Expedition PCB

EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION
TRAINING MANUAL
OCTOBER 19, 2001
Forward
This course is designed to teach you the basic workflow of laying out a simple printed circuit board using the latest version of Expedition PCB. You will be looking at editor environments and fundamental library concepts. You will learn how to integrate with a Design Capture source schematic, place and route the board, then verify and output the artwork. This course manual is divided up into major processes by chapter. Each chapter is comprised of a discussion and a hands on lab for that topic. Computer files are supplied for the labs.
Schedule
Day 1 INTRODUCTION TO EXPEDITION PCB LIBRARY & DATA OVERVIEW CREATING PADSTACKS CREATING CELLS Day 2 CREATING PARTS CREATING A LAYOUT TEMPLATE PCB EDITOR OVERVIEW Day 3 STARTING A PCB LAYOUT SETTING UP THE LAYOUT DEFINING BOARD GEOMETRY PLACING PARTS Day 4 VERIFYING THE LAYOUT ROUTING TRACES GENERATING PLANES Day 5 FINALIZING THE SILKSCREEN GENERATING GERBER DATA GENERATING DRILL DATA
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NTRODUCTION
CLASS OVERVIEW INSTRUCTOR/STUDENT INTRODUCTION FRONT-TO-BACK DEMO
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IBRARY OVERVIEW
This chapter briefly explains Expedition PCB related library issues. The topics covered are:
PCB & THE CENTRAL LIBRARY LIBRARY MANAGER PARTITIONS
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PCB & THE CENTRAL LIBRARY

A quick look at Expedition PCB related library issues and terminology will help in understanding what the data is and where it came from throughout the rest of this course. Note: The Library Manager course covers library creation and management in more detail.
PARTS
A part in the Parts Database is the intelligence that link the schematic symbol to the footprint cell. This intelligence is based around a part number and includes gate/pin information plus special properties that can be used for various downstream processes. Note: Parts may also be referred to as PDBs.
PADSTACKS
A padstack contains all of the pads and any hole geometry for a physical component pin. The necessary shapes/sizes for copper, masks, and pastes are defined. If a thru type component is to be used, the hole shape/size is also defined. The pads and optional hole are then used to define a padstack.
CENTRAL LIBRARY
The central library contains Symbols, Parts, Cells, and Padstacks which are all interrelated. Within each of the symbol, part, and cell areas are user defined partitions for organization. More than one central library can exist but a PCB layout project is associated to only one central library. The projects schematic or netlist calls for specific parts. These parts, along with their cells and padstacks, are extracted from the central library and forward annotated to the PCB layout. Note: Forward Annotation will be discussed in detail later in the course.
CELLS
A cell is component footprint graphics representing the physical component. Cells consist of padstacks, pin numbers, outlines, text fields, and any other data desired for manufacturing or documentation.
SYMBOLS
A symbol is the schematic representation of a component. Note: Symbols will be discussed very little in this course. The Design Capture for PCB and Library Manager courses cover symbols in detail.
DESIGN-SPECIFIC LIBRARY
A PCB layout will have a design-specific (local) library containing just the parts, cells, and padstacks used in the layout. Editing within this library data will update the layout but not the associated central library.
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LIBRARY MANAGER
The Library Manager serves as an interface for the various library related editors. It also controls the creation and management of central libraries and library partitions. The Library Manager can be launched from within Design Capture. Here the Library Manager can be used to edit schematic related library data such as property files, symbols and parts. from within Expedition PCB. Here the Library Manager can be used to edit PCB related library data such as parts, padstacks, cells, and layout templates. as a standalone product. Here the Library Manager can be used to edit all library related data such as property files, symbols, parts, padstacks, cells, and layout templates.
CREATING A NEW CENTRAL LIBRARY

Selecting File>New from the menus creates a new Library Manager Catalog file and the associated folder structure for a central library. 1. Browse to find the folder where the central library is to be created. 2. The Library Manager Catalog file will be placed in that folder with a name the same as the folder. Note: This file can be renamed using the Windows Explorer, as long the file extension remains lmc. 3. When the new central library is created, it becomes the active library for the Library Manager. All Library Manager operations from that point on will influence that central librarys data.
1 Using the Windows Explorer, browse to c:\mgtraining\common\libraries\master.

<Double-click> on the file master.lmc.
OPENING AND CLOSING CENTRAL LIBRARIES

Selecting File>Open from the menus allows for browsing and opening a Library Manager Catalog file (*.lmc). The Library Manager Catalog file manages a single central library. All Library Manager operations from that point on will influence that central librarys data. Selecting File>Close from the menus closes the active library. All editors must be closed in order to close a central library or to exit from the Library Manager.
PARTITIONS
Library data in the central library is divided into partitions. Partitions organize the data so that the librarian and the designer/engineer can easily find what they need. For instance, Symbols may be divided into partitions based on function, Cells may be divided into partitions based on physical attributes and Parts may be divided into partitions based on function or part series.
Partitions for Symbols, Cells, PDBs and IBIS Models can be defined here. At least one partition for each of these library types must exist in order to create library data of that type. The Partition Editor lists the Library Partition Name, the number of Entries in that partition, and if the partition is currently Reserved (in use). Note: Several users can access the same central library simultaneously, but not the same partition. On the to 3 a new Cells tab, <click> the New buttonthe create partition. Immediately replace name New with the name temp. This will be your working partition for a subsequent lab. <Click> on the PDBs tab and create a temp partition, also for use in a subsequent lab. <Click> the OK button on the Partition Editor dialog to save your new partitions.
PARTITION EDITOR
Editor from the 2 Select Edit>PartitionEditor dialog. On themenus to display the Partition Partition Editor dialog, <click> the Cells tab.
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REATING PADSTACKS
This chapter is an introduction to creating pad graphics and drill definitions. The topics covered are:
WHAT ARE PADSTACKS? PADSTACK EDITOR HOLES PADS PADSTACKS
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WHAT ARE PADSTACKS?

A padstack contains all of the pads and any hole geometry for a physical component pin. The necessary shapes/sizes for copper, masks, and pastes are defined. If a thru type component is to be used, the hole shape/size is also defined. The pads and hole are then used to define a padstack.
PADSTACK EDITOR
Padstacks are defined using the Padstack Editor. If you do not have the Manager up and the 1 master Central Library Libraryfromtothe previous lab, open use the Windows Explorer browse to c:\mgtraining\common\libraries\master then <double-click> on the file master.lmc again. On the Library Manager dialog, <click> the Padstacks (Pads & Holes) button to launch the Padstack Editor. The Padstack Editor opens the padstack database of the current Central Library. Padstacks cannot be divided into partitions in the Central Library. However, they are distinguished from each other by a padstack type. Note: Within Expedition PCB, the Padstack Editor is launched by selecting Setup>Padstack Editor from the menus. The Padstack Editor opens the local padstack database of the current PCB layout. and
PADSTACK EDITOR ENVIRONMENT

