

64

agite,

porro

pergite,

Accius

ad populum

intellego

quoniam tecum servavi quoniam occepistis (cf. referundum, quoniam horum

aequiter sententiae fuere).

4.

Concessive.
et

(Kriege

de enuntiatis concessivis apud Plauclass. Lat.

tum

Terentium.
is

Halle, 1884.)
far

Plautine Latin

removed from

in its

treatment of

Concessive Sentences.
quain.,

The

usual Conjunctions are etsi and quain'

and both
is

retain their literal sense

even

if,'

'

howsoever,' so that

the Ind.

normally used.

Si 'if acquires a Concessive sense from the context in lines like

Trin. 962 quoi
si

capitis res

sit,

nummum numquam
servare,
si

beum, Capt. 529 neque iam Salus

(see
10,

volt,

me

credam plumpotest; and

the choice of the Subj. or Ind. follows the usage of Conditional si

below).
ei
'

This Concessive sense

is

strengthened by the
B. at

addition of
pol ego,

even,' e.g. Trin.

474 A. edim,

nisi si ille vetet.

et si vetet,

Rud. 1348 sqq. A.

illaec advorsum si quid peccasso, Venus, veneror te ut omnes miseri lenones sient.

B.

tamen

fiet, et

si tu

fidem servaveris.

In these lines the construction of et

Fut. Perf.
is

si

with vetet Subj., servaveris

naturally the

same

as that of the preceding si (with

22

Syntax of Plautns.
*

vetet Subj., pcccasso

Fut. Pcrf.').

The Conjunction
is

ctsi,

hardly lo be

distinguished froni

et si in

Phiuuis, norinally takes Ind. in Plautus

(ahvays in Ter.), because

actual fact, e.g. Most. 666
urit
(

the thing

normally spoken of as an
est
:

= 609) calidum hoc

est,

ctsi

procul abest,

male, Bacch. 1191

ctsi

age iam, utut

etsist
KHiVot,

dedecuri, patiar.
e.g.

Indeed
himself),

often
;

has the sense of Greek

etsi aliter

Capt.

744

vale atque salve

ut

dicam meres
is

(the speaker corrects

^//(r/zm (Epid. 518?)

is

rare.

Tametsi similarly
fact
is

normally found with Ind., since an express

e.g.

normally stated,
'

Capt. 321 ne

patri,

tametsi unicus sum,

decere videatur magis

in spite of the fact that I

am

his

only son.'
is

The

Subj. in Trin. 679 datur ignis, tametsi ab inimico petas

2

the
is

Subj. of the Indefinite

Pers. Sing. (cf.

V,

31).

The

Ind. too

found in
ta/nen

all

the occurrences of tamenetsi, wliich should be written

etsi, e.g.

Most. 1167 A. verberibus, lutum, caedere pendens. pudet

?,

B.

tamen
s.v.

etsi

Ter. Andr. 864 A. ego iam te

commotum
si inaxi/me,

reddam.
see 2,

B. tamen

etsi

hoc verumst
qi/ain
///

A. tamen.

On

Quam(iuain, a double
above, IV, 4) as double
es bella,
fact

with the same generalized sense (see

(e.g.

Amph. iioo gaudeo,

utut

meritast 'howsoever she has deserved'), e.g. True. 923

me erga quamquam
it is

malo
is

tu tuo

{sc.

es), naturally
it

takes the Ind., smce

which

stated.

Sometimes

has the sense of Greek

fuit

kuItoi

(not in Terence), e.g. Capt. 272

servitus.
It

quamquam non multum

finite

molesta

never appears without a

Verb,

(in

Pseud. 1049
sense (the

read homo's).
Quanivis,
sen.'-e
i.e.

qnani vis

'

as

you
is

wish,' in

its

literal
It
is

of class. Lat. qtiautmnvis)

e.g.

very frequent.

only used

797 quamvis sermones possunt longi (i.e. quam longi vis) texier, Men. 318 quam vis ridiculus est, ubi uxor non adest. We find qicam velis (cf. V, 26, on volo and velivi)
with Adj. or Adv.,
Trin.
in

Pseud. 11 75

quam

velis pernix

homost,
est in

for

which was substituted

It

in a later version

'quamvis pernix hie

'

homo.'

can hardly be

said to have the sense of 'although

Plautus, unless possibly in

the punning misapprehension of Trin. 554 A. quamvis

malam
*)

{i.e.
illi

quam malam
et alibi {scil.
in

rem quaeras, illic malam rem = malum

vis)

reperias.
trouble,'
'

B. at tu hercle et

'

punishment

hardly

Bacch. 82 locus hie apud nos, quamvis subito

vis) venias,

semper

liber est.

(= quam subito The word does not appear to be ever

used by Terence.

Sy/iiax of Plautus.
Z/f^/

123

comes near (but only near) to the sense of 'although 'in laudem Fortunam, tamen ut ne Salutem culpem. Quamlibet is not found in Plautus or Terence. Like the Conditional Conjunction si, the Temporal Conjunction quom sometimes acquires from the context a Concessive sense, e.g. Aul. 113 nam nunc, quom celo sedulo omnes ne sciant, omnes
Asin. 718 licet
' '

videntur

scire.

The
?

Ind.

is

normally found with

in

this

concessive

quom
e.g.
tibi

in Plautus, but

sometimes (and

Terence normally) the Subj.,

nihil

Capt. 892 ain tu

?,

dubium habebis etiam, sancte quom ego iurem

auferret

Rud.

124 vidi petere miluom, etiam (juom

tamen.
5.

For a similar use of quod, see above, 2, s.v. Conditional. (C. Lindskog de enuntiatis apud Plautum
:

et

Terentmui condicionalibus.

Lund, 1895.)
si,

The
class.

Conditional
Lat.

Conjunctions,

nisi

(and

///')

follow

in

more
in

strict

laws than in the time of Plautus.

that

We
is

do

not
in

find

his

plays

monotony of type which

si

taught

our School Grammars: (i;

si

(3)

dedissem.

habeam, dem, (4) si There is not so clear a

habeo, do, (2) si habebo, dabo, haberem, darem, (5) si habuissem,

line of division

separating a

Conditional Protasis from other kinds of Dependent Sentence, or

even between the treatment of a Verb in a Dependent Sentence and

in a

Main Sentence.

