Abstract A system of voltage equations for general

synchronous machine, which results in an improved equivalent

circuit of such a machine, is presented. Mutual couplings and
dependencies of inductances with respect to rotor position are
included in the circuit. A method for calculation of reactances
of the equivalent circuit, which takes into account the actual
form of air gap and MMF, saturation of iron, and their mutual
connections, is described. The applicability of the proposed
model for computation of static and dynamic states of
synchronous machine is proven on an example of a generator.
It is shown that the improved model can be reduced to the
standard form by neglecting higher harmonics. The model
enables calculation of electrical and mechanical parameters
that affect the waveform of output voltage, noise and
vibrations, which is especially important in operation of a
frequency converter.

Index Terms equivalent circuit, synchronous generator,
dynamic model, finite element analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
quivalent circuits should represent electrical machines
in various operating conditions. The oldest and simplest
models of synchronous machines were based on the
assumptions that currents in windings are sinusoidal, that the
waveforms of MMF and the air gap are also sinusoidal, and
transformation of three-phase variables in two-axis rotor
coordinate system was applied [1]. From these assumptions
it follows that the parameters are constant, in mutually
perpendicular axes between which there is no magnetic
interference.
Further development of dynamic models has shown that
reactances are not constant, and that their values are most
affected by saturation. The accuracy was improved by
introduction of saturated reactances, which resulted in
linearization of the model around the operation point.
Saturation factor depends on the level of machine saturation,
and on the axis in which the winding acts [2].
Today, it is accepted that all the models should include
saturation in both axes, and magnetic interference between
parameters in longitudinal and transversal axes [3], [4].
Self-inductances and mutual inductances may be
computed if one winding is fed by current [5]. Then the self-
inductance is the ratio flux in the winding to current that
feeds it, and mutual inductance is the ratio flux in the other
winding to current through the fed winding. The procedure
should be performed in turn for each winding in the
machine, and in the case of salient poles machines attention
to rotor position should be paid.
The improved analysis of synchronous generator has been
performed using the software MagNet [6], which is based on
Finite Element Method (FEM). The aim of the paper is to
determine lumped parameters of the dynamical model of
synchronous machine, and to include them in the appropriate
equivalent circuit. A new improved system of differential
equations, which is suitable for computer simulation of
synchronous machines has been developed.
II. VOLTAGE EQUATIONS OF IMPROVED EQUIVALENT MODEL
Electrical machine is a physical system that has, in
general, n electric variables which can be either currents or
flux linkages [1]. On the basis of Kirchhoff's second law it is
possible to set n voltage equations for n windings, which can
be presented in the matrix form as:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ]
dt
d
i R U

+ = , (1)
where:
[U] vector of voltages,
[i] vector of currents,
[R] matrix of resistances,
[] matrix of flux linkages.

By separating the voltage of transformation from voltage of
rotation, the following matrix form is obtained (1):
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] i
d
L d
dt
i d
L i R U

+ + = , (2)
where:
[L] square matrix of inductances,
- angular velocity,
angle between one stator phase and rotor axis.

Mutual couplings and higher harmonics, which appear in
reactances, have no influence on the matrix of resistances,
which after transformation in 2-axis rotor coordinate system
remains unchanged. Square matrix of inductances is:
[ ]
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+
+
+
+
=
0 0 q 0 q 0 d 0 f 0 d
0 q lpq mq mq dq dq dq
0 q mq la mq dq dq dq
0 d dq dq lpd md md md
0 f dq dq md lf md md
0 d dq dq md md la md
0 dfDqQ
L M M M M M
M L L L M M M
M L L L M M M
M M M L L L L
M M M L L L L
M M M L L L L
L
. (3)
Each element of the matrix consists of constant term and
of infinite number of terms, which are functions of rotor
position. These may be represented in vector form as:
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( L ),.., t 2 ( L ), t ( L , L L
lai 2 la 1 la 0 la
T
la
= , (4)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( L ),.., t 2 ( L ), t ( L , L L
mdi 2 md 1 md 0 md
T
md
= , (5)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( L ),.., t 2 ( L ), t ( L , L L
lfi 2 lf 1 lf 0 lf
T
lf
= , (6)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( L ),.., t 2 ( L ), t ( L , L L
mqi 2 mq 1 mq 0 mq
T
mq
= , (7)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( L ),.., t 2 ( L ), t ( L , L L
lpdi 2 lpd 1 lpd 0 lpd
T
lpd
= , (8)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( L ),.., t 2 ( L ), t ( L , L L
lpqi 2 lpq 1 lpq 0 lpq
T
lpq
= (9)
An Improved Model of Synchronous Generator
Based on Finite Element Method Analysis
B. Tomii
1
, S. Car
2
, . tih
3