The Padstack Editor is divided into separate dialogs for defining Pads, Holes, and Custom Pads & Drill Symbols. A Padstacks dialog is then used to combine those holes and pads into the completed padstacks.
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HOLES
Holes must be defined for through type padstacks, for via type padstacks, and for padless mounting holes. <Click> 2 Padstackthe Holesdrilltabtoon the Editor dialog define holes and assign symbols needed for your future padstacks.
HOLE LIST
For convenience, the Filter hole list allows filtering the list of holes based on the hole type. The valid types are All, Round, Slot and Square. For convenience, the Filter units pulldown list allows filtering the list of holes based on the holes units English and Metric, English or Metric. The Names list displays an inventory of defined holes. Select hole in the Names list and at, but 3 dialog. a the Properties for that hole lookthe right do not change, on half of the Look at some of the other holes. Holes can be created, copied, sorted, and deleted using the appropriate buttons at the top of the Names list. Note: A hole cannot be deleted if it is currently being used in a padstack. Youll need hole for that will 4 eventually beaHole buttonaaatpadstack package. of used for DIP IC <Click> the New the top of the list Names to get started. With the Generate name from properties option (next to each hole name) toggled on, the name is generated automatically based on the Properties defined for the hole. If this option is toggled off, the hole name is user-defined. Note: Hole names can be up to 64 alpha-numeric characters in length and cannot contain "\", "!", or "()".
HOLE PROPERTIES
The right section of the dialog is used to specify the holes Properties.
UNITS
Each hole can have its own Units. The valid units are in (inches), th (thousandths), mm (millimeters) and um (microns).
TYPE
The hole Type defines how the hole is to be processed during fabrication Drilled or Punched.
PLATED
The Plated option defines whether the hole is to be plated or non-plated during fabrication.
HOLE SIZE
The Hole size Finished options are based on the selected shape Round, Square or Slot. Round holes use Diameter, + Tol, and - Tol. Square holes use Width, + Tol, and - Tol. Slot holes use Width, Height, + Tol, and - Tol.
Note: Tolerances are optional and appear only in the drill drawings drill chart.
With your new hole still selected in the list, set the following hole Properties. As you do, watch the holes name in the list update automatically.
DRILL SYMBOL
The Drill symbol assignment section is for the Drill Drawing graphics. The drill symbol Assignment method is as follows: Generate drill characters during output automatically assigns alpha characters to each hole during drill drawing generation. This assignment is done by drill size, starting with the smallest and going to the largest. None ignores generation. the hole during drill drawing
Set the Units to th. Set the Type to Drilled. Check Plated. Select Round. Enter a Diameter of 34. Enter a + Tol and a - Tol of 3.
Use character as drill symbol requires selecting an alpha character from the Character pulldown list and specifying the character Size. Acceptable characters are A thru Z and a thru z. Use drill symbol from list requires selecting a predefined Drill symbol graphic and specifying the Size. Alternatively, a Custom drill symbol could be selected from the pulldown list but the size is determined when creating the custom symbol.
In symbol assignment section of the dialog, 6 pullthe Drillthe Assignment method list and select Use down drill symbol from list. Choose your favorite Drill symbol graphic (except the blue ones theyre already in use). Set the Size of the symbol to 50. Select File>Save from the menus.
PADS
All required pads must be defined prior to building a padstacks. <Click> the tab 7 PadstackonEditorPads your on the dialog to define pads shapes needed for future padstacks.
PAD LIST
For convenience, the Filter pad list allows filtering the list of pads based on the pad shape such as Round, Square, Rectangle, Thermals, etc. For convenience, the Filter units pulldown list allows filtering the list of pads based on the pads units English and Metric, English or Metric. The Names list displays an inventory of defined pads. Select pad in the Names list at, but 8 dialog. a the Properties for that and lookthe right do not change, pad on half of the Pads can be created, copied, sorted and deleted using the appropriate button at the top of the Names list. Note: A pad cannot be deleted if it is currently being used in a padstack. Youll need pad shapes for a padstack that will eventually be used for a DIP IC package. <Click> the New Pad button at the top of the list of Names to get started.
PAD PRoPERTIES
The right section of the dialog is used to specify the pads Properties.
UNITS
Each pad can have its own Units, which supports mixed units within one padstack. The valid units are in, th, mm, and um.
PAD SHAPE
The pad shape is selected from a list of 16 predefined graphic shapes. The selected pad shape determines which pad parameters are displayed.
PAD PARAMETERS
The Pad parameters section displays the selected graphic shape with fields for specifying distances such as length and width or diameter (depending on the shape). An optional Origin offset can be specified. First create for the metal of 10 the DIP IC. the shape neededAsstill selectedpadthe With your new pad in the list, set the following pad Properties. you do, watch pads name in the list update automatically. Set the Units to th. Select the Round graphic shape from the list of shapes. (Round is selected by default.) In the Pad parameters section, fill in the diameter with 65. Select File>Save from the menus.
With the Generate name from properties checkbox (next to each pad name) toggled on, the name is generated automatically based on the Properties defined for the pad. If this option is toggled off, the pad name is user-defined. Note: Pad names can be up to 64 alpha-numeric characters in length and cannot contain "\", "!", or "()".
WARNING! Be aware of which pad name is selected in the list when making changes to its properties. A soldermask clearance pad shape is needed to 11 eventuallyPadwith the and create amade previously. go 65th shape <Click> the New button Round pad with a diameter of 71. A square pin 1 metal pad shape will be needed. <Click> the New Pad button and create a Square pad with a side length of 65. A square soldermask clearance pad shape is needed to go with the new 65th square shape. <Click> the New Pad button and create a Square pad with a side length of 71. A plane clearance pad shape is needed. <Click> the New Pad button and create a new Round pad with a diameter of 85. And finally, a plane thermal (plane connection) pad shape is needed. <Click> the New Pad button and create a new 4 Web Round Thermal - 45 pad with an overall diameter of 85, a clearance gap of 10 and a tie-leg width of 10. Examine each pad by selecting them in the Names list and make any necessary modifications. When satisfied, select File>Save from the menus to save all of this work.
Youll also need pad shapes for a padstack that will eventually be used for a SOIC (surface mount) package. Set the Units to mm and create the following pads. Remember to <click> the New Pad button each time or you will be modifying the same pad.
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Create a Rectangle pad that is 2.2 high by 0.6 wide for the metal copper pad. Create a Rectangle pad that is 2.36 high by 0.76 wide for the soldermask clearance pad. Select File>Save from the menus.
PADSTACKS
A padstack is made up of specific pads on functional PCB layers and an optional hole to accommodate a component pin, via, mounting hole, or fiducial. <Click> tab 13 toonputthe the Padstacks and Padstack Editor dialog together the pads hole may previously.
PADSTACK LIST
For convenience, the Filter padstack list allows filtering the list of padstacks based on the padstack type. The Names list displays an inventory of defined padstacks. Select a padstack in the Names list and look at, but do not change, the Properties for that padstack on the right half of the dialog.
PADSTACK PROPERTIES
The right half of the dialog is used to specify the padstacks Properties.
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TYPE
Specify a padstack type of Fiducial, Mounting Hole, Pin - SMD, Pin - Through, or Via from the Type pulldown list. The padstack type dictates its use within the Cell Editor or Expedition PCB. Via padstacks are used during routing, Mounting Hole padstacks are listed when using the Place Mounting Hole command, and so on. The padstack type also dictates the layer stackup here when assigning pads and holes: Pin - Through, Mounting Hole and Via type padstacks have Mount side, Internal, and Opposite side fields. Pin - SMD and Fiducial type padstacks have Top mount and Bottom mount fields but no Internal field or Available holes. Fiducial type padstacks have no Plane clearance or Plane thermal fields.
Look at some of the other padstacks. Padstacks can be created, copied, sorted and deleted using the appropriate button at the top of the Names list. Note: A padstack cannot be deleted if it is currently being used in a component cell. To putting together a 15 the startSince therebuttonno padstack, <click> New Padstack at the top of the list auto-naming option, of Names. is immediately type in a new padstack name of SOIC. This will be used later for any SOIC packages. If you didnt name the padstack (the default name is New) or just want to rename it, <double-click> on the padstack in the list and start typing. Note: Padstack names can be up to 64 alpha-numeric characters in length and cannot contain "\", "!", or "()". When renaming a padstack, the name will be dynamically updated throughout the Central Library, any where it is used.
your padstack still selected the list, 16 With in Pin newSMD (the default) from inthe Type select pulldown list the Properties section of the dialog.
PADS
The Pads list is used to assign previously defined pads to each layer of the padstack. To assign pads to padstack layers, first select the layer or layers, then select a pad from the Available Pads list, and finally <click> the left arrow button to assign it. The Available pads list can be filtered by pad shapes to make easier to find the desired pad. First select mount layer in 17 Rectanglelistthe empty Top of the dialog).field at the Pads (at the center Then select 0.6x2.2 from the Available pads list the right (use the Pad filter pulldown list if it helps you locate the desired pad). Finally, <click> the left arrow button to insert the selected pad into the selected layer field. Repeat the above process for the Bottom mount layer and the using the same pad, Rectangle 0.6x2.2. Also assign the same pad to the Top mount solderpaste and the Bottom mount solderpaste layer fields. To complete your SMD padstack, assign the Rectangle 0.76x2.36 pad to both the Top mount soldermask and the Bottom mount soldermask layer fields. Select File>Save from the menus. To unassign pads from the padstack layers, simply select the desired Pads list layer field and <click> the right arrow button.
The DIP IC padstack is yet to be defined. <Click> the New Padstack button, naming the new padstack 34/65round.
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Change the padstack Type to Pin Through. Using the <Ctrl> key, select the three empty fields Mount side, Internal and Opposite side in the Pads list. Now select Round 65 from the Available pads list at the right. Finally, <click> the left arrow button to insert the select pad into the selected layer fields. Now assign the rest of the layers in the Pads list as follows: Plane clearance: Round 85 Plane thermal: Therm Rnd 4 X 85 Width 10 WebClear 10 Mount side soldermask: Round 71 Opposite side soldermask: Round 71
HOLES
The Available Holes list contains all previously defined holes. A hole must be selected unless the list is grayed out based on the padstack Type.
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To complete your Through padstack, select the Rnd 34 +/-Tol 3 hole from the Available holes.
Select File>Save from the menus.
Youll want a similar Through padstack with a square pad (pin 1 indicator). Select the 34/65round padstack if it not already selected. Now <click> the Copy Padstack button and rename the new padstack to 34/65square.
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PREVIEW
The Preview area allows the viewing of any selected pads from the Pads list.
21 In the padstack Names list, select the SOIC padstack you made previously.
In the Pads list, select just the Top mount and Top mount soldermask layer fields (using the <Ctrl> key) and look at the Preview window in the lower-right corner of the dialog. Only selected pads (layers) display. Without changing your layer field selection, select the other padstacks you defined (34/65round and 34/65square). Make any necessary modifications to your three new padstacks. Close the Padstack Editor when you are satisfied.
With the 34/65square padstack selected in the Names list, select the Mount side and Opposite side layer fields using the <Ctrl> key. Now select Square 65 from the Available pads list and click the left arrow button. Assign the Square 71 pad to the Mount side soldermask and the Opposite side soldermask layer fields. Select File>Save from the menus.
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REATING CELLS
This chapter is an introduction to creating component footprints cells. The topics covered are:
WHAT ARE CELLS? CELL EDITOR
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WHAT ARE CELLS?

A cell is a graphic representation of a component or just grouped graphics. There are three types of cells in Expedition PCB Package, Mechanical, and Drawing cells.
CELL EDITOR
The Cell Editor is invoked from the Library Manager by clicking on the Cells icon. The editor will edit the cells in the cell partitions in the Central Library.
PACKAGE CELLS
A Package cell is the definition of a footprint associated to a part in the Parts Database, thus used in packaging a schematic or netlist. A Package cell contains pins (padstacks), placeholders for reference designators and part numbers, component outlines, and any other relevant data. In Expedition PCB, the Cell Editor is invoked with the Setup>Cell Editor command. The editor will edit the cell library in the local project.
MECHANICAL CELLS
A Mechanical cell represents a mechanical device that can be placed on the board such as hardware. They are not associated to a part in the Parts Database, thus do not originate from a schematic or netlist. Mechanical cells may have holes (padstacks) and they may have other relevant data such as Part Numbers. Mechanical cells will appear on the Bill Of Materials.
DRAWING CELLS
A Drawing cell is used only for documentation. Drawing cells would include such things as logos and drawing formats. They are composed of graphics and text with no pins. Drawing cells will not appear on the Bill Of Materials.
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When first invoking the Cell Editor, there is a dialog environment that lists the contents of the active partition. This dialog can start a new cell, or edit an existing cell in the list.
PARTITION
The drop-down menu displays a list of all of the cell partitions in the Central Library. The icon at the end of the field invokes the Partition Editor, allowing the creation of a new partition.
ICONS
New Cell - Displays a dialog to start a new cell in the partition. Copy Cell - Copies the cell selected on the list and renames it to add "_1" to the original cell name.. Change the name to the new cell name, then edit the properties or graphics as needed. Properties - Displays a dialog of properties for the selected cell. Properties can be changed on the dialog. Edit Graphics - Enters the graphical environment with the selected cell. Graphics can then be edited for the cell. Delete Cell - Deletes the selected cell.
CELLS LIST AND COLUMNS

The Cell List has three tabs for Package, Mechanical or Drawing cells. It shows the names of the cells in the active partition. The list also contains columns that show property information for the cells. Below the Cell List is a list of the columns that can be examined in the Cell List table. To remove a column from the list, press and hold on the column header and drag to the Available columns table. To add a column to the list, press and hold on the column title in the Available columns table and drag it to the list.
PREVIEW
When a cell is selected from the list, the cell graphics is shown in the preview window.
CREATING A NEW CELL