In

Plautine

Latin

we cannot
is

separate

si

habebo {habeo, habeam), dabo from quod habebo {habeo, habeaui), dabo,
or

luom habebo

{habeo, habcaui),
i

dabo; nor

the O. Lat. quasiin

I

Future use of the

tence like sed

Sing. Pres. Subj. (see

V, 26)
I

a ^Lxin Senwill wait,'

maneam

etiam opinor, 'but

think

'I

had better
si

wait,' to

be distinguished from

its

use in a Protasis like

habeam. The Indefinite use of the 2 Sing. Subj. (see V, 31) is used by Plautus as freely in a Conditional Protasis as elsewhere;

and such a Protasis

Apodosis,
fit

is

quite uninfluenced by the

Mood

of the

e.g.

Trin. 349

de magnis

divitiis

si

quid demas, plus

quam

an minus.?; Trin. 409 non hercle minus divorse distrahitur cito, si tu obicias formicis papaverem, Trin. 414 non tibi illud appasumas, potest, Trin. 1050
si

rere, si

quoi

mutuom

quid dederis,

fit

pro proprio perditum.

The

elasticity of Plautine

Conditionals

may
:

be illustrated by these three varieties of the expression of a threat

Pers. 827

malum ego

vobis dabo, ni abitis, (the normal type

see below).
Mil. 450 nisi voluntate ibis, rapiam te

domum.

Bacch.

172 ni abeas

malum

tibi

magnum dabo

iam.

'

124

Syutiix of riautus.
since the

And
life,

we

find in

Comedies reflect the colloquial Latin of everyday tlieni a number of imperfect types of Conditional
not strictly logical nor expressed
in

sentence,

which, though

the

normal form, are

in the

easily referred to this or

that suppressed thought

mind of the speaker.

:

Examples of these imperfect Conubi terrarum sim scio, siquis

ditionals are

Amph. 336 non edepol nunc

roget.
Stich.

171

nunc

si

ridiculum

quaerat

{v.

I.

-et)

hominem

quispiam,

sum cum ornamentis omnibus. quidem si regnum detur, non cupitast civitas. Epid. 730 invitus do banc veniam tibi, nisi necessitate co^ar.
venalis ego

Merc. 841

ibi

Still,

although

it

is

not the same laws as in class. Lat. that rule

Plautus'

expression
the

of

Conditions, he

obeys

other

laws

and

although

carelessness of colloquial speech permits occasional

divergence, there are certain normal types which

perceive.
T L c c -J In sentences of .\, form siquid the ^

we can
1
,,,

clearly

habercm
,
,
.

\
\

darem
j
i-

\ i

lautus

fol-

habuissevi)

dedissem]

lows this rule with regard to the Tense of the Protasis.

Subj.
is

The Imperf.

used

if

the Protasis refers to the same time as the Apodosis;

it

the Pluperf.,

if

refers
si

to

a previous time, e.g.

(cf.

Men. 241 nam

invenissemus iam diu,

stares

mecum

Accius 13 quod si ut decuit, aut meus maestaret dolor, iam diu inflammari Atridae
viveret

naves vidissent suas).

Men 460

si

id ita esset,

non ego hodie perdi-

dissem prandium, Aul. 742 ni vellent, non fieret, scio, Aul. 828 quid faceres, si repperissem ? Bacch. 217 ni nanctus Venerem essem,
tu

banc lunonem dicerem, Capt. 871 igitur olim si advenissem, magis tum istuc diceres, Mil. 1320 si non mecum aetatem egisset, hodie stulta viveret, Trin. 568 si ante voluisses, esses nunc sero cupis,
:

Aul. 669 ni subvenisset corvus, periissem miser, Trin. 927'

lasses, respondisset

si

appel-

So that Plautus does not normally say siquid habuissem, dedissem, that is if the having and the giving
nomini.
' '
'

are thought of as contemporaneous.

There are only two examples

viz.

of this abnormal assimilation of the Protasis to the Apodosis,

Rud. 899 pol magis

si

sapisset, si dormivisset

domi, Most. 241 edepol

summo lovi j)robo argento sacruficassem, pro illius capite quod numquam aeque id bene locassem. And the Protasis shews an abnormal Pluperf. also in Cure. 700 nam si is valuisset, iam
dedi,

Sytiiax of Plautus,

125
the Apodosis
of this

pridem quoquo posset mitteret.

As regards

type of sentence, the Imperf. and PUip. Subj. are apparently used

promiscuously by Plautus; sometimes volui with

Cas. 440
volui

Inf. is used, e.g.

Charinum,

si

domi

esset,

mittere, Mil. 1356.

The

substitution of the Plup. Ind. for the Plup. Subj. (e.g. Hor. sustulerat
nisi
. .

levasset")

shews some traces of

itself

even

in early Latin, e.g.

foret,

Mil. 52 ubi tu quingentos simul, ni hebes

machaera

uno

ictu

occideras

{v.l. -res). de7Ji

is

suadeam and we find occasionally 'mixed' forms like Aul. 523 compellarem ego ilium, ni metuam ne desinat, Stich. 510 vocem ego te ad me ad cenam, frater tuus ni dixisset mihi te apud se cenaturum esse hodie.
posse,
;

The nam si

type si habeam^

common

in

Plautus. e.g. Mil. 137

honeste censeam te facere

Plautus' expression of threats follows strict laws, which

however

are not the laws of class. Lat.

With
are

?nsi [ni) the Pres. Ind. is used,

:

with si the Fut. Perf.

(i^'

Examples

with

nisi\

Asin. 670 atqui pol hodie

fricantur.

non
te

feres, ni

genua connisi

Amph. 358 faciam ego hodie

abis.

superbum,

hinc

Aul. 644 atque id quoque iam

Mil. 828 periisti iam, nisi
(2) with
si,

fiet, nisi

fatere.

verum

scio.

Cure. 726

si

tu

me

irritaveris,

placiilum

te

hodie

reddam.
Most. 239
si

quid tu

in

ilium bene voles loqui, id

:

loqui licebit

(an affirmation)
dixeris,

nee recte

si
:

illi

iam

ecastor

vapulabis

(a threat).

Men. 416

periisti, si intrassis intra

limen.

