State of the Solway Coast

Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 2008 Final Report

Prepared by

Sue Hunter
Environmental Consultant June 2008

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction Data collection 2.1 Demographic and Socio-economic dataset interpretation Landscape 3.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 Agricultural Land Use Habitats Species Designations 4.3.1 Natura 2000 sites 4.3.2 SSSIs 4.3.3 Other important wildlife sites Geology Soils Biodiversity and the Natural Environment 4 4 4 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 9 11 11 11 11 12 Water Quality 6.1.1 River Water Quality 6.1.2 Bathing water quality Water Resources Water Framework Directive 6.3.1 WFD Monitoring Flooding Pollution Incidents Industrial Pollution Pollution Hazards 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 22 24

4.4 4.5 5. 6. Air Water 6.1

6.2 6.3 6.4 7. Pollution 7.1 7.2 7.3 8. 9. Waste

Historic and Built Environment

10. Tranquillity 11. Enjoyment 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Open Spaces Public Rights of Way Cycling StewardshipAcess Other Access

12. Demographics 13. Socio-economic profile 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Employment Local Businesses Health Housing Indices of Multiple Deprivation Local Services

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 2

13.7

Tourism

25

Appendix 1 Agricultural Land Use Appendix 2 Natural Environment Appendix 3 Water Appendix 4 Cultural Heritage Appendix 5 Demographics Appendix 6 Socio-economics Figures Figure 1 Map of the Solway Coast AONB Figure 2 Tranquillity map: Cumbria Tables Table 1 Percentage Parish area and population within the AONB Table 2 Agricultural land use within the AONB Table 3 Types of agricultural land use within AONB (2006) Table 4 Agri-Environment schemes within the AONB Table 5 Natura 2000 sites within the AONB Table 6 SSSIs within the AONB Table 7 At Risk water bodies within the AONB Table 8 Historic landfill sites within the AONB Table 9 Public Rights of Way within the AONB Table 10 Stewardship Access within the AONB Table 11 Percentage of children and retired people within the AONB and comparative areas Table 12 Employment in tourism in Cumbria, 2006 Table 13 Ward level Summary, Incomes and House Prices (based on 2006 data) Table 14 Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2004 and 2007 Table 15 Distances to nearest doctors surgeries from locations within the AONB Table 16 Number of visitors to the Solway Coast Discovery Centre, 2005-2007 Table 17 Tourism revenue, tourist numbers and tourism days in Cumbria in 2006

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 3

1. Introduction The Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty was designated in1964 under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949, in recognition of the outstanding qualities of its landscape. The AONB covers an area of 115 sq km and is located on the Solway Firth estuary on the border between England and Scotland, see Figure 1. The designated area follows 59km of the Cumbrian coast between Maryport and Rockcliffe and is split into two separate sectors by the exclusion of the town of Silloth. The Countryside and Rights of Way Act (CRoW) 2000 required all AONBs to publish management plans. The Solway Coast AONB Joint Advisory Committee, on behalf of the three principal local authorities in the area, Cumbria County Council, Carlisle City Council and Allerdale Borough Council, published the current Management Plan1 in April 2004 in fulfilment of this requirement. The CRoW Act 2000 also requires that the Plan be reviewed after five years to properly reflect the changes that occur within the AONB. A review of the current management plan is now underway and the purpose of this report is to assess the current condition of the AONBs special qualities and resources to provide a baseline for the development of the new management plan. 2. Data collection Data for this report have been collected from a range of sources. Some information is readily available for the AONB area but much is only available for wider geographical areas such as local authority districts and at county level and above. Wherever possible, local information has been collated and analysed but, where this is not available, other information has been used to illustrate the Solway Coast in the wider context. This is particularly the case for tourism, employment and local businesses. Additionally, the boundary of the AONB dissects all wards and parishes for which demographic and socio-economic data sets are readily available and occupies a significantly small proportion of some wards. The area does not encompass a town or major conurbation. This has required the interpretation of certain demographic and socio-economic datasets at ward, parish and district level as described below. 2.1 Demographic and Socio-economic dataset interpretation Population clusters were compared between whole parishes and the area intersected by the AONB within each parish was identified2, as shown in Table 1. The resultant percentages were applied to demographic data at parish level. The derived figures were then added together and divided by the total population calculated for the AONB in all parishes. Demographic data was taken from the Parish Profiles (from the 2001 census and including mid year estimates for 2006) available in the Cumbria County Council Information and Intelligence Policy and Performance Report 2007. Statistics covering quality of life are not generally available at Parish level and have therefore been derived from information at Ward level, again from the Cumbria County Council IIPP

1 2

Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Management Plan, April 2004. By Brian Irving, Manager of the Solway Coast AONB.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 4

Figure 1 Map of the Solway Coast AONB

(c) Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence Number 100019596, courtesy of Cumbria County Council

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 5

Report. Assumptions have been made3 based on the commonality between areas of the AONB and the wards in which they sit. In some cases a ward is clearly not representative of the AONB population and so a sample of wards has been selected to provide the data for this report Burgh, Marsh and Holme. Table 1 Percentage Parish area and population within the AONB Administrative Parish % Area within % Population in Area AONB AONB Carlisle City Rockcliffe 25 10 Council Beaumont 35 12 Burgh by Sands 45 35 Allerdale Borough Bowness 55 90 Council Kirkbride 15 25 Holme East Waver 50 65 Holme Abbey 20 40 Holme Low 20 40 Holme St Cuthbert 25 35 Allonby 50 85 Hayton and Mealo 25 10 Oughterside and 15 5 Allerby Crosscanonby 40 15 3. Landscape The majority of the AONB, around 65%, is farmland. Raised mires cover a further 10% and the remaining 25% covers areas such as settlements, sand dunes, rivers and highways. 3.1 Agricultural Land Use Appendix 1 contains detailed data on agricultural land use within the AONB obtained from Defra and based on the annual June Agricultural Surveys. Data is available from 1990, 1995, and 2000-2006. A summary of this data is given below. The total area of agricultural land within the AONB in 2006 was 7779.7 hectares (67.6% of the total AONB area). The area of farmed land appears to have remained fairly stable since 2000 (from when comparable figures are available) see Table 2. The amount of land rented compared to that owned has declined in recent years from 15.9% in 2001 to 11.3% in 2006. Table 2 Agricultural land use within the AONB Year Total area, % AONB hectares 2006 7779.7 67.65 2005 7483.1 65.07 2004 8147.4 70.84 2003 7524.3 65.42 2002 7420.8 64.52 2001 7392.6 64.28 2000 7704.4 66.99

No. holdings 134 132 139 123 129 130 131

Data suppressed prior to 2000 to prevent disclosure of information about individual holdings.
3

Agreed by Brian Irving, Manager, Solway Coast AONB.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 6

The majority of farms within the AONB are dairy and lowland livestock grazing farms and this has remained the same for many years (at least since 1990 from when data is available). The figures do, however, show a continuing decline in the number of holdings involved in dairy farming (from 68 in 1990 to 46 in 2002 and then 32 in 2006). A significant fall to 18 in 2001 is likely to illustrate the severe effects of the Foot and Mouth disease outbreak in this area. Table 3 shows that of the 7779 .7 ha farmed within the AONB the vast majority (73.8%) is grass (temporary and permanent) and is used for grazing. A further 5.8% is classed as rough grazing. 13.6 % is used for crops, mainly spring and winter barley and wheat. Woodland comprises only 2.4 % of the agricultural land, 1.9% of the AONB. Table 3 Types of agricultural land use within AONB (2006) Land Use No. holdings Crops/bare fallow Temp. grass Permanent grass Rough grazing Woodland Set aside All other land Total farmed area
Bare fallow = 42.6ha , Crops = 1055.2ha (13.6%)

Area (Ha) 1097.8 854.3 4881.7 452.8 222.0 87.3 183.8 7779.7

52 51 106 22 20 23 23 134

% agricultural land 14.1 11.0 62.8 5.8 2.8 1.1 2.4 100

There have only been minor changes in land use within the AONB over recent years and grazing has remained the largest land use type. In 1990, grazing (temporary and permanent) accounted for around 77% of the farmed land within the AONB; in 2000 the figure was 78.0%, only slightly more than the 73.4% in 2006. The amount of crops and bare fallow increased from 865.9ha in 1990 to a peak in 2004 of 1324.0ha falling to 1097.8ha (14.1%) in 2006. The figures for woodland vary, with around 230ha (2.8%) in 2000 and 2006 but much lower, 4788ha (less than 1.2%) in other years. Set aside was 0 ha in 1990 and has since fluctuated slightly reaching a peak of 130.6ha in 2003 and falling to 87ha in 2006 but remaining only a very small percentage (1 to 2%) of the farmed land. Cattle and sheep are a very important part of farming on the Solway Coast. In 2006, there were 69 holdings keeping 9,942 cattle and 40 holdings keeping 8,962 sheep. The total number of cattle (dairy and beef) has declined since the 1990s and the impact of Foot and Mouth can clearly be seen in the figures, with a sudden fall from 14,924 in 2000 to 4,667 in 2001. Total cattle numbers recovered and remained fairly stable at around 11,500 between 2002 and 2005 but the figure for 2006 of 9,942 indicates a recent decline. This pattern is clearly seen in the figures for dairy cattle but the numbers of beef cattle, which also fell significantly following the Foot and Mouth outbreak, have since steadily increased. The numbers of sheep also fell sharply following Foot and Mouth but have been steadily increasing and are now back to preoutbreak levels. Arable farming currently represents around 13-14% of the land use within the AONB. Cereals, mainly wheat and winter and spring barley, are the main crops currently grown on 46 holdings within the AONB and covering an area of 949.7ha. The area of cereals appears to fluctuate slightly year on year, recently peaking at 1174.8 ha in 2004 but no significant trends are State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 7

apparent. Small amounts of other crops including potatoes, sugar beet, root crops, brassicas, oilseed rape and maize are also grown. 42.6ha (0.5% of farmed area) was recorded as bare fallow in 2006. Agri-environment schemes are very important within the AONB. Table 4 illustrates the number and area of these schemes within the AONB. Table 4 Agri-Environment schemes within the AONB Type of Scheme Environmental Stewardship, Entry Level Scheme (ELS) Environmental Stewardship, Higher Level Scheme (HLS) Countryside Stewardship Schemes, CSS Woodland Grant Schemes, WGS Wildlife Enhancement Schemes

Number 69 3 51 4 7

Area (ha) 6357 1039 4480 40 152

The percentage of the area of AONB covered is around 74%. 4. Biodiversity and the Natural Environment 4.1 Habitats The following UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) habitats are present within the AONB4: Coastal and Floodplain Grazing Marsh Coastal Sand Dunes (including both Dune Grassland and Dune Heath) Lowland Raised Bog (and Lowland Heathland) Coastal Vegetated Shingle Coastal Grassland Maritime Cliffs and Slope Reedbed Fen Saltmarsh Mudflats Saline Lagoons Sabellaria alveolata reefs The location and extent of priority BAP habitats within the AONB is available on the Natural England website but there is currently no information available on the condition of those habitats outside the designated SSSI series or whether they are recovering or declining or remaining stable. 4.2 Species Within the AONB there are 8 Cumbria BAP species: Songthrush, Barn Owl, Brown long-eared Bat, Natterers Bat, Pipistrelle Bat, Marsh Fritillary, Natterjack Toad and Great-crested Newt (also known as Warty Newt) as well as a number of national BAP species; 6 EU Habitats Directive Annex II Species5 Common Porpoise, Common Seal, Grey Seal, Otter, Marsh

Nature on the Map, http://www.natureonthemap.org.uk/map.aspx?m=sssi "Animal and plant species of Community interest (i.e. endangered, vulnerable, rare or endemic in the European Community) whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation."
5

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 8

Fritillary, Great-crested Newt; and 7 EU protected species6 - Brown long-eared Bat, Common porpoise, Natterers Bat, Pipistrelle Bat, Otter, Natterjack Toad and Great-crested Newt. 4.3 Designations 4.3.1 Natura 2000 sites Natura 2000 is the European Union-wide network of nature protection areas established in 1992 under the Habitats Directive7. The aim of the network is to assure the long term survival of Europes most valuable and threatened species and habitats. The Natura 2000 network is comprised of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) designated under the Habitats Directive and Special Protection Areas (SPAs) which are designated under the Wild Birds Directive8. SACs and SPAs are also referred to as European sites. The government requires that Ramsar sites (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention9) are afforded the same level of protection as European sites. Large areas of the AONB are of international importance see Table 5. There are 4 Natura 2000 sites, all partly within the AONB: 3 SACs Solway Firth, River Eden and Tributaries and South Solway Mosses and 1 SPA Upper Solway Flats and Marshes. The latter is also a Ramsar site. Table 5 Natura 2000 sites within the AONB Designation Description Total Area (Ha) River Eden (and 2463.23 Special Area of Tributaries) Conservation (SAC) South Solway 1962.36 Mosses Solway Firth 43636.72 Upper Solway Flats 30706.26 Special and Marshes Protection Areas (SPA) Upper Solway Flats 30706.26 Ramsar site and Marshes

Area within AONB (Ha) 17.5 967.6 3497.1 3497.1

% of AONB 0.15% 8.4% 30.4% 30.4%

3497.1

30.4%

4.3.2 SSSIs The AONB supports 6 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI): Upper Solway Flats & Marshes, River Eden (and Tributaries), Salta Moss, Glasson Moss, Silloth Dunes and Mawbray Bank and Bowness Common. Table 6 gives the areas of the SSSIs within the AONB and the percentage of each SSSI in favourable or recovering condition. The 6 SSSIs all have units within them which are in unfavourable condition. Some of these units are recovering, others are showing no change and some are declining. In total, 90.5% of the SSSI area within the AONB is in favourable or recovering condition. 4 SSSIs have units within them showing unfavourable and declining status (1.4% of SSSI area). 0.20% of the
6

The Conservation Regulations (1994) are the UK law that enacts the EU Habitats and Species Directive Annex 4 and 5, which are respectively lists of "Animal and plant species of Community interest (i.e. endangered, vulnerable, rare or endemic in the European Community) in need of strict protection. They are protected from killing, disturbance or the destruction of them or their habitat." and "Animal and plant species of Community interest (i.e. endangered, vulnerable, rare or endemic in the European Community) whose taking in the wild and exploitation may be subject to management measures. Member states must ensure that taking wild specimens and their exploitation is compatible with the species being maintained in favourable conservation status." 7 Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. 8 Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds. 9 The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1975.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 9

SSSI area has been partly destroyed (at Salta Moss). A summary of the condition of the individual SSSIs is given below. Further details are given in Appendix 2. Table 6 SSSIs within the AONB SSSI Area (ha)

% AONB

Bowness Common Silloth Dunes and Mawbray Bank Glasson Moss River Eden and Tributaries Salta Moss Upper Solway Flats and Marshes

854.78ha 91.23 225.26 17.5ha in AONB 45.61 3497.14ha within AONB

7.43% 0.79% 1.96% 0.15% 0.4% 30.41%

% of SSSI (in AONB) in Favourable or Recovering condition 87.5% 41.4% 63.8% 0% 0% 95.9%

Bowness Common 6 of the 26 units are in favourable condition and 12 are recovering, accounting for 87.5% of the SSSI area. 9 of the units are in an unfavourable no change condition due to inappropriate ditch management. Silloth Dunes and Mawbray Bank 1 of the 4 units is in favourable condition and a further unit is recovering (in total 41.4% of the SSSI area). The other two units are classed as unfavourable no change and declining respectively due to inappropriate weed control and undergrazing. Glasson Moss 2 of the 18 units are in favourable condition and 1 is recovering, accounting for 63.8% of the SSSI area. 13 units are in an unfavourable no change condition and 1 unit is declining due to inappropriate ditch management and inappropriate scrub control. River Eden and Tributaries (only 17.5ha in the AONB) Of the 41 units making up the whole SSSI, 26 are in unfavourable condition due to invasive freshwater species, agricultural pollution/runoff, water pollution and discharge, inland flood defence works and overgrazing. Only 17.5ha of one unit lie within the AONB. The condition of this unit is unfavourable no change due to overgrazing and water pollution (discharges). Salta Moss Out of 8 units, 1 is part destroyed and 7 are in unfavourable (no change and 1 declining) condition due to drainage, inappropriate ditch management, pheasant rearing, inappropriate scrub control and water pollution (discharges). Upper Solway Flats and Marshes 20 out of 24 units are in favourable condition and 1 is recovering (95.9% of the SSSI area within the AONB). 2 are in unfavourable no change condition due to inappropriate stock feeding, overgrazing, inappropriate scrub control and coastal squeeze. 1 unit is declining due to inappropriate agri-environment scheme (css/esa) prescription. State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 10

4.3.3 Other important wildlife sites Other important wildlife sites within the AONB include: 1 National Nature Reserve South Solway Mosses (967.55Ha) of which Glasson Moss and Bowness Common lie within the AONB(area = 448Ha, 3.9% of total AONB area). Wedholme Flow lies outside. 16 County Wildlife Sites 2 County Wildlife Trust Reserves: - Bowness on Solway Nature Reserve, (area =7.21Ha, 0.06% of total AONB) - Rockcliffe Marsh, (area = 1120Ha, 9.7% of total AONB) 1 RSPB Reserve, Campfield Marsh, (saltmarsh area = 52.40 Ha and intertidal area = 23.83 Ha, 0.66% of total AONB). 4.4 Geology There are two SSSIs within the AONB Upper Solway Flats and Marshes and the River Eden and Tributaries which are designated partly for their geological importance. There are also four Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) in the AONB : Beckfoot- submerged forest; Rockliffe sandstone outcrop; Swarthy Hill drumlin and raised beach profile; Dubmill Point and Allonby raised beach profiles. 4.5 Soils10 Sandy clay loams derived from glacial till extend across much of the coastal plain to the coast itself in the southern part of the AONB. To the north, the raised beach and marine deposits extending from Dubmill Point to Grune Point generally produce poor sandy and gravelly soils. These give way to marine warps, consisting of heavier and more fertile soils east of Bowness on Solway. Inland, the cores of the formerly extensive Salta, Glasson and Bowness Mosses, while of high nature conservation value, are of little agricultural use. The Solway Coast is a dynamic environment. From Grune Point to Maryport the coast is directly exposed to the sea and in particular the northerly longshore drift. The sand and shingle beaches and dunes accrete during periods of calm weather and erode during extreme weather conditions. The erosion of the soft raised beach between Mawbray and Maryport and of the sand dunes is an ongoing issue. In March 2008, high tides breached the sea wall and undermined the B5300 coast road between Allonby and Silloth, causing collapse of a 12m stretch of the road at Dubmill Point. East from Grune Point is an area of mudflats and saltmarshes. This estuarine system is also a dynamic one with shifting channels and changing phases of erosion and deposition. These natural cycles of erosion and deposition may be altered by climate change, particularly by the predicted more extreme storm events. 5. Air The Air Quality (England) Regulations 2000 place a duty on local authorities to review and assess air quality for seven pollutants and ensure that standards and objectives laid down for each will be met. Monitoring of air quality by Allerdale Borough Council is ongoing in Wigton, Aspatria, Maryport, Workington, Cockermouth and Keswick. None of these sites have produced levels which have given cause for concern. Monitoring is not carried out within the

10

Information obtained from The Solway Coast Landscape Assessment, Countryside Commission, 1995.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 11