SETTING THE PARTITION
Make sure you are working in the correct partition.
NEW ICON
To create a new cell, click on the New Cell button. A dialog displays for entry of cell properties.
Selecting the Continue button closes the dialog and you are placed in graphics. The Place Pins dialog automatically displays.
CREATE DIALOG
To create a new cell - Select the Create new cell option and add a name in the Cell name text entry field. To create a cell from PDB data - Select the Create Cell from PDB data option and a list of part numbers which reference a non-existent package cell display in the Undefined cells list. Select a Part Number from the list and the Total number of pins field is automatically filled in. Enter a number in the Total number of pins field. The Package Group helps organize and sort cells. This important field also helps determine the valid mount types.. The Mount Type helps organize and sort cells. It describes how the cell is mounted. The Cell Properties button displays the Properties dialog. You may use another cell as a template by selecting the Browse button next to the Use Cell as a template text entry field.
CELL PROPERTIES
This is the standard property dialog for package cells and appears whenever cell properties are needed. Most of the options are common in both this dialog and the Cell editor dialog. Changes in one are reflected in the other. The Name and descriptions section describes the name of the cell and its normal description. The name is an editable field and you may rename the cell. For the description, the maximum number of characters is 128. The Date field is the date the cell was last revised. This field is read only. The Package group helps organize and sort cells. The Mount type helps organize and sort cells. It describes how the cell is mounted. The Height field is the maximum height of the cell in the specified units. Package heights can also be defined in the PDB as a component property. A component height assigned in the PDB overrides a component height from the Cell Editor.
The Underside space is the defined space between the mount surface and the bottom of the cell. This is used as a checking value for when components are placed underneath others. The Units field is where you define the units for the selected cell. Each cell may have its own units assigned. The options are in, mm, um and th (default). The Number of pins field reflects the number of pins. This field is read only. The Pin # and Padstack Name list contains all the pins by number and the associated padstack currently defined in the cell. These columns can be sorted. These fields are read only and cannot be edited.
PLACING PINS
On the Create Package Cell dialog, click the Next button to continue creating the cell. This will invoke the graphic environment and display the Place Pins dialog. This dialog allows you to assign padstacks to pins, place pins, renumber pins and view padstack details. There are two tabs: Parameter Place and Pattern Place.
PADSTACK LIST
The first column is for the status of the pin. P means placed, U means unplaced. The Pin # column displays the alphanumeric pin number. You can change pin numbers by editing this column, or you can change multiple pin numbers using the Renumber Pins button. The pin numbers only can be changed if a PDB part has not been associated to the cell. To do this, first select the pins to be renumbered. Click on the Renumber Pins button. A dialog is displayed to enter renumbering parameters.
Select the first pin. Hold the <Shift> key and select the last pin. Continue holding the <Shift> key. In the last pin's field, use the drop-down menu to choose the correct padstack. The Rotation column is the rotation of the pin. You may type a value in or select a value from the dropdown list. The values are 0, 90, 180 or 270. The Net Class column can assign a Net Class, defined in the Cell Editor graphic environment to a pin. Interactive routing tools within the Cell Editor then use that Net Class setting. The Padstack Details button displays the Padstack Details dialog.
Note: If you are creating a package cell from a PDB definition, these pin numbers are pre-defined. This column is read-only if a part is defined that uses the cell. The Padstack Name column contains a dropdown list of all the padstacks in the active library. The Pin Padstack type is filtered by the Mount Style cell property. If the Mount Style is Surface, only the Pin - SMD padstack types are available for selection. If the Mount Style is Through, only the Pin - Through padstack types are available for selection. If the Mount Style is Mixed, both the Pin - SMD and the Pin - Through padstack types are available for selection. To assign the same padstack to multiple pins:
PARAMETER PLACEMENT
To place pins based on pin location parameters, select the Parameter Place tab.
After setting the parameters, select all of the pins from the pin list to place in the pattern. Click on the Place button. The pins will attach to the cursor in the graphic environment for placement. Once attached to the cursor, you can rotate all of the pins as a group. This is done by selecting an Action Key.
The Row and Column entry fields allow you to define the number of rows and columns of pins which will be placed. The default is 1. The Distance between pins X and Y fields allow you to enter the X and Y distance between pin centers. The default is 100 th for the X location and 300 th for the Y. The Pin Sequence buttons allow you to select the numbering scheme for the component by clicking appropriate button.
PATTERN PLACEMENT
To place pins based on an industry standard pattern, select the Pattern Place tab.
used in assembly drawings. This outline is on the Assembly layer. The Include Silkscreen Outline checkbox allows you to include or exclude silkscreen outlines. The silkscreen outline is used for the silkscreen representation of the component. This outline is on the Silkscreen layer. The Rotation field allows you to enter a rotation angle if desired. If a rotation is selected, all graphics will be placed based on the selected rotation. Click on the Place button to place the pattern in the graphic environment.
This tab is available if no pins are placed. This allows you to take all of the pins defined for the cell and place them based on a pattern. The Pattern Place tab displays a description of the selected Pattern Type. Each pattern type has entry fields which allow you to enter values for the width, height, distance between pin to pin centers, etc. The Include Assembly Outline checkbox allows you to include or exclude assembly outlines. The assembly outline represents the top view of the component. It is
GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
The graphic environment allows editing the graphic representation of the cell. The environment is a modified version of the Expedition PCB environment. When creating a new cell, the graphic environment is opened when the Next button is clicked on the New Cell dialog. To edit the graphics of an existing cell, select the cell from the cell list on the main Cell Editor dialog, then click the Edit graphic icon.
ADDING OUTLINES
There are four types of outlines that can be added to a cell. Each one serves a different purpose for Expedition PCB. Each is added using VB Draw commands. Commands to automatically initiate outlines are on the Edit>Place menu. Assembly Outline - It defines the physical shape of the package. It represents the graphics that will be used in the assembly drawing. Line width can be assigned to the assembly outline for plotting purposes. Insertion Outline - It represents the area needed for the insertion machine head. It is used by DRC which makes sure that Assembly Outlines and Insertion Outlines do not touch. Placement Outline - It represents the DRC placement footprint of the cell. Each outline can have a height and underside space defined which is used by DRC. If no placement outline is included, it will be automatically created consisting of a rectangle enclosing all pads on the mount layer and the Assembly Outline. Silkscreen Outline - It represents the graphics that will be silk-screened on the PCB. Graphics can be defined for either or both the mount side and the opposite side.
ADDING TEXT
VB Draw text can be included in the cell. Text can be placed on any route layer or on user defined layers. There are four types of text that are placeholders for design data. Commands to automatically initiate the placement of these text property placeholders are on the Edit>Place menu. Assembly Ref Des Silkscreen Ref Des Assembly Part Number Silkscreen Part Number
When adding property placeholder text, the font must be Gerber compatible. Also, the text must be drawn at a width for photoplotting.
ADDING OTHER INFORMATION

Cell definitions can contain other elements to make the cell more functional in the Expedition PCB environment. These elements are placed in a similar manner as in Expedition PCB. Commands to automatically initiate the placement of these elements are on the Edit>Place menu. Contour Placement Obstruct Plane Obstruct Plane Shape Route Obstruct Test Point Obstruct Solder Mask Opening Glue Spots Fiducial Mounting Holes
Changes in the origin locations are made on a dialog. Enter a new X, Y for the origin relative to the current cell origin.
ORIGINS
There are two origins that can be placed in a cell. Cell Origin - The origin is the (0,0) point in the design and all X and Y coordinates are referenced from this point. Assembly Origin - The assembly origin is relative to the Cell Origin (0,0). It is used during extraction of component X, Y locations.
PIN EDITING
If, while editing a cell, pin assignments or numbers need to be changed, return to the Place Pins dialogue with the Edit>Place>Pins command. If a pin needs to be moved, use the Move Pin command from the menu bar. A pin or group of pins must be pre-selected to use this command. Selected pins can be rotated with the Rotate Pins 90 and Rotate Pins 180 commands available on the , or the action keys. An action key is toolbar available to provide coordinate location for the selected pin graphics.
VERIFICATION
Once cells have been built, they should be verified. This is a manual review of the cell to make sure all data is included, proper padstacks are used and all dimensions are correct. When the cell is manually verified, it should be marked as verified in the library. To mark a cell as verified: Or: Add the Verified column to the Cell List on the main dialog, then change the verified status for the cell. Select the cell, click the Properties icon and change the Verification status on the dialog.
EXITING THE GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT

To leave the graphic environment and return to the Cell Editor main dialog, use the File>Exit Graphics command. Note: Save your work in the graphic environment regularly with the File>Save command. If your work has not been saved when you leave the graphic environment, you will be prompted to save.
LAB CREATING CELLS

SETUP
1. You should have the master Central Library open in the Library Manager. <Click> the Cells (Package, Draft & Mechanical) button to enter the Cell Editor. On the Cell Editor dialog, set the Partition to temp.
11. Select the Padstack Name field for pin 1. Press and hold the <Shift> key then select the Padstack Name field for pin 14. 12. Continuing to hold the <Shift> key, <click> the down arrow in the Padstack Name field for pin 14, and choose the SOIC padstack from the pulldown list. It should now be assigned to all of the pins. 13. <Click> the Pattern Place tab. 14. Set the Pattern type to SOIC and enter the following values into the pattern form: Body length = 8.75 Body width = 4 Pin to pin spacing = 1.27 Row to row spacing = 5.2 15. Make sure the Include Assembly outline and Include Silkscreen outline option are checked. 16. With the pins still selected, <click> the Place button. 17. <Click> the Close button on the Place Pins dialog. 18. Examine the graphics. Select File>Save from the menus and then select File>Exit Graphics from the menus. 19. On the main Cell Editor dialog, <click> the Apply button to save your work. Examine the Preview of the new cell.
2.
CREATE A NEW SMD CELL

3. 4. 5. 6. <Click> the New Cell button. Select the Create new cell option (at the top of the dialog). Enter the Cell name 14SO. Specify a Total number of pins of 14. Specify a Layers while editing cell of 2. Choose the IC - SOIC Package group. <Click> the Cell Properties button. Enter a description of SOIC 14. Set the Units to mm. Specify a Height of 1.75. On the Package Cell Properties dialog, <click> the Close button. On the Create Package Cell dialog, <click> the Next button.
7.
8. 9.
10. On the Place Pins dialog, <click> the Pin # column until the pins are sorted from 1 to 14.
CREATE A NEW THROUGH CELL

20. <Click> the New Cell button. 21. Enter the Cell name 14DIP. 22. Set the Total number of pins to 14. Set the Layers while editing cell to 2. Choose the IC - DIP Package group. 23. <Click> the Cell Properties button. Enter a description of DIP 14. Verify that the Units is set to th. Specify a Height of 100. Click the Close button. 24. On the Create Package Cell dialog, <click> the Next button. 25. Move the Place Pins dialog out of the way. 26. In the graphics environment, select Setup>Editor Control from the menus. 27. Select the Grids tab. Specify a Route grid of 25 and a Drawing grid of 25. 28. On the Editor Control dialog, <click> the OK button. 29. On the Place Pins dialog, select the Padstack Name field for pin 1. Press and hold the <Shift> key then select the Padstack Name field for pin 14. 30. Continuing to hold the <Shift> key, <click> the down arrow in the Padstack Name field for pin 14, and choose the 34/65 round padstack from the pulldown list. It should then be assigned to all of the pins.
31. <Click> the Parameter Place tab and enter the following values: # Columns: 7 Spacing: 100 # Rows: 2 Spacing: 300 Pin Sequence = 32. <Click> the Place button. 33. Position the cursor over the drawing area. The pins are attached to the cursor for placement. <Click> directly on the origin marker to place them down. 34. Select View>Fit All from the menus. 35. On the Place Pins dialog, change the Padstack Name for Pin # 1 to 34/65 SQUARE. 36. <Click> the Close button on the Place Pins dialog. If everything was done correctly, the graphics shows the 14 pins of the DIP with a square pin 1. 37. Select Edit>Place>Assembly Outline from the menus. Using the Rectangle draw tool at the bottom of the window, draw a rectangle inside of all the pins. Draw any other assembly graphics you desire by selecting another draw tool. 38. Select Edit>Place>Silkscreen Outline from the menus. Draw a rectangle outside of all the pins. Draw any other silkscreen graphics you desire. 39. Select Edit>Place>Placement Outline. Draw a rectangle a little larger than the silkscreen outline.
40. Move Reference Designator and Part Number text as desired by first selecting the text, positioning the mouse cursor over the text border until a move cursor appears, then <click-drag> the text. 41. Select Edit>Place>Silkscreen Ref Des from the menus and place the text outside of the silkscreen outline. 42. Select File>Save from the menus. 43. Select File>Exit Graphics from the menus. 44. Select each cell in the list to see a Preview of it. 45. <Click> the OK button on the main Cell Editor dialog to save and exit the Cell Editor.
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REATING PARTS
This chapter is an introduction to creating parts adding intelligence to components such as linking schematic logic symbols to component footprint cells and assigning part numbers. The topics covered are:
WHAT ARE PARTS? INVOKING THE PDB EDITOR PARTS DB EDITOR ENVIRONMENT BASIC WORKFLOW
E-1
WHAT ARE PARTS?