The origin of this curious distinction, nisi fads and si feceris, has been very plausibly referred to the distinction between command and prohibition, da and ne dederis. Thus da 7iisi das, vapulabis, and ne dederis si dederis, vapulabis would be the full forms of the

two types of sentence. The exceptions to the law are mainly lines like Stich. 62 iam quidem in suo quicque loco nisi erit mihi situm
supellectilis.

quom ego
quae

revortar, vos
nisi

monumentis commonefaciam
te

bubulis,
flagris,

Cas. 123

ernnt semper plena, ego

ciuoni

implebo

where the addition of the words

ego revortar

and

T26

Syntax of

Phfiitus.

sc/npcr necessitates the use of a I'uture Tense.

A
scjq.

love of variety

"

may

explain the :il)normal Tenses in Kpid. 724

nisi

nunifjuam hercle
.
.

hodie,

supplicium
nif^i

niihi

das,

me

solvi

sinani

numquam

hercle hodie,

me

orassis, solves,
adi'ortetis

Pseud. 143
nisi

nunc adeo hanc

loris flaciam, ut

edictionem

nisi

animum

omnes,

somnum socordiamque

ex pectore oculisque exmovetis,

valide varia sint.

ita

ego vostra latera

And

si perois with Inf. occasionally takes the place

si

of

i'/

with Fut. Perf., e.g. Bacch. 570 postremo,

pergis

parvam

niihi

fidem arbitrarier, tollam ego ted in collum atque intro hinc

auferam.

The

Pres. Ind. (i Pers.

"i

is

also found with nisi in a sen-

tence like Ter. Heaut. 730 faciet,

a threat to oneself; cf. Capt.

nisi

caveo, which might be called

res,

53S occisast haec

ni

nisi

reperio

atrocem mi aliquam astutiam. Men. 847 consilium, hi domum me ad se auferent.

Ind. (i Pers.) not only with
Cist.
si^

occupo aliquod mihi

Similarly the Fut. Perf.

but also with nisi in sentences like

Capt. 896
In

di me perdant ... si illam uxorem duxero unquam, nam hercle nisi mantiscinatus probe ero, fiisti pectito. other types of Conditionals it is more difficult to lay down

497

rules for the use of the

Ind.

and

Subj.,

the

Pres.

and the Fut.

Colloquial Latin naturally substitutes the Pres. for the Fut.. and so
a type like this
is

very

common

(but not invariable) in Plautus

si

Mil. 12 13 divitias dabo,

C''^l)t.

impetras.

33 T

eum

si

reddis

mihi

et

te

et

hunc amitiam

hinc.

Men. 1093
'^Q\\\ si

liber esto,

si

invenis hunc

meum
Fut.,

fratrem esse.

vivo ^wd^ si

vivam are found (with

never Fut.
si

Perf.,

in

Apodosis), e.g. Bacch. 766 vorsabo ego illunc hodie,

vivo, probe.

Most. 4 ego pol te ruri, si vivam, ulciscar probe. Beside si sapis (i.e. if you are a wise man), we also find occasionally si sapies (on
Poen. 351 see below), the Apodosis shewing Fut. or Imperat.,
e.g.

Men. 121 malo

cavebis,

si

sapis,

Amph. 311
si
')

proin tu istam cenam,

largire, si sapis, esurientibus,

Rud. 1391
'

sapies, tacebis.
is

In wagers (with
" It
is

;//,

never

nisi

there

a puzzling variety of

not true to say that, where there are two Protases, the fust always
si

exhibits the Fut., the second the Pres., e.g. Capt. 683
(

ego hie peribo, ast

is

= porro

si)

ille,

ut dixit,

non

redit, at erit,

etc.

All that can be said

that

Plautus often varies the Tense, e.g. Asin. 405 siquidem hercle Aeacidinis minis animisque expletus cedit, si nied iratus tetigerit, iratus vapulabit, where the
first

Protasis has the Pres., the second the Fut. Perf.

'

Syjitax of Planius.

127

Ind. and Subj., the Subj. being perhaps to be explained as a kind of

Oratio Obliqua
et scio,

",

e.g. Pers.

186 da bercle pignns,

ni

ni

omnia memini

Poen. 1242 da pignus,

nunc

ijerieres, in

savium, uter utri

det.

Dunu

properly

'

while,'

'

so long as

'

(see 2, s.v.) acquires a

Con-

ditional sense in a context like Pers. 387

vitio vortitur,

dum

dos

sit,

nullum vitium

whence arose dion (negatively diim fie) 'provided that' dum ne ob malefacta peream, parvi existumo. Sometimes the Verb is omitted, e.g., Stich. 426 A. ducam hodie amicam. B. vel decem. dum de tuo, Ter. Phorm. In this 526 A. non pudet vanitatis ? B. minime, dum oh rem. Conditional sense dum was often accompanied by a Particle, such as quidem, e.g. Aul. 211 dura quidem nequid percontetis. or wodo, e.g.
with the Subj. e.g. Capt. 682

Amph. 644
class. Lat.

absit,

dum modo
satis
est,

laude parta

domum

recipiat se, Ter.

Heaut. 641 quidvis

dum

vivat

modo.

Hence dmiimodo of

On
6.

ast,

see above, 2, s.v.

Copulative.
et

(Sjogren

de

particulis copulativis

apud Plau-

tum

Terentium. Upsala, 190c.)

is

Asyndeton

common

in

Early Latin,

e.g.

aeqiiom

hounm Men.

580 (but elsewhere with Copula, e.g. Cure. 65, Ter. Heaut. 788 istuc, Chremes, aequi bonique facio) often in alliterative phrases, e.g. vi
;

violentia
Epist.).
servos.

Rud. 839 oro obsecro Rud. 8S2, Ter. Ad. 472 (cf Cic. In Terence it is restricted to certain formulas, e.g. ancillas

Two Pronouns

never stand in Asyndeton

e.g. ego

in the

Dramatists
it\

we

find a

Copula always employed,

e.g.
.

et tu,

me

atque

etc.

Two
(but
istac.

Prepositions rarely,
nornnally
cian
.

Cas. 664 sub arcis, sub tectis latentes

etc.,

cum,

e.g.

Most. 392,

cum hac cum

in
itself;

Cure. 289

cum

libris

cum

sportulis).