AONB boundary by either Allerdale Borough Council or Carlisle District Council and air quality is not considered to be a problem within the AONB. The Environment Agency record the pollution released into the environment (air, land and water) by industrial sites under the EC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (IPPC). This includes air pollution. There are no active industrial sites located within AONB which are monitored by the EA (website accessed 22/4/08). 6. Water The AONB is bordered and crossed by many streams and four major rivers the Waver, Wampool, Eden and Esk. The major rivers and their tributaries drain into the Solway Firth. Many of the smaller streams, such as Crookhurst Beck, Brunsow Beck and Scad Beck, drain westwards into Silloth and Allonby Bays. The coastal waters around the AONB, particularly in the southern part, are important for bathing. 6.1 Water Quality 6.1.1 River Water Quality The Environment Agency assesses the quality of rivers by looking at nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) chemistry and biology. Sites are sampled 12 times a year to test chemistry and nutrients. There is currently a 3 year rolling sampling programme to test the biology of rivers. During survey years sites are sampled twice to see what species are living in the rivers. Chemistry and biology are classified as A being very good down to F for bad. Nutrients are analysed for nitrate and orthophosphate. These are not classed as "good" or "bad" but are given grades of 1 (very low presence of nutrients) to 6 (very high presence of nutrients). This is because rivers across the country naturally have different levels of nutrients and is not necessarily bad for the environment. Information on each of these parameters has been obtained from the EA website for the last 5 years and is given in Appendix 3. The biological and chemical quality of the River Eden as it enters the AONB is classed as very good with moderate levels of nutrients (nitrates and phosphates). Water quality within the Esk is also generally good with very low levels of nutrients. Trends in concentrations are steady. In the Waver, biological and chemical quality is classed as fairly good with moderate levels of nutrients and there have been recent improvements in chemical quality and levels of phosphates. The chemical and biological quality of the Wampool within the AONB is classed as Fair (chemical quality improving recently from Poor). Nutrients are classed as moderate to high and appear to be stable at these levels. 6.1.2 Bathing water quality Bathing water quality is also monitored by the EA at four beaches in the AONB Allonby, Allonby South, Silloth and Skinburness. Sampling is carried out weekly from May to September. The water is tested for: Total coliforms (colonies / 100ml), Faecal coliforms (colonies / 100ml), Faecal streptococci (colonies / 100ml), Salmonella and Enterovirus (plaque forming units / 10 ltr). Assessments for each of the beaches over the last five years is given in Appendix 3. All of the beaches have been classed as good or excellent over the last 5 years. All were classed as good in 2007. Skinburness beach has remained good since 2004; the other three beaches were classed as excellent in 2006 and good prior to that.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 12

6.2 Water Resources Abstraction from ground and surface water is not extensive within the AONB and low flows in the rivers and streams are not considered to be an issue. The Catchment Abstraction Management Strategies (CAMS) covering the area11 do not identify any abstraction related ecological issues in the rivers flowing through the AONB and water is available at low flows for further abstraction in the Waver, Wampool, Eden and Esk catchments. Abstraction is not expected to increase greatly within the local river catchments and EA targets (2011 for the Eden, 2017 for the Esk and 2013 for the Waver and Wampool) are for the status of all the rivers to remain as they are currently. 6.3 Water Framework Directive The Water Framework Directive12 (WFD) is European Community legislation to ensure waters are managed to achieve good quality across Europe. All waters (coastal, transitional, groundwaters, rivers and lakes) are to be assessed to see if they are likely to meet the objectives of the Directive. The pressures assessed are alien species, diffuse pollution, physical and morphological alteration, point source pollution and water abstraction and flow regulation. The water bodies within/bordering the AONB which have been assessed against the objectives of the WFD and which are identified by the EA as being at risk or probably at risk are listed in Appendix 3 together with details of the risks. There are no lakes within the AONB, and no groundwaters in the area have been assessed as at risk or probably at risk. A summary of the water bodies which have been assessed by the EA as being At Risk are listed in Table 7 together with their status. Table 7 At Risk water bodies within the AONB Water Body At Risk status Rivers Wampool (upstream of Diffuse source pollution the Laythes as it enters the AONB) Great Gutter Diffuse source pollution Causewayhead (wath) Point source pollution and Beck physical or morphological alteration13. Black Dub Diffuse source pollution Crookhurst Beck Diffuse source pollution Brunsow Beck Diffuse source pollution Scad Beck Point source pollution and Diffuse source pollution Coastal Outer Solway South Physical or morphological alteration

WFD River Basin District Solway Tweed

Solway Tweed Solway Tweed

North West North West North West North West

North West

11 The Eden, and Esk Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy, Environment Agency (2006), TheDerwent, West Cumbria and Duddon Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy, Environment Agency (2007). 12 The Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). 13 Morphology (form and structure) of the aquatic environment is a key factor in determining the nature and condition of ecosystems within water bodies. Physical alterations to the water bodies will have an impact on the ecosystems within them. These include flood defences, weirs, dams, channelisation and culverts. Other activities can impact on the physical characteristics of rivers, such as cattle poaching (trampling on grassed areas which leads to the soil being eroded) or construction close to rivers. Often rivers are reprofiled to create a more uniform cross-section, which allows faster passage of flood flows. The impacts on the environment include: habitat reduction, loss of marginal vegetation, reduction in cover for aquatic and marginal species, soil erosion and siltation of important habitats and increased likelihood of flooding (Environment Agency).

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 13

6.3.1 WFD Monitoring Three elements of WFD monitoring carried out by the EA to assess ecological quality are of particular relevance to the Solway Coast AONB. These are saltmarsh monitoring, the extent of algal beds (opportunistic macroalgal blooms) and the upstream limit of fucoids (brown seaweeds). The EA are carrying out a 3 year survey programme (2007-2009) along the English coast of the Solway Firth to provide a score and classification for the estuary (classified as a transitional water body). Surveys are done over the summer months, June to September. Saltmarsh monitoring was carried out last year at Cardurnock Marsh. Skinburness is likely to be surveyed this year followed by Burgh, Rockcliffe and Newton Marshes. Surveys involve transect surveys being carried out at 500-1000m intervals along the marsh identifying the distinct zonation of vegetation along the transect from the low water level to the highest saltwater inundation level. Monitoring of algal beds is also underway. The survey area extends from Rockcliffe to Skinburness. An assessment of macroalgal blooms, the coverage, biomass and entrainment of algae in the sediment are required. This information will then be used to assess the impact of nutrient enrichment and chemical pollution. The presence of fucoids is also indicative of the water quality of a water body. The upstream limit of three key seaweed species within the estuary is being monitored together with salinity ranges at each location. The higher up the estuary these species are found the better the water quality. Monitoring data is not yet available. 6.4 Flooding Areas potentially at risk from flooding from rivers (a 1 in 100 year event) or the sea (a 1 in 200 year chance) without flood defences have been mapped by the Environment Agency. The flood risk maps indicate potential flooding of all the main rivers plus some flooding of the smaller watercourses flowing west between Maryport and Skinburness. The maps also indicate potential flooding around much of the AONB coast with inundation of the low lying marshes Rockcliffe, Newton, Calvo and Skinburness Marshes. An indication of the likelihood of flooding is also provided, derived from a national flood risk assessment completed by the EA in 2005. This assessment used ground levels, predicted flood levels, information on flood defences and local knowledge. The likelihood is described in one of three categories, low where the chance of flooding each year is 0.5% (1 in 200) or less and where an area is unlikely to flood except in extreme conditions; moderate - where the chance of flooding each year is 1.3% (1 in 75) or less, but greater than 0.5% (1 in 200); or significant the chance of flooding each year is greater than 1.3% (1 in 75). Most of the AONB coast and the water courses are assessed as having a significant chance of flooding ie. the chance of flooding each year is greater than 1.3% (1 in 75). This takes into account the effect of any flood defences that may be in the area, whether or not these are currently illustrated on the Flood Map. The EA are also producing Catchment Flood Management Plans (Final plans for the Eden and Derwent are in preparation).

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 14

7. Pollution 7.1 Pollution Incidents Pollution incidents are reported by the Environment Agency as Category 1 incidents which have a major impact on the environment and Category 2 incidents which have a significant impact on the environment. There have been no Category 1 or 2 incidents reported in the AONB within the last 5 years (EA website accessed 22/4/08). 7.2 Industrial Pollution As mentioned in Section 5, the EA record the pollution released into the environment (air, land and water) by industrial sites under the EC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (IPPC). Operators must measure or make an estimate of the amount of emissions of each controlled substance every year. They must also specify "notifiable" releases in a year. These are where there has been an emergency, mis-management, accident or plant failure which has caused pollutants to be released. There are currently no sites within the AONB requiring monitoring for industrial pollution (EA website accessed 22/4/08). 7.3 Pollution Hazards There are no industrial sites involved in processes that may pose an environmental risk in the AONB (EA website accessed 22/4/08). 8. Waste There are no active landfill sites within the AONB. Historic landfill sites are locations where there are records of waste being received to be buried but are now closed or covered. The information held by the EA is collated from data held by local authorities, the former Department of the Environment, the British Geological Survey and Environment Agency suspended authorised landfill licences. There are 10 historic landfill sites within the AONB. Details are given in the table below. Table 8 Historic landfill sites within the AONB. Site name Operator NGR The Docks British Transport X : 310472.62, Y: Silloth Dock Board 553386.88 Disused gravel n/a X : 310485.31, Y: workings, adjacent 553337.12 to the Docks Mawbray Banks n/a X : 308242.72, Y: Maryport 547133.12 Angerton Tip Wigton Rural X : 322323.84, Y: Angerton, District Council 557102.62 Kirkbride Bowness Tip, Wigton Rural X : 322937.69, Y: Bowness Common District Council 559870.25 Tile Kiln Tip n/a X : 323001.19, Y: Bowness Common 559759.12 Bowness Road Bowness on Solway

Type of waste buried Industrial Inert, liquids/sludge

Inert, industrial Commercial

Commercial Inert, liquids/sludge

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 15

Whitrigg Marsh Kirkbride Canal Cottage Longburgh Farm Burgh by Sands Railway cutting Burgh by Sands Disused railway cuttings, Beaumont, Monkhill

n/a n/a

X : 323894.41, Y: 557956.75 X : 331165.16, Y: 559099.81 X : 332636.22, Y: 559004.56 X : 334424.81, Y: 558972.81

Inert, industrial Inert

n/a n/a

Inert Inert, industrial, commercial, household

EA website accessed 22/4/08

9. Historic and Built Environment The most famous heritage site within the AONB is Hadrians Wall which terminates at Bowness-on-Solway. Hadrians Wall Military Zone was designated as a World Heritage site in 1987 and Roman monuments can be found throughout the AONB from Maryport to Beaumont. Cumbria County Council holds the Historic Environment Records (HERs)14 for Cumbria and details of those within the AONB are listed in Appendix 4. In summary, the AONB contains: 423 Sites and Monument Records (SMR) 102 Listed Buildings (4 x grade I, 6 x II*, 92 x II) 51 Scheduled Monuments 7 Conservation Areas (containing 65 SMR sites, 48 listed buildings, 8 Scheduled Monuments). 0 parks & gardens Of the 102 Listed Buildings, only 20 are currently recorded in the SMR (Listed Buildings were originally kept apart from the SMR which traditionally recorded archaeology rather than (standing) buildings). 80 SMR sites lie within the 51 Scheduled Monument areas. The 7 Conservation Areas (Built environment) are Allonby, Boustead Hill, Bowness-on-Solway, Burgh-by-Sands, Dykesfield, Mawbray and Port Carlisle. There are no listed buildings within the AONB which are on the national English Heritage Register of Buildings at Risk(date accessed, 2/5/08). However Hadrians Wall, between Port Carlisle and Bowness on Solway, which is listed as a Scheduled Monument, is at risk with its condition being poor. There is one Village Design Statement for Burgh-by-Sands and there are no Conservation Area Character Appraisals and Management Plans. 10. Tranquillity A Council for the Protection of England Tranquillity Map is available for Cumbria see Figure 2. The detail is somewhat inadequate at AONB level. However, the AONB generally is mapped as a most tranquil area with the level of tranquillity decreasing slightly in the southern area of the AONB along the coast from Silloth to Maryport. The impact of the roads on tranquillity is clearly seen.
14

HERs were previously known as Sites and Monuments Records: the name has changed to reflect the wider scope of the data they now contain. This includes listed buildings, scheduled monuments, parks and gardens of special historic buildings, archaeological events (surveys, evaluations, building recording etc.) and conservation areas.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 16

Figure 2 Tranquillity map: Cumbria Reproduced courtesy of the Campaign to Protect Rural England. Revised edition 2007.

Crown copyright. All rights reserved. The Countryside Agency 2006. Licence No. 100018881. 11. Enjoyment 11.1 Open Spaces There are five areas of Open Access land within the AONB: Silloth and Mawbray Bank, Burgh Marsh, Skinburness Marsh, Bowness Common and Glasson Moss. 11.2 Public Rights of Way Public Rights of Way (PRoW) within the AONB are shown in Table 9. Table 9 Public Rights of Way within the AONB Type of Access Public Rights of Way Footpaths Bridleways 1 byways open to all traffic (BOATs) Length, km 144.9 20.8 2.4

Cumbria County Council is the highway authority for the whole of Cumbria and has a statutory duty to manage and maintain all public rights of way throughout the county. The Best Value State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 17

Performance Indicator 178 (BVPI 178) is used to monitor performance. Under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 the Council also has a statutory duty to produce a Rights of Way Improvement Plan (ROWIP). The Cumbria ROWIP15 was published in 2007 and stated that, in general, just over half of the public rights of way network passed the BVPI easy to use survey in 2006. The report concluded that Cumbrias PRoW network is not reaching its full potential because people lack confidence that a route will be signed, free from obstruction and safe. The difficulty with using BVPI as an indicator for the condition of rights of way within the AONB is that it is based on county-wide surveys. There is no measure of the condition of public rights of way locally within the AONB. 11.3 Cycling The National Cycle Network Route 72 passes through the AONB (the Hadrians Wall Cycleway) and part of the Cumbria Cycle Way between Silloth to Maryport (this is considered too dangerous by cycling enthusiasts). A purpose built cycle path has been proposed between Silloth, Allonby and Maryport to boost tourism. Within the AONB cycling is becoming more popular. 11.4 StewardshipAcess Natural England has agreements including conservation walks and rides and educational access under previous (Countryside Stewardship Scheme, CSS) and current (Higher Level Stewardship, HLS) Agri-Environment Stewardship Agreements. Table 10 gives the extent of stewardship access within the AONB. Table 10 Stewardship Access within the AONB Site Type of Access Length of access (km) Swarthy Hill Conservation 0.4 walk/ride Dryholm Conservation 3.0 Farm Silloth walk/ride Rogersceugh Conservation 0.8 Farm walk/ride Bank Mill Educational access Not Nurseries applicable

Access end date 30/9/2012 30/9/2010 30/9/2013 30/9/2013

11.5 Other Access Three long distance footpaths pass through the AONB: the Cumbria Coastal Way, the Hadrians Wall Path National Trail and the Allerdale Ramble which extends northwards along the shore as far as Grune Point. There are also 11.4km of Easy Access walks. The Governments commitment to improve coastal access under the CRoW 2000 Act is likely to improve access within the AONB (particularly on the marshes between Rockcliffe to Skinburness). Proposals for a North West Regional Trail (the Cumbria Coastal Way will form part of this trail) will further enhance the access resource within the AONB.

15 Cumbria Rights of Way Improvement Plan, Cumbria County Council, 2007

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 18

12. Demographics The total population of the AONB is approximately 322016. The population increases significantly over the summer months due to tourists. Between 2001 and 2006, the population in Cumbria increased by 0.8%, a little slower than that in the North West (1.2%) and England as a whole (2.7%)17. Over this period, the overall population within the AONB increased by approximately 1.7%. Within the total population of the AONB, the percentage of children under 16 is estimated at 20%18 and the number of adults over 65 at 17% - see Table 11. This indicates that the AONB has more children than on average in Cumbria and in Allerdale and Carlisle Districts in general, and also fewer retired people. The data suggest the number of children in the AONB is more similar to that of the North West as a whole than the rest of Cumbria. The number of retired people in the AONB appears to be higher than in the North West and England but not as high as in Cumbria as a whole or Allerdale and Carlisle Districts. Table 11 Percentage of children and retired people within the AONB and comparative areas % AONB Allerdale Carlisle Cumbria North England West Childen (020.0 16.7 16.5 16.4 19.3 19.1 15) Retired (65+) 17.0 19.3 18.1 19.2 16.2 15.9 Cumbrias population is growing but more slowly than nationally and the overall growth masks demographic changes within the total population19. Over the period 1981-2006 there were significant changes in the age structure of the population of the county: the number of young people (15-29 year olds) has declined significantly (by 23% compared with 15.2% in the North West and 6.4% in England and Wales) and the number of middle aged people (30-59) has grown; the number of 60-74 year olds has remained consistent but the number of older adults, 75+, has increased. This rapid growth in older adults is more marked in Cumbria than regionally and in England and Wales. Allerdale District follows the county trend and Carlisle Districts age profile is similar but with a slightly less steep decline of 15-29 year olds, and a slightly slower increase in the number of older people. In the future the population of England is expected to continue to grow and numbers are projected to rise more quickly over the next five years than they have over the last five years. Cumbria as a whole is forecast to grow in population size by around 7.1% by 2029. This is slower than the predicted national growth of 12.7% and around the same as the suggested regional figure of only 7.4%. There are, however, significant differences in the predicted change on a district by district basis. Moderate growth is predicted for both Carlisle (9.2%) and Allerdale (3.1%). These increases are expected to be reflected in the AONB.