1
Konar-Generatori i motori d.d., Fallerovo etalite 22, Zagreb (Croatia), e-mail: btomicic@koncar-gim.hr,
2
Konar-Institut za elektrotehniku d.d., Fallerovo etalite 22, Zagreb (Croatia), e-mail: scar@koncar-institut.hr,
3
University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3, Zagreb (Croatia), e-mail: zeljko.stih@fer.hr
E
ir
978-1-4673-0141-1/12/$26.00 2012 IEEE 45
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( M ),.., t 2 ( M ), t ( M , M M
dqi 2 dq 1 dq 0 dq
T
dq
=
, (10)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( M ),.., t 2 ( M ), t ( M , M M
i 0 d 02 d 01 d 00 d
T
0 d
= , (11)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( M ),.., t 2 ( M ), t ( M , M M
i 0 q 02 q 01 q 00 q
T
0 q
=
, (12)
[ ] [ ] ),.. t i ( L ),.., t 2 ( L ), t ( L , L L
i 0 02 01 00
T
0
= (13)

The relationship between magnetic flux and current is:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
0 dfDqQ 0 dfDqQ 0 dfDqQ
i L = , (14)
where:
[
dfDqQ0
] vector of flux linkages,
[i
dfDqQ0
] vector of currents.

Terms of vector of flux linkages (14) can be represented
by the following expressions:
[ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
0 0
i M i i M i i L i L L
d Q q dq D f md d la md d
+ + + + + + =
, (15)
[ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
0 0
i M i i M i L L i i L
f Q q fq f lf md D d md f
+ + + + + + =
,(16)
[ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
0 0
i M i i M i L L i i L
d Q q dq D pd md f d md D
+ + + + + + =
, (17)
[ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] [ ]
0 0
i M i L i L L i i i M
q q mq q la mq D f d qd q
+ + + + + + + =
(18)
[ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) [ ]
0 0
i M i L L i L i i i M
q Q pq mq q mq D f d qd Q
+ + + + + + =
, (19)
[ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
0 0 0 0 0
i L i i M i i i L
Q q q D f d d
+ + + + + =
. (20)

To obtain a form suitable for computer simulation, the
matrix equation (2) should be separated to a system of
voltage equations, and currents should be substituted from
them.

Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

Multiplication of the expression (14) with the inverse
matrix [L
dqofDQ
]
-1
results in the matrix equation:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
fDQ dq fDQ dq fDQ dq
L i
0
1
0 0
=

. (21)
The system of voltage equations should be supplemented
with the expression for the electromagnetic torque [1]:

q d d q e
i i M = , (22)
and with the formula for load angle:

dt
d
1

= . (23)
From the system of voltage equations it is possible to
determine the equivalent circuit in Figure 1 for longitudinal,
transversal and zero axes. The structure of the circuit is
standard [1], but there are mutual couplings between
equivalent windings. An improvement is the dependence of
the reactances on the position of the rotor.
III. FEM CALCULATIONS OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
PARAMETERS
For FEM calculation of magnetic field we have been
using MagNet

package. The following assumptions were

introduced [8], [12]:
- All machine windings are symmetrically distributed
on each pole, have the same number of conductors and
resistance, which enables analysis of a single pole,
- The influence of skin effect in conductors of armature
and excitation windings is neglected,
- Electric conductivity of iron is neglected, which
excludes the influence of eddy and stray currents,
- Characteristics of built-in material are isotopic,
hysteresis loop is neglected, and iron permeability depends
only on magnetic field strength,
- Windings of the machine are connected to the ideal
current sources, the waveforms of currents feeding the
armature windings are sinusoidal, excitation winding is fed
by direct current, and
- Damping winding effects are not taken into account.
A software module that takes into account rotor speed
was used for calculation of the magnetic field, and the field
solution is based on the expressions [7]:


=
S C
dS n B
dt
d
l d E
r
r r r
, (24)


=
C S
dS n J dl H
r
r r
, (25)

=
S
0 dS n B
r
r
. (26)
where:
E
r
electric field strength in conductors,
B
r
magnetic induction,
H
r
magnetic field strength,
J
r
current density,
S surface within which the field is computed,
n
r
unit vector of normal on surface S,
C boundary curve of the surface S.

To determine equivalent parameters, windings should be
fed one by one, keeping terminals of other windings open.
All the obtained quantities are in the original three-phase
system, and therefore they should be transformed to their
equivalents in rotor coordinate system. This is performed
using the following expressions [1]:
( )
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ + |

\
|
+ =
c b a d
f
3
2
cos f
3
2
cos f cos
3
2
f
, (27)
( )
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ + |

\
|
+ =
c b a q
f
3
2
sin f
3
2
sin f sin
3
2
f
, (28)

( )
c b a 0
f f f
3
1
f + + =
. (29)
where:
46
f
a
,f
b
,f
c
phase quantities,
f
d
,f
q
,f
0
transformed quantities.

From instantaneous values of equivalent magnetic fluxes
the appropriate per unit values of self and mutual
inductances should be calculated, and reduced to the
armature side using the following formula:

n
2
n
2
a
b
b
a
ab
S
U
a
p 2
w
w
I
M
|
|

\
|

= (30)
where:
angular frequency,

a
magnetic flux in the observed winding,
I
b
current in the fed winding,
W
a
number of armature winding coils,
W
b
- number of fed winding coils,
p number of pole pairs,
a number of parallel branches of armature winding,
U
n
rated voltage,
S
n
rated power.

Thus, a 2D one-pole model of synchronous generator was
created. The model consists of a static and a rotating part.
The static part consists of a sheet lamination core with slots
in which there are copper conductors of three-phase winding.
The number of coils per pole and phase is 2, and they are
winded diametrically. The rotating part consists of a sheet
lamination pole, around which excitation winding copper
coil is wound. In the pole shoe there are 6 holes in which
damping winding is laid (Fig. 2.). The damping winding is
made of round copper bars. The pole is on a steel hub.
Since the model of synchronous generator has four
transformed windings (excitation winding, and armature
windings in d, q and 0 axes), 2D magnetic field was
computed for the following four cases:
- feeding of excitation winding,
- feeding of armature winding in d axis,
- feeding of armature winding in q axis,
- feeding of armature winding in 0 axis.
In all the cases, flux linkages in each winding were
calculated, and the instant of time at which the axis of
excitation winding coincides with the axis of one phase was
chosen to be the initial rotor position.
A. Feeding of excitation winding
In the first simulation, current through the excitation
winding was set to the value at which the rated value voltage
is induced in armature winding. Rotor is rotating at
synchronous speed, with no current flowing through
armature winding, which corresponds to no-load operation
without network. Fig. 2 shows magnetic field at zero
position. Total magnetic flux (
d
), which flows through rotor
yoke, consists of the main flux (
md
) that comprises
excitation and armature windings, and leakage flux (
lf
) that
flows directly over adjacent poles. The direction of magnetic
field is indicated by arrows, and their length is proportional
to magnetic induction. The following expression applies to
magnetic fluxes:


lf md d
+ = . (31)
where:

d
total flux,

md
flux that passes through armature windings,

lf
leakage excitation flux.