With some phrases

te,

Plautus we find that this or that Copula has associated atque (ac)
is

thus

normally found with abi ac suspende

with

mirum atque
;

argentum, with di atque homines, with vale atque salve ; que normally
with Jupptter dique omnes, with di deaeque
et
'

gods and goddesses

normally joins sanus and salvus^

et

etc., e.g.

sana et salva (Amph.

etc.)
;

730, etc.), salvom

servatum (Trin. 1076,

similarly oro et

'^

Just as

ill

Mil. 1415, iuro per

lovem
is

et

Mavortem me nocituium nemini,

to the repetition

quod ego

hie hodie vapularim, the Subj.

due
:

by the soldier of
esse

the form of oath dictated to him in v. 1411

iura te

non nociturum

homini

de hac re nemini, quod tu hodie hie verberatu's.

T28
qiuieso.

Sytitax of Plantus.

Cure.

432,

etc.

mciiiini

et

scio

Cure.

384,

etc.

also
e.g.

Numeials,

wliether

the

smaller or

ihe larger

one

])recedes,

Merc. 673 octoginta et quattuor (but Most. 630 quattuor quadBoth que and et appear in Pn nominal phrases like vie raginta).
meosqtie, /ne et
tiieos, etc.,

while atque

is

usual in nie atque

/

/los, etc.

both atque and

see above)

et

in

Commands

like

{afn) atque {et) fac,

etc.,

although Asyndeton,
ie,
;

/ {abi) fac, is

more usual (on abi ac

suspejide

and two Imperatives normally stand in Asyndeton, when the second has the Particle tie, e.g. Asin. 638 bono animo es, ne formida, Rud. 1254 abi intro, ne molestu's, Poen. 261 sine amem, ne obturba. Atque is the favourite Copula for Prepositions

Amph. 259
Ve
siTe),
is

which begin with a Vowel, e.g. Aul. 221 abs in dicionem atque in arbitratum.
with avoidance of
'

te

atque abs

tuis,

the Copula used, as in classical Latin, with ne, si (see 2 on

neque,'

'

sique

';

also with
.
.

;//

'

unless,' e.g.

Rud. 1420 ad cenam vocem, tos credam vos esse ad cenam

(e.g.

ni daturus nihil sim

foras.
'

nive adeo voca-

through fear of confusion with Pseud. 1086 qui

its

utique';

nili faciat

Utque is also avoided, perhaps and although quique is found quique infitias non eat), still quive
'
.

seems to take
quive ullum

place in a line like Poen. 451 qui

immolarit

turis

granum

sacruficaverit.

(For other examples see

Langen
minusve,

'

The phrases plus iniyiusquc and plus Beitrage,' p. 96.) malum danuiumqiie and malum daunuim.ve, and the like are
et

practically equivalent.

Noteworthy combinations of Copulas are

extemplo
e.g.

et

et,

e.g.

Andr. 49, que que Aul. 218 quae res recte vortat mihique tibique tuaeque
et ipsus periit et res et fides, Ter.

e.g.

True. 45
que,

filiae,

Ter. Adelph. 301.

Among

the Plautine Copulas must be included qua

qua,

Mil.

1392 qua viri qua mulieres, Trin. 1044 mores autem rapere properant qua sacrum qua publicum. On special uses of atque and et,
see 2, s.vv.
7.

Interrogative.

(E.

Morris

On

the Sentence-Question in

Plautus and Terence.

-7ie,

Baltimore, 1890.)
late in

which Plautus (but seldom Terence) sometimes puts

1

the sentence, e.g. Cure.

7 et

heri cenavistine

?,

often plays the part

facitne ut dixi
?, ?,

of no7ine,

e.g.

Pseud. 977 scivin ego?,

Amph. 526

Ter. Andr. prol. 17 faciuntne intellegendo ut nihil intellegant

(see

above, 2).

It is
'

often omitted in colloquial Latin, e.g. rogas? (see

p.

Abraham

Studia Plautina,'

233)

and since scribes had a habit

Syntax of Plautus.
of ignoring a final

129

, it is often hard to tell whether e.g. novisti or was what Plautus wrote. Apparently vin is appropriate to and the same may the beginning, vis to the middle of a sentence hold oinovistin and novisti^ etc. (but cf. Cure. 18, etc.).

novisttn

Nonne is not common in Plautus, but is undoubtedly in use, e.g. Amph. 407 non loquor?, non vigilo? nonne hie homo modo me
pugnis contudit
ticularum
'

?
'

(For a
anne,'
It
'

full list
'

of examples, see Schrader

de par-

-ne,'

1885, pp. 42 sqq.)

nonne apud Plautum prosodia. Strasburg, is only found before a word beginning with
Jion (as in
its

a Vowel

(i.e. it is

never a disyllabic in Prosody), while

place before
710JI

the line just quoted) takes

an

initial
^

consonant.

But we are not

justified in writing
is

in these cases as

nonn

'

(like

tun, egon, hicin, etc.), for noti

often found before an initial vowel.

The

relation of nonne to no7i

is

precisely that of anne (before initial

vowel only) to an (before

initial

cons, or vow., e.g. an est) ^

The

form enlarged by the addition of -ne pleased the ear of Plautus when
a vowel followed, but he did not choose to give
(cf. hisce, illisce
it

trochaic scansion

before vowel,

his, illis

before consonant or vowel).

Kltim

(cf.

nnviqidd) and juonnam,

e.g.

Aul. 242 sed, pro luppiter,

!

num

ego
?,

disperii?,

Most. 1031 A.
A.

perii, interii

B.

numquid Tranio
?

turbavit

Amph. 1073

numnam hunc

percussit luppiter
e.g.

B.

credo edepol (occasionally in indirect questions,

tive answer, e.g.

Pers. 78, Poen.

1008, Ter. Andr. 235), apparently do not necessarily expect a NegaBacch. 11 10 Ter. Haut. 429. Nu/n non occurs in
1079).

the phrase Jitun non vis (Aul. 161, Most. 336, Poen.
existence of

The
usually
?

'numne'
is

(see Lease, Classical

Review,
vis

xi,

348) in the
?,

Dramatists' Latin

doubtful.
?

Numquid
or

aliud nie vis

?

shortened to numquid me vis

numquid
(cf.

or

numquid aliud
'

was the formula of polite leave-taking

Eun.
II.
iii.

Donatus' note on Ter.

50

recte abituri, ne id dure facerent,

constitissent).

numquid

vis ?

'

dicebant

iis

quibuscum

An
e.g.

does not necessarily express an alternative question in O. Lat.

!