16 17

Based on 2001 census data adjusted to reflect 2001-2006 changes see Appendix 5. Office of National Statistics Update, Winter 2007, No. 130 Population Trends. 18 Based on Parish profiles, Cumbria County Council Information and Intelligence, Policy & Performance report Sept 07 19 Population Trends 2006. A presentation for Cumbria and its Districts, 19/9/07, Cumbria County Council Information and Intelligence, Policy & Performance report Sept 07

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 19

Continued demographic changes in the population are expected to lead to an increasingly ageing UK population and Cumbria is forecasted to see a quicker decline in young people and a faster growth in older adults than the regional or national figures. By 2029, Cumbrias 0-14 year olds are predicted to decline by 13.5%, 15-29 by 5.9% and 30-44 down by 15.6%. The 45-59 age group is predicted to fall by 7.6%. In England, all these age groups are predicted to grow. Significant growth is expected in Cumbria in all ages over 60. Predictions for Allerdale and Carlisle follow broadly the same pattern as the one predicted for the county as a whole. This pattern is likely to be reflected within the AONB. The working age group (15-64 year olds) in Cumbria in 2006 was 64.5% and in 2029 is estimated to fall to 56.7%. 13. Socio-economic profile 13.1 Employment The working population within the area is consistent with the percentage for Cumbria generally. Within the Allerdale BC and Carlisle DC areas, distribution hotels and restaurants employ the majority of people followed by public administration and then manufacturing. A working population of 60% is expected to be reflected within the AONB but the types of employment are likely to be slightly different. Farming and tourism are both key generators of income for the local economy and key employers. Around 65 % of the AONB is used for farming and there are 134 farm holdings. In 2006, there were 106 full time farmers and a total of 248 people (full and part time farmers, managers and casual labour) employed in farming within the AONB see Appendix 1. The number of full time farmers within the AONB has shown a steady decline from 124 in 2000 to 106 in 2006. The total number of people employed in farming has fallen significantly from over 300 in the 1990s but has remained between 240 and 250 over the last 5 years. Tourism is second only to farming in its importance to the local economy and is a major employer in the area. Information on employment in tourism within Cumbria and local authorities is available in the Cumbria STEAM20 Report. AONB specific data is not available but the figures give a picture of the importance of tourism to employment within the local area. Tourist activity supports the largest proportion of tourism FTEs in South Lakeland, accounting for 40.5% of all tourism employment in Cumbria in 2006. Allerdale, the closest performing local authority, supported 4136 FTEs, accounting for 19.4% of the county total and Carlisle, 2206 FTEs, 10.3% (see table 12) . The total number of jobs supported by tourism activity is even higher. One FTE may be comprised of a number of people in jobs in reality, particularly once seasonal and part time employment is taken into account. Additional analysis of the STEAM Model data by Cumbria Tourism has indicated that the total number of jobs supported by tourism activity is significantly higher than the FTE figure. Using this methodology, the estimated total number of jobs supported by tourism in Cumbria and the two local authority areas is also given in Table 12. Direct employment in tourism includes accommodation, food and drink, recreation, shopping and transport but indirect employment is also important. The accommodation sector is the primary direct tourism employer in Cumbria but the food and drink sector is also important in supporting tourism employment.
20

Cumbria STEAM (Scarborough tourism Economic Activity Monitor) Report (2006), Research Dept., Cumbria Tourism http://www.cumbriatourism.org/press/intelligence/cumbriareport2006.pdf

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 20

Table 12 Employment in tourism in Cumbria, 2006 Full Time % (change Equivalent 2005/06) posts (FTEs) Allerdale Carlisle Cumbria 4,136 2,206 21,322 19.4 10.3 100 (-1%) (-3%) (-1%)

Total no. of jobs supported by tourism activity 7,114 3,794 36,647

The Office of National Statistics 2006 Annual Business Survey Key Findings for Cumbria 2004-2006 gives some indication of the recent changes in employment within the area. The report shows a loss of manufacturing in Carlisle (-16%), strong growth in hotels/restaurant sector in Allerdale (+29%) and business services showed falls in both Allerdale (-16%) and Carlisle (-19%). Ward profiles based on the 2001 Census indicate that a significant number of people within the AONB work from home ranging from around 17% in Burgh to 26% in Holme. This compares with 12% for Cumbria as a whole. Unemployment in the area is around 2% (February 2008 - Allerdale, 2.0% of all people aged between 16-74 and economically active, Carlisle, 1.9%, Cumbria 1.7%) which compares to 2.7% in the North West as a whole. Figures at ward level suggest that, within the AONB, the rate may be a little lower (February 2008 Holme 1.4%, Marsh 0.6%, Burgh 1.2%). It would appear that the level of unemployment in the AONB has remained fairly stable over recent years. 13.2 Local Businesses Information on local businesses within the AONB is very hard to find. West Cumbria Development Agency (WCDA) was able to provide some information: they list 60 businesses within the AONB area with a further 181 in Silloth. These businesses vary in type but include Consultancy (7), Garden & Home Improvements (6), Food and Accommodation (3), Plant Hire (1) and shops (5). North West Business Link was unable to provide any information for the local area but suggested some additional sources of information, most of which, however, were found to provide high level regional and national business statistics. Cumbria Rural Enterprise Agency (CREA) advised speaking to WCDA for this type of information. Cumbria Chamber of Commerce will not release information on their members to third parties. Statistical information is only given to their national organisation. Some data is available from the NOMIS website on businesses at a district level and will have some relevance to the AONB area. The number of VAT registrations and deregistrations per year and total business stocks by industry type is available - see Appendix 6. In Allerdale, the largest number of businesses were in agriculture, fisheries and forestry (970), wholesale, retail and repairs (610) followed by real estate, renting and business activities (500), construction (435) and hotels and restaurants (430). Please see Appendix 6 for a full definition of these business categories. The figures indicate that across Allerdale the number of businesses within the agriculture fishing and forestry sector has remained essentially the same over the last five years. The number of businesses involved in construction increased by around 16% between 2002 and 2006 and then fell with an overall increase of 14% over the 5 years. Within the wholesale, retail and repairs sector there has been an increase in the number of businesses of State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 21

4% over the last 5 years; hotels and restaurants has seen a 16% increase and real estate, renting and business activities has seen a large increase of nearly 30%. The total number of VAT registered businesses in Allerdale increased by 8% over the period 2002-2006. In Carlisle, in 2006, the largest number of businesses were again in agriculture fishing and forestry (745), wholesale, retail and repairs (705) followed by real estate, renting and business activities (615) and construction (490). The hotels and restaurants sector is smaller here than in Allerdale (280). Over the last 5 years there has been a decline of 3% in the number of businesses in the agricultural/fishing sector but large increases in other important sectors: 29% in construction, 27% in real estate, 6 % in wholesale and retail. The number of businesses in hotels and restaurants increased by 8% between 2002 and 2004 but remained stable between 2004 and 2006. The total number of VAT registered businesses increased by 11%. 13.3 Health Around 70% of the population of the AONB indicate that their health is good. This compares with 67% in Cumbria as a whole. 13.4 Housing There are 1034 owner households (81%) and 244 rented households within the AONB with rented accommodation being proportionately higher in the south. Owner occupation is higher in the AONB than in Cumbria generally (72.3%). House prices range considerably across the AONB from a median price of 99,000 in Silloth Ward to 213,000 in Burgh21. Affordability ratios (the multiples of median income to afford the median house price) are around 1:6 and 1:7 see Table 13. This is better than for much of the county especially South Lakes (eg. Lyth Valley affordability ratio is 10.44) but worse than the Maryport/Workington and west coast areas with affordability ratios of 2.94 - 4.20. The percentage of households which can afford the median price is between 8 and 11%. This compares with 2% in the Lyth Valley and 52% in Flimby). Table 13 Ward level Summary, Incomes and House Prices (based on 2006 data) Ward Mean Median Mean Median Affordability % households who Price, Price, Income, Income Ratio can afford median price Burgh 209,108 213,000 36,558 31,989 6.66 11 Holme 149,495 170,000 27,052 23,467 7.24 8 Marsh 164,268 166,000 31,692 27,727 5.99 11 House prices continued to rise through the early and mid part of 2007 but recent figures22 (last quarter of 2007) are starting to show a fall (-0.4%, -2.0% and -1.5% in Cumbria, Allerdale and Carlisle respectively). House prices will have to fall significantly to make a big difference to the affordability ratios quoted above. 13.5 Indices of Multiple Deprivation The Indices of Deprivation are widely recognised as one of the most accurate statistical measures of quality of life in local communities. The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

21 22

Cumbria County Council Information and Intelligence, Policy & Performance report Sept 07, ward Profiles 2007. Land Registry of England and Wales, October to December 2007.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 22

combines a number of indicators23, chosen to cover a range of economic, social and housing issues, into a single deprivation score for each small area in England. This allows each area to be ranked relative to one another according to their level of deprivation. Cumbria County Council has calculated ward-level deprivation estimates for all wards in the county. The quality of life for those living within the AONB, as measured against those of Cumbria and the rest of England (based on sample wards taken to best represent the AONB population), is illustrated in Table 14. IMDs for 2004 and 2007 are available and full details of the rankings for all the indicators are given in Appendix 6. Table 14 Index of Multiple Deprivation, 2004 and 2007 Ward Burgh Holme 2004 2007 2004 2007 Index of 4688/7936 n/a 1849/7936 n/a Multiple Deprivation (UK ranking) Index of 121/168 109/167 39/168 39/167 Multiple Deprivation (Cumbria ranking) Marsh 2004 3310/7936

2007 n/a

76/168

54/167

The National ranking ranges from 1 (most deprived) to 7936 (least deprived). The Cumbrian rank ranges from 1 to 167/8.

Cumbria as a whole is becoming less deprived than other parts of England. Allerdale District has become less deprived (an improvement of 14 places, 2004-2007) and also Carlisle (an improvement of 2 places). However, within the wards most representative of the AONB, the levels of deprivation have not improved over this period and, in some cases, have declined quite steeply. A summary of the 2007 rankings and changes between 2004 and 2007 are given for the three wards most representative of the AONB. Holme (IMD = 39/167). The highest ranking indicator is Crime and the lowest is Barriers (to housing and services). The overall IMD has stayed the same between 2004 and 2007 indicating the overall level of deprivation has remained the same in the bottom quarter of all wards in Cumbria. The largest decline is in Health, followed by Income and Living Environment. The largest improvement is in Crime. Marsh (IMD = 54/167). The highest ranking indicator is Education and the lowest is Barriers. The ranking for Barriers is particularly low and especially that for geographical barriers. Overall there has been a large decline (down 21 places since 2004). The largest decline is in Income, with declines also in Crime, Employment, Living Environment and Health. There is no improvement in any category. Burgh (IMD = 109/167. Burgh is the highest ranked ward out of the three - in the top 40% of all wards in Cumbria. The highest ranking indicator is Income and the lowest (significantly lower) is Barriers again, particularly geographical barriers. The overall IMD has declined (by

23 The IMD uses 38 indicators that are grouped into 7 domains. These are: Income deprivation (weighting 22.5%), Employment deprivation (weighting 22.5%), Health deprivation and disability (weighting 13.5%), Education, skills and training deprivation (weighting 13.5%) Barriers to housing and services (weighting 9.3%), Crime (weighting 9.3%) and Living environment (weighting 9.3%) Sub Domain the indoors living environment (quality of housing) Sub Domain the outdoors living environment (air quality and road traffic accidents).

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 23

11 places) since 2004. There has been a large decline in Crime with small improvements in Health, Employment and Education. National ward rankings are not available for 2007, but in 2004 Holme was in the lowest quarter of wards nationally, Marsh was just below midway and Burgh was ranked just above midway. In summary, it would appear that levels of deprivation within the AONB have not improved over the period 2004-2007 and in some cases have declined quite steeply. Barriers (to housing and services) is the lowest ranked indicator in all wards with geographical barriers being a particular issue. 13.6 Local Services Local services include GP surgeries, banks and building societies, post offices, petrol stations, schools, libraries and supermarkets. Within the AONB, the provision of these local services is very variable. The NHS Direct website24 indicates that there are no doctors surgeries actually within the AONB. Surgeries are located at Maryport, Aspatria, Silloth, Kirkbride, Wigton and Carlisle. Table 15 gives an indication of the nearest surgeries in different parts of the AONB. It is clear from the table that, for many parts of the AONB, it is a significant distance to the nearest surgery. Table 15 Distances to nearest doctors surgeries from locations within the AONB Town/village Nearest surgery Distance (km) Rockcliffe Scotland Road, Carlisle 9.53 Beaumont Port Road, Carlisle 8.65 Burgh by Sands Port Road, Carlisle 11.38 Boustead Hill Kirkbride 10.67 Drumburgh Kirkbride 7.93 Port Carlisle Kirkbride 8.89 Abbey Town Silloth 11.98 Mawbray Silloth 11.34 Allonby Aspatria 9.72 Crosscanonby Maryport 7.35 There is one bank within the AONB, located in Silloth. Other banks are located nearby in Maryport, Aspatria, Wigton and Carlisle. There are post offices in Allonby, Bowness on solway, Burgh by Sands, Anthorn, Drumburgh (mobile service and Port Carlisle (mobile service) within the AONB and in Silloth, Abbey Town, and Rockcliffe just on the outskirts. Garage services can be found at Silloth and Burgh by Sands within the AONB and also at Kirkbride, Aspatria, Maryport and Carlisle. There are 7 primary schools in the AONB (Crosscanonby, Allonby, Holme St Cuthbert near Mawbray, Silloth, Bowness on Solway and Rockcliffe) and also ones at Abbey Town and Kirkbride. There is one secondary school at Silloth. Other secondary schools are further away at Maryport, Wigton and Carlisle. There is one library within the AONB, at Silloth. A mobile library is also available at Abbey Town. The next nearest libraries are in Maryport and Carlisle. There is one supermarket within the AONB Spar in Silloth. Other nearby supermarkets include the CoOp in Aspatria, Somerfield in Wigton and others in Carlisle and Maryport.
24

http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/find/results/index.aspx?type=1&location=Boustead+Hill

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 24

13.7 Tourism Tourism within the AONB is concentrated along the coast and, particularly, around Silloth and Allonby. There are nine caravan/holiday parks within the AONB (with licences for 936 static caravans) predominantly located along the south coast, and two hotels. Further accommodation is available in the form of Bed and Breakfast, guest houses, self catering accommodation and camp sites. There are a further six caravan/ holiday parks and three hotels in and around Silloth, which although not within the AONB boundary, provide bases for tourists visiting the AONB. There is one Tourist Information Centre (TIC) within the Solway Coast Discovery Centre at Silloth, managed by Allerdale Borough Council with further centres at Maryport and Carlisle. In addition to the traditional seaside holidays, the principal recreational activities are informal walking, cycling, bird watching, fishing and Allonby is also popular for windsurfers. Table 16 Number of visitors to the Solway Coast Discovery Centre, 2005-2007 No. of visitors 2005 2006 2007 UK 10,583 11,012 10,719 Overseas 131 199 104 Total 10,714 11,211 10,823 There have been no recent local tourist surveys to estimate the number of people who visit the AONB each year or to assess their reasons for visiting. Visitor numbers to the Discovery Centre are monitored by the TIC and a breakdown of the numbers for 2005-2007 is given in Table 16. Apart from this information on overseas and UK visitors collected by the TIC, there is no more detailed information on visitor makeup. Information on tourism is, however, available for Cumbria as a whole and Allerdale and Carlisle districts from the Cumbria STEAM Report (2006). Key statistics from this report for visitor revenue, numbers and days is given in Table 17. These set the context for tourism activity within the AONB. Table 17 Tourism revenue, tourist numbers and tourism days in Cumbria in 2006: Visitor Revenue, M Visitor Numbers, millions Tourist Days, millions (change 2005/06) (change 2005/06) (change 2005/06) Allerda 194.7 2.5 5.3 le (-1%) (-3%) (-1) 2.4 3.2 Carlisle 120.01 (-5%) (-2%) (-3) Cumbri 1073.9 15.2 27.5 a (-1%) (-1%) (-1) Tourism activity in Cumbria (and the AONB) and the consequent tourism revenue is subject to seasonal variations, July to September being the busiest part of the year. Revenue created by tourism activity is a key measure of a destinations performance. In 2006, Carlisle accounted for 11.2% and Allerdale 18.1% of the tourist revenue to Cumbria. In comparison, South Lakeland accounted for 43.5% and the Lake District National Park (LDNP) 56.3%. Carlisle and Allerdale accounted for 16.5% and 15.9% of visitors to Cumbria in 2006 (South Lakeland = 30.5 %, LDNP = 53.6%). Carlisle received a higher proportion of the countys visitors than tourism revenue. As well as shorter days and lower spend this area also attracts a high proportion of day visitors. In contrast, South Lakeland accounted for 30.5% of the countys tourist numbers in 2006 yet generated 43.5% of the revenue. This indicates a higher State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 25

spend per trip and longer trip lengths in South Lakeland compared to other districts. In 2006, visitors to Cumbria generated 27.5 million tourist days. Over half of these were within the Lake District National Park Area (53.3%). South Lakeland accounted for more than a third of all visitor days (35.8%) and Allerdale almost a fifth (19.3%). The overall trend between 2005 and 2006 is a slight decline of 1% in tourism revenue and visitor numbers across Cumbria. In Allerdale there was a 1% decline in visitor revenue and a 3% decline in visitor numbers between 2005 and 2006. In Carlisle, there was a 5% decline in visitor revenue and a 2 % decline in visitor numbers. The figures clearly show the importance of tourism in the local area, in particular in Allerdale. Allerdale Borough Council in its Tourism Strategy25 identifies tourism as a vital sector in the local economy and a large employer in the borough. Tourism is seen as an increasingly important component of Allerdales economy. The report also confirms that Allerdale attracts a predominantly day visitor market. Survey data regarding visitor make-up is not currently available but it is thought that day visitors come chiefly from Carlisle and north Cumbria and from the northern Lake District; staying visitors are dominated by traditional seaside holidays based at the coastal chalet and caravan parks. Data available for the whole of Cumbria suggest that visitors to this area are more likely to stay for a shorter time and spend less than in other areas, such as South Lakeland. Although visitor numbers recorded by both Allerdale Borough Council and Carlisle City Council (and across Cumbria) have shown a recent downward trend the number of visitors to the AONB specifically is rising (according to AONB staff) mainly as a result of the designation of Hadrians Wall as a World Heritage Site and the development of the Hadrians Wall Cycleway and Trail (opened in May 2003). S.M.H 22/5/08

25

A Strategy for Tourism 2005-2015, Allerdale Borough Council, August 2005.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 26

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 27

APPENDIX 1 Agricultural Land Use

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 28

June Agricultural Survey All agricultural data has been obtained from the farm statistics provided by Defra and based on the June Agricultural Survey. The June Agricultural Survey is an annual survey of agricultural activity which collects information from selected agricultural holdings in England relating to land use, crops, livestock, labour, horticulture and glasshouse. The following information was obtained from the Defra website, accessed on 23/4/08:

http://www.defra.gov.uk/esg/work_htm/publications/cs/farmstats_web/2_SURVEY_DATA_SEARCH/survey_data_search_overview.htm
Background Historically named the June Agricultural and Horticultural Census this survey was, as its name implied, a Census collecting data. In recent years it has been conducted as a sample survey, in which data is only sought from a proportion of holdings in each year. The exception to this is in every tenth year when EU regulations demand a complete census; 2000 was the most recent occasion this was undertaken. There are currently around 210,000 agricultural holdings in England, many of which are very small. The small farms are sampled at a low rate, and the sampling rate increases with farm size to a near census for the largest holdings. Two sets of results are produced and published each year. Provisional estimates are published for key sections during September and final results are published for all sections in December. All estimates are produced using statistical methods which allow for non-respondent/non-sampled holdings, making use of past data, where available. Datasets The datasets provided include information for most of the arable crops, and summary information for livestock and labour. It is important to note that: from 2000 - the datasets relate to both main and minor holdings; pre-2000 - the datasets relates to main holdings only. In some cases the data has to be suppressed to protect disclosive or dominant information. This is the policy concerning the disclosure of data collected under the Agricultural Statistics Act, 1979. If a data item is not present within a ward or an authority then it is recorded as zero. If the data are present and not confidential then they are presented in the form of a count and a value. This relates to the number of farms contributing to the total (the count) and the total hectares or total livestock on those farms (the value). The total area given is the total area being farmed (including seasonally rented land). Saltmarsh - if it is part of a farm (i.e owned by somebody), would be included in the figures. If its common land/common grazing then it would not (confirmed, I Knapper, Defra, 20/2/08). All holdings are allocated a holding type which is based on predominant activity. Until 2003 there were 9 holding types. From 2004 onwards there are 10 holding types. The key changes to the system made in 2004 were: the separation of Specialist Pigs and Specialist Poultry into two different types and the extension of Cattle and Sheep types to include other grazing livestock (inc. goats and deer). There were significantly larger numbers of "new" holdings than usual in 2006, since the introduction of the Single Payment scheme has led to many more farmers registering land in order to be eligible for payments. Datasets cut to AONB boundaries are available from the Defra website for 1990, 1995, 1999 and 2000-2006. The available data for Solway Coast AONB is given below.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 29