Parts are stored in a Parts Database or PDB. One or more PDBs will exist in a Central Library. A part holds much of the components intelligence. A part contains the information which associates symbols to cells by a property called a Part Number. For a given Part Number, a PDB contains information about which symbol and which cell will be associated with that number, how the cells physical pin numbers map to the symbols logical pin names, and also defines whether the pins and logical gates for the part will be swappable on the PC board. The PDB file can also be used to assign other properties to a part, such as the cost of the part, the value of resistance or capacitance, the simulation model name to be used for simulation of the circuit, etc.
INVOKING THE PDB EDITOR

The PDB Editor is invoked from the Library Manager by clicking on the Parts Database icon. The editor will edit the PDBs in the PDB partitions in the Central Library.
In Expedition PCB, the PDB Editor is invoked with the Setup>PDB Editor command. The editor will edit the PDB library in the local project Layout folder.
E-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
PARTS DB EDITOR ENVIRONMENT

The PDB Editor consists of a main dialog where PDB entries are started and inventoried. There are sub-dialogs which enter other important information about the parts.
MENUS
The File menu contains commands to Save the PDB and Exit the PDB Editor. There are also commands to write the selected entries to an ASCII file or read an entry from an SCII file. The Units menu selects the default unit to use while creating PDBs. The Verification menu contains commands to enable or execute PDB property verification making sure that PDB entries have the correct properties for the (VeriBest) applications in use.
BASIC WORKFLOW
OPENING OR CREATING THE PARTITION
The Partition field shows the name of the currently active partition. <Click> on the down arrow to change to another partition. <Click> on the Partition Editor Icon to create a new partition.
PART NUMBER
The Part Number is the main lookup into the Parts Database file. When you run the Packager utility on a schematic design, the system reads the Part Number property assigned to each symbol. The Packager then searches through the PDB partitions for a matching Part Number. If a match is found, the properties from the PDB definition are assigned (back annotated) to the schematic symbol. The Part Number should be the number to appear on project documentation such as assembly drawings or a bill of materials A Part Number can be up to 32 characters. Any characters are allowed. Part Numbers must be unique throughout the Central Library. Part Numbers are required.
EDITING AN EXISTING PDB ENTRY

To edit an existing PDB entry, select it from the list. All information about that entry will be loaded into the dialog for editing.
STARTING A NEW PDB ENTRY

To start a new PDB entry, click on the New icon. A new line will open on the list with a placeholder in the Number and Name fields.
PART NAME
The Part Name property is what is used by the Packager as a lookup into the Parts Database file if there is no Part Number assigned to the schematic symbol. If the Part Name is used to locate the PDB entry, the Default Part Number for that Part Name will automatically be used by the Packager. The Part Name is often a generic name for the part, such as ALS00 (as opposed to the Part Number, which might be something like SN74ALS00A/n). The Part Name can be up to 32 Alphanumeric characters. Part Names may be duplicated, in which case one Part Number associated with the Part Name must be marked as the default. Part Names are required.
PART LABEL
The Part Label is a way to assign a more familiar name to a part, for example, the catalog number for a Dual Bipolar Operational Amplifier might be MC33178P, while you may refer to it as a 5MHzOPAMP, which would be the Part Label. Another example: a resistor might have a Part Number of D55342K07B1E00R (Mil Spec number), the Part Name might be the generic RM1206, while the Part Label might be a descriptive 1.00K_1%_.250W_RM1206. The Part Label can be up to 32 characters long, and any characters are allowed. Part Labels may be duplicated. optional. Part Labels are
DESCRIPTION
The description field is included in the Bill Of Materials. This field is optional, however, it should be used in order to fully identify the part.
REFERENCE DESIGNATOR PREFIX

The Reference des prefix is used by the Packager to prefix Reference Designators assigned when the part is packaged. The default Reference des prefix is U. This should be edited appropriately for the type of part you are creating (i.e. change to R for a resistor, etc). The numbers after the prefix will be added appropriately when the design is packaged.
COMPONENT PROPERTIES
The default list of component properties shows the properties needed for the "Type" of component. The component property will be colored red until you give it a valid value, at which time it will turn black. Once all of the required component properties have values, the Part Number will also turn black. To specify additional component properties, click the New icon, which opens a blank component property field. You can then click in the blank field and get a drop down menu of properties from which to choose. Notice the Type property. It is used for property verification. The type may be resistor, IC, capacitor, etc., and should be set appropriately for the kind of part you are creating. Also, the Tech property should be set according to the technology of the part you are creating.
PIN MAPPING
On the PDB Editor dialog, click on the Pin Mapping button to display the Pin Mapping dialog. This dialog has three purposes: Assign Design Capture symbols which can be packaged into the part. Assign Expedition PCB cells which can be used for the layout for the part. Map the pins of the Design Capture symbols to the pins of the Expedition PCB cells.
ASSOCIATING A SYMBOL
In the Assign Symbol section of the dialog, click the New icon and a line is created to type in the name of a symbol. This is available if the symbol has not been created in the Central Library.
IMPORT
Click on the Import icon to import a symbol from a symbol partition in the Central Library. Select the symbol partition where the symbol is stored. Type in the name of the symbol, or select it from the list. Select the option to Create new gate information. Enter the number of gates in the part that are represented by the symbol. This will start entries in the pin mapping section of the dialog. Include pin properties will automatically set the PDB pins to the same properties as the symbol (input, output, etc.) If the symbol has physical pin numbers assigned, Include pin number mapping will automatically assign those pin numbers when the symbol is imported.
However, if the symbol has been created, the preferred method is to import the symbol information from the symbol partition.
ASSOCIATING A CELL
In the Assign Package Cell section of the dialog, you can enter the name of the Top cell or the Bottom cell. You must have at least one or the other. Click the New icon and a line is created to type in the name of an Alternate cell. These keyin options are available if the cell has not been created in the Central Library.
IMPORT
Click on the Import icon to import a cell from a cell partition in the Central Library. Select the cell partition where the cell is stored. Filter the Cell name list based on Package group or number of pins. Type in the name of the cell, or select it from the list. Choose to import the cell as the Top cell, Bottom cell, or an Alternate cell.
However, if the cell has been created, the preferred method is to import the cell information from the cell partition.
LOGICAL GATES TAB

When a symbol is imported, a "Logical gate" definition is created. The Logical tab on the dialog edits the Logical gate information. The Logical gate definition contains: Pin definitions Pin swapping assignments Slot definitions
PIN PROPERTIES
Each line of the table represents a pin in the Logical gate. Each pin can have a Property which assigns it as a Pin Type with a Value or as a Supply Pin with an associated signal name. One contains the symbol pin names. When a symbol is imported, the Symbol pin names will automatically be entered into the first slot. The other contains the Physical Pin numbers from the cell. These are not editable on the Logical gate tab. Any slots of the same gate are swappable.
PIN SWAPPING
To assign two pins in a Logical gate as swappable, select both pin lines, then click the Swap icon. Swapping can only be assigned between pins with like properties. Swappable pins are marked with a colored square in the first column.
SLOTS
In the Logical gate definition, a slot is one instance of the Logical gate in the device. Each slot is represented by two columns in the table.
PHYSICAL PINS
The Physical tab on the dialog edits the Physical pin out information. It is usually done after the Logical gates have been defined. The Physical pins list will show all pins that have not been mapped for the part. This list is filled with the pin numbers from the imported cell. As pins are assigned, their numbers will be removed from the list. All pin numbers must be assigned, either on the Physical tab, or on the Supply and NC tab. The table display the slot definitions from the Logical tab. Enter the corresponding physical pin numbers for each slot.
SUPPLY AND NC PINS

The Supply and NC tab assigns pins which are on the physical cell, but are not represented on the Design Capture symbols.
SUPPLY PINS
To assign a Supply Pin, enter a Supply Name - a signal name. After entering a name, a new blank row will be added to the table to allow another supply name. Enter the physical pin number. After entering a pin number, a new column will be added to the table to allow additional pins to be added with the same Supply Name.
NO CONNECT PINS
Enter a pin number for a No connect pin. After entering a pin number, a new column will be added to the table to allow additional No connect pins.
SAVE
Remember that your work is not saved in the PDB Editor until you issue the File>Save command.
LAB CREATING PARTS

CREATING A PART
1. 2. 3. 4. You should have the master Central Library open in the Library Manager. <Click> the Parts Database button to launch the PartsDB Editor. On the PartsDB Editor dialog, set the Partition to temp. <Click> the New button to start a new PDB entry. Change the Number to SN74ALS00AN. Change the Name to 54/74xxx00. Change the Label to 74ALS00A. At the lower-left corner of the PartsDB Editor dialog, verify that the Component property value for Type is IC. Enter the Description of IC, DIP, QUADRUPLE 2INPUT POSITIVE-NAND GATES. Specify a Reference des prefix of U.
MAPPING PINS
8. 9. On the PartsDB Editor dialog, <click> the Pin Mapping button. In the Assign symbols section of the dialog (upper-left corner), <click> the Import button.
10. On the Import dialog, select the symbol name NAND2 from the list. 11. Select Create New gate information option. 12. Enter the Number of slots as 4. 13. Select the Include pin properties option. 14. <Click> the OK button. A new gate will be created in the Logical table with 4 slots. 15. In the Assign package cell section of the dialog (upper-right corner), click on the Import button. 16. On the Import dialog, select 14DIP from the list of cells and <click> the OK button. (Use DIP14 if you did not complete the previous Creating Cells lab.) 17. Examine the Logical table at the bottom of the Pin Mapping dialog. The symbol imported with 4 slots defined. The symbol pin names (A, B, Y) were only imported into the first slot. 18. Set up the pin swapping by selecting both of the Input pins and then <click> on the Swap button.
5.
6. 7.
19. <Click> the Physical physical pin outs:

A B Y 1 2 3 4 5 6
tab.
Enter the following
COPYING A PART
9 10 8 12 13 11
25. Select the SN74ALS00AN part you just made and <click> the Copy button. 26. Change the Number to SN74ALS00AD. 27. Change the Description to IC, SOIC, QUADRUPLE 2INPUT POSITIVE-NAND GATES. 28. <Click> the Pin Mapping button. 29. In the Assign package cell area, <click> the Import button. 30. Select 14SO from the list of cells and <click> the OK button. (Use SO14 if you did not complete the previous Creating Cells lab.) 31. The logic and pin-outs are exactly same at the original part so theres nothing left to do. <Click> the OK button on the Pin Mapping dialog. 32. Select File>Save from the menus. 33. Exit the PartsDB Editor.
20. <Click> the Supply and NC tab. 21. Enter a Supply Name of GND and press <Enter>. Enter a Pin # of 7. 22. On the next line, enter a Supply Name of VCC and press <Enter>. Enter a Pin # of 14. 23. <Click> the OK button on the Pin Mapping dialog to save your work. 24. Select File>Save from the menus.
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REATING A LAYOUT TEMPLATE
This chapter is discusses the basics of why and how to create a layout template (seed). The topics covered are:
WHAT IS A LAYOUT TEMPLATE? CREATING/EDITING LAYOUT TEMPLATES COPYING CELLS AND PADSTACKS
F-1
WHAT IS A LAYOUT TEMPLATE?