Pseud. 309 A. te vivum vellera. B. eho an iam mortuust ? But the alternative use is also frequent, e.g. Amph. 343 servusne an

y Cf. iam and iamne in Pomponius 157 R. iamne abierunt? iam non tundunt ? iamne ego in tuto satis? If the theory mentioned above (2) be right, that an (e.g. an sum?, an est?) had originally the form anne, then we should be justified in regarding non in questions as a mere apocopated form of nonne. Still Plautus seems so often to append or withhold -ne at caprice (e.g. iam and ia>nne) that it

seems more likely that non

in questions

and nonne are two

distinct forms.

130
liber?, Bacch. 162 tibi
sit

Sy/ifax of Plantus.

ego an tu mihi servus es

?,

Amph. 56 utrum

an non

voltis

?,

Epid. 223 (juid erat induta? an regillam inducu?

1am an mendiculam

The Neuter

of ecqins often plays the part of an Interrogative Cone.g.

junction in Plautus,

ecquid aiidis
;

And
.
.

the same

is

true of

?iumquid, satin (e.g. Trin. 925

cf.

Capt. 638 A. satin istuc mihi

exquisitumst

B.

tam

satis

quam

.,

Ter. Phorm. 682

A. satin est id
similar words.

B. nescio hercle, tantum iussus sum), etiam and

AVe

may add
?

en of en

iiniquam,

e.g.

Trin. 589

o pater,
8.

enumquam

aspiciam te

(see below, IX).

On
de

the Indirect

Interrogatives

tttr2i?n,

necnc, a?i7i07i, see 2, s.vv.

Negative.

(A.

Habich

observationes
it

negationum

aliquot usu Plautino.

Halle, 1893; read with

Seyffert's review

in Bursian's Jahresbericht, 1895, p. 319.)

The prefix ne- of nequeo, nescio, nefas, nisi (older nesi), nuniquam (= ne-umquam), neuttquam (scanned n^utiquam, and by some editors ^ printed ne ntiqjiani), niilhis (= ne-ullus), is the first element of 710I0 (= ne-volo), with 2, 3 Sing, mvis, ncvolt still surviving
beside the more usual nonvis, notivolt in Plautine Latin.
Particle
is

The same
'

the second element of quin

(2), e.g.

quin sciret for

is

qui

ne

sciret.'

But

its

independent use

in the

time of Plautus

not

proved by the variant reading ne miilta

(/*

non multa A)

in Trin.

364 eo non multa quae nevolt eveniunt, nisi fictor malust, which some refer to a marginal correction of nisi to the older spelling nesi.
(In True. 877 read refacere,
INIost.

124 reparcunt.

A'?,

not

ne, is

the

word used
see 2.)

in

Pseud. 437, 633).

nee
res

(On

the affirmative Particle ne,

The O.

Lat.

(e.g.

nee mancipi;
still

cf.

Festus 162 M.),

replaced by non in Class. Lat.,

2), especially in
si illi dixeris.

survives in Plautine Latin (see

dicere, e.g.

the phrase
'

7iec recte
'

Most. 240 nee recte

Like

necuter

(later)

may be

necidlus of Trin. 282

neque in via neque in foro necullum sermonem exsequi (neque u. A, ullum P^, but other examples, such as nee qicoqtiavi (v.L nequoquam) Most. 562, are still less free from suspicion. Cf. Asin. 704, Rud. 359 (p. 102), Cure. 547 also Poen. 489, True. 231. Editors change ?iec qiiide?n in Most. 595 to 7ie quide7n. (On Copulative

7iec,

neque, see 2.)

Of
2

the O. Lat. form

'

7ioe7iu7n

{7ie-oe7iu7n
'

'

not one

')

there

is

only

Donatus' remark una pars were written separately.

est orationis

may imply

that ne

and utiquam

Syntax of Plautus.
one certain example
in Plautus, Aul.

131

67

noenum mecastor quid ego

(viz.

ero dicam meo, just as of the form oeiuis for iimis

True. 102).
'

Editors have sometimes wrongly substituted

it

for

non enim

indeed

not

'

(cf.

'

enim

'),

e.g. in Mil.

648, Aul. 594, Trin. 705.

Hand

(Jiau,
is

a form found only before a word beginning with a

consonant)

not used in questions, commands, conditional, conNoji

is

secutive and final clauses.

not subject to these restrictions.

Haitd

is

especially used with Adj. or Adv.,

and generally stands

immediately before the negated word.

A
cf.

double Negative usually merely strengthens the Negation (but

nolo), e.g. neque

nonmdlus^ hand

hand

(normally separated by

a word),

Bacch. 1037 neque ego baud committam, Men. 371, Epid. 664, Bacch. frag. 9, Ter. Andr. 205 (the only example in
tibi

Terence) neque tu baud dices

non praedictum,

etc.,

neqiie

nwnqnain, Pseud. 136 neque ego homines, magis asinos

vidi,

Men. 1027,
.
.

etc.,

neque

nullus Rud. 359 nee

is

numquam
class. Lat.

te aleator nullus

est sapientior.

Cf. Epid. 532, Cure. 579, Mil. 14TI.

.

The

use of neque

neque after a Negative

found

in Capt.

76 quos
Trin.

numquam quisquam neque

281, etc.

vocat neque invocat, Epid.

no,

On

the Pronominal equivalents

of non, such as nihil, nulhun,

To these may be added numquam e.g. Pers. numquam 628, Ter. Andr. 384 numquam faciam (Donatus' note is plus habet negationis, quam non '), often strengthened by the addition of hodie ^ (like Virgil's numquam hodie effugies) e.g. Trin.
nullus, see

IV,

28.

'

'

'

nunquamne hodie concedes mihi ?, Naev. Men. 217 neque hodie meream. On numquam quisquam, see IV, 28. On minus (cf. quominus), see p. in. (H. Elmer a Discussion of the Latin Pro9. Prohibitive. hibitive, based upon a complete collection of the instances from the
971, Ter. Phorm. 805
trag.

15.

Cf.

earliest times to the

end of the Augustan period.

ii

Reprinted from

the American Journal of Philology, vol. XV., Parts

and

iii.

Ithaca,

N.Y., 1894

read with

it

Seyffert's review in Bursian's Jahresbericht,

1895, p. 338).