Farmed Area (hectares) Year Farmed area [Holdings] 134 132 123 123 129 130 131 n/a n/a n/a [Area] 7779.6 7483.1 7375.2 7524.2 7420.8 7,392.6 7,704.4 n/a n/a n/a

Rented land [Holdings] 34 37 41 37 40 42 39 37 37 47 [Area] (% farmed area) 877.0 (11.3) 864.8 (11.6) 956.9 (13.0) 930.2 (12.4) 1044.3 (14.1) 1,173.7 (15.9) 1,130.9 (14.7) 1,163.5 1,190.4 1,510.2

Owned land [Holdings] 126 132 116 117 129 127 125 119 121 116 [Area] 7445.3 6654.1 6416.3 6513.3 6748.4 6,296.3 6,781.8 6,167.6 6,171.9 5,803.5

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1995 1990

Table 1 indicates that in 2006 the farmed area within the AONB was 7779.6 hectares (67.6% of the total AONB area). The table also shows that the area of farmed land has remained fairly stable over the last few years (at least since 2000 from when comparable figures are available). The figures also appear to show a declining trend in rented land. Farm Types (No. of farms) Year Cereals General Cropping 2006 5 ## 2005 7 ## 2004 7 0 2003 # 0 2002 4 0 2001 32 0 2000 ## 0 1999 4 ## 1995 ## ## 1990 ## 3

Horticulture 0 0 # 0 0 ## 0 0 0 0

Specialist Pigs ## 0 0

Specialist Poultry 5 8 5 # # 7 ## ## 3 0

Dairy 32 37 39 41 46 18 51 50 59 68

Grazing Livestock (LFA) ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

Grazing Livestock (lowland) 34 32 30 40 38 20 41 52 46 41

Mixed 14 10 13 7 8 ## 7 7 6 6

Other 55 48 45 46 46 50 29 10 11 11

Other: These are holdings which either do not fit well with mainstream agriculture, such as specialist horses, or which are of limited economic importance, such as specialist set-aside, specialist grass and forage and non classifiable holdings. Specialist grass and forage holdings consisting only of fodder crops, or only of grass or rough grazing and having no livestock. Non classifiable holdings are holdings consisting of fallow or buildings and other areas only, for which no SGM coefficients are calculated.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 30

Table 2 indicates that the largest number of farms within the AONB are dairy and lowland livestock grazing farms and that this pattern has remained the same over many years (at least since 1990). The figures also indicate a steady decline since the early nineties in the number of holdings involved in dairy farming. The figures for 2001 are different from previous and later years and may illustrate the effects of Foot and Mouth disease. Farm Size (No. of hectares) <5 5 <20 Year 2006 54 22 2005 44 20 2004 51 17 2003 51 14 2002 50 17 2001 37 20 2000 35 19 1999 13 25 1995 13 23 1990 12 25

20 < 50 27 32 26 28 30 27 31 34 39 38

50 <100 25 25 26 27 31 32 35 37 40 46

>=100 23 24 23 24 17 18 16 19 15 12

Types of agricultural land use within AONB (2006) Land Use No. holdings Area (Ha) % agricultural land Crops/bare 52 1097.8 14.1 fallow Temp. grass 51 854.3 11.0 Permanent grass 106 4881.7 62.8 Rough grazing 22 452.8 5.8 Woodland 20 222.0 2.8 Set aside 23 87.3 1.1 All other land 23 183.8 2.4 Total farmed 134 7779.7 100 area Bare fallow = 42.6ha , Crops = 1055.2ha (13.6%). Of the 7779 .7ha farmed within the AONB, the vast majority (73.8%) is grass (temporary and permanent) and is used for grazing (dairy and beef cattle and sheep). A further 5.8% is classed as rough grazing. 9.2 % is used for crops, mainly spring and winter barley and wheat. Woodland covers only 2.4 % of the AONB.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 31

Land Use (1990-2006) Crops & bare fallow [Holdings] 52 56 57 54 53 56 60 61 70 74 Rough grazing (sole right) [Holdings] 22 25 24 27 24 27 27 30 33 34

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1995 1990

[Area] 1097.8 1300.8 1324.4 1184.1 992.4 1,087.1 922.5 996.6 890.5 865.9

Temporary grass [Holdings] 51 65 68 69 69 68 69 66 78 89

[Area] 854.3 1095.4 1317.4 1215.1 1323.5 1,159.3 1,106.4 1,126.1 1,377.0 1,542.6

Permanent grass [Holdings] 106 105 98 98 97 115 120 118 121 121

[Area] 4881.7 4262.6 3987.7 4349.1 4382.2 4,470.9 4,902.1 4,474.8 4,289.4 4,146.4

[Area] 452.8 413.2 435.4 474.9 474.1 352.6 328.1 457.6 500.9 549.2

Woodland [Holdings] 20 17 14 14 # 18 18 14 16 14

[Area] 222.0 59.3 53.8 51.6 # 87.9 238.9 66.8 70.5 47.4

Set-aside [Holdings] 23 22 12 12 9 5 5 4 3 0

[Area] 87.3 102.6 56.0 130.6 73.7 62.3 39.0 36.6 64.0 0.0

All other land [Holdings] 23 27 30 28 # ## ## 51 48 42

[Area] 183.8 249.3 199.4 119.1 # ## ## 172.6 170.0 162.2

Crops and bare fallow show an overall increase from 1990 to a peak in 2004 of 1324ha. The figures for 2005 and 2006 then show a slight decline. Temporary grass area remained around 1200-1300 in the early 2000s but the figures indicate a decline since then to 854ha in 2006. permanent grass increased from 1990 to a peak of 4902 in 2000 declining to a low in 2004vof 3987ha and then appears to be increasing again to 4881 in 2006. Rough grazing Figures indicate that this was a little higher in the nineties and a little lower between 2000 and 2004 than the 2006 figure of 453ha. The figures for woodland vary considerably, around 230ha in 2000 and 2006 but much lower, 47-88ha in other years. Set aside was 0 in 1990 and has since fluctuated reaching a peak of 13ha in 2003 and falling to 87ha in 2006.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 32

Cattle and Sheep numbers Year

Cattle

Total sheep

Total Cattle* Dairy Beef No. Holdings No. sheep No. Holdings No. cattle No. Holdings No. cattle No. Holdings No. cattle 2006 69 9942 31 2837 41 754 40 8962 2005 70 11532 35 3278 34 726 36 7456 2004 73 11479 37 3292 33 638 36 6567 2003 74 11575 38 3334 37 714 38 6021 2002 77 11540 39 3437 36 723 33 4834 2001 35 4667 18 1359 17 356 12 1307 2000 93 14924 54 4418 46 917 49 8466 1999 107 16037 55 4567 51 975 46 8308 1995 112 15823 61 4749 53 750 48 7113 1990 115 15527 70 4926 55 772 55 8758 * Includes total herd replacements 1 year and over and other cattle over 1 year. Cattle and sheep are an important part of farming on the Solway coast . In 2006, there were 69 holdings keeping 9942 cattle and 40 holdings keeping 8962 sheep. The total number of cattle kept has declined since the 1990s and the impact of Foot and Mouth can clearly be seen in the figures, with a fall from 14924 in 2000 to 4667 in 2001. Total cattle numbers remained fairly stable at around 11500 between 2002 and 2005 but the figure for 2006 of 9942 indicates a recent decline. This pattern is clearly seen in the figures for dairy cattle but the number of beef cattle appears to have increased slightly from 2004. Important arable crops within the AONB Year Wheat No. Holdings 13 13 17 11 9 8 11 12 8 5 Area 143.9 227.2 247.4 203.2 181.3 107.3 136.9 123.9 94.3 23.9

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1995 1990

Winter Barley No. Holdings 19 17 17 23 26 21 28 32 35 20

Area 259.6 224.3 243.0 244.3 280.5 190.4 281.1 225.1 291.8 128.8

Spring Barley No. holdings 36 42 29 42 36 56 42 47 49 63

Area 497.7 574.3 590.9 560.1 426.3 673.6 381.3 467.9 384.3 584.8

Total Cereals No. Holdings 46 51 51 51 51 49 54 58 64 71

Bare Fallow Area 949.7 1083.6 1174.8 1044.3 910.7 992.9 815.9 857.6 806.1 798.6 No. Holdings 9 8 0 ## ## ## ## ## ## ## Area 42.6 39.5 0.0 ## ## ## ## ## ## ##

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 33

Crops (2006) Wheat Holding 13 Area 143.9

Solway Coast

Winter barley Holding 19

Area 259.6

Spring barley Holding 36

Oats Area 497.7 Holding ## Area ##

Other cereals Holding ##

Area ##

Total cereals Holding 46

Area 949.7

Crops (continued) Potatoes

Sugar beet Area ## Holding ## Area ##

Total horticulture Holding ## Area ##

Field beans Holding ## Area ##

Solway Coast

Holding ##

Peas for harvesting dry Holding ##

Oilseed rape Area ## Holding ## Area ##

Crops (continued) Linseed

Solway Coast

Holding ##

Area ##

Root crops, Brassicas, fodder beet Holding ##

Other crops for stock feed Area ## Holding ## Area ##

Maize

Other arable crops

Bare fallow

Holding ##

Area ##

Holding ##

Area ##

Holding 9

Area 42.6

Crops (continued) Total peas and beans Holding Solway 0 Coast

Area 0.0

All other veg and salad Holding 0

Area 0.0

Total veg grown in the open Holding 0

Area 0.0

Under glass or plastic Holding 0

Top fruit

Area 0.0

Holding ##

Area ##

Total small fruit Holding ##

Area ##

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 34

Crops (continued) Total fruit Holding ## Area ##

Solway Coast

Hardy nursery stock Holding 0

Area 0.0

Bulbs and flowers Holding 0

Area 0.0

Cereals, mainly winter and spring barley and wheat, are currently grown on 46 holdings within the AONB covering an area of 949.7ha. Small amounts of other crops including potatoes, sugar beet, root crops, brassicas, oilseed rape and maize are also grown. 42.6ha are recorded as bare fallow. Employment in farming Year No. Farmers (full time from 2000) Holdings 66 68 69 69 72 77 79 112 112 116 No. people 106 113 109 110 117 120 124 212 200 215 Total labour (farmers full and part time, managers and casual) Holdings No. people 113 248 109 258 102 250 104 240 112 246 117 260 117 268 115 293 115 310 117 315

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1995 1990

Pre 2000, No of farmers was recorded. 2000 onwards, this was split into full time and part time farmers. The number of full time farmers has shown a steady decline from 124 in 2000 to 106 in 2006. The total number of people employed in farming (farmers, managers, full time, part time, casual) has fallen significantly from over 300 in the 1990s but has remained between 240 and 250 over the last 5 years.

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 35

APPENDIX 2 Natural Environment

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 36

Bowness Common
Units 1,4,5,7,24,25 & 26 2,6,9,10,16 & 23 3 & 15 8 11 12,13,14,17,20,21 & 22 18 Unit area (hectares) 97.76 350.8 8.9 12.02 83.39 285.32 8.78 Main habitat Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Improved grassland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland 854.78 748.12 87.5% Condition Unfavourable no change Favourable Unfavourable no change Unfavourable recovering Unfavourable recovering Unfavourable recovering Unfavourable recovering Unfavourable recovering Ericaceous shrub cover too high, but other targets of condition assessment are met Works underway in 2006 to block drains Reason for adverse condition / Condition Assessment Comment Inappropriate ditch management Inappropriate ditch management Damning has improved condition of vegetation adjacent to the pond Unit is already responding to the blocking of the main drain.

19 7.81 Total SSSI area (hectares) Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition (hectares) % Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition

Silloth Dunes and Mawbray Bank

Units 1 Unit area (hectares) 22.69 Main habitat Supralittoral sediment Supralittoral sediment Supralittoral sediment Supralittoral sediment 91.23 37.77 41.4% Condition Unfavourable recovering Unfavourable no change Unfavourable declining Favourable Reason for adverse condition / Condition Assessment Comment Management works have resulted in a significant improvement in the condition of this unit Inappropriate weed control, undergrazing Inappropriate weed control

2 43.31 3 10.15 4 15.08 Total SSSI area (hectares) Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition (hectares) % Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 37

Glasson Moss
Units 1 & 18 2,5,6,7,11,12,13,14 & 16 3 4,8,9 & 10 Unit area (hectares) 134.74 42.33 7.25 36.15 Main habitat Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Neutral grassland - lowland 225.36 143.75 63.8% Condition Favourable Unfavourable no change Unfavourable recovering Unfavourable no change Unfavourable declining Favourable Reason for adverse condition / Condition Assessment Comment Inappropriate ditch management

15 3.13 17 1.76 Total SSSI area (hectares) Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition (hectares) % Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition

Inappropriate ditch management, inappropriate scrub control Inappropriate ditch management

River Eden and Tributaries

Units Unit area (hectares) Main habitat Rivers and streams 17.5 0 0% Condition Unfavourable no change 236 106.3 Total SSSI area within AONB (hectares) Area within AONB in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition (hectares) % Area within AONB in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition Reason for adverse condition / Condition Assessment Comment Overgrazing, water pollution discharge

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 38

Salta Moss
Units 1 2 3 4 5 6&7 8 Unit area (hectares) 4.36 4.93 19.91 1.46 2.19 9.8 2.96 Main habitat Neutral grassland - lowland Bogs - lowland Bogs - lowland Dwarf shrub heath - lowland Bogs - lowland Fen, marsh and swamp lowland Bogs - lowland 45.61 0 0% Condition Part destroyed Part destroyed Unfavourable no change Unfavourable no change Unfavourable no change Unfavourable no change Unfavourable declining Reason for adverse condition / Condition Assessment Comment Drainage, inappropriate ditch management Drainage, inappropriate ditch management Inappropriate ditch management, vehicles - illicit, water pollution discharge Game management - pheasant rearing, inappropriate ditch management Inappropriate ditch management, inappropriate scrub control Inappropriate ditch management

Total SSSI area (hectares) Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition (hectares) % Area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 39

Upper Solway Flats and Marshes

Units 2 3,5,7,8,10-16,18-23 6 9 17 24 25 & 26 Unit area (hectares) 74.33 3264.37 19.09 48.0 2.25 20 within AONB 69.1 within AONB Main habitat Littoral sediment Littoral sediment Littoral sediment Littoral sediment Littoral sediment Supralittoral sediment Littoral sediment 3497.14 3354.81 95.9% Condition Unfavourable no change Favourable Unfavourable recovering Unfavourable declining Favourable Unfavourable no change Favourable Reason for adverse condition / Condition Assessment Comment Inappropriate stock-feeding, other - specify in comments, overgrazing

Inappropriate css/esa prescription Whilst the unit is favourable at the moment the grazing levels need review and specified more closely. Coastal squeeze, inappropriate scrub control

Total SSSI area within AONB (hectares) Area within AONB in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition (hectares) % Area in AONB in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition

Total SSSI area within AONB = 4731.62 ha Total SSSI area in Favourable and Unfavourable recovering condition = 4284.45 ha (90.5%) Total SSSI area in Unfavourable declining condition = 64.24 (1.4%) SSSI area part destroyed = 9.29 (0.2%)

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 40

APPENDIX 3 Water

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 41

River Water Quality - Environment Agency website accessed 18/4 and 21/4/08.
River Wampool (just outside AONB) Year Chemistry Biology Nitrates Phosphates Target Water Quality WHINNOW BECK TO FWL(RDBR TO THE LAYTHES), X:329000, Y:550350 X:324300, Y:555700 10.7 2004-2006 D 4 5 4 Compliant 2003-2005 E D (2004) 4 5 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2002-2004 E 4 5 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2001-2003 E 4 5 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2000-2002 D C (2000) 4 5 4 Compliant QSL AT FAULDS BROW TO FWL(DISUSED RLY), X:329600, Y:540800 X:318070, Y:551750 27.9 2004-2006 C 3 3 2 Significant failure (Dissolved oxygen) 2003-2005 D C (2004) 3 4 2 Significant failure (Dissolved oxygen) 2002-2004 D 3 4 2 Significant failure (Dissolved oxygen) 2001-2003 C 3 4 2 Significant failure (Dissolved oxygen) 2000-2002 B C (2000) 3 4 2 compliant WILLOWHOLME STW TO FWL(BEAUMONT), X:338420, Y:556560 X:335100, Y:559400 6.6 2004-2006 A 3 3 2 Compliant 2003-2005 A A (2005) 3 3 2 Compliant 2002-2004 A B (2002) 3 3 2 Compliant 2001-2003 A 3 3 2 Compliant 2000-2002 A A (2000) 3 3 2 Compliant QSL AT SCOTTISH BORDER TO FWL (METAL BR), X:339500, Y:573800 X:335450, Y:564900 12.5 2004-2006 A 1 1 2 Compliant 2003-2005 B C (2005) 1 1 2 Compliant 2002-2004 B B (2002) 1 1 2 Compliant 2001-2003 A 1 1 2 Compliant 2000-2002 A B (2000) 1 1 2 Compliant QSL SILLOTH AERODROME-FWL SKINBURNESS RD, X:312600, Y:554500 X:312900, Y:555400 1.4 2004-2006 E 6 5 4 Significant failure (ammonia), marginal (biochemical oxygen demand)

Waver

Eden (just outside AONB)

Esk

Great Gutter

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 42

River

Causewayhead(wath) Beck

Blea Gutter

Black Dub

Crookhurst Beck

Year Chemistry Biology Nitrates Phosphates Target Water Quality 2003-2005 F E (2005) 6 5 4 Significant failure (ammonia), marginal (biochemical oxygen demand) 2002-2004 F E (2002) 6 5 4 Significant failure (ammonia) 2001-2003 E 4 5 4 Significant failure (ammonia) 2000-2002 E E (2000) 4 5 4 Significant failure (ammonia) QSL WOLSTY TO FWL, X:310300, Y:550500 X:314000, Y:555100 6.4 2004-2006 E 3 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2003-2005 E D (2005) 3 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2002-2004 E D (2002) 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2001-2003 D 2 4 4 Compliant 2000-2002 E D (2000) 3 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) QSL ABBEY COWPER TO CAUSEWAYHEAD3 BECK, X:315300, Y:550500 X:313310, Y:553390 Length 4.1 2004-2006 E 3 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2003-2005 E D (2005) 3 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2002-2004 E D (2002) 3 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2001-2003 D 3 4 4 Compliant 2000-2002 E D (2000) 3 4 4 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) QSL AT LANGRIGG TO FWL (B5300), X:316000, Y:545600 X:307800, Y:544950 9.4 2004-2006 C C (2006) 4 2 2 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) 2003-2005 D 4 4 2 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen and Ammonia) 2002-2004 D C (2003) 3 4 2 Significant failure (Dissolved oxygen), Marginal (Ammonia) 2001-2003 C C (2000) 3 4 2 Significant failure (Dissolved oxygen), Marginal (Ammonia) 2000-2002 C 4 2 2 Marginal (Dissolved oxygen) NEWTON OUT FIELD TO FWL(FORESHORE), X:311700, Y:543500 X:308000, Y:543650 5 2004-2006 B 4 3 2 Compliant 2003-2005 B C (2004) 4 3 2 Compliant 2002-2004 B 4 3 2 Compliant 2001-2003 B 4 4 2 Compliant 2000-2002 B C (2000) 4 4 2 Compliant