Fig. 2. Magnetic field of excitation current at the initial moment

After performed field calculations for rotor turn of 2
poles, which corresponds to the angle of 360el,
dependences of considered fluxes through phase windings
on rotor positions were obtained.
Applying expressions (27), (28) and (29) to the obtained
linked armature winding fluxes, as well as applying (31), the
main flux linkage in d axis was separated from the excitation
leakage flux, and from the component of flux in q axis and
zero component of the flux as well.
To determine the value of all the components, frequency
analysis of the obtained results was performed, and it
showed that, apart from constant values, there are also
harmonics as a result of the actual form of air gap and
distributions of currents per slots. In reactances, which
represent inductances and mutual inductances in longitudinal
and transversal axes, there are noticeable harmonics that are
multiples of the 6
th
harmonic, and in those that represent
mutual inductance to zero axis, the noticeable harmonics are
odd multiples of the 3
rd
harmonic. Table I contains the
results of harmonic analysis of the obtained reactance forms;
however, only most dominant harmonics are given.
TABLE 1
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF WAVE FORMS OF OBTAINED REACTANCES
Order of
harmonics
Ld (p.u.) Lmd (p.u) Llf (p.u) Mdq (p.u.) Mf0 (p.u.)
0 1.91 1.53 0.39 - -
3 - - - - 7.09E-02
6 -3.59E-05 1.96E-03 -2.00E-03 -5.00E-03 -
9 - - - - -2.95E-03
12 -2.06E-03 1.78E-04 -2.24E-03 1.10E-03 -
15 - - - - 1.26E-03

Constant terms are a consequence of fundamental
harmonic components of magnetic flux transformation, and
the rest are harmonics, which are always present in the
machines.
B. Feeding of armature winding in d axis
In the second simulation armature winding is fed by
symmetrical current system, and rotates at the speed of
rotating field, so that after the transformation only the
47
current component in d axis remains. Currents do not flow
through the excitation and damping winding. This operation
point corresponds to no-load operation with excitation off.
The machine is magnetized by the component of armature
current in d axis. The following expression applies to
magnetic fluxes:

la md d
+ = . (32)
where:

d
total flux through armature winding in d axis,

md
flux that includes excitation winding,

la
leakage flux of armature winding.

After performed calculations for rotor turn of two poles,
which corresponds to the electric angle of 360el, magnetic
fluxes linked by phase and excitation windings were
obtained. As in the previous case, flux linkages of armature
winding were transformed using expressions (27), (28) and
(29), and the main flux in longitudinal axis was separated
from leakage flux using expression (31). Flux components in
transversal axis and zero-flux component were obtained as
well.
TABLE II
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORMS OF OBTAINED REACTANCES
Order of
harmonics
Ld (p.u.) Lmd (p.u.) Lla (p.u.) Mdq (p.u.) Md0 (p.u.)
0 1.71 1.53 0.18 - -
3 - - - - -7.33E-02
6 -7.98E-03 1.96E-03 -9.94E-03 1.27E-02 -
9 - - - - 7.87E-03
12 1.04E-03 1.78E-04 8.75E-04 -8.71E-03 -
15 - - - - 2.09E-05

The obtained results show that in this case the
dependence of the reactances on rotor position has not been
fully eliminated, and that there is a mutual interference
between longitudinal and transversal axes. To determine the
components, frequency analysis was applied to all calculated
values, and it showed that in reactances that represent
inductances and mutual inductances between longitudinal
and transversal axes there are harmonics that are multiples of
the 6
th
harmonic, while in the mutual inductances in zero
axis odd multiples of the 3
rd
harmonic appear. The obtained
results of harmonic analysis are given in Table II.
C. Feeding of armature winding in transversal axis
In the third simulation, a symmetrical system of currents
for armature feeding was chosen. The system was chosen in
such a way that after transformation, at rotor speed equal to
the speed of rotating field, the component in longitudinal
axis was cancelled, and only the one in transversal axis
remained. Figure 3 shows magnetic flux at the initial
moment when the rotor axis coincides with the axis of one
phase. Total flux generated by the armature current is
marked with (
q
). The leakage component of the flux that
closes transversally to armature slots is marked with (
la
).
The part of the magnetic flux that crosses the air gap and
enters the pole is marked with (
mq
). The following
expression applies to magnetic fluxes:

la mq q
+ = . (33)
where:

q
total flux through armature winding in q axis,

mq
flux that crosses air gap.