The use

of the Subjunctive as an Imperative has

been already mentioned (V, 25). In O. Lat. a Prohibition is as often expressed by ne with Subj. (Pres more often than Perf.) as by fie with Imper. e.g. 7ie me nioneas or ne me mone. It is often difficult
* Donatus remarks on Ter. Adelph. 'hodie' non tempus significat, sed 215 iracundam eloquentiam ac stomachum. (Cf. Hor. Sat. 2, 7, 21 non dices
:

hodie?)

1^2
to distinguish between

Syntax of Plantus.
7ie,

the Prohibitive,

and

7ie,

the Final Con-

junction, in lines like Cist.

censeas

('

say this

armati idem istuc

ne matrem you should think '), Mil. 1274 viri quoque fociunt, ne tu mirere mulieres (cf. class. Lat. nedum 558
illaec tibi nutrix est,
lest

'much

less'; see 2).

Whether

it

is

possible to detect a different

Pres. Subj.

nuance of meaning in ne- Prohibitions with Perf Subj. is matter of controversy. We

find the

latter

and with Tense

often with other than Prohibitive ne, e.g. Bacch. 37 pol magis metuo ne defuerit mihi in monendo oratio, and the same interchange of

Tenses with
incertus

cave, e.g. Epid.

tuom cave ad me
is

rettuleris

437 cave praeterbitas ullas aedes pedem, where a difference of

. .
.

nuance

very unlikely.
cave plays the
It

As

a circumlocution,

same part

in early Lat. as

Jioli (e.g.

Capt. 840) in class. Lat.

normally takes the Tense in

e.g.

-Sim (S.-Aorist Optative) or the Perfect Subjunctive,

cavefeceris^

cave /axis,

and

is

not often found with the Pres. Subj., except when

cave ne

is

used or some other part of caveo than the Imper.

(For

details, see

Studemund
.

in

Versammlung zu Karlsruhe,
.
.

p. 54.)

On
.
.

O. Lat.
10.

7ie

neve for class. Lat. neve

Jieve

and on neque

neque in the same function, see above,

2, s.vv.

TemporaL

(Schubert

zum Gebrauch

der Temporalcon-

junktionen bei Plautus, Leipzig, 1S80.)

For Plautine Latin we must discard the hard-and-fast rules

our School grammars, that 'quoin takes the Pluperf Subj.,
//i^/

of

the

Perf
ment.

Ind.',

and so

on.
is

The

various Temporal Conjunctions (except

all

perhaps qiconiam, as

explained below)

receive the

same

treat-

And

the Tense

used

is

merely the ordinary Tense of

Independent Sentences
often says

in narration.
e.g.

The Perf

Ind.

is,

of course,

pre-eminently the narrative Tense,

quom

ve?ii,

ubi veni,

etc.,
is

Historical Present (see

V,

11)

more But the also a narrative Tense, and so

than anything else.

hertveni, and so Plautus

Plautus can also say

qiiotn venio,

ubi venio, etc. (especially

If the priority of the

when
e.g.

the
to

main Verb
the other

is

also Hist. Pres.).

one action

is

insisted on, the Pluperf

becomes appropriate,
Just as

quovi

veneram, ubi veneram, and so on.

the Subjunctive

we found

in discussing

Mood (V,

28, sqq.), that Plautine Latin

makes no

sharp distinction between main and dependent clauses, so we find

in Plautus' treatment of

Temporal Sentences.

The

use of the Subj.

it

often implies purpose (for examples, see below), but

to a

may be due
those which

number

of other nuances, to as many, in

fact, as

Syntax of Plate tus.

13^

condition the use of the Subj. in other Dependent Sentences or in

while

Main Sentences. These general remarks must be borne in mind, we consider the details of Plautus' use of the Temporal Con\N\ih.

junctions.
sxid priusquam we might regard the Pluperf. as the But we must remember that in Plautine Latin the expression is rather post veni quam feci, prius zeni quam feci (see above, 2, s.vv.), so that the ordinary Tense of narration is as suitable with them as with the others. Priusquam {anteqiiam is not found at all in Plautus and only once in Ten, although frequent in Cato) takes the Subj. (just as in class.

postquam

natural Tense.

Lat.) when Purpose is implied, e.g. Amph. 533 exire ex urbe priusquam lucescat volo (contrast Mil. 708 priusquam lucet, adsunt, a mere statement of the time of their arrival), or when the sense is

that oi potius

quam,

e.g.

Amph. 240 animam omittunt priusquam

loco demigrent.
e.g.

Often the choice of Subj. or Ind. seems arbitrary,

te prius

Rud. 494 utinam

periisti

quam

vidissem

cruciatu in

Sicilia perbiteres (with Subj.),

quam

Capt. 537 utinam te di prius perderent e patria tua (with Ind.) ; Merc. 601 prius quam recipias

anhelitum, uno verbo eloquere (with Subj.), Asin. 940 da savium etiam prius quam abitis (with Ind.). In general the Subj. attached
itself

more and more

to
is

priusquam

after the time of Plautus.

The

Historical Pres. Ind.

mihi

used in Cure. 637 is prius quam moritur, dedit tanquam suo. (For full details and examples see
: '
'

HulHhen Antequam and Priusquam.' Baltimore, 1903.) Postquam is most often found with Perf. Ind., e.g. Men. 34 quam puerum perdidit, animum despondit, True. 647 post
'

postilloc
e.g.

quam
Andr.

veni

never with Pluperf. in Plautus (but in Terence,

qui

177

postquam audieratj

cf.

Caecilius
'

44).

It

takes

Pres. Ind. especially

tibi

when

it

has the sense of

tuus
after
is
'

since,' e.g.

umquam
it

quicquam, postquam
'

sum,

Most. 925 verborum dedi ?

Capt.
filius
3

But

is

also found in the sense of

with the Historical Pre-

sent, especially

when

the

Main Verb

in the
. .

same Tense,
.

e.g.

24 postquam belligerant Aetoli

(with

cum

Aleis

capitur alter
sunt,

iam Men. 24 postquam iam pueri septuennes oneravit navim magnam multis mercibus), Afranius 207.

pater

Dum is associated with the Present Tense.

it

In the sense of
2,
s.v.),

'

while

'

usually takes the Historical Pres. Ind. (see

forte ut adsedi in stega,
;

e.g.

Bacch.

279

dum

circumspecto, atque ego

lembum
g.

conspicor

but

is

also found with other

Tenses of the Ind., e

134

Syntax of Plantus.