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 43

River Brunsow Beck

Scad Beck

Scad Beck

Year Chemistry Biology Nitrates Phosphates Target Water Quality NY 086391 TO FWL(FORESHORE), X:308600, Y:539100 X:307300, Y:540800 2.7 2004-2006 C 5 5 4 Significant failure (Biochemical oxygen demand) 2003-2005 D D (2005) 5 5 4 Significant failure (Biochemical oxygen demand) 2002-2004 D 5 5 4 Compliant 2001-2003 D D (2002) 5 5 4 Compliant 2000-2002 D D (2000) 5 5 4 Compliant QSL CROSSCANOBY STW TO NY 056386, X:306500, Y:538850 X:305600, Y:538600 1.1 2004-2006 D 6 6 4 Compliant 2003-2005 E E (2004) 6 6 4 Compliant 2002-2004 E 6 6 4 Marginal (Biochemical oxygen demand) 2001-2003 E 6 6 4 Marginal (Biochemical oxygen demand, Ammonia, Dissolved oxygen) 2000-2002 F D (2000) 6 6 4 Significant failure (Biochemical oxygen demand), Marginal (Ammonia) NY 056386 TO FWL(FORESHORE), X:305600, Y:538600 X:305000, Y:538700 1.2 2004-2006 C 6 6 4 Compliant 2003-2005 C E (2004) 6 6 4 Compliant 2002-2004 C 6 6 4 Compliant 2001-2003 C 6 6 4 Compliant 2000-2002 C D (2000) 5 5 4 Compliant

EA Classifications
Biology Classification A - very good B - good C - fairly good Description Biology similar to that expected for an unpolluted river Biology is a little short of an unpolluted river Biology worse than expected for unpolluted river

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 44

D - fair E - poor F - bad

A range of pollution tolerant species present Biology restricted to pollution tolerant species Biology limited to a small number of species very tolerant of pollution

Chemistry classification method Classification Likely uses and characteristics * A - very good All abstractions Very good salmonid fisheries Cyprinid fisheries Natural ecosystems All abstractions Very good salmonid fisheries Cyprinid fisheries Ecosystems at or close to natural Potable supply after advanced treatment Other abstractions Good cyprinid fisheries Natural ecosystems, or those corresponding to good cyprinid fisheries Potable supply after advanced treatment Other abstractions Fair cyprinid fisheries Impacted ecosystems Low grade abstraction for industry Fish absent or sporadically present, vulnerable to pollution ** Impoverished ecosystems ** Very polluted rivers which may cause nuisance Severely restricted ecosystems *providing other standards are met **where the grade is caused by discharges of organic pollution

B - good

C - fairly good

D - fair

E - poor

F - bad

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 45

Nutrients Classification for phosphate 1 2 3 4 5 6 Classification for nitrate 1 2 3 4 5 6

Grade limit (mgP/I) average 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.2 1.0 >1.0 Grade limit (mg NO3/I) average 5 10 20 30 40 >40

Description Very low Low Moderate High Very high Excessively high Description Very low Low Moderately low Moderate High Very high

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 46

Bathing Water Quality Beach Skinburness

Silloth

Allonby

Allonby South

Sampling Year X : 312621.03, Y: 556643.31 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 X : 310361.5, Y: 553484.19 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 X : 307742.12, Y: 542456.38 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 X : 306445.66, Y: 540752.44 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

Water Quality Good Good Good Good Excellent Good Excellent Good Good Good Good Excellent Good Good Good Good Excellent Good Good Good

EA website accessed 21/4/08

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 47

Coastal and transitional waters assessed under the WFD. Coastal/Transitional Water Risk Water body type Heavily Name Categ modified ory water body Outer Solway South (Coastal) X : 305768.34, Y: 543056.94 At Moderately Provisional risk exposed, macrotidal

River Basin District

Risk Assessment Results

North West

Point source pollution

Probably at risk

Diffuse source pollution Physical or morphological alteration Alien species Solway (Transitional) X : 306403.34, Y: 547925.31 Proba TW3 No bly at risk Solway Tweed Point source pollution

Probably not at risk At risk Probably not at risk Probably not at risk

Diffuse source pollution Water abstraction and flow regulation Physical or morphological alteration Alien species EA website accessed 21/4/08

Probably not at risk Not at risk Probably not at risk Probably at risk

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 48

River assessments under the WFD (details of types of risks only given for At risk or Probably at risk categories) River River basin Overall Risk River ID Type of Risk district Category Point source Diffuse source Water pollution pollution abstraction and flow regulation Esk and Lyne ST Probably not at (lower) risk Eden (Cumbria ST Probably not at Lower, near risk Rockcliffe) Eden ST Probably not at risk Powburgh Beck ST Probably at risk GB102076073950 nar pnar nar Eden (Cumbria ST Probably at risk GB102076073960 nar nar nar lower) flowing through Burgh Marsh Waver ST Probably at risk GB102075073420 nar pnar nar Great Gutter ST At Risk GB nar AR nar Causewayhead ST At Risk GB102075073470 AR pnar nar (Wath) Beck ? (south of NW Probably at risk GB112075073680 nar nar nar Beckfoot) ? (near Mawbray) NW Probably at risk GB112075073540 nar pnar nar Black Dub NW At Risk GB112075073670 nar pnar nar Crookhurst Beck NW At Risk GB112075073660 nar AR nar Brunsow Beck NW At Risk GB112075073610 nar AR nar Scad Beck NW At Risk GB112075073590 AR AR nar EA website accessed 21/4/08 AR At Risk pAR Probably at risk pnar Probably not at risk nar Not at risk

Physical or morphological alteration

Alien species

pAR pAR

pnar pnar

pAR pnar AR pAR pAR AR pAR pAR pAR

pnar pnar pnar pnar pnar pnar pnar pnar pnar

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 49

APPENDIX 4 Cultural Heritage

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 50

SMR sites within AONB with date record created Jo Mackintosh, Cumbria County Council, SMR sites within AONB (as of 08/05/2008)
SMR No 148 148 149 149 150 150 150 151 151 151 151 152 152 152 152 153 153 154 154 154 155 156 156 156 SMR Name Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 2, North Plain, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 2, North Plain, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Turret No 2A, Maryland, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret No 2A, Maryland, Bowness Campfield, Bowness on Solway Campfield, Bowness on Solway Campfield, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Tower 2B and Roman Road, Campfield, Bowness-on-Solway Hadrian's Wall Tower 2B and Roman Road, Campfield, Bowness-on-Solway Hadrian's Wall Tower 2B and Roman Road, Campfield, Bowness-on-Solway Hadrian's Wall Tower 2B and Roman Road, Campfield, Bowness-on-Solway Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 3, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 3, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 3, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 3, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Turret 3A, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Turret 3A, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Tower 3B, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Tower 3B, Pasture House, Bowness Common Hadrian's Wall Tower 3B, Pasture House, Bowness Common Bowness Common Palisade Knockcross Mound, Bowness on Solway Knockcross Mound, Bowness on Solway Knockcross Mound, Bowness on Solway Site Type Frontier Defence Milefortlet Frontier Defence Turret Field System Linear Feature Settlement Road Signal Tower Frontier Defence Ditch Frontier Defence Milefortlet Milefortlet Findspot Frontier Defence Turret Findspot Frontier Defence Turret Palisade Mound Standing Stone Findspot Compile date 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 51

SMR No 157 157 157 157 158 158 159 159 159 160 160 161 161 162 162 163 165 165 166 166 166 167 167 167 168 168 169

SMR Name Fishers Cross Mound, Port Carlisle, Bowness Fishers Cross Mound, Port Carlisle, Bowness Fishers Cross Mound, Port Carlisle, Bowness Fishers Cross Mound, Port Carlisle, Bowness Knockcross Camp, Grey Havens, Bowness on Solway Knockcross Camp, Grey Havens, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 1, Biglands House, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 1, Biglands House, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 1, Biglands House, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 80A, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Turret 80A, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Turret 79B, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Turret 79B, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Turret 79A, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 79A, Bowness Bowness Tower, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 79, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 79, Bowness on Solway Maia / Bowness Roman Fort, Bowness on Solway Maia / Bowness Roman Fort, Bowness on Solway Maia / Bowness Roman Fort, Bowness on Solway Maia Roman Fort Vicus and Bathhouse, Bowness-on-Solway Maia Roman Fort Vicus and Bathhouse, Bowness-on-Solway Maia Roman Fort Vicus and Bathhouse, Bowness-on-Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 78, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 78, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 78A, Bowness

Site Type Cross Findspot Burial Mound Frontier Defence Marching Camp Ditch Frontier Defence Milefortlet Turret Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Turret Frontier Defence Turret Pele Tower Frontier Defence Milecastle Fort Fort Frontier Defence Vicus Bath House Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Milecastle Frontier Defence

Compile date 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/04/1987 01/04/1987 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 52

SMR No 169 170 171 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 178 178 179 180 181 182 183 194 194 194 201 201 202 203 205 345

SMR Name Hadrian's Wall Turret 78A, Bowness Inscribed Stone, Glasson, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 77, Raven Bank, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 77, Raven Bank, Bowness Axe Find, Bowness Hall Adze Find, Bowness Axe Find, Brackenrigg, Bowness on Solway Axe Find, Bowness Axe Hammer Find, Bowness Bowness Temple Site Inscribed Stone and Coin Hoard, Bowness Rectory, Bowness-on-Solway Inscribed Stone and Coin Hoard, Bowness Rectory, Bowness-on-Solway Inscribed Stone and Coin Hoard, Bowness Rectory, Bowness-on-Solway Coin Hoard, Bowness on Solway Statue Find, Bowness Architectural Feature, Bowness Altar Find, Bowness Altar Find, Bowness-on-Solway Polleburc / Sandsfield Port, Old Sandsfield, Burgh By Sands Polleburc / Sandsfield Port, Old Sandsfield, Burgh By Sands Polleburc / Sandsfield Port, Old Sandsfield, Burgh By Sands Beaumont Coin Hoard Beaumont Coin Hoard Old Sandsfield Coin Hoard Altar Find, River Eden, Beaumont Altar Find, River Eden, Beaumont St John's Chapel, Skinburg, Silloth

Site Type Turret Inscribed Stone Frontier Defence Milecastle Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Temple Coin Hoard Findspot Inscribed Stone Findspot Findspot Architectural Feature Temple Temple Port Farmstead Public House Findspot Findspot Findspot Temple Temple Chapel

Compile date 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/02/1984 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/12/1983 01/02/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 53

SMR No 345 345 346 350 350 350 350 350 351 351 353 353 353 354 354 354 354 354 354 355 355 356 356 357 357 358 358

SMR Name St John's Chapel, Skinburg, Silloth St John's Chapel, Skinburg, Silloth Skinburness Marsh Sea Dykes, Silloth on Solway Wolsty Hall Cropmarks, Holme Low Wolsty Hall Cropmarks, Holme Low Wolsty Hall Cropmarks, Holme Low Wolsty Hall Cropmarks, Holme Low Wolsty Hall Cropmarks, Holme Low St Christian's Chapel / Winding Banks Chapel, Holme Abbey St Christian's Chapel / Winding Banks Chapel, Holme Abbey Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 9 and Camp, Skinburness, Silloth Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 9 and Camp, Skinburness, Silloth Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 9 and Camp, Skinburness, Silloth Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 5, Cardurnock, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 5, Cardurnock, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 5, Cardurnock, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 5, Cardurnock, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 5, Cardurnock, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 5, Cardurnock, Bowness Hadrians Wall Tower 4b, Cardurnock, Bowness on Solway Hadrians Wall Tower 4b, Cardurnock, Bowness on Solway Hadrians Wall Milefortlet 4, Herd Hill, Bowness Hadrians Wall Milefortlet 4, Herd Hill, Bowness Bowness Cremation Cemetery, Herd Hill, Cardurnock, Bowness Bowness Cremation Cemetery, Herd Hill, Cardurnock, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 4A, Cardurnock Marsh, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 4A, Cardurnock Marsh, Bowness

Site Type Town Cemetery Sea Defences Hut Circle Enclosure Farmstead Field System Enclosure Chapel Chapel Frontier Defence Milefortlet Temporary Camp Findspot Findspot Milefortlet Milefortlet Frontier Defence Findspot Frontier Defence Signal Tower Milefortlet Frontier Defence Cremation Cemetery Cremation Cemetery Frontier Defence Turret

Compile date 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 54

SMR No 364 364 371 371 372 376 377 378 380 380 380 380 380 383 383 384 384 385 385 386 386 387 387 387 388 389 389

SMR Name Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 13, Holme Low Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 13, Holme Low Newton Arlosh Shrunken Village, Holme East Waver Newton Arlosh Shrunken Village, Holme East Waver Altar Find, Skinburness Axe Find, Mireside Axe Find, Anthorn Axe Find, Anthorn Kirkbride Roman Fort and Vicus, Whitrigg Bridge Kirkbride Roman Fort and Vicus, Whitrigg Bridge Kirkbride Roman Fort and Vicus, Whitrigg Bridge Kirkbride Roman Fort and Vicus, Whitrigg Bridge Kirkbride Roman Fort and Vicus, Whitrigg Bridge Hadrian's Wall Turret 76A, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 76A, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 76, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 76, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 75, Drumburgh, Bowness-on-Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 75, Drumburgh, Bowness-on-Solway Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 74, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 74, Burgh By Sands Congavata / Drumburgh Roman Fort, Bowness on Solway Congavata / Drumburgh Roman Fort, Bowness on Solway Congavata / Drumburgh Roman Fort, Bowness on Solway Drumburgh Medieval Boundary Ditch, Bowness on Solway Hadrian's Wall Turret 74A, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 74A, Burgh By Sands

Site Type Frontier Defence Milefortlet Shrunken Village Shrunken Village Temple Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Fort Frontier Defence Findspot Findspot Frontier Defence Turret Frontier Defence Milecastle Frontier Defence Milecastle Milecastle Frontier Defence Pit Fort Frontier Defence Boundary Ditch Frontier Defence Turret

Compile date 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/02/1984 01/01/1984 01/01/1984 01/06/1984 01/06/1984 01/06/1984 01/06/1984 01/06/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 55

SMR No SMR Name 390 Hadrian's Wall Turret 74B, Burgh By Sands 390 Hadrian's Wall Turret 74B, Burgh By Sands 391 Burgh By Sands Earthwork 391 394 394 397 412 412 412 412 412 412 413 414 414 414 415 415 416 416 416 417 417 418 418 419 Burgh By Sands Earthwork Altar Find, Kirkbride Rectory, Kirkbride Altar Find, Kirkbride Rectory, Kirkbride Coin Find, Drumburgh Burgh By Sands Fortified House Burgh By Sands Fortified House Burgh By Sands Fortified House Burgh By Sands Fortified House Burgh By Sands Fortified House Burgh By Sands Fortified House Powburgh Beck Culvert Burgh By Sands Bath House/Temple Burgh By Sands Bath House/Temple Burgh By Sands Bath House/Temple Aballava Fort, Burgh By Sands Aballava Fort, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 72, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 72, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 72, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 71A, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 71A, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 71, Beaumont Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 71, Beaumont Hadrian's Wall Turret 70B, Beaumont

Site Type Frontier Defence Turret Frontier Defence Linear Earthwork Temple Findspot Findspot Grange Curtain Wall Hall House Fish Pond Motte and Bailey Ditch Culvert Temple Findspot Bath House Fort Frontier Defence Milecastle Frontier Defence Milecastle Frontier Defence Turret Frontier Defence Milecastle Frontier Defence

Compile date 01/02/1984 01/02/1984

01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1985 01/03/1985 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 56

SMR No 419 420 420 420 421 421 422 422 425 425 427 427 427 427 427 427 428 428 429 429 430 430 431 431 453 454 455

SMR Name Hadrian's Wall Turret 70B, Beaumont Hadrian's Wall Turret 72A, Fauld Farm, Dykesfield Hadrian's Wall Turret 72A, Fauld Farm, Dykesfield Hadrian's Wall Turret 72A, Fauld Farm, Dykesfield Hadrian's Wall Turret 72B, Rindle House, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 72B, Rindle House, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 73, West End Cottage, Dykesfield Hadrian's Wall Milecastle 73, West End Cottage, Dykesfield Beaumont Roman Temporary Camp Beaumont Roman Temporary Camp St Mary's Church and Hadrian's Wall Turret 70A, Beaumont St Mary's Church and Hadrian's Wall Turret 70A, Beaumont St Mary's Church and Hadrian's Wall Turret 70A, Beaumont St Mary's Church and Hadrian's Wall Turret 70A, Beaumont St Mary's Church and Hadrian's Wall Turret 70A, Beaumont St Mary's Church and Hadrian's Wall Turret 70A, Beaumont Aballava Vicus, Burgh By Sands Aballava Vicus, Burgh By Sands Carved Stone Find, Burgh-By-Sands Carved Stone Find, Burgh-By-Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 73A, Burgh Marsh, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 73A, Burgh Marsh, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 73B, Burgh Marsh, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 73B, Burgh Marsh, Burgh By Sands Altar Find, Dykesfield Altar Find, Kiln Garth Altar Find, Beaumont

Site Type Turret Turret Findspot Frontier Defence Turret Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Milecastle Frontier Defence Temporary Camp Fort Frontier Defence Motte Turret Church Church Frontier Defence Vicus Carved Stone Carved Stone Frontier Defence Turret Turret Frontier Defence Temple Temple Temple

Compile date 01/03/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/02/1988 01/02/1988 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 57

SMR No 455 457 459 460 590 590 591 591 591 591 592 604 604 609 610 610 613 613 613 619 619 620 620 621 621 622 622

SMR Name Altar Find, Beaumont Centurial Stone Find, Beaumont Altar Find, Hallstones Bridge, Burgh By Sands Altar Find, Hallstones, Longburgh Hadrian's Wall Fortlet 15, Castlefields, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Fortlet 15, Castlefields, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Cemetery, Mawbray Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Cemetery, Mawbray Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Cemetery, Mawbray Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Cemetery, Mawbray Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Bank House Settlement Belmont House Romano-British Farmstead Belmont House Romano-British Farmstead Swarthy Hill Hillfort, Crosscanonby Crosscanonby Farmstead, Oughterside and Allerby Crosscanonby Farmstead, Oughterside and Allerby Hadrian's Wall Tower 16B, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Tower 16B, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Tower 16B, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 16, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 16, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 16A, Cote Howe, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 16A, Cote Howe, Holme St Cuthbert Holme St Cuthbert Roman Signal Station Holme St Cuthbert Roman Signal Station Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 17, Dubmill Point, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 17, Dubmill Point, Holme St Cuthbert

Site Type Temple Centurial Stone Temple Temple Fortlet Frontier Defence Cemetery Cremation Findspot Findspot Settlement Farmstead Field System Hillfort Farmstead Farmstead Findspot Frontier Defence Tower Frontier Defence Milefortlet Signal Tower Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Signal Station Frontier Defence Milefortlet

Compile date 01/03/1984 01/01/1984 01/03/1984 01/03/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 58