After performed field calculations for the angle of rotor
turn of two poles, i.e. 360el, magnetic fluxes through
windings were computed. Applying expression (33), i.e. by
subtracting armature leakage flux computed in the previous
simulation from the total flux, the main flux in transversal
axis (
mq
) was determined. As in the previous two cases,
flux components in longitudinal axis, as well as zero
components, were obtained and appropriate mutual
inductances between parameters in transversal, longitudinal
and zero axes were determined.

Fig. 3. Magnetic field of armature current in q axis at the initial moment

From the obtained computational dependences of
reactance values on rotor position it obvious that, in spite of
applied transformation, the dependence on rotor position was
not fully eliminated, and that there is also a mutual
connection between longitudinal and transversal axes. To
determine values of all the components, frequency analysis
of the obtained results was performed. The results of
harmonic analysis are given in Table III. Only the most
important harmonics are given, and they are the multiples of
the 6th harmonic in reactances, which represents inductances
and mutual inductances between longitudinal and transversal
axes, and odd multiples of the 3
rd
harmonic in reactances that
represents mutual inductances between transversal and zero
axes.
TABLE III
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF WAVE SHAPES OF OBTAINED REACTANCES
Order of
harmonics
Lq (p.u.) Lmq (p.u.) Lla (p.u.) Mqd (p.u.) Mq0 (p.u.)
0 1.33 1.15 0.18 - -
3 - - - - 1.90E-01
6 2.50E-02 1.51E-02 -9.94E-03 1.27E-02 -
9 - - - - -1.11E-02
12 -7.40E-03 -8.32E-03 8,75E-04 -8.71E-03 -
15 - - - - -5.15E-04
D. Feeding of armature winding in zero axis
In the fourth simulation, direct currents of the same value
were chosen for the feeding of the armature. Transformation
of such currents cancels longitudinal and transversal
components, and only the component in zero axis remains.
Computation of magnetic field was performed for 360el,
48
which corresponds to the turn of two poles. The following
expression applies to magnetic fluxes:

la 0 a 0
+ = . (34)
where:

0
total flux through armature winding in 0 axis,

a0
flux that crosses air gap.

As in the previous three cases, there are flux components
in both, longitudinal and transversal axes, and appropriate
mutual inductances between parameters in zero, longitudinal
and transversal axes were determined.
With known value of the current, appropriate inductance
and mutual inductance values follow from the computed
magnetic fluxes.
From the obtained calculated dependences of reactance
values on the turn angle it can be seen that, in spite of
applied transformation, there is no complete elimination of
the dependence on turn angle, and there is also the mutual
connection between zero axis and other two axes. Frequency
analysis of the obtained results was performed to determine
values of all components. In Table IV the results of
harmonic analysis of the obtained values of reactive
resistances are given.
TABLE IV
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF WAVE SHAPES OF OBTAINED REACTANCES
Order of
harmonics L0 (p.u.) La0 (p.u.) Lla (p.u.) Md0 (p.u.) Mq0 (p.u.)
0 0.31 0.13 0.18 - -
3 - - - -7.33E-02 1.90E-01
6 8.74E-03 1.87E-02 -9.94E-03 - -
9 - - - 7,87E-03 -1.11E-02
12 -1.45E-03 -2.32E-03 8.75E-04 - -
15 - - - 2,09E-05 -5,15E-04
IV. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF FEM SIMULATION AND
EQUIVALENT MODEL
A computer programme was made to verify the proposed
equivalent model. The programme solves numerically the
system of differential equations that describes general model
with initial conditions given. The program was tested by
simulation of no-load operation of generator excited to its
rated voltage [11]. Values of individual harmonic terms of
reactances, up to and including the 15th, were taken from
Tables I, II, III and IV. The obtained wave-forms of phase
and line voltages are compared to measurement results [9],
[10] and also to computation results obtained directly from
the magnetic flux calculated by MagNet