An Expedition PCB layout cannot be started from scratch. There are a minimum set of folders and files which must be present. This is called a layout template. Two basic Expedition PCB layout templates are delivered with the software. They contain the absolute bare minimum to start a new Expedition PCB layout. The default location for the delivered layout templates is c:\mentor\2000\vbexppcb\templates\central library\layouttemplates. A layout template can also save hours of work by having numerous editor settings predefined, user layers created, and non-schematic generated cells and padstacks available. A layout template can go as far as having a board outline and mounting holes, parts preplaced, and even routed traces.
CREATING/EDITING LAYOUT TEMPLATES

To create and edit layout templates, open the desired Central Library with the Library Manager and launch the Layout Templates command. You have 1 openshouldLibrarythe master Central Library in the Manager. On the Library Manager dialog, <click> the Layout Templates button. The Layout Templates dialog displays all available layout templates in the Central Library. Here new templates can be made from existing layouts or copied from other layout templates. The layout templates can be edited from this dialog.
TEMPLATES AND THE CENTRAL LIBRARY

Expedition PCB layout templates are stored in the Central Library. There can be multiple templates in a Central Library which can be used to start layouts with different characteristics.
TEMPLATES AND EXPEDITION PCB

Layout templates are used by the File>New command in Expedition PCB. The Job Management Wizards New option prompts for a layout template to use in creating a new layout. It then copies all of the folders and files from the template in the Central Library to a new layout location. This is the starting point for the pcb folder in the project.
F-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
NEW LAYOUT TEMPLATE

To create a new layout template, use the New button on the Layout Templates dialog.
COPYING A LAYOUT TEMPLATE

The Layout Templates dialog provides a copy command for copying from an existing layout template in the list. On the Templates dialog, select 4 layer 2 templateLayout list and <click> the Copy Template in the button. Rename the copied template to training.
SOURCE DESIGN
The Source design file is an existing Expedition PCB layout to copy from. Browse the file system for a .pcb file from an existing layout that would make a good layout template. All of the folders and files associated with that layout (except schematic data) will be copied to the Central Library as a new layout template.
EDITING A LAYOUT TEMPLATE

Editing a layout template from the Layout Templates dialog opens Expedition PCB. In Expedition PCB, the layout template appears as any normal PCB layout with the exception that there is no design source (no schematic and CDB). the new training template 3 WithEdit Template button. selected, <click> the Expedition PCB will launch. <Click> the OK button on the two Forward annotation has been disabled and Back annotation has been disabled messages. Once Expedition PCB is running, <click> the OK button to close the Tip of the Day dialog if it appears. At this stage, any non-schematic related presets can be performed.
TEMPLATE NAME
Specify a familiar Template name for the new layout template.
COPYING CELLS AND PADSTACKS

Non-schematic related cells and padstacks can be copied into the layout template. This allows access to these cells and padstacks from any PCB layout that uses this layout template.
PROJECT FILE
In order to access the current Central Library, the layout templates project file must be notified. This project file is accessed through the Project Integration dialog. Note: The Project File and Project Integration are discussed in more detail later in the course. While editing 4 Expedition PCB,your training layout template in select Setup>Project Integration from the menus. <Click> on the Edit the Project File button at the top the Project Integration dialog. <Click> on the Browse for a Central Library button at the top of the Project Editor dialog. Browse to the current Central Library, master.lmc, at c:\mgtraining\common\libraries\master. <Click> the OK button on the Project Editor dialog to save the Project File setting. <Click> the Close button on the Project Integration dialog.
CELLS
Mechanical cells and drawing cells are not forward annotated from the design source into the PCB layout but they can be copied into the layout template for easy access later, during a layout process. Test Point cells can be retrieved easily from the Central Library during the layout process so they need not be copied into the layout template.
PADSTACKS
Via, Fiducial, and Mounting Hole padstacks can also be retrieved easily from the Central Library during the layout process, with one exception Via padstacks must exist in the local library during the layout process when using the Net Classes and Clearances dialog (Net Classes will be discussed later in the course).
LIBRARY SERVICES
Library Services normally allows copying Symbols, Parts, Cells, Padstacks, and IBIS Models from one Central Library to another Central Library. If Library Services is launched from within a layout template, Cells and Padstacks and Parts can be copied (imported) into the layout templates design-specific (local) library from the Central Library.
While editing your training layout template in Expedition PCB, select Setup>Library Services from the menus. <Click> the OK button on the Forward annotation is not allowed message. On the Library Services dialog, <click> the Cells tab. Choose the misc partition from the Import from partition pulldown list. In the Cells in import partition list, <double-click> on #4NUT, #4SCREW, #4WASHER, and Mentor_logo cells, moving them over to the Cells to import list. <Click> the Apply button, at the bottom of the Library Services dialog, to copy the cells into the local cell library of the layout template. <Click> the Padstacks tab. Copy the following padstacks as you did the cells: 25th via pad 25th via pad, tented 40th via pad 40th via pad, tented <Click> the Close button on the Library Services dialog. Exit Expedition PCB. Exit the Library Manager.
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DITOR OVERVIEW
This chapter briefly explains where the PCB data is stored and is also an introduction to the Expedition PCB editor environment. The topics covered are:
FOLDERS AND FILE NAMES USER INTERFACE PANNING & ZOOMING DISPLAY CONTROL PLACE/ROUTE/DRAW MODES SELECTING OBJECTS FINDING PARTS AND NETS FILE VIEWER HELP
G-1
FOLDERS AND FILE NAMES

Setting up and managing folders and files on the computers harddrive for an Expedition PCB project is easy.
FILE NAMES
.PRJ
Design Capture schematics and the Expedition PCB database are centered around a project file. The project file is normally stored with the schematics, in the specific project folder, and takes on that project name with a .prj file extension.
FOLDERS
It is necessary to manually set up a general project area first such as c:\project. All future projects can then be located in this area (see the examples 2001 and 2101 shown at the right). When starting a new PCB job, a pcb folder structure is automatically created for that project (as shown). Throughout the layout process, files generated are stored in their appropriate sub-folders.
1 Using the Windows Explorer, andbrowse to c:\mgtraining\project\2101 <doubleclick> on 2101.prj. Design Capture should launch and open the project. In Design Capture, look around if youd like. Select File>Exit from the menus and do not save any changes. Note: Project files are discussed in more detail in the Starting a PCB Layout chapter.
.PCB
The main file for a PCB database is stored in the projects pcb sub-folder. By default, the filename takes on the project name with a .pcb file extension. Note: The .pcb file is not the complete PCB database. Many other files and folders are involved. Using the Windows Explorer, browse to c:\mgtraining\project\2101\pcb and <double-click> on 2101.pcb. Expedition PCB should launch and open the PCB database for editing.
G-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
USER INTERFACE
Titlebar
Path & Project Currently open layout [and project]. Coordinate Readout Absolute (xy) and Relative (dxdy) coordinates.
Pulldown Menus
Contains most Expedition PCB commands in the order of process: Setup, Place, Route, ECO, Analysis, and Output.
Toolbars
Contains commonly used commands. Position the mouse cursor over the button to display the command name.
Work area Action Keys

Dynamically changing command options for the active command. Can be invoked using the keyboard function keys.
Statusbar
Displays information, settings, status, and prompts.
PANNING & ZOOMING

USING THE MOUSE
Panning and zooming in Expedition PCB is accomplished using the middle mouse key.
ADDITIONAL VIEW COMMANDS

FIT BOARD
To zoom around the extents of the Board Outline, select View>Fit Board from the menus or <click> the Fit Board toolbar button.
ZOOM IN
To zoom in slightly, <middle-click> in the work area.
FIT ALL
To zoom around all graphics, select View>Fit All from the menus.
ZOOM OUT
To zoom out slightly, <Shift><middle-click>.
PREVIOUS VIEW / NEXT VIEW

To go to a zoom factor used previously, select View>Previous View or View>Next View from the menus (or <click> the toolbar buttons). Experiment with panning and 3 mouse functions all of the here. Practicezooming discussed makes perfect! <Click> the Fit Board toolbar button. <Click> the Previous View and Next View toolbar buttons.
ZOOM AREA
To zoom in on an area, <Shift><middle-click-drag> from left to right, drawing a rectangle. To zoom out, <Shift><middle-click-drag> from right to left.
PAN
To dynamically pan the view, <middle-click-drag>.
FIT BOARD / PREVIOUS VIEW

To toggle between zooming in around the board outline and going back to the previous view, <Ctrl><middleclick>.
DISPLAY CONTROL
The Display Control dialog in mainly used to control the display of graphics but has some other unique functions. Leave the dialog out on the desktop throughout the layout process for convenience. Select the menus 4 <click>View>Display Control from button. or the Display Control toolbar Do not make any modifications on this dialog yet.
DISPLAY CONTROL SCHEMES

Object visibility and object colors can be saved using Display Control Schemes. An unlimited number of schemes can exist for quickly displaying specific graphics such as layer 1 graphics, silkscreen graphics, drill drawing graphics, etc. These schemes can reside local (with the current layout only) or with the system (available to all layouts opened on a particular workstation). At the lower-left corner of the Display 5 dialog, <click> the Save Scheme button. Control On the Save Scheme dialog, specify a Scheme name of temp. Toggle on Save locally with job and toggle off Save with VeriBest system files. <Click> the OK button. Note: In the real world you might want to just use the Save with PCB system files option. To recall a saved scheme, select it from the pulldown list of existing schemes. To delete a saved scheme, select the scheme from the pulldown list (which activates the scheme) and then <click> the Delete Scheme button.
VISIBILITY AND COLOR

Most of the graphic items listed on the dialog have a visibility checkbox and a color button for changing the color.
GROUPS
Many of the graphic items listed on the dialog are arranged in groups. The graphics for a whole group can be toggled on and off at once using a group checkbox. To simplify the dialog, the group of items can be collapsed so only the group heading is displayed.
PLACE & ROUTE