Ampli. 599 ordinc omne, uti quidque actum est, dum apud hostes sedimus, edissertavit, True. 217 dum fuit, dedit, True. 164 te,

dum

vivebas, noveram,

Rud. 558

tibi

quidem edepol

copiast,

lingua vivet, qui

te poteris

rem

solvas omnibus, Bacch.

443 noster esto,

dum dum

defensare iniuria, Turpilius 173

hie sibi prospexit vigilans virginem.

dum ego When it refers

usque
is

conixi somno,
to future time

the Fut. Ind.

is

used, e.g.

Men. 728

vivito vel

dum regnum
dum
e.g.

obtinebit luppiter.

The
'

Subj. in True. 103

due

to the idea of

Purpose

oenus eorum aliqui osculum amieae usque oggerit,

in

ilUagant eeteri cleptae

idea of Purpose
is

order that they

may
'

act meanwhile.' This

'

also present

when dmn

until

takes the Subj.,

Amph. 697

paulisper mane,

dum

edormiseat

unum somnum,

Trin.

170 lupus observavit dum dormitarent canes (but not apparently in Bacch. 932 lubet lamentari dum exeat) ; and absent when it takes the Ind. (usually Pres.), e.g. Ter. Eun. 206 exspeetabo dum venit,

Amph. 472

erroris

ego

illos

complebo

adeo usque satietatem

'

dum

capiet pater

illius

quam

amat, Pers. 52 usque ero domi,

excoxero lenoni malam rem aliquam.

that' (with the Subj., e.g. Capt.

694

dum On dum {dummodo) provided dum pereas, nihil interdico aiant

]\I.

vivere) see 5, above.

'

(For

full

details see G.

Richardson

de
;

dum

'

particulae

apud priscos

scriptores Latinos usu. Leipzig, 1886

in

J.

Schmalz 'Donee und

Dum'
'

Archiv

lat.

Lexikographie, 11,

333 sqq.)

Donee (older donicuni)

used of past time.
In

until

'

differs
it

from

dum

'

until

'

in

being
is

this

use

normally takes Perf. Ind. and

rarely found with Historical Pres. Ind. (Cist.

583 <(non hercle^

hoc

longe destiti instare usque

monstrare).

adeo donee se adiurat anus iam mihi

it

Usually however

refers to the future

and takes Fut.

Quite

Perf., e.g. Vidul. frag. 5, neutri reddibo,

donieum

res diiudicata erit

haec (but Fut.,

exceptional
is

e.g.

Liv. Andr. Odyss.

donkum
periistis

videbis).

Rud. 812
Schmalz
'

ni istunc istis (scil. clavis) invitassitis

usque
fuller

adeo donee qua

details see J.

domum

abeat nesciat,

ambo.

'

(For

Donee und Dum'

in

Archiv Lat. Lexiko-

graphie, II, 333 sqq.)

On

quoad, see

2,

above.
is

Ut^ like posiquam,

chiefly associated with the Perf. Ind., e.g.

te conspexi, curriculo oceepi sequi.
is

Epid. 14

nam

ut apud

portum
e.g.

The
ut

use of the Pluperf. implies that the action

previous to the

action of the

Main Verb,

Cure. 646 postquam

illo

ventumst, iam,
foris

me

colloeaverat, exoritur ventus turbo,

Most. 484 ut

cena-

Syntax of Plautus.
verat tuos gnatus,

135

postquam

rediit a

cena domum, abimus omnes

e.g.

cubitum.

The

Imperf. sometimes occurs,

tonstrina ut sedebam,
Pres,, e.g.

me

infit

percontarier.

Asin. 343 verum in Rarely the Historical

Merc. 100 discubitum noctu ut imus, ecce ad

past time,

me

advenit.
e.g.,

Ubi,

when used of

commonly

takes the Perf. Ind.,

castris
ilico
.
. .

Amph. 216 haec

ducit

ubi legati pertulere,

Amphitruo
ubi
illo

pro-

omnem

exercitum, Capt. 1002

nam

adveni
It

haec

mihi advenienti upupa qui

the Historical Pres., e.g.

me

delectem datast.

can also take

Amph. 1061

ubi parturit and (with iani)

Capt. 234 (quoted below), Ennius trag. 83

nam

ubi introducta est

puerumque

ut laverent locant in clupeo.

For the Pluperf. may be

Novius 25
(definite)

cited Aquilius 10 ubi

primum accensus clamarat meridiem.

signifies indefinite time, e.g.
alii

Qiiando (see

3,

above)

quando
tacent,
in which
1

(indefinite)

ludos vcnit ('has come'),

cum

totum diem argutatur quasi cicada.

it

So

in the

few instances

refers

to the past,

it

takes Imperf. or Pluperf, Pseud.

quando ibat miles, quom tu ibas simul, conveniebatne in vaginam tuam machaera militis ?, Epid. 433 quom militabam, pugnis memorandis meis eradicabam hominum aures, quando occeperam. Qiwniani is nothing but quom ini/i. The addition of iain makes the Pres. the appropriate Tense (or the Perfect of completed action e.g. Most. 1050), e.g. Bacch. 292 quoniam vident nos stare, occeperunt ratem tardare, Aul. 9 is quoniam moritur, ita avido
180 noctu
in vigiliam
'*

fuit, numquam indicare id filio voluit suo, Trin. 149 quoniam hinc est profecturus peregre Charmides, thensaurum demonstravit

ingenio

mihi in hisce aedibus.

Similarly

2il>i

iam, Capt. 234 sed id ubi iam

penes sese habent, postquam iam, Men.

24 postquam iam pueri septuennes sunt, pater oneravit navem, take the Pres. Like nemo

ho77io, with pleonastic addition of homo (see IV, 21), we find once quoniam iam True. 402 quoniam iam decumus mensis adventat After Plautus' time the Conjunction dropped its Temporal prope.

and retained its Causal sense (see above 3). Already in Cato the Temporal function is played by cum {quom) iam, not by quoniam (if our MSS. are to be trusted on this point), Agr. Cult. 161, 3 post annos octo, cum iam est vetus, digerito (like ubi iam 158, i ubi iam coctum incipit esse, eo addito). Cf. Merc. 552 demum igitur quom
b

Compare

the use of the Historical Pres. in

all

periods of Latin with ia7n-

diidum, iam pridem, iam dm.