. Fig. 4 presents the

comparison of generator phase voltages, and Fig. 5 the
comparison of its line voltages.
In Fig. 4 and 5 it can be seen that there is a good
agreement of both computation results and measured ones.
Minor deviations of computation results obtained by means
of equivalent model, which includes reactances obtained by
FEM, from measured ones, are the result of neglecting of all
the components whose order exceeds 15. Waveform of phase
voltage has a characteristic form, in which higher harmonics,
with the exception of the fundamental one, are clearly
visible. This applies especially to the 3
rd
harmonic, which
gives the curve its characteristic flattened form, as well as
the 11
th
and 13
th
harmonics. All the harmonics are results of
the shape of air gap; the 3
rd
harmonic is caused by the shape
of pole shoe, and the 11
th
and 13
th
harmonics are caused by
stator slots.
Waveform of the line voltage has also a characteristic
form, and it contains all the harmonics as the phase voltage,
with the exception of those that are multiples of the 3
rd

harmonic. Both voltage waveforms contain the 5
th
and 7
th

harmonics, but their value is not significant, so that it is
difficult to see them on the shown curves.

-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (p.u.)
U
f

(
p
.
u
.
)
FEM Analitically with FEM Measurement

Fig. 4: Phase voltage of generator

-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t (p.u.)
U
f

(
p
.
u
.
)
FEM Analitically with FEM Measurement

Fig. 5: Line voltage of generator

Several more simulations were performed in order to
clarify the influence of individual harmonics and magnetic
links, and in them simplifications were gradually introduced.
In the second simulation, terms of the 12
th
order were
eliminated from reactances that represent self-inductances
and mutual inductances. The waveform of the obtained
phase voltage is represented by voltage curve 2 in Figure 6,
and the waveform of line voltage with curve 2 in Figure 7.


Figure 6: Comparison of phase voltages
1. Incl.: 1
st
, 3
rd
, 5
th
, 7
th
, 9
th
, 11
th
, 13
th
and 15
th
harm. (Fig. 4, anal with FEM)
2. Included: 1
st
, 3
rd
, 5
th
, 7
th
, 9
th
and 15
th
harmonics
3. Included: 1
st
, 5
th
and 7
th
harmonics
4. Only constant components

49
Comparison of curve 2 and curve 1, which represents the
waveforms obtained in the first simulation, shows that there
are no 11
th
and 13
th
harmonics which are the result of the 12
th

harmonic in reactances for self-inductances and mutual
inductances. In the curve of phase voltage there is still the
influence of the 3
rd
harmonic, which cannot be found in the
waveform of line voltage. In phase and line voltages there
are 5
th
and 7
th
harmonics, which are generated due to the 6
th

harmonic in reactances.
To explain the influence of mutual inductances between
individual axes, a new simulation was performed with
eliminated magnetic connections towards zero-axis. The
obtained waveform of phase voltage is shown by curve 3 in
Fig. 6, and the waveform of line voltage is shown with curve
3 in Fig. 7. In relation to the previous simulation, the
influence of the 3
rd
, 9
th
and 15
th
harmonics was eliminated
from the phase voltage, while the line voltage waveform
remained unchanged.
In the final step, all harmonic components were
eliminated from reactances, which cancel all mutual
couplings between longitudinal and transversal axes.
Simulation of no-load state for this case resulted in solutions
shown with curve 4 in Figure 7 for phase voltage, and curve
4 in Figure 8 for line voltage. Both voltages are sinusoidal.


Figure 7: Comparison of line voltage
1. Incl.: 1
st
, 3
rd
, 5
th
, 7
th
, 9
th
, 11
th
, 13
th
and 15
th
harm. (Fig. 5, anal with FEM)
2. Included: 1
st
, 3
rd
, 5
th
, 7
th
, 9
th
and 15
th
harmonics
3. Included: 1
st
, 5
th
and 7
th
harmonics
4. Only constant components

From the performed analysis it can be concluded that for
proper description of machine operation it is enough to take
into account constant reactances and harmonics with higest
amplitudes. In this case, it is the 3
rd
harmonic due to
saturation and air gap form, and 11
th
and the 13
th
harmonics
due to slots.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The paper presents an improved model of synchronous
machine in two-phase rotor coordinate system, which takes
into account the actual form of magnetic circuit, waveform
of MMF and effects of saturation.
Calculations of self-inductances and mutual inductances
are performed by FEM analysis of a model of a generator
pole. The performed analysis has shown that the harmonic
structure of reactances depends on the form of air gap, and
on waveform of MMF and iron saturation.
Computed values of reactive parameters were included in
the dynamic model, and the no-load state was simulated.
This state was also simulated completely by MagNet