The Place & Route tab of the Display Control dialog deals with placement filters, trace/pad graphics, the active routing layer, and various other toggles and color settings.
Allow/disallow the selecting of parts on a particular side of the board. (Discussed in the Placing Parts chapter.) Graphics toggle for all Traces and all Pads. Graphics toggles and color settings for physical PCB layers. The active routing layer can be set here also.
The active layer. Traces and Pads for the active layer cannot be toggled off. Traces per layer. Graphic toggles and color settings. Pads per layer. Graphic toggles and color settings. Netlines & Classlines group. Toggle netline and classline visibility. Grids group. Toggle grid visibility (not snap). Pads group. Toggle pad, via, and test point visibility. Through pads and vias can also be All Same Color. Planes group. Toggle plane data, shapes, and fill visibility.
Group collapse button. Group graphics toggle.
Selected and Highlighted color settings. Toggles for displaying Only selected and highlighted items. (Select and Highlight are discussed later in this chapter.).
GENERAL
The General tab of the Display Control dialog deals with non-net and non-part related graphics and some miscellaneous editor settings. Fabrication Layers group. Toggle visibility of soldermask, solder paste, and drill drawing graphics. User Draft Layers group. User layers defined in Setup Parameters. Board Items group. Toggle visibility of board related graphics.
Group collapse button. Group graphics toggle.
With Auto Pan toggled on, the view automatically pans when dragging an object (trace, part, etc.) near the edge of the workspace. With Full Cursor toggled on, a cross-hairs cursor displays when moving parts.
Set Pan Sensitivity. To slow the pan operation, reduce the setting.
PARTS
The Parts tab of the Display Control dialog controls the display of part related graphics.
Master graphics toggles for all Top side and/or Bottom side graphics. Top side graphics column. Bottom side graphics column.
NETS
The Nets tab of the Display Control dialog allows assigning unique colors to each nets and Net Class.
Enable or disable the unique colors assigned to Net Classes and nets listed below.
Assign colors to and enable color visibility for each Net Class in the design.
Choose which graphics should display the unique colors assigned to net classes and nets listed below.
Assign colors to and enable color visibility for each net in the design.
PLACE/ROUTE/DRAW MODES
There are three modes of operation in the Expedition PCB Route, Place, and Draw. Certain commands and functions are only available in their appropriate mode.
SWITCHING MODES
By default, Expedition PCB comes up in Route Mode. There are several ways to switch modes: <Click> the appropriate toolbar button. By default, Action Key 12 toggles between Route Mode and Place Mode. When the Action Key label is Place, <click> it to enter Place Mode and vise versa. Certain menu commands automatically switch to the required mode (i.e. Edit>Place Part switches the mode to Place Mode). the Standard toolbar, <click> each 6 Onthe mode buttons and Key changes. of watch for the appropriate toolbar and Action Draw Mode should also display a Properties dialog. If it does not, <click> the Draw Mode toolbar button again.
PLACE MODE
Only in Place Mode can components be moved, rotated, pushed, or queried. (Place Mode is discussed in detail later, in the Placing Components chapter.) Note: Place Mode has its own toolbar and default Action Key commands.
ROUTE MODE
Only in Route Mode can nets be selected and can traces be routed or modified. Netline, pin, and trace (net) information can only accessed in Route Mode. (Route Mode is discussed in detail later, in the Routing chapter.) Note: Route Mode has its own toolbar and default Action Key commands.
DRAW MODE
Draw Mode is used for adding text, moving text (including reference designators), and drawing/copying board outlines, route borders, etc. Draw Mode is also used for adding/editing any drafting related graphics. Note: Draw Mode has its own toolbar and Properties dialog that displays only when in Draw Mode.
SELECTING OBJECTS
Depending on the mode (Place, Route, or Draw), certain objects are selectable. Once selected, the objects can then be manipulated with that modes commands. Parts only are selectable in Place Mode, net related objects (traces, pins, and netlines) only are selectable in Route Mode, and draw type objects only are selectable in Draw Mode. The selected object uses the Selected color defined on the Display Control dialog, along with the objects original color.
GROUP SELECT
To select a group of parts, <click-drag> a fence around them with the left mouse key. Parts that are totally or partially enclosed by the fence will be selected. Any previously selected parts will then be deselected. On the take note of the 7 Selected DisplayonControl dialog,Route tab. Onon.the color the Place & Parts tab, make sure Placement Outlines are toggled <Click> the Place Mode toolbar button. Now <click> on any part in the layout. If you look close at the parts placement outline, the Selected color should be visible. Try the various part selection techniques discussed here. Use the Undo toolbar button if you move a part.
SELECTING PARTS
In Place Mode, one or more parts can be selected. For some placement editing commands, parts must be selected prior to be acted on by the command. A selected part can be identified by the Selected color within the Placement Outline.
OTHER SELECT METHODS

When in Place Mode, the Edit>Select All command will select all cells (parts). The Edit>Add to Select Set submenu contains additional commands for selecting Fixed and Locked parts (Fix and Lock are discussed later in this course). The Edit>Find command has a Select option which can be applied to the parts after finding them (Find is discussed later in this chapter).
SINGLE SELECT
To select a part, <click> on it. Any previously selected parts will then be deselected. To select additional parts, hold down the <Ctrl> key and <click> on them. This <Ctrl><click> can be used to select or deselect parts, without effecting other previously selected parts. To easily deselect all parts, just <click> anywhere where there are no parts.
SELECTING NETS AND TRACES

In Route Mode, one or more netlines, pins, or traces can be selected. Once selected, commands for routing, rerouting, glossing, tuning, and even deletion, can then be used. A selected net object, can be identified by the Selected color hatched with the objects color.
SINGLE SELECT
GROUP SELECT
To select a group of net related objects, <click-drag> a fence around them with the left mouse key. Netlines, pins, and trace segments that are totally or partially enclosed by the fence will be selected. Any previously selected net items will then be deselected. To select additional net items using group select, while maintaining the current selection, <Ctrl><click-drag> around the desired additional net items. Note: Any combination of single/double/triple and group select can be used. While still Place Mode, select a <click> 8 part Route in selected. and noticepart.ofNow pins on the Mode button all the that become <Click> on nothing to deselect those pins. Now experiment with the other select methods discussed here.
Single <click> on a pin to select that pin. Any netlines attached to that pin will also be selected. Single <click> on a netline to select it. Single <click> on a trace to select that trace segment. An optional second <click> at another location on that st trace, selects all of the trace segments between the 1 nd <click> and 2 <click>.
DOUBLE SELECT
OTHER SELECT METHODS

When in Route Mode, the Edit>Select All command will select all traces, pins and netlines. The Edit>Add to Select Set submenu contains commands for selecting Fixed and Unfixed traces and vias, along with other special net related objects (Fix and Unfix for traces is discussed later in the course). The Edit>Find command has a Select option which can be applied to Nets, Net Classes, and Parts pins after finding them (Find is discussed later in this chapter).
<Double-click> on a trace to select all of the trace segments between pins and/or T junctions.
TRIPLE SELECT
<Triple-click> on a pin, netline, or trace to select all of the pins, netlines, and traces on that net.
SELECTING DRAW OBJECTS

In Draw Mode, one or more draw type objects can be selected. Once selected, their properties can be changed or the objects can be deleted (with some exceptions). A selected draw object can be identified by the Selected color hatched with the objects color. Below is a list of draw object types.
SINGLE SELECT
<Click> on a draw object to select it. To select additional draw objects or deselect specific draw objects, <Ctrl><click> on each of the objects.
GROUP SELECT
To select a group of draw objects, <click-drag> a fence around them. Warning! Traces and part graphics can be selected in Draw Mode and modified with draw commands.
HIGHLIGHTING
To highlight an object is to put a place-holder on that object for future selecting. Parts, pins, traces, and netlines can be highlighted. Like a selected object, a highlighted object can be identified by the Highlighted color (defined on the Display Control dialog) hatched with the objects color. If an object is both highlighted and selected, both colors are displayed along with the objects color.
HIGHLIGHT
To highlight parts or net objects, they must first be selected. Once selected, use Edit>Highlight from the menus or <click> the toolbar button. These objects can then be deselected (and re-selected) without effecting their highlight status.
SELECT HIGHLIGHTED
After other editing tasks that involved selecting and deselecting objects, the previous highlighted objects can then be easily re-selected using Edit>Add to Select Set>Highlighted Items from the menus.
UNHIGHLIGHT
Highlighted objects stay highlighted until they are specifically unhighlighted. To unhighlight selected objects, use Edit>Unhighlight from the menus. To unhighlight all highlighted objects, use Edit>Unhighlight All from the menus or <click> the toolbar button.
FINDING PARTS AND NETS

The Find command is used to find parts, part pins, nets, and net classes (groups of nets) within the PCB layout.
The Graphic options used when finding a part or net is to Select it when found, Highlight it when found, and/or Fit view around it.
Select Edit>Find from the menus or <click> the Find toolbar button. Leave the Find dialog out on the desktop for convenience.
PLACE MODE VS. ROUTE MODE

During a Net or Net Class search, Expedition PCB automatically switches into Route Mode. During a Part search in Place Mode, any of the Graphic options will use the Placement Outline of the part. During a Part search in Route Mode, any of the Graphics options will use all of the pins of the part. During a Part search in Place Mode with a pin number chosen from the Pin list, Expedition PCB switches into Route Mode and any of the Graphics options will use that specific pin.
On the Find dialog, search for a Net or Part using the Select and Fit view Graphics options. Use the Apply button for each search to keep the dialog open. Be aware of what mode you are in when performing a search.
10
Close (Cancel) the Find dialog when youre satisfied and your search is over. <Click> on a column heading to sort the items, toggling between ascending and descending order. <Click> on any item in a column and then press the first letter (on the keyboard) of the desired item to quickly scroll to or near the desired item. Note: While in Route Mode, multiple items can be selected Find dialog.
FILE VIEWER
Most processes in Expedition PCB generate a log file. Always read the log file for a given process to make sure that there are no problems. The File Viewer is an ASCII text file viewer accessible from within Expedition PCB. It views .txt and .log files for the current layout. Select menus 11 <click> File>File Vieweroffromin the on a file or the toolbar button. <Click> in the list and view the contents it the view window. Close the File Viewer dialog when you are done looking through some of the files. By default, the latest log file is displayed. Log files can be printed or deleted from within the File Viewer.
HELP
Like other Windows applications, Expedition PCB has an extensive online help system.
COMMAND REFERENCE
To access the Command Reference directly, select Help>Contents from the menus or use the 1 Help (<F1>) Action Key from the default Action Keys.
PROCESS GUIDES
A Process Guide for an Expedition PCB layout is accessible by selecting Help>Process Guide from the menus.
CONTEXT SENSITIVE HELP

When in any command dialog, look for the Help button to access the Command Reference for that particular command or dialog. The <F1> key is available is also available at any time for context sensitive help.
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TARTING A PCB
LAYOUT
McQuillin May-1999
This chapter discusses the transfer of data from a Design Capture schematic to an Expedition PCB layout. The topics covered are:
DESIGN SOURCE CREATING A NEW PCB JOB
SYMBOLS
IMPORT
PARTS
IMPORT
CELLS
PADSTACKS
LAYOUT TEMPLATES
SYMBOL PLACE DEVICE PLACE FORWARD ANNOTATE
PACKAGER
LOCAL PARTS
LOCAL PARTS
LOCAL CELLS
LOCAL PADSTACKS
DES REF
SCHEMATIC
COMPILE
NU PA M RT BE R
PR N O ET PE RT Y
FORWARD ANNOTATE
PLACE COMPONENT
ABSORB
COMMON DATABASE
NETNAME
PCB LAYOUT
BACK ANNOTATE
H-1
DESIGN SOURCE
The word integration is used when associating a Design Capture schematic or an ASCII netlist to a Expedition PCB database.
PREPARING THE DESIGN SOURCE