36

Syntax of Plautus.
turn in
1

sis

iam senex,
est in

otium

te

conloces.

But quoniam

is

Temporal
.

in

Accius praet.

quoniam

quieti corpus

nocturno impetu dedi,

visum

somnis pastorem ad
few examples
:

me

adpellere pecus, Pacuvius 393

est.
its

quoniam Qiwm.

ille interit,

imperium Cephalo transmissum

will suffice to

shew the freedom of

construction

Ter. Andr. 517

quom

intellexeras id consilium capere, cur

non
Aul.

dixti

extemplo Pamphilo?

178 praesagibat mi animus frustra me ire, quom exibam domo. Ennius Ann. 227 V. tonsam ante tenentes parerent, observarent, portisculu' signum quom dare coepisset.

Amph. 668 gravidam ego illanc hie reliqui, quom abeo, Ter. Eun. 792 quom tibi do istam virginem, dixtin hos dies mihi soli dare te ?, Eun. 345 hue quom advenio, nulla
erat.

Trin.

194 posticulum hoc recepit quom aedes vendidit, Ennius Ann. 35 V. et cita (z-./. excita) cum tremulis
attulit artubu'

anus

lumen,

talia

tum memorat.

Ter. Andr. 856

preti.

quom

faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis

Most. 470 quia septem menses sunt

quom

in

hasce aedes

pedem nemo
True. 163

intro tetulit.
istoc

Astaphium, baud
appellare,

modo

solita es

me

ante

sed blande,

quom

illuc

quod apud vos nunc

est

apud med haberem.

*

As soon
Most.

as

'

is

in Plautus expressed usually

by quom extemplo
. .

(e.g.

loi

aedes

quom extemplo
fell

sunt

paratae
;

laudant

fabrum), a phrase which

into disuse after his time

also

by

uM
and

primum

(e.g.

Mil, 109 ubi

(cf.

primum
2),

evcnit militi huic occasio)

once by simulac
simul ac
literal

above,

conspexero hodie.
'

sense

when
bibi.

for

Asin. 479 ut vapules, Demaenetum But quo7n primuiti has always the the first time (cf. ut prhfium Epid. 600),
'
:

e.g.

Asin.

890

pater,

iube dari vinum

iam dudum factum

sqq.).
Qieof?i

est,

quom primum
is

(For
14,

fuller

details see J. C.

Jones in Archiv

Lat. Lexikographie

pp.

89 sqq., 233

maxtwie

as early as Plautus, e.g.

maxume,

Mil.

Amph. 427 legiones quom pugnabant 1153 nunc quom maxume opust dolis. The Vulgar

Syntax of Plantus.
Lat.

137

iam

?<;/(Subj.)
'

appears in Ter.

Hec

378 iam utlimen exirem, ad

genua

accidit

at the

moment

of going out.'

(On Cure. 646,

see

P- I34-)

Examples of the
Sentences are
:

Iterative type of

Temporal (and Conditional)

nisi

Bacch. 424 sqq. ante solem exorientem

veneras,

in

palaestram

gymnasi profecto haud

penderes.
id

mediocres poenas

quoi (quom

alii) obtigerat,

hoc etiam ad
:

malum
at

accersebatur
et

malum

discipulus

magister

perhibebantur

improbi.
.
.
.

inde de hippodromo
revenisses

et palaestra ubi

domum,
sella

cincticulo praecinctus in

apud magispeccavisses

trum adsideres

quom
fieret

librum legeres,

si

unam

syllabam,

corium
flabat

tarn

maculosum

quani

est

nutricis pallium.

Turpilius 21 antehac

si

Aquilo aut Auster, inopia tum

erat piscati

Aquilius 6

nam me puero
ubi
is te

venter erat solarium

esses, nisi

monebat,

quom

nil erat.

IX. The Interjection.

(P. Richter
:

de usu particularum exclamativarum apud priscos

I,

scriptores Latinos, vol.

Part

ii

of Studemund's Studien auf

;

dem
:

Gebiet des archaischen Lateins, Berlin, 1890

use of hercle
'
'

F.
'

W. Nicolson

the

('mehercle'),

'

edepol' ('pol'),

ecastor' ('mecastor')

by Plautus and Terence,

Philology, Boston, 1893.)

in vol.

IV

of Harvard Studies in Classical

Details regarding Plautus' use of Interjections belong mostly to

(often

domain of Accidence, not of Syntax. The Ace. of Exclamation accompanied by an Interjection) has been already mentioned, II, 47. Em naturally takes an Ace, since it is nothing but the
the
e.g.

Imperative q{ emo, 'I take';

Capt. 859 A. cedo

manum.

B.
:

em manum. (The Bembine Scholiast remarks on em,' hoc cum gestu offerentis dicitur.)
*

Ter, Phorm. 52

138

Syntax of Plantus.
is

En
en

with Plautus and Terence merely used in rhetorical quesnnqiiam^

etc.,

tions in the collocation en

e.g.

Men. 925 die mihi

form
a
of hntic),

unquam
Eccuin,

intestina tibi crepant?

etc.

-am,
-avi,

(for

^ecce-Iuiffi,

an

old
to

and

eca'llnni,

etc.

(whence,
like

according
celui)

probable account,
of the Old

Romance Pronouns
Comedians' language.
it is

Fr.

are

characteristic

When
Ace,

a noun without a verb follows eccum

e.g. Mil.

normally put

in the

12 16

Bacch. 568 duas ergo hie intus eccas Bacchides.

eccum praesto militem, A similar Com-

pound

is el/iim (cf. Ital. ello)

for

on

illnin.

For the phrase /ro deian

fidcni (e.g.

Ten Andr.

237) we

find

in

Caecil. 212 pro

deum

imploro fidem, which shews that pro does not govern an Ace. Case
{cL pro di immortales, e.g. Ter. Adelph. 447).

On

the use of

with Vocatives, see above, II, 52

Dative with

vae.

(but vae te!

!

and on the construction of the Asin. 481), ei (e.g. ei mihi /), see II, 24.
;

Malum
cui,

I,

'

curse you

'

rogative, e.g.

Rud. 945 quid

?,

malum, parasito
?, is

as an Enclitic after an Intermalum, nam me retrahis?, Men. 390 Most. 6 quid tibi, malum, hie ante aedes
interjected
tu,

clamitatiost

an

elliptic

expression of

malum

tibi sit.

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