. Both
calculated results were compared to measurements, and a
minimum deviation was found.
If harmonics in reactive resistances are neglected, the
model turns into the standard form.
VI. LITERATURE
[1] P. C. Krause: Analysis of Electric Machinery; McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1986.
[2] S.-A. Tahan, I. Kamwa: A two-factor saturation model for
synchronous machines with multiple rotor circuits, IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, Vol. 10, No. 4, December 1995.
[3] M. El-Serafi, J. Wu: Determination of the parameters representing the
cross-magnetizing effect in saturated synchronous machines, IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 8, No. 3, September 1993.
[4] M. El-Serafi, N. C. Kar: Methods for Determining the Q-Axis
Saturation Characteristics of Salient-Pole Synchronous Machines from
the Measured D-Axis Characteristics, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2003.
[5] L. Chang: An Improwed FE Inductance Calculation for Electrical
Machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 32, No. 4, July
1996.
[6] Magnet Version 6.5. "Tutorials", Infolytica Corporation 2000.
[7] Z. Haznadar, . tih:Elektromgnetizam; kolska kniga, Zagreb, 1990.
[8] B. Tomii, . tih, S. Car: The Modelling of Transients in
Synchronous Generators for Wind Turbine, ICCEP 07, Capri 21-23
May 2007.
[9] A. Elez, B. Tomii, B. Taka: Contemporary Approach to
Determination of Magnetic Induction in Wind Generator Air Gap,
ICREPQ 08, Spain, Stantander 12-14. March 2007.
[10] A. Elez, B. Tomii, A. olak: The Comparison of Magnetic Values
Obtained from Hall Probes and Measuring Coils in Synchronous
Generators, XVIII International Conference of Electrical Machines,
Vilamoura, Portugal, 6-9 september 2008.
[11] IEEE Std 115-1995(R2002), IEEE Guide: Test Procedures for
Synchronous Machines.
[12] B. Tomii: Three dimensional calculation of synchronous generator
reactances for wind power plants, doctoral theisis, Faculty of electrical
engineering and computing, Zagreb 2010.
[13] A. Merkhouf, C. Hudon, M. Belec, E Guillot, A.B.M. Aguiar, K. Al-
Haddad: Electromagnetic losses computation in existing large hydro
electrical generators, Electric Machines & Drives Conference
(IEMDC), 2011 IEEE International Publication Year: 2011.
[14] A.B.M. Aguiar, A. Merkhouf, K. Al-Haddad, C. Hudon:
Electromagnetic modelling of existing large hydro generator, Electric
Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2011 IEEE International ,
Year: 2011.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Branko Tomii was born in Rijeka in 1970. He graduated in 1993, in 1994
defended MSc thesis, in 2010 PhD thesis, all the Zagreb Faculty of
Electrical Engineering and Computing. He works with Konar Generators
and Motors on the development and design of asynchronous and
synchronous machines. He is the lecturer on Electrical Machines at
Polytechnic of Varadin.
Stjepan Car has completed the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Zagreb
in 1972. The academic title Doctor of Science in the field of technical
sciences he has acquired in 1979. For 18 years he was working on research
and development tasks in the area of rotating machines and electric motor
drives in KONAR - Institut. Further 8 years he was at the position of a
member of the Managing Board in KONAR Group, in charge of corporate
development and business area industry. Since 1999, he has been at the
position of the President of the Managing Board in company KONAR
Electrical Engineering Institute, Inc. Since 2006 he has been a lecturer of
Management in Engineering at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computing in Zagreb as the associated professor.
eljko tih was born in Krapina, Croatia in 1955. He received Ph.D. degree
from the University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
Computing in 1984. His research interest is computational
electromagnetism and its application in power apparatus and systems.
Currently, he is full professor at University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computing teaching electromagnetic field theory and
numerical methods.
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