SMR No 623 623 624 624 625 625 626 626 627 627 628 629 629 630 630 631 631 631 631 650 651 782 782 789 793 795 796

SMR Name Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 15B, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 15B, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Tower 15A, Bank Mill, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Tower 15A, Bank Mill, Holme St Cuthbert Bibra / Beckfoot Roman Fort, Holme St Cuthbert Bibra / Beckfoot Roman Fort, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Roman Fort Vicus, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Roman Fort Vicus, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 14A, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 14A, Holme St Cuthbert New Mawbray Deserted Village, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 14, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 14, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 20B, Swarthy Hill, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 20B, Swarthy Hill, Crosscanonby Mealo Hill House Settlement, Hayton and Mealo Mealo Hill House Settlement, Hayton and Mealo Mealo Hill House Settlement, Hayton and Mealo Mealo Hill House Settlement, Hayton and Mealo Quern Find, Beckfoot Axe Find, Allonby Crosscanonby Settlement Crosscanonby Settlement Maryport Settlement Cropmark Altar Find, Maryport Altar Find, Maryport Altar Find, Maryport

Site Type Frontier Defence Signal Tower Tower Frontier Defence Fort Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Vicus Frontier Defence Signal Tower Deserted Village Milefortlet Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Signal Tower Field System Enclosure Enclosure Field System Findspot Findspot Enclosure Enclosure Settlement Temple Findspot Findspot

Compile date 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/04/1984 01/05/1987 01/05/1987 01/06/1984 01/06/1984 01/06/1984 01/06/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 59

SMR No 797 798 799 799 799 799 799 800 801 802 812 813 822 822 825 825 832 832 832 832 833 833 833 833 834 834 835

SMR Name Commemorative Stone, Maryport Axe Find, Bank End Field, Maryport St John's Church, Crosscanonby St John's Church, Crosscanonby St John's Church, Crosscanonby St John's Church, Crosscanonby St John's Church, Crosscanonby Altar Find, Crosscanonby Churchyard Pottery Find, Camp Road, Maryport Pottery Find, Camp Road, Maryport Hall Farm Enclosure, Crosscanonby Brownrigg Ring Ditch, Crosscanonby Cup and Ring Marked Stones, Maryport Cup and Ring Marked Stones, Maryport Maryport Roman Temple Maryport Roman Temple The Serpent Stone / Maryport Roman Cemetery The Serpent Stone / Maryport Roman Cemetery The Serpent Stone / Maryport Roman Cemetery The Serpent Stone / Maryport Roman Cemetery Tomb Finds, Maryport Tomb Finds, Maryport Tomb Finds, Maryport Tomb Finds, Maryport Altar Finds, Maryport Roman Fort Altar Finds, Maryport Roman Fort Maryport Pavement

Site Type Compile date Findspot 01/06/1984 Findspot 01/06/1984 Architectural Fragment 01/06/1984 Hogback Stone 01/06/1984 Cross 01/06/1984 Church 01/06/1984 Church 01/06/1984 Temple 01/06/1984 Findspot 01/06/1984 Findspot 01/06/1984 Enclosed Settlement 01/05/1987 Ring Ditch 01/06/1984 Cairn 01/07/1984 Cup and Ring Marked Stone 01/07/1984 Building 01/06/1987 Temple 01/06/1987 Burial 01/07/1984 Ditch 01/07/1984 Enclosed Cremation Cemetery 01/07/1984 Cremation Cemetery 01/07/1984 Temple 01/06/1987 Tomb 01/06/1987 Findspot 01/06/1987 Enclosure 01/06/1987 Ditched Enclosure 01/06/1987 Altar 01/06/1987 Pavement 01/06/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 60

SMR No 836 836 836 837 837 838 838 839 839 1851 2444 2444 2444 2992 3021 3021 3041 3041 3041 3042 3042 3043 3043 3044 3044 3045 3045

SMR Name Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 22, Brownrigg, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 22, Brownrigg, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 22, Brownrigg, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 21, Swarthy Hill, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 21, Swarthy Hill, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 21B, Swarthy Hill, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Signal Tower 21B, Swarthy Hill, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Tower 21B, Canonby Hall, Brownrigg, Crosscanonby Hadrian's Wall Tower 21B, Canonby Hall, Brownrigg, Crosscanonby Crossbeck Bridge Pillboxes, Holme St Cuthbert Roman Coastal System and Patrol Road, Cardurnock, Bowness on Solway Roman Coastal System and Patrol Road, Cardurnock, Bowness on Solway Roman Coastal System and Patrol Road, Cardurnock, Bowness on Solway Pottery Find, Kirkbride Kingside Temporary Camp, Holme Abbey Kingside Temporary Camp, Holme Abbey Hadrian's Wall Turret 13A, New House, Wolsty Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Turret 13A, New House, Wolsty Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Turret 13A, New House, Wolsty Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Turret 13B, New House, Wolsty Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Hadrian's Wall Turret 13B, New House, Wolsty Bank, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Vicus and Field System, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Vicus and Field System, Holme St Cuthbert Mealo Hill Settlement, Hayton and Mealo Mealo Hill Settlement, Hayton and Mealo Crosscanonby Farmstead, Oughterside and Allerby Crosscanonby Farmstead, Oughterside and Allerby

Site Type Findspot Milefortlet Frontier Defence Milefortlet Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Signal Tower Frontier Defence Signal Tower Pillbox Frontier Defence Road Ditch Findspot Temporary Camp Temporary Camp Frontier Defence Signal Tower Signal Tower Frontier Defence Signal Tower Field System Vicus Settlement Settlement Settlement Settlement

Compile date 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/11/1994 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/07/1987 01/07/1987 01/07/1987 01/07/1987 01/07/1987 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 61

SMR No 3061 3181 3182 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3266 3267 3269 3282 3284 3288 3288 3293 3297 3297 3390 3393 3393 3395 3398 3693 3694 3698

SMR Name Allonby Saltpan, Crosscanonby Blue Dial Enclosure, Oughterside and Allerby Allonby Settlement Allonby Settlement Cowgate Settlement, Beckfoot, Holme St Cuthbert Nook Field System, Beckfoot, Holme St Cuthbert Nook Enclosure, Beckfoot, Holme St Cuthbert Cowgate, Beckfoot Unclassified Site, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Farm Unclassified Site, Holme St Cuthbert Kingside Hall Enclosure, Holme Abbey Rumbling Bridge Unclassified Site, Holme Abbey Brownrigg Enclosure, Holme Abbey Biglands Ditch, Bowness on Solway Herd Hill Settlement, Bowness on Solway Bowness Hall Cropmarks, Bowness on Solway Bowness Hall Cropmarks, Bowness on Solway Knockcross Settlement, Bowness on Solway Brackenrigg Cropmarks, Bowness on Solway Brackenrigg Cropmarks, Bowness on Solway Watch Hill Unclassified Site Burgh By Sands Settlement Burgh By Sands Settlement Beaumont Unclassified Site, Burgh By Sands Priesthill Unclasified Site, Beaumont Crosscanonby Settlement, Oughterside and Allerby Crosscanonby Enclosure Cropmark Holme Unclassified Cropmark

Site Type Salt Works Enclosure Settlement Settlement Settlement Field System Enclosure Site Site Enclosure Site Enclosure Ditch Settlement Pit Road Settlement Pit Settlement Site Road Settlement Site Site Enclosure Enclosure Site

Compile date 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/10/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/05/1984 01/03/1987 01/03/1987 01/07/1984 01/07/1984 01/07/1984 01/07/1984 01/07/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 62

SMR No 3699 3699 3700 3701 3701 3730 3730 3730 3751 3752 3769 3769 3769 3769 3772 3893 3994 3994 3994 4347 4412 4412 4412 4414 4494 4494 4494

SMR Name Holme Settlement Cropmark, Holme St Cuthbert Holme Settlement Cropmark, Holme St Cuthbert Holme Unclassified Cropmark Oughterside Roman Milefortlet Oughterside Roman Milefortlet Church of St John the Baptist, Holme East Waver Church of St John the Baptist, Holme East Waver Church of St John the Baptist, Holme East Waver Bowness Unclassified Earthworks Bowness Unclassified Cropmark Church of St Michael, Burgh By Sands Church of St Michael, Burgh By Sands Church of St Michael, Burgh By Sands Church of St Michael, Burgh By Sands Burgh By Sands Unclassified Cropmark Site Grune Point Pillbox, Skinburness Anthorn Cross, Bowness-on-Solway Anthorn Cross, Bowness-on-Solway Anthorn Cross, Bowness-on-Solway Maryport Tannery Raby Cote House Raby Cote House Raby Cote House Maryport Quarry Alavna / Maryport Roman Fort and Vicus Alavna / Maryport Roman Fort and Vicus Alavna / Maryport Roman Fort and Vicus

Site Type Settlement Settlement Site Milefortlet Frontier Defence Church Pele Tower Church Earthwork Site Pele Tower Temple Church Findspot Site Pillbox Battlefield Cross Commemorative Monument Tannery House Farmstead Salt Works Quarry Pit Fort Fort

Compile date 01/07/1984 01/07/1984 01/07/1984 01/08/1986 01/08/1986 01/02/1987 01/02/1987 01/02/1987 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/11/1994 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/08/1984 01/01/1988 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/01/1988 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 63

SMR No 4494 4494 4494 4499 4499 4500 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4545 4548 4549 4549 4549 4550 4584 4584 4585 4588 4595 4595 4595 4627 4627 4630

SMR Name Alavna / Maryport Roman Fort and Vicus Alavna / Maryport Roman Fort and Vicus Alavna / Maryport Roman Fort and Vicus Hadrian's Wall Tower 22A, Maryport Golf Course, Maryport Hadrian's Wall Tower 22A, Maryport Golf Course, Maryport Canonby Hall / Crosscanonby Hall, Crosscanonby Rapier Find, Salta Moss, Holme St Cuthbert Axe Hammer Finds, Mawbray Spear Head Find, Dubmill Farm, Holme St Cuthbert Axe Find, Holme St Cuthbert Old Mawbray Mound Hangman Tree, Burgh By Sands Drumburgh Stoup Find Drumburgh Castle, Drumburgh, Bowness on Solway Drumburgh Castle, Drumburgh, Bowness on Solway Drumburgh Castle, Drumburgh, Bowness on Solway St Bridget's Church, Kirkbride St Michael's Church, Bowness-on-Solway St Michael's Church, Bowness-on-Solway Altar Find, Port Carlisle, Bowness King Edward I Monument, Burgh By Sands Hadrian's Wall Turret 78B, Port Carlisle, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 78B, Port Carlisle, Bowness Hadrian's Wall Turret 78B, Port Carlisle, Bowness Burgh-By-Sands Pottery Vessel Find Burgh-By-Sands Pottery Vessel Find Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 20, Low Mire, Oughterside and Allerby

Site Type Vicus Road Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Signal Tower Hall House Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Mound Tree Font Altar Farmhouse Tower House Church Architectural Fragment Church Temple Commemorative Monument Turret Frontier Defence Findspot Findspot Findspot Milefortlet

Compile date 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/08/1986 01/08/1986 01/08/1986 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/03/1988 01/03/1988 01/09/1984

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 64

SMR No 4630 4688 4689 4716 4880 4881 4882 4883 4884 4885 4946 5086 5086 5393 5494 5494 5649 5782 5782 5783 6056 6057 6057 6158 6184 6184 6184

SMR Name Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 20, Low Mire, Oughterside and Allerby Barracks House, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Brackenrigg Fortified House, Bowness Maryport Salt Works, Allonby Bay, Maryport Axe Find, Mawbray Adze Find, Mawbray Axe Find, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Mawbray Axe Find, Holme St Cuthbert Axe Hammer Find, Mawbray Axe Hammer Find, Mawbray Grune Point Pillbox, Skinburness, Silloth on Solway Serpent Stone Find, Maryport Serpent Stone Find, Maryport Rockcliffe Stone Circle Pottery and Bead Finds, Kirkbride Pottery and Bead Finds, Kirkbride Castle Green Motte, Beaumont on Eden Hadrian's Wall and Vallum, Cumbria Hadrian's Wall and Vallum, Cumbria Hadrians Wall Military Way, Waterhead Beckfoot Roman Fort Cropmark, Holme St Cuthbert Allonby Enclosure Cropmarks Allonby Enclosure Cropmarks Horse Trappings Find, Maryport Roman Fort Skinburness Marsh Salt Pans Skinburness Marsh Salt Pans Skinburness Marsh Salt Pans

Site Type Frontier Defence Bastle Fortified House Salt Works Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Pillbox Carved Stone Carved Stone Stone Circle Findspot Findspot Motte Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Military Road Fort Pit Enclosure Findspot Pond Salt Works Salt Works

Compile date 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/09/1984 01/07/1984 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/06/1987 01/11/1994 01/03/1988 01/03/1988 01/07/1988 01/10/1984 01/10/1984 01/06/1987 01/02/1984 01/02/1984 01/06/1987 01/09/1988 01/09/1988 01/09/1988 01/02/1988 01/02/1988 01/02/1988 01/02/1988

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 65

SMR No 6283 6283 6295 6295 6295 6296 6299 6299 6474 6697 6698 6873 6873 6881 6882 6883 6891 6894 6894 6895 6895 6896 6928 6928 6929 6929 6930

SMR Name Pottery find, Burgh By Sands Pottery find, Burgh By Sands Port Carlisle Harbour, Bowness-on-Solway Port Carlisle Harbour, Bowness-on-Solway Port Carlisle Harbour, Bowness-on-Solway Port Carlisle Canal / Carlisle Navigation Canal Brackenrigg Temporary Camp, Bowness on Solway Brackenrigg Temporary Camp, Bowness on Solway Stone Axe Find, Mawbray Holme St. Cuthbert,Solway View Rectinlinear Cropmarks Crossbeck Bridge Ridge and Furrow, Allonby Boustead Hill Medieval Village Boustead Hill Medieval Village Biglands Unclassified Cropmarks, Bowness Biglands Unclassified Cropmarks, Bowness Campfield Enclosure Cropmark, Bowness Burgh-By-Sands Linear Cropmark Beaumont, Mill Dykes Square Enclosure Cropmark Beaumont, Mill Dykes Square Enclosure Cropmark Brackenrigg Cropmarks, Bowness Brackenrigg Cropmarks, Bowness Biglands House Unclassified Cropmarks, Bowness Bowness Cropmarks Bowness Cropmarks Holme East Waver Linear Cropmarks Holme East Waver Linear Cropmarks Holme East Waver Enclosure

Site Type Compile date Findspot 01/03/1988 Findspot 01/03/1988 Dock and Harbour Installation 01/07/1988 Dock and Harbour Installation 01/07/1988 Dock and Harbour Installation 01/07/1988 Canal 01/07/1988 Temporary Camp 01/01/1989 Temporary Camp 01/01/1989 Findspot 01/02/1989 Site 01/07/1989 Broad Ridge and Furrow 01/07/1989 Broad Ridge and Furrow 01/01/1990 Village 01/01/1990 Site 01/01/1990 Site 01/01/1990 Enclosure 01/01/1990 Linear Feature 01/01/1990 Enclosure 01/01/1990 Site 01/01/1990 Site 01/01/1990 Linear Feature 01/01/1990 Site 01/01/1990 Field Boundary 01/02/1990 Site 01/02/1990 Field Boundary 01/02/1990 Site 01/02/1990 Enclosure 01/02/1990

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 66

SMR No 6930 6960 9515 9528 9528 9530 9531 9531 9608 9610 9687 9756 9758 9759 9759 9760 9761 9762 10009 10009 10036 10076 10079 10081 10084 10084 10084

SMR Name Holme East Waver Enclosure Heather Bank Circular Cropmarks, Crosscanonby Birkby Lodge Sub-oval Enclosure, Crosscanonby Old Kiln Linear Cropmark, Holme St Cuthbert Old Kiln Linear Cropmark, Holme St Cuthbert Holme St. Cuthbert, Mawbray Unclassified Cropmark Crossbeck Earthworks, Allonby Crossbeck Earthworks, Allonby Grune House Enclosure, Silloth Kingside Hill Cropmark, Holme Abbey Cocklakes Unclassified Cropmark, Bowness on Solway Burgh By Sands Linear Cropmark Beaumont, Holmesmill Enclosure Cropmark Rockliffe Enclosure Cropmark Rockliffe Enclosure Cropmark Rockcliffe, Castletown Wood Cropmark Complex High Sand Enclosure Cropmark, Beaumont Beaumont, NW of High Sand Cropmark Complex Beckfoot Corn Mill, Holme St Cuthbert Beckfoot Corn Mill, Holme St Cuthbert North British Railway, Carlisle & Silloth Branch Longlands Head/Kirkbride Tile Works Oldkiln Place Name, Allonby Whitrigg Common Tile Works, Bowness Bank Mill, Beckfoot, Silloth, Holme St Cuthbert Bank Mill, Beckfoot, Silloth, Holme St Cuthbert Bank Mill, Beckfoot, Silloth, Holme St Cuthbert

Site Type Enclosure Site Enclosure Linear Feature Enclosure Site Earthwork Field System Enclosure Site Site Trackway Enclosure Field System Enclosure Site Enclosure Site Corn Mill Watermill Railway Tile Works Kiln Tile Works Corn Mill Watermill Farmstead

Compile date 01/02/1990 01/02/1990 01/01/1990 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/01/1990 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/09/1989 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1995 01/01/1986 01/02/1986 01/01/1986 01/02/1986 01/02/1986 01/02/1986

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 67

SMR No 10085 10085 10109 10109 10117 10131 10132 10209 10210 10211 10212 10213 10300 10300 10333 10334 10335 10336 10338 10339 10340 10341 10352 10364 10375 10376 10377

SMR Name Dub Mill, Holme St Cuthbert Dub Mill, Holme St Cuthbert Castletown Farm Place Name Site Castletown Farm Place Name Site Rockcliffe Ferry Route Winding Banks Tile Kiln Salt Marsh Saw Pit, Holme Abbey Skinburness Pond Port Carlisle Pump Solway View Pump, Port Carlisle, Bowness-on-Solway The Binnacle Pump, Port Carlisle, Bowness-on-Solway Airey Hill Windmill, Bowness-on-Solway Beaumont Brickworks Beaumont Brickworks Glasson Moss Charcoal Works, Bowness on Solway Herdhill Scar Jetty Tilekilns Place Name Site Port Carlisle Railway Station, Bowness-on-Solway Port Carlisle Jetty, Bowness Marsh, Bowness-on-Solway Port Carlisle Quay Bowness Marlpit West Cottages Clay Pit, Bowness on Solway Rockliffe Gas Works Castle Town House Sundial Lockcliffe Jetty Old Sands Field Jetty Old Sandsfield Jetty

Site Type Corn Mill Watermill Castle Town Ferry Tile Kiln Saw Pit Pond Pump Pump Pump Windmill Brickworks Tile Kiln Charcoal Works Jetty Tile Kiln Railway Station Jetty Quay Marl Pit Pit Gas Works Sundial Jetty Jetty Jetty

Compile date 01/02/1986 01/02/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/05/1986 01/05/1986 01/05/1986 01/05/1986 01/05/1986

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 68

SMR No 10378 10379 10490 10502 10556 10557 10662 10700 10721 11268 12410 12433 12485 13653 13653 13653 13654 13655 13656 13657 13658 13660 13810 13971 15198 15198 15224