The first thing that must be done to start a Design Capture project (schematic) and/or a PCB layout is to have a designated project area on the computers harddrive to store the data. If the design source is a netlist, then a specific project folder needs to be created for the PCB data. If the design source is a Design Capture schematic and that schematic/project is in the works, then a project specific folder will already exist, containing the necessary subfolders and files. For PCB layout, its just a matter of continuing in the existing project. If someone other than the PCB designer has generated the schematic data, one scenario for accessing that data would be to share it across a network. In such case, a project specific folder would need to exist on the local workstation for the PCB data. Another scenario is to move the schematic data locally, and then continuing with the PCB layout there. Either scenario has pros and cons but both work. In this course, the schematic data will already exist locally. The next couple of topics will involve making the actual link between the schematic and layout.
COMMON DATABASE
The integration specifically between Design Capture and Expedition PCB is handled through a Common Database, or CDB. Expedition PCB directly reads from and writes to the CDB, not the schematic.
CDB Design Capture Expedition PCB
The CDB is initially created from a Design Capture schematic and contains any connections, reference designators, and part numbers that were assigned in the schematic. The CDB could also contain various component properties and net properties. Physically, the CDB is a hierarchy of file folders with the electronic information stored in a binary format for quick access. Note: The specifics of creating a CDB is a Design Capture issue and will not be covered in this course. A previously completed Design Capture schematic and CDB will be supplied. This is a common real world scenario the electronic engineers supply the PCB designer with the schematic data.
H-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
CREATING A NEW PCB JOB

Creating a new PCB job involves locating the design source schematic or netlist, copying a PCB template, and forward annotating.
JOB MANAGEMENT WIZARD

The Job Management Wizard is the Expedition PCB tool used to start a new PCB layout and perform the initial Forward Annotation. <Click> the Windows and navigate 1 to Programs>Mentor Start button2000.0>Expedition Graphics PCB and select Job Management Wizard from the menu. The Job Management Wizard is also great for copying, renaming/moving, cleaning up, and deleting jobs (projects). For these options a PCB layout must have already been created in the job. On the Welcome dialog, make sure Create 2 is selected. <Click> the Next buttonthebegin theoption to PCB creation process.
THE PROJECT Design Capture schematics are created based on a project. For Design Capture, a Project File will contain a list of the different schematic blocks used in the project, a pointer to the CDB, and a pointer to the Central Library. On dialog, <click> the Browse button 3 andthe Create c:\mgtraining\project\2001 browse to and open 2001.prj. Verify that the Source project filename field contains the desired path and project file.
If a design source other than a Design Capture schematic is to be used, such as an ASCII netlist, it needs to be specified here. Note: Only one Central Library at a time can be associated to a project. Changing to a different Central Library at this point is not recommended. On the Project <click> the Close button 5 (or the Cancel Editor dialog,made changes). Back at button if you the Create dialog, <click> the Next button to continue.
COPYING PCB FILES

With the schematic located, the project now needs to know where to store the PCB layout files. The default location is in a PCB folder within the current project path. A PCB template from the Central Library must also be chosen. second Create asks for a New 6 The PCB layoutPCBdialog fromtemplate.(thatPCB design filename and layout Select the training template the list created in a previous lab).
Integrating a Design Capture design source to a Expedition PCB layout is simply a matter of sharing a Project File. Note: If a design source other than a Design Capture schematic is to be used, a Project File is still required. On Create <click> the 4 takethe peek intodialog,Project File. Edit button to the a the Look around Project Editor dialog.
PROJECT EDITOR
The Project Editor is used here primarily to view the pointers to the Central Library and Netlist (schematic) design source for the project. These pointers were set up previously, when the schematic was created.
<Click> the Next button. The template files are copied to the specified PCB folder, waiting to be stuffed with part and net information.
FORWARD ANNOTATION
Forward Annotation is the process of bringing electronic information (parts and connections) from the schematic CDB or netlist into the PCB layout database. The third and final Create dialog has options to Compile CDB and Forward annotation. If the Design Capture schematic process was done correctly, the Compile CDB option is unnecessary and unavailable. On the Create dialog, verify 7 that the Forward annotation option is toggled on and then <click> the Start or Continue Process button. Watch the Process status. If the Finish button was accidentally used, inform your instructor. Forward Annotation can be completed later within the Expedition PCB editor.
DATABASE LOAD
Database Load looks at the CDB and determines if every device has a Part Number and if that Part Number exists/matches whats in the Central Library. The CDB is checked further for incomplete or incorrect packaging based on the parts in the Central Library. When all is well, the specific parts are then extracted from the Central Library and dumped into a local design specific library and also dumped into the layout database itself. The cells called out by each of the parts is extracted and dumped into the local library, along with the necessary padstacks.
NETLOAD
Finally, Netload extracts net information (connections, net names, net properties, etc.) from the CDB and dumps it into the PCB layout. Refer to the data flow diagram at the beginning of this chapter to help understand what happened.
FORWARD ANNOTATION LOG

A log is generated after each Forward Annotation process. (Forward Annotation will also take place throughout the layout process if changes in the design source are made.) Always review the log for warnings and/or errors. After the process completed, 8 Process Report Files button to <click>thethe View open Forward Annotation log. Look through the Forward Annotation log. You should see no errors, just warnings of Net {abc} is being added to Layout. Close the log (Notepad) when youre done studying it. If errors do exist they may be reconciled later without re-creating a new PCB. Some of the most common errors have to do with Part Number discrepancies between the schematic (CDB) and the Central Library or that parts/cells are missing from the Central Library altogether. On dialog, the Finish button. 9 Lookthe CreateSummary <Click>and then <click> the over the dialog Close button.
OPENING THE PCB LAYOUT

All of the components and nets from the design source (schematic) are in your PCB database, ready to be placed and routed. Using the Windows NT Explorer, browse 10 c:\mgtraining\project\2001\pcb to the folder (hint: Start>Programs>Windows Explorer). <Doubleclick> on the 2001.pcb file to launch Expedition PCB and open your new PCB database.
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ETTING UP THE LAYOUT
This chapter discusses preliminary settings and rules needed for the PCB layout. The topics covered are:
SETUP PARAMETERS NET CLASSES OVERVIEW NET PROPERTIES OVERVIEW EDITOR CONTROL BACKING UP THE DESIGN RESTORING FROM A BACKUP CREATING A DESKTOP SHORTCUT
I-1
SETUP PARAMETERS
When starting a new layout, some project specific settings need to be defined in Setup Parameters. These would include physical settings such as the layer stackup and electrical settings such as plane net assignment. Note: Not all Setup Parameter settings will be covered in this course.
PLANE LAYERS
A whole PCB layer can be dedicated to a power plane, making it off-limits (by default) to signal traces. This must be set up prior to routing. Plane data can be generated as positive or negative graphics.
On the Setup Parameters dialog, <click> the Planes tab.
Open your 2001 PCB layout if its not already open.
Select Setup>Setup Parameters from the menus. On the Setup Parameters dialog, <click> on each of the tabs and briefly look at what kinds of settings can be made. (Do not change anything yet.)
Locate Layer 3 in the Plane Assignments list. <Doubleclick> in the Layer Description field for that layer and select Plane from the pulldown list. Similarly, change the Plane Type field from Positive to Negative.
PHYSICAL LAYERS
The number of physical layers needs to be specified ideally at the beginning of the layout process.
On the Setup Parameters dialog, <click> the General tab.
Specify the Number of physical layers to be 6 instead of 10. <Click> Remap Layers button. The Number of physical layers can be changed anytime during the layout with the top and bottom layers preserved. Also, the internal layers can be rearranged using the Remap Layers dialog.
I-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
PLANE NETS
When changing a Signal layer to a Plane layer, any net in the design is made available for plane assignment.
PLANE CLEARANCES
A plane clearance can be set for each plane net. This is the minimum clearance allowed between two planes or between a plane and a mounting hole.
With Layer 3 still selected in the Plane Assignments list, <click> on any net in the Excluded Nets list below it. Now press the <G> key on the keyboard. The GND net should be selected. <Click> the single right arrow button to move GND to the list of Included Nets at the right (or just <double-click> on the net name. Shield Net, the net at the top of the Excluded Nets list, is used for generating plane data that does not tie to any pins.
A larger clearance is commonly required for plane layers. <Click> in the Clearance field for GND and change the default clearance from 8 to 12. Note: The default clearance value came from the Net Class Clearances settings (discussed later in this chapter). If the value is modified here, the larger of the two values (Net Classes and plane clearances) will be used when processing the plane data.
USING THE ROUTE BORDER

Plane data can be generated within hand-drawn Plane Shapes on the layout or within the Route Border. The Route Border is mainly a keep-in area when routing signal traces. Note: The Route Border will be discussed in the Defining Board Geometry chapter later in the course. Plane Shapes and Plane Data will be discussed in the Generating Planes chapter.
With the GND net listed in the Included Nets, toggle on the radio button to the left of GND. The Route Border will then act as a plane shape on this layer.
SETTING UP FOR A SPLIT PLANE

A split plane, a plane layer containing more than one plane net, may be defined. Split planes can be generated as positive or negative graphics.
DEFAULT VIA
Vias act as interconnects between layers when routing traces. A single via padstack, from the local padstack library, needs to be chosen as the default via for the layout.
7
8
Locate Layer 4 in the Plane Assignments list. Like the previous plane assignment, change the Layer Description to Plane and the Plane Type to Positive (if its not already). All of the required nets for a split plane must be specified so the automatic router does not attempt to route these as signal traces on another layer. Select VCC from the Excluded Nets. Hold down the <Ctrl> key and select VDD and VEE. With these three nets selected, <click> the single right arrow button to move them to the Included Nets list.
10
On the Setup Parameters dialog, <click> the Vias tab.
Under Via span definitions and clearances, <click> in the Padstack field for the existing span. From the pulldown list, select 25th via pad. Different vias can be assigned to different groups of nets by means of Net Classes (discussed later). This default via will be used during automatic and interactive routing when no other via is specifically assigned to the net being routed. The via span shown on the dialog is a cross-section representation of a through via. Note: Additional via spans can be set up here for blind and for buried via technology. There will always be a through via span.
USING THE ROUTE BORDER WITH SPLIT PLANES

On an any one layer, only one plane net can be assigned to use the Route Border as a plane shape.
In the Included Nets list, toggle on the radio button next to the VCC net. The Route Border will then act as a plane shape on this layer for the VCC net only.
11
briefly. Also, set each of the nets to have a Clearance of 12th between each other.
<Click> the OK button at the bottom of the Setup Parameters dialog to save all of your settings. A Reloading layout database message will appear
Remember Setup Parameters you will be back here again.
NET CLASSES OVERVIEW