SMR Name Burghmarsh Point Jetty Burghmarsh Point Jetties Cross Cottage Drumburgh Forge Solway House, Anthorn, Bowness on Solway Cardurnock Pond, Bowness on Solway Holmes Mill, Beaumont Maryport & Carlisle Railway, Kirtlebridge Annan & Brayton Branch, Aspatria-Bowness on Solway Dearham Roman Road Castletown Wood Place Name Site Maryport Roman Road Bankend Quarry Millrigg Farm Place Name Site The Vicarage, Bowness on Solway The Vicarage, Bowness on Solway The Vicarage, Bowness on Solway Bowness on Solway Watching Brief Bowness on Solway, Port Carlisle, Hawthorn Cottage Watching Brief Hadrian's Wall Vallum, Bowness on Solway Bowness on Solway, Port Carlisle, Westfield House Watching Brief Bowness on Solway, Port Carlisle, Seaholm Trial Trenching Statuette Find, Burgh By Sands Inscribed Stones Find, Maryport Golf Club, Crosscanonby Crosscanonby Linear Cropmark Altar Find, Orchard House, Burgh By Sands Altar Find, Orchard House, Burgh By Sands Sea Dyke End Pillbox, Holme Low

Site Type Jetty Jetty Building Forge House Pond Mill Railway Road Castle Road Quarry Mill Findspot Frontier Defence Vicarage Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Frontier Defence Findspot Inscribed Stone Road Temple Findspot Pillbox

Compile date 01/05/1986 01/05/1986 01/05/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/03/1986 01/05/1985 01/05/1986 01/06/1986 01/02/1987 01/02/1987 01/04/1987 01/08/1990 01/08/1990 01/08/1990 01/08/1990 01/08/1990 01/08/1979 01/08/1990 01/08/1990 01/08/1990 01/09/1991 01/11/1991 01/02/1996 01/02/1996 01/05/1996

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 69

SMR No 15229 15230 15231 15235 15252 15451 16504 16504 16515 16515 16524 16703 16796 16944 16955 16955 17685 17685 17685 17685 17685 17688 17689 17697 17754 17810 17811

SMR Name Holme Low, Pillbox near Skinburness Holme Low, Pillbox near Skinburness Marsh Pillbox, Holme Low Roman Coin Find, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Pillbox, Burgh By Sands Crosscanonby Pits Ravens Bank,Glasson Medieval Pottery Finds Ravens Bank,Glasson Medieval Pottery Finds Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 23, Sea Brows, Maryport Hadrian's Wall Milefortlet 23, Sea Brows, Maryport Roman Fort at Boustead Hill, Burgh By Sands Anthorn Unclassified Cropmarks, Bowness Brugh By Sands, Chemical Works nr West End Pottery Finds, Herd Hill, Cardurnock, Bowness Rogersceugh Model Farm, Bowness on Solway Rogersceugh Model Farm, Bowness on Solway Sea Brows Cropmarks, Maryport Sea Brows Cropmarks, Maryport Sea Brows Cropmarks, Maryport Sea Brows Cropmarks, Maryport Sea Brows Cropmarks, Maryport Burgh by Sands Enclosure Cropmark High Plasketlands Enclosure Cropmark Coin Find, Drumburgh, Bowness on Solway Gaming Board Find, Brackenrigg, Bowness on Solway Excavatioj, Jeffrey Croft, Acremire Lane, Bowness on Solway Allonby Roman Site

Site Type Pillbox Pillbox Pillbox Findspot Pillbox Pit Findspot Findspot Frontier Defence Milefortlet Fort Site Chemical Works Findspot Horse Engine Model Farm Site Field System Linear Feature Field System Pit Alignment Enclosure Enclosure Findspot Findspot Boundary Coastguard Tower

Compile date 01/05/1996 01/05/1996 01/05/1996 01/03/1996 01/05/1996 01/11/1987 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/09/1987 01/01/1994 01/06/1994 01/12/1994 23/02/1999 23/02/1999 20/04/1999 20/04/1999 20/04/1999 20/04/1999 20/04/1999 20/04/1999 20/04/1999 21/04/1999 13/05/1999 03/06/1999 04/06/1999

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 70

SMR No 17823 17825 17964 17970 18947 19166 19166 19169 19183 19194 19195 19205 19206 19309 19319 19320 19321 19323 19324 19380 19381 19382 19383 19384 19428 19483 19514

SMR Name Flint Finds, Beckfoot Flint Flake Finds, Brown Rigg, Crosscanonby Lamp Find, St Michael's Church, Burgh By Sands Urn Find, Beckfoot, Holme St Cuthbert Coin Find, Beckfoot, Holme St Cuthbert Blue Dial Farm Coaching House and Stables, Oughterside and Allerby Blue Dial Farm Coaching House and Stables, Oughterside and Allerby Weight Find, Lowther House, Beaumont Pivot-Stone Find, Burgh-by-Sands Sinker Find, Cardurnock, Bowness on Solway Sinker Finds, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Grooved Weight Find, Allonby Awl Find, Grune Point, Skinburness Roman Finds, Sea Brows, Maryport Silver Pendant Find, Burgh By Sands Copper Alloy Figurine Find, Burgh By Sands Copper Alloy Knife Find, Burgh By Sands Copper Alloy Stud Find, Holme St Cuthbert Copper Alloy Figurine Find, Holme St Cuthbert Silver Coin Find, Burgh By Sands Silver Coin Find, Burgh By Sands Silver Coin Find, Burgh By Sands Silver Coin Find, Burgh By Sands Silver Coin Find, Burgh By Sands Copper Alloy Brooch Find, Burgh By Sands Axe Find, Holme Croft, Seaville, Holme Low Coin Find, Beaumont or Burgh-by-Sands

Site Type Flint Scatter Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Coaching Inn Coaching Inn Stable Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot

Compile date 07/06/1999 07/06/1999 22/09/1999 23/09/1999 08/12/1999 04/02/2000 04/02/2000 07/02/2000 08/02/2000 09/02/2000 10/02/2000 10/02/2000 10/02/2000 31/07/2000 02/10/2000 02/10/2000 02/10/2000 02/10/2000 02/10/2000 06/10/2000 06/10/2000 06/10/2000 06/10/2000 06/10/2000 10/10/2000 16/10/2000 19/10/2000

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 71

SMR No 19529 19542 19546 19548 19617 19625 19635 19683 19688 19705 19705 19717 19717 19718 19734 19750 19931 19931 19987 19987 21586 21586 21586 21586 21586 40270 40443

SMR Name Heraldic (?) Disc or Mount Find, Beckfoot Coin Hoard, Beaumont Pottery Find, Allonby Copper-Alloy Object, Beckfoot Roman Fort, Holme St Cuthbert Ring/Ferrule Find, Burgh Road, Carlisle Axe Find, Allonby Beach Axe-shaped Stone, Bowness-on-Solway Quernstone (?) Fragment, Burgh Marsh, Burgh By Sands Pottery Sherds, Ravensbank, Glasson, Bowness on Solway Stamped Ball Find, Anthorn, Bowness on Solway Stamped Ball Find, Anthorn, Bowness on Solway Effigy Find, Bowness Rectory, Bowness-on-Solway Effigy Find, Bowness Rectory, Bowness-on-Solway Carved Torso Find, Bowness Rectory, Bowness-on-Solway Carved Stone Head, Anthorn, Bowness on Solway Auger Find, Bowness-on-Solway The Old Reading Rooms, Allonby The Old Reading Rooms, Allonby Cardurnock Airfield, Bowness on Solway Cardurnock Airfield, Bowness on Solway Buckbottom Farm, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm, Burgh-by-Sands Crookhurst Farm, Allonby Burgh Head Demesne Farm, Burgh by Sands

Site Type Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Findspot Carved Stone Findspot Reading Room Caretakers House Airfield Shelter Cow House Dairy Barn Farmhouse Farmstead Farmstead Farmstead

Compile date 23/10/2000 27/10/2000 30/10/2000 30/10/2000 16/11/2000 17/11/2000 17/11/2000 28/11/2000 28/11/2000 30/11/2000 30/11/2000 04/12/2000 04/12/2000 04/12/2000 07/12/2000 11/12/2000 20/02/2003 20/02/2003 26/03/2003 26/03/2003 12/12/2006 12/12/2006 12/12/2006 12/12/2006 12/12/2006 24/09/2003 22/03/2004

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 72

SMR No 40458 40458 40458 40824 40824 40824 41100 41110 41454 41455 41455 41466 41472 41475 41501 41501 41502 41502 41503 41503 41521 41521 41522 41522 41524 41524 41525

SMR Name Pear Tree Farm, Bowness on Solway Pear Tree Farm, Bowness on Solway Pear Tree Farm, Bowness on Solway Middle Farm, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Middle Farm, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Middle Farm, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Mealo Cottages Linear Cropmarks, Hayton and Mealo Wormanby Farm Enclosures, Beaumont Bowness-on-Solway Ridge and Furrow Millend / Shore Gate House, Bowness-on-Solway Millend / Shore Gate House, Bowness-on-Solway Burgh Marsh Concrete Arrow, Bowness on Solway Red Flatt, Holme Abbey West Border Farm, Border, Holme Abbey Whitrigg House, Whitrigg, Kirkbride Whitrigg House, Whitrigg, Kirkbride Whitrigg Hall, Whitrigg, Kirkbride Whitrigg Hall, Whitrigg, Kirkbride Longcroft Farm, Whitrigg, Kirkbride Longcroft Farm, Whitrigg, Kirkbride Hartlaw, Silloth Hartlaw, Silloth Wath, Silloth Wath, Silloth Newtonholme, Kirkbride Newtonholme, Kirkbride Arlosh House, Kirkbride

Site Type House Cow House Farmstead Farmstead Barn Farmhouse Linear System Enclosure Ridge and Furrow Mill Race Mill Military Training Site Farmstead Farmstead Horse Engine House Farmstead Farmstead Horse Engine House Horse Engine House Farmstead Horse Engine House Farmstead Farmstead Horse Engine House Farmstead Horse Engine House Farmstead

Compile date 22/03/2004 22/03/2004 22/03/2004 08/11/2004 08/11/2004 08/11/2004 29/01/2007 30/01/2007 23/12/2005 23/12/2005 23/12/2005 10/03/2006 04/04/2006 01/08/2006 03/08/2006 03/08/2006 03/08/2006 03/08/2006 03/08/2006 03/08/2006 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 73

SMR No 41525 41526 41526 41527 41527 41694 41694 41696 41697 41698 41699 41699 41700 41700 41700 41700 41701 41701 41702 41702 41703 41703 41713 41725 41725 41727 41750

SMR Name Arlosh House, Kirkbride Angerton Farm, Angerton, Kirkbride Angerton Farm, Angerton, Kirkbride Bank House, Kirkbride Bank House, Kirkbride Salt Cote Hills, Esk Boathouse, Rockcliffe Salt Cote Hills, Esk Boathouse, Rockcliffe Anthorn Marsh Saltworking Site, Bowness-on-Solway Longcroft Marsh Saltworking Site, Holme East Waver Whitrigg Marsh Saltworking Site, Bowness-on-Solway Newton Marsh Saltworking Site, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Newton Marsh Saltworking Site, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Salt Cotes, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Salt Cotes, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Salt Cotes, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Salt Cotes, Newton Arlosh, Holme East Waver Kiln Close Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Kiln Close Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Calvo Marsh Saltworking Site, Calvo, Holme Abbey Calvo Marsh Saltworking Site, Calvo, Holme Abbey Sea Dyke End Saltworking Site, Skinburness Marsh, Wath, Holme Abbey Sea Dyke End Saltworking Site, Skinburness Marsh, Wath, Holme Abbey Midcroft, West End, Burgh-by-Sands Anthorn Hill Mills, Bowness on Solway Anthorn Hill Mills, Bowness on Solway Staith Bridge Tile Kilns, Allonby Glasson Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway

Site Type Horse Engine House Farmstead Horse Engine House Horse Engine House Farmstead Salt Works Salt Works Salt Works Salt Works Salt Works Salt Works Salt Works Salt Works Salt Works Ridge and Furrow Salt Works Barn Farmstead Pond Salt Works Salt Works Pond House Watermill Windmill Tile Kiln Farmstead

Compile date 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 18/01/2007 16/06/2006 16/06/2006 16/06/2006 16/06/2006 16/06/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 02/08/2006 02/08/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 19/06/2006 02/08/2006 17/08/2006 17/08/2006 17/08/2006 11/10/2006

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 74

SMR No 41750 41750 41750 41750 41750 41762 41762 41763 41763 41775 41775 41775 41775 41775 41801 41801 41826 41827 41827 41827 41828 41828 41828 41828 41828 41855 41855

SMR Name Glasson Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Glasson Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Glasson Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Glasson Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Glasson Farm, Glasson, Bowness-on-Solway Westfield House Ridge and Furrow, Westfield Marsh, Glasson Westfield House Ridge and Furrow, Westfield Marsh, Glasson Westfield Marsh Roman Site, Glasson Westfield Marsh Roman Site, Glasson Aballava Vicus Field System, Amberfield, Burgh By Sands Aballava Vicus Field System, Amberfield, Burgh By Sands Aballava Vicus Field System, Amberfield, Burgh By Sands Aballava Vicus Field System, Amberfield, Burgh By Sands Aballava Vicus Field System, Amberfield, Burgh By Sands Duke's Head Inn / Skinburness Hotel, Skinburness Duke's Head Inn / Skinburness Hotel, Skinburness Buckbottom Farm Well, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Buckbottom Farm Field System, Burgh-by-Sands Bowness House Farm, Bowness-on-Solway Bowness House Farm, Bowness-on-Solway

Site Type Cow House Workers Cottage Barn Stable Farmhouse Plough Marks Ridge and Furrow Carved Stone Site Well Industrial Site Field System Findspot Tanning Pit Inn Hotel Well Findspot Field System Findspot Pit Findspot Post Hole Findspot Field System Farmhouse Farmhouse

Compile date 11/10/2006 11/10/2006 11/10/2006 11/10/2006 11/10/2006 17/10/2006 17/10/2006 17/10/2006 17/10/2006 30/10/2006 30/10/2006 30/10/2006 30/10/2006 30/10/2006 22/11/2006 22/11/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 13/12/2006 12/06/2007 12/06/2007

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 75

SMR No 41855 41858 41858 41925 41954 41963 41963 41971 42072 42072 42072 42072 42072 42072 42078 42078 42078 42078 42079 42079 42079 42079 42080 42080 42080 42081 42081

SMR Name Bowness House Farm, Bowness-on-Solway Orchard House, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Orchard House, Mawbray, Holme St Cuthbert Aikshaw Cottage, Glasson Moss, Bowness on Solway North British Railway, Port Carlisle Branch, Bowness on Solway Church Farm, Bowness on Solway Church Farm, Bowness on Solway Horn House Farm, Abbeytown, Holme Abbey Marsh House Ditch, Burgh-by-Sands Marsh House Ditch, Burgh-by-Sands Marsh House Ditch, Burgh-by-Sands Marsh House Ditch, Burgh-by-Sands Marsh House Ditch, Burgh-by-Sands Marsh House Ditch, Burgh-by-Sands Maryport Prehistoric Site, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Prehistoric Site, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Prehistoric Site, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Prehistoric Site, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Field System, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Field System, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Field System, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Field System, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Ditched Enclosure, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Ditched Enclosure, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Ditched Enclosure, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Roman Road Maryport Roman Road

Site Type Farmstead Farmhouse Barn House Railway Farmhouse Farmstead Farmstead Ditch Findspot Findspot Boundary Ditch Ditch Findspot Site Rectangular Enclosure Sub Circular Enclosure Settlement Field System Bank (Earthwork) Field System Ditch Ditched Enclosure Pit Temple Road Road

Compile date 12/06/2007 12/06/2007 12/06/2007 21/06/2007 22/08/2007 18/10/2007 18/10/2007 22/04/2008 05/03/2008 05/03/2008 05/03/2008 05/03/2008 05/03/2008 05/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 76

SMR No 42085 42085 42086 42087 42087 42087 42087 42087 42087 42088

SMR Name Maryport Curvilinear Ditch, Camp Farm, Maryport Maryport Curvilinear Ditch, Camp Farm, Maryport Barney Gill Roman Road, Maryport Barney Gill Harbour, Maryport Barney Gill Harbour, Maryport Barney Gill Harbour, Maryport Barney Gill Harbour, Maryport Barney Gill Harbour, Maryport Barney Gill Harbour, Maryport Camp Farm Field System, Maryport

Site Type Ditch Boundary Ditch Road Platform Building Enclosure Pit Findspot Harbour Field System

Compile date 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 27/03/2008 28/03/2008 28/03/2008 28/03/2008 28/03/2008 28/03/2008 28/03/2008 07/04/2008

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 77

APPENDIX 5 Demographics

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 78

Cumbria in Figures 2007, Information and Intelligence, Policy and Performance, Cumbria County Council, January 2008. http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/elibrary/Content/Internet/536/675/1762/39324131059.pdf District and County Demographics and Employment Allerdale Population 2006 Mid-Year Estimates 94, 300 Total -0.1% % change between 2005 and 2006 Age breakdown 2006 Mid-Year Estimates 15,700 0<=15 (16.7%) 18,200 65+ (19.3%) Working Population 56,200 Working population (16-64) 60% % working population Employees in Employment, 2005 31,783 Total workforce Standard Industrial Classification of Employees* 623 (2.0%) Agriculture/fishing 267 (0.84%) Energy/Water 5,809 (18.3%) Manufacturing 1,991 (6.3%) Construction 9,717 (30.6%) Distribution/Hotels/Restaurants 1,221 (3.8%) Transport/Communications 2,867 (9.0%) Banking/Finance/Insurance 7,216 (22.7%) Public Admin 2,073 (6.5%) Other Services Unemployment, 2006 Numbers unemployed (claimants) 1,248 Total 2.1% % of working age population *This dataset excludes self employment in all sectors.

Carlisle 103,300 0.4% 17,000 (16.5%) 18,700 (18.1%) 63,200 61% 49,729

Cumbria 496,200 0.1% 81,400 16.4% 95,000 19.2% 297,100 60% 200,617

542 (1.1%) 185 (0.4%) 5,691 (11.4%) 2,297 (4.6%) 15,436 (31.0%) 4,685 (9.4%) 5,664 (11.4%) 12,395 (24.9%) 2,834 (5.7%)

3,481 1,511 34,032 9,704 61,693 11,273 18,151 49,677 11,095

1,395 2.2%

5,820 1.9%

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 79

District and County House Prices and Incomes Allerdale Average House Prices, 2006 156,495 Mean 132,500 Median Average Incomes, 2006 25,132 Estimated Mean Income 23,952 Estimated Median Income

Carlisle 135,746 119,950 22,760 21,593

Cumbria 157,841 132,725 25,542 22,691

Office of National Statistics Update, Winter 2007, No. 130 Population Trends http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population_Trends_130_web.pdf The UK population grew by almost one and a half million between mid-2001 and mid-2006, and at the fastest rate of growth since the 1960s The population of the UK is expected to continue to grow. It is projected that it will rise to 65 million by 2016 (an increase of 7.2 per cent compared with 2006), and will exceed 71 million by 2031..The population of all four constituent countries of the UK are projected to rise more quickly over the next five years than they have over the previous five years. Over the next 25 years, the population of England is projected to increase by 19 per cent. The population of the UK is ageing see Table 1. Population Estimates mid 1981- mid 2006 Population (millions) Mid 2006 50.8 England 6.9 North West

1981-2006 8.4% -1.3%

% increase 2001-2006 2.7% 1.2%

Predicted changes in population Expected increase in population

England

2006-2011 3.8%

2006-2031 19%
% of Population 2006 19 16

The ageing population of the UK Age of Population <16 >65 1981 22 15

2031 (predicted) 18 22

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 80

Cumbria County Council Information and Intelligence, Policy & Performance report Sept 07 http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/factsandfigures/Statisticsal-summaries/statistical-summaries.asp 1. Population Briefings: Population Trends 2006. A presentation for Cumbria and its Districts, 19/9/07 Cumbrias population is growing but more slowly than nationally. Overall growth masks demographic changes within the total population. District trends vary. Population The current population for Cumbria is 496,200 and the overall growth in the population since 1981 for the county is 3.1%. Cumbria has not grown as quickly as England and Wales throughout this time indeed, England & Wales has seen a growth of 8.2% throughout the period. However, Cumbria has grown quicker than the North West region, which has actually seen a decline of -1.5%. Looking at the districts individually, the largest growth has been experienced in Eden (19.4%). Growth has also occurred in South Lakeland (10.4%), Carlisle (2.3%). Allerdale (-1.5%), Barrow (-2.2%) and Copeland (-3.6%) have all experienced a decline. Demographics, 1981-2006 England and Wales - Numbers of young people have declined; middle aged (30-59) have grown. The number of 60-74 year olds has remained consistent but the number of older adults, 75+ has increased. North West - Broadly similar picture. However, the decline in young people is more marked and there has been a moderate decline in the numbers of 60-74 year olds (E and W static). The number of older adults is rising, consistent with the national picture. Cumbria - The changes are not dissimilar to E and W as a whole. The number of 15-29 year olds has declined significantly (by 23% compared with 15.2% in NW and 6.4% in E and W). The rapid growth in older adults is more marked in Cumbria than regionally and in E and W. Allerdale - Follows the county trend with the same increases in older adults and decline in the younger age groups. Carlisle - Carlisles age profile shows a couple of variations from the county figures. Although there has been a decline in the number of 15-29 year olds, this decline is not so sharp as the county figures suggest. Also notable, whilst there has been an increase in the number of older people in Carlisle, this is not increasing at the same rate as Cumbria is experiencing. Forecasts to 2029 The county as a whole is forecast to grow in population size by 2029 by around 7.1%. This is slower than the predicted national growth of 12.7% and around the same as the suggested regional figure of only 7.4%. Once again, there is a significant difference in the predicted change on a district by district basis. The greatest increases are predicted for Eden and (+17.9%) and South Lakeland (+15.3%). However, there is also moderate growth predicted for Carlisle (9.2%), Allerdale (3.1%). Cumbria is forecasted to see a quicker decline in young people and a faster growth in older adults than the regional or national figures. Cumbrias 0-14 year olds are predicted to decline by 13.5%, 15-29 by 5.9% and 30-44 down by 15.6%. The 45-59 is predicted to fall by 7.6%. In England, all these age groups are predicted to grow. Significant growth is expected in all ages over 60. Allerdale and Carlisle follow broadly the same pattern as the one predicted for the county as a whole althought the population of 0-14 year olds in Carlisle is set to fall at a slower rate then the county overall. Long term trends for Cumbria (1981 to 2029). The 0-14 age group is shown to decline by 24.5% compared to only 3.2% nationally. The working age group in Cumbria has decreased by 2.4%, compared with a 15.7% increase nationally. The 65+ group is seen to rise by 102.2%, compared only to a 73.1% increase for England. In 1981 the graph shows that Cumbria and England had very similar population profiles. As we track towards the present day, the profiles start to diverge. In 2006 17.7% of Englands population was under 15, whilst in Cumbria this

State of the Solway Coast AONB 2008 81

figure was only 16.4%. Working age in England accounted for 66.3% of the population compared to only 64.5% for Cumbria. 15.9% were over 65 in England compared to 19.1% in Cumbria. At the present time therefore it is clear that we are starting to see differences between the national and the local picture of population structure. If we look forward to 2029, we can see that these differences have been magnified In 2029 the under 15 population for England is predicted to be 16.3%, whilst it will only be 13.7% in Cumbria. 61.9% in England will be working age compared to 56.7% in Cumbria, and 21.8% will be retirement age compared to 29.7% for Cumbria. 2. Population Briefings : Recent Changes in Cumbrias Population 2005-2006, 21/9/07 Cumbria is experiencing the effects of an ageing population see Table 6. The table illustrates that the proportion of cumbrias population falling into younger age groups is less than that of the NW region and the UK. Conversely, from 45 years upwards, Cumbria is over represented in all categories when compared to the regional and national figures. Changes in Cumbrias Population 2005-2006

Age group 15-29 60-74

Cumbria 15.9% 16.5%

North West 19.7% 14.0%

UK 19.6% 13.6%

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3. Ward Profiles, 2007, Authored 17/4/07 Selected ward and county profiles Marsh Population1 Population in 2001 1692 Population in 2006 1685 % increase -0.4% General Health2 Good 67.1% Fair 23.9% Poor 7.5% Age Structure2 0-14 60+ Household Tenure2 Owner 87.5% Renting 12.5% Travel to work2 Work from home 21.0 Public transport 1.8 Car/motorbike 66.0 Passenger 6.4 Bike 1.0 On foot 3.8 Other 0.0 Unemployment2 Total claimants 6 Rate 0.6% Family Income3 Median 27,727 Mean 31,692 House Prices3 Average 164,268 Median 166,000

Holme 1657 1754 5.9% 70.1% 21.0% 8.9%

Burgh 1973 2105 6.7% 73.3% 20.6% 6.1%

Cumbria

0.8% 67.1% 22.9% 10.0%

72.2% 27.8% 25.6 1.8 59.0 5.6 0.7 6.1 1.2 11 1.1 23,467 27,052 149,495 170,000

82.7% 17.3% 16.9 2.5 71.0 5.4 1.0 2.6 0.6 17 1.4 31,989 36,558 209,108 213,000

72.3% 27.7% 12.0 5.9 56.5 7.9 2.7 14.4 0.6 5346 1.8

162,647 146,000

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1 Census 2001 and mid year estimates 2006, 2 Census 2001, 3 CACI Ltd 2006 4. Parish Profiles Profiles of Parishes within the AONB Ward Population (number)

Age Structure (number)

Mean Age (years)

Median Age (years)

Household Tenure (number)

Health generally good (number) 294 815 691 153 562 226 264 307 383 446 326 864 513

Average Household size

Household Spaces (number)

Allonby Bowness Crosscanonby Hayton and Mealo Holme Abbey Holme East Waver Holme Low Holme St Cuthbert Kirkbride Oughterside and Allerby Beaumont Burgh Rockcliffe

462 1221 1054 229 776 306 373 421 519 626 447 1143 733

0-4 21 59 43 13 44 21 19 23 35 32 20 55 19

5-15 70 159 130 35 150 49 54 63 79 104 55 198 108

16-64 287 780 683 149 447 199 236 272 332 400 296 740 493

>65 84 223 198 32 135 37 64 63 73 90 76 150 113

41.1 42.3 42.6 40.1 38.7 38.4 40.9 41.0 36.7 40.0 42 38.3 41.9

44 45 42 42 38 39 40.5 44 36 40 43.5 40 44

Owner 141 439 357 63 199 94 122 146 154 195 148 366 243

Rented 64 63 82 26 106 27 17 18 44 56 29 63 58

2.25 2.43 2.37 2.57 2.54 2.53 2.72 2.55 2.62 2.49 2.54 2.66 2.44

205 502 439 89 305 121 137 165 198 251 176 429 301

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Derived population figures Ward Population (number)

Age Structure (number)

Household Tenure (number)

Health generally good (number) 249.9 733.5 103.7 15.3 224.8 146.9 105.6 107.5 95.8 22.3 39.1 302.4 51.3 2198.1 69.4

Average Household size

Household Spaces (number)

Population increase (20012006) 415.1 (5.7%) 1054.9 (-0.4%) 155.1 (-0.2%) 22.4 (-0.2%) 328.1 (5.7%) 206.7 (3.9%) 155.3 (4.1%) 155.7 (5.7%) 134.8 (3.9%) 30.7 (-0.2%) 57.2 (6.7%) 426.9 (6.7%) 76.7 (4.7%) 3219.6

Allonby Bowness Crosscanonby Hayton and Mealo Holme Abbey Holme East Waver Holme Low Holme St Cuthbert Kirkbride Oughterside and Allerby Beaumont Burgh Rockcliffe Totals %

392.7 1098.9 158.1 22.9 310.4 198.9 149.2 147.4 129.8 31.3 53.6 400.1 73.3 3166.6

0-4 17.9 53.1 6.5 1.3 17.6 13.7 7.6 8.1 8.8 1.6 2.4 19.3 1.9 159.8 5.0

5-15 59.5 143.1 19.5 3.5 60.0 31.9 21.6 22.1 19.8 5.2 6.6 69.3 10.8 472.9 14.9

16-64 244.0 702.0 102.5 14.9 178.8 129.4 94.4 95.2 83.0 20.0 35.5 259.0 49.3 2008.0 63.4

>65 71.4 200.7 29.7 3.2 54.0 24.1 25.6 22.1 18.3 4.5 9.1 52.5 11.3 526.5 16.6

Owner 119.9 395.1 53.6 6.3 79.6 61.1 48.8 51.1 38.5 9.8 17.8 128.1 24.3 1034.4 80.9

Rented 54.4 56.7 12.3 2.6 42.4 17.6 6.8 6.3 11.0 2.8 3.5 22.1 5.8 244.3 19.1

174.3 451.8 65.9 8.9 122.0 78.7 55.6 57.4 49.5 12.6 21.3 150.2 30.1 1278.7

Increases based on percentage increase for relevant wards as given in CCCs Information and Intelligence, Policy and Performance Report, 2007

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APPENDIX 6 Socio-economics

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Indices of Deprivation, CCC website. http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/factsandfigures/deprivation/deprivation.asp Changes 2004-2007 Cumbria 84/149, up 3 places Allerdale 119/354, up 14 places Carlisle 110/354, up 2 places IMD National and County rankings, 2004 and 2007 Marsh 2004 Ranking 2007 Ranking National Cumbria National Cumbria 76 n/a 54 Overall IMD 3310 150 19 n/a 15 Barriers 6744 129 n/a 79 Income 7712 132 n/a 91 Crime 103 n/a 71 Employment 4223 2419 84 n/a 61 Living Environment 3869 101 n/a 83 Health 4758 94 n/a 89 Education

Holme 2004 Ranking National Cumbria 1849 39 541 31 2905 53 4934 51 2056 54 1605 55 2356 2029 68 41

2007 Ranking National Cumbria n/a 39 n/a 37 n/a 42 n/a 63 n/a 60 n/a 39 n/a n/a 50 49

Burgh 2004 Ranking National Cumbria 4688 121 684 36 7514 151 7136 110 4769 123 3456 113 4010 5302 103 103

2007 Ranking National Cumbria n/a 109 n/a 30 n/a 145 n/a 62 n/a 130 n/a 108 n/a n/a 112 110

Barriers Ranking (2007): Marsh 4 geographical, 155 wider barriers; Holme 31 geographical, 152 wider barriers; Burgh 26 geographical, 134 wider barriers. Unemployment Unemployment Briefings, Cumbria County Council http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/factsandfigures/employment/employment.asp February 2008 Cumbria 1.7% North West 2.7% Carlisle 1.9% Holme 1.4% Marsh 0.6% Burgh 1.2%

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Economy/employment 1. ONS 2006 Annual Business Survey, released December 2007. CCC summary: http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/factsandfigures/economy/economy.asp Key Findings 2004-2006 Loss of manufacturing in Carlisle (-16%) Strong growth in hotels/restaurant sector in Allerdale (=29%) Business services showed falls in Allerdale (-16%) and Carlisle (-19%). Cumbria Business Survey, April 2008, BMG Research for Cumbria Economic Intelligence Partnership 40% of businesses describe the market as being one in a period of growth, 43% describe the market as stable, 16% feel their market is contracting. Computer Usage Over three-quarters of businesses (76%) have adopted computers or computerised machinery within their business as an aid to business processes or production. Amongst computer users, 66% consider their current provision to be satisfactory for their needs, whilst 33% feel that improvements could be made (including 5% who state that significant upgrades are required). Those highlighting a need for improvements are most likely within transport & communications (41%) and agriculture (36%). Internet Access 91% of computer users have an internet connection and 78% of computer adopters have broadband. Of those with an internet connection, 63% have their own website, from 31% in agriculture to 85% in the hotels & restaurants sector. Business Profile The industrial base of Cumbria is varied, with no individual industry type accounting for more than one in five businesses. The four largest Cumbrian sectors include business & professional services (19%), wholesale & retail (18%), construction (13%) and hotels & restaurants (12%).26 The urban and rural economies of Cumbria differ to an extent; within urban areas, the largest individual industry sector is wholesale & retail (23%), whilst for rural areas, this is supplanted by primary industries (22%), and particularly agriculture (also 22%). Workforce size Approaching nine in ten businesses (87%) are micro-businesses, having up to ten members of staff at that site. A further 7% of businesses have between 11 and 25 staff, and 4% between 26 and 100 staff. The remaining 2% have over 100 staff. Micro-businesses (those with up to ten staff) are least likely to be found within the following sectors: utilities27 (59%); health, education and other community services (26%); and manufacturing (22%). By location, Carlisle businesses are least likely to be micro sites (82%). Cumbria Economic Plan, Consultation Draft, August 2007, Cumbria Vision http://www.cumbriavision.co.uk/files/documents/Economc%20Plan%20Third%20Draft.pdf Historically low growth in new enterprises is steadily improving.Since 2000 however, the Cumbrian growth rate has been more favourable, with all districts except Eden matching or out performing the national average. In terms of the survival rate for newly-registered businesses, all districts of Cumbria fare significantly better than the nation or region as a whole.
Note that the industry classification table is weighted to represent the actual breakdown of businesses within Cumbria according to the ONS Annual Business Inquiry. This does not represent the actual exact number or type of businesses interviewed in the study. 27 Not included in the table due to the small sample base of seven respondents.
26

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Housing Examining Affordability of Houses in Cumbria using StreetValue and Paycheck , Information and Inteligence, Policy Unit, Cumbria County Council. http://www.cumbria.gov.uk/elibrary/Content/Internet/536/675/1770/1782/38880131356.pdf Using 2005 CACI data. Ward level Summary Incomes and House Prices Ward Mean Price, Median Price, Mean Income, Burgh 209,108 213,000 36,558 Holme 149,495 170,000 27,052 Marsh 164,268 166,000 31,692 Comparators: Flimby, AR = 3.12, (52% households can afford median price) Lyth Valley, AR = 10.44 (2% households can afford median price)

Median Income 31,989 23,467 27,727

Affordability Ratio 6.66 7.24 5.99

% households who can afford median price 11 8 11

Recent house price changes Average house price % change in last quarter % change over the last year Cumbria 171,865 -0.4 6.5 Allerdale 167,403 -2.0 3.5 Carlisle 146,999 -1.5 5.5 BBC website, accessed 29/4/08 Source Land Registry of England and Wales. Figures are for the period Oct-Dec 2007.

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NOMIS (official labour market statistics) website, accessed 16/5/08 https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/Default.asp

Table 13 vat registrations/deregistrations by industry

ONS Crown Copyright Reserved [from Nomis on 16 May 2008] area type area name item name Industry 1 : Agriculture; Forestry and fishing (SIC A,B) 2 : Mining and quarrying; Electricity, gas and water supply (SIC C,E) 3 : Manufacturing (SIC D) 4 : Construction (SIC F) 5 : Wholesale, retail and repairs (SIC G) 6 : Hotels and restaurants (SIC H) 7 : Transport, storage and communication (SIC I) 8 : Financial intermediation (SIC J) 9 : Real Estate, renting and business activities (SIC K) 10 : Public administration; Other community, social and personal services (SIC L,O) 11 : Education; health and social work (SIC M,N) Column Total local authorities: district / unitary Allerdale stocks at end of year 2002 985 5 170 380 585 370 140 20 385 140 40 3,220 2003 985 5 180 415 595 385 135 20 440 145 40 3,345 2004 980 5 175 420 595 405 130 25 455 140 35 3,365 2005 985 5 175 440 600 415 130 30 490 140 35 3,445 2006 970 5 175 435 610 430 135 30 500 140 40 3,470

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Table 14 vat registrations/deregistrations by industry

ONS Crown Copyright Reserved [from Nomis on 16 May 2008] area type area name item name Industry 1 : Agriculture; Forestry and fishing (SIC A,B) 2 : Mining and quarrying; Electricity, gas and water supply (SIC C,E) 3 : Manufacturing (SIC D) 4 : Construction (SIC F) 5 : Wholesale, retail and repairs (SIC G) 6 : Hotels and restaurants (SIC H) 7 : Transport, storage and communication (SIC I) 8 : Financial intermediation (SIC J) 9 : Real Estate, renting and business activities (SIC K) 10 : Public administration; Other community, social and personal services (SIC L,O) 11 : Education; health and social work (SIC M,N) Column Total local authorities: district / unitary Carlisle stocks at end of year 2002 770 5 205 380 665 260 225 15 485 155 60 3,225 2003 760 5 210 410 670 275 230 20 515 155 60 3,310 2004 765 5 210 435 680 280 250 20 540 155 60 3,400 2005 755 5 220 470 695 280 250 25 580 155 70 3,505 2006 745 5 225 490 705 280 260 30 615 155 75 3,585

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Tourism Caravan Parks Table 15 Caravan Parks within the AONB and numbers of licenced pitches. Caravan Park Location No. of licences No. of caravans Glendale Caravan Park Port Carlisle 220 220 Dickinson Place Caravan Park Allonby 33 24 Manor House Caravan Park Allonby 142 142 Rowanbank Caravan Park Beckfoot 33 33 Spring Lea Caravan Park Nr Allonby 100 100 Westville Holiday Parks Allonby 56 49 Mealo House Caravan Park Allonby 120 120 Blue Dial Caravan Park Nr Allonby 152 152 Vicarage Field Caravan Park Allonby 80 69 Total 936 909 Information on the sites located within the AONB obtained from the Yellow Pages website and brochures received from Silloth TIC, May 2008. Sites confirmed and licence and caravan information from Choctaw Media based on information provided by Allerdale Borough Council. Other caravan sites are located around Silloth (Yellow Pages and tourist Information), which although may not be located within the AONB, provided bases for tourists visiting the AONB and supporting the local economy. These include: Solway Holiday Village, Silloth (caravans and camping) Tanglewood Caravan Park, Causewayhead, Silloth Stanwix Park Holiday Centre, Silloth Broughton Farm Caravans, Skinburness Moordale Caravan Park, Silloth Tarnside Caravan Park, Silloth Hotels - Information from Yellow Pages website and TIC. Kings Arms Inn, Bowness on Solway Baywatch hotel, Allonby Golf Hotel, Silloth Queens Hotel, Silloth The Skinburness Hotel, Silloth Other accommodation Bed and Breakfast, Guest houses, Self catering

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