Nets can be grouped into Net Classes. A Net Class can then be assigned its own via, trace widths, layers, and trace clearance rules. Net Classes can be set up during the schematic capture phase and/or the layout phase. Assigning the actual nets to Net Classes is accomplished using Net Properties (discussed later).
NET CLASS NAMES

At the upper-left of the dialog is a list of the existing Net Classes. Net Classes can be created here by using the New Net Class and the Copy Net Class buttons, or deleted using the Delete Net Class button. A Default Net Class always exists and cannot be deleted. Any net not assigned to a user-defined Net Class is automatically assigned to the Default Net Class. Selecting a Net Class name in the list displays the settings for that Net Class throughout the rest of the dialog.
12
Verify the Net Class rules that came over from the schematic by selecting Setup>Net Classes and Clearances from the menus.
NET CLASS ROUTING LAYERS

In the Widths & Impedance by Layer section of the dialog, layers can be toggled off to disallow any future routing for the selected Net Class.
13
With the Default Net Class selected in the list, toggle off Layer 3 and Layer 4.
<Click> on the power Net Class in the list (this Net Class has been set up previously in Design Capture). Toggle off Layer 2, Layer 3, Layer 4, and Layer 5 for this Net Class (picture is for reference only).
NET CLASS TRACE WIDTHS

In the Widths & Impedance by Layer section, trace widths (and impedance values) on a layer by layer basis, can be specified for the selected Net Class. The Typical Width is the main trace width that will be used to route the nets in this Net Class.
CLEARANCE RULES
The Net Class Clearances dialog is used to set Net Class to Net Class clearance rules as well as general clearance rules.
15
<Click> the Clearances tab at the top of the Net Classes and Clearances dialog to verify the clearance rules set up previously.
NET CLASS VIA SPANS

In the Attributes section of the dialog, a Net Class can have a specific via padstack assigned to each via span (overriding the via span padstack defined previously in the Setup Parameters dialog).
14
With the power Net Class selected, choose a new Via for This Net Class from the pulldown list at the right. Select 40th via pad.
As with all Net Class settings, these clearances could also be defined during the schematic capture phase.
GENERAL CLEARANCES
The General clearances rules section of the dialog has no correlation to Net Classes. Its mainly for setting clearance rules between components, component pads, mounting holes, board outline, etc.
USING CLEARANCE RULES

In the Net Class to Net Class rules section of the dialog, the previously defined clearance rules can be applied between two Net Classes (or within the same Net Class) on specific layers.
16
The General clearances rules might need some tweaking. Help yourself if see something that needs adjusting.
NET CLASS CLEARANCES

CREATING CLEARANCE RULES
In the Clearance rules for Net Classes section of the dialog, trace/pad/via clearance values can be specified and assigned a rule name. Several of these named rules, using different clearances, may exist in a design (see the example below). The above example translates as: The clearance between any net in the high speed Net Class to any other net in the high speed Net Class, on Layer 2, must use the fine line rule. Again, a default Net Class rule always exists and it translates as: All Net Classes to All Net classes, on All layers, must use the Default Rule. When Net Class rules overlap, the most restrictive rule wins. Like the default via and the default Net Class, the default clearance rule is used when no other clearance rule is specified or in effect. The Default Rule always exists and cannot be deleted.
17
<Click> the OK button at the bottom of the Net Classes and Clearances dialog to save the changes and close the dialog.
NET PROPERTIES OVERVIEW

Net Properties, in Expedition PCB, consists mainly of signal integrity routing constraints such as Net Order, Timing & Differential Pairs, Crosstalk, and Delay Formulas, which are assigned to nets.
18
Select Setup>Net Properties from the menus. On the Net Rules tab, <click> on each of the four sub-tabs to see what kinds signal integrity rules can be set. (Do not change anything.)
ASSIGNING NETS TO NET CLASSES

Net Properties also involves nets being assigned to Net Classes. And as with Net Classes, Net Properties can be set up during the schematic capture phase. Note: Net Properties is an advanced topic. This course only covers Net Properties as far as Net Classes are concerned.
Note: As with most lists in Expedition PCB, multiple items can be selected and changed in a single step by using a <Shift><click> at the end of the selection range.
21
<Click> the OK button at the bottom of the dialog to save and exit Net Properties.
19
On the Net Order sub-tab, <click> on the Net Class column heading to sort the list of nets by Net Class. If the power Net Class does not appear at the top of the list, <click> the column heading again to reverse the sort. A real-world scenario might be to need wider traces and larger vias when routing ground and voltage nets. To do this, just make a special Net Class for them.
<Click> the Save button on the Expedition PCB Standard toolbar to save your layout. While the layout is being saved, Net Properties changes are back annotated to the CDB, along with any Setup Parameters and Net Class changes.
20
The nets GND and VCC are already assigned to the power Net Class. Scroll down through the list of nets and locate VDD. <Click> in the Net Class field for the net (the first column) and select power from the list. Repeat the process for VEE also.
EDITOR CONTROL
The Editor Control contains additional settings that are likely to change often through the layout process which include save intervals, routing behavior, placement rules, grids, etc. Note: Only basic Editor Control settings will be covered on an as needed basis throughout the course.
BACKING UP THE DESIGN

Making backups of the layout in progress, of course, is very important. With certain major operations in Expedition PCB, such as forward/back annotation and renumbering reference designators, restoring from a backup is the only way to recover from an experiment gone bad.
22
Select Setup>Editor Control from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button). On the Editor Control dialog, <click> on each of the tabs and briefly look at what kinds of settings can be made (do not change anything yet).
24
25
Select File>Save Copy from the menus. <Click> the Yes button when prompted to save your layout to disk. Read the next steps carefully! The Save Copy command copies by project, so the schematic and CDB get copied along with the layout, keeping everything in sync. On the Job Management Wizard Copy dialog, <click> in the New project filename field and type c:\mgtraining\project\2001start\2001.prj (or cut & paste from the Source project filename field and make the appropriate edits). Now just <click> in the New PCB design filename field to fill it in automatically. It is recommended to treat the backup as a separate project, giving it its own project folder. For ease of restoring, leave the project file name the same.
AUTOSAVE INTERVALS
When working in Expedition PCB, changes are stored in memory and must be saved to disk. AutoSave intervals times can be specified to save the layout automatically.
23
On Editor Control dialog, <click> the General tab. In the AutoSave intervals section. Verify that the Interactive save set to 60 minutes. Specify an Auto Route save of 10 minutes. <Click> the OK button. The Interactive setting saves the layout database. Its the same as selecting File>Save from the menus. The Auto Route setting saves a checkpoint file. In the event of an ungraceful exit from Expedition PCB and then re-opening the layout, a prompt appears asking if the checkpoint file should be restored.
26
<Click> the Finish button to make the copy. Read and close the Summary dialog.
<Click> the Exit toolbar button and exit Expedition PCB.
RESTORING FROM A BACKUP

Restoring from a backed up design is done through the same Job Management Wizard used to start the layout. The following is the general steps to restoring a backed up design to its original name (these are not lab items).
CREATING A DESKTOP SHORTCUT

A shortcut to the new layout database can be placed on the Windows desktop for convenient launching.
27
Using the Windows NT Explorer, browse to the c:\mgtraining\project\2001\pcb folder.
<Right-click-drag> the file 2001.pcb and drop it anywhere on your Windows desktop. When a menu pops up, select Create Shortcut(s) Here. Windows shortcut icons contain a small arrow in the lower-left corner of the icon. The shortcut is not the actual .pcb data file, just a pointer to it. To quickly open that specific PCB layout, just <double-click> the icon.
1. 2. 3.
Exit Expedition PCB and open the Job Management Wizard dialog. Use the Delete option to delete the current no good project. Use the Copy option to copy the backup project to the original location.
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
JD
EFINING BOARD GEOMETRY
This chapter discusses the board graphics that will be needed before placement and routing. The topics covered are:
COORDINATES OVERVIEW BOARD OUTLINE MOUNTING HOLES ORIGINS PLACEMENT OBSTRUCTS ROUTE BORDER ROUTE OBSTRUCTS
0.062 DIA X2 2.650 2.550 2.450 0.050 X2 1.875
0.125 X2
0.096 DIA X2 0.675 0.062R X2 0.100 0.000 0.100 0.100 X2 BOTH SIDES NO COMPONENTS NO ROUTES
0.400 0.100 0.000
3.000 3.150
J-1
COORDINATES OVERVIEW
Since this chapter is about creating board graphics, its important to know how to read coordinates and rotations.
BOARD OUTLINE
The Board Outline in Expedition PCB, is an intelligent closed polygon which is used as the component placement area of the layout. No matter how simple, every PCB database contains a single Board Outline. The Board Outline cannot be deleted creating a new Board Outline replaces the existing one. 0,0
CARTESIAN COORDINATES
The Cartesian coordinate system for 2D drawings consists of a positive and negative X axis, and a positive and negative Y axis.
ABSOLUTE
With Absolute coordinates, everything in the layout has an absolute X/Y location. Where the X axis and Y axis intersect is 0/0. -X
+Y
IMPORTING AN OUTLINE
A Board Outline can be created by importing a DXF graphic from an external drawing application, such as MicroStation or AutoCAD. Once imported, this graphic can then be turned into an intelligent Board Outline graphic. Note: The graphic must be created as a polyline in the external drawing application.
+X
RELATIVE
-Y
Relative or Delta coordinates work on the same X/Y concept but only in relationship to an existing coordinate, commonly used for moving an object or continuing a linestring from a previous location.
CREATING AN OUTLINE
Alternately, a Board Outline can be created from scratch using the drawing tools within Expedition PCB. This is the method covered here. Open 2001 PCB layout its not already 1 Zoom yourslightly (hint: <Shift>if<middle-click>).open. out
0
POLAR COORDINATES
Polar coordinates are used in conjunction with relative Cartesian coordinates for specifying angles when rotating objects or continuing a linestring in a specific direction.
(-270) 90
180
Select Edit>Place>Board Outline from the menus.
270 (-90)
J-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
The Place Board Outline command switches Expedition PCB into Draw Mode and displays a Properties dialog. At the top of the Properties dialog, the Type field lists the current object type to be drawn which is, of course, Board Outline. The draw polygon command is active. Note: It is not necessary to ever close the Draw Mode Properties dialog, it will close automatically when switching out of Draw Mode. If the Properties dialog is ever not displayed and should be, <click> the Draw Mode toolbar icon again or the Properties button on the Draw toolbar to redisplay it.
In the Vertices table of the Properties dialog, <click> in the blank field under the X column (vertex 1) and type in -100 and press the <Enter> key. The text cursor should now be in the Y column type in -100 again and press <Enter>. A new blank vertex 2 will be added.
Continue specifying the eight X and Y coordinates as shown below, pressing <Enter> after each. If you entered an incorrect value, just continue on you can adjust it later. Use the mechanical drawing at the beginning of the chapter for reference.
PRECISION INPUT
The Board Outline can be drawn by visually locating the vertex points with the mouse or entering absolute coordinates using the Properties dialog or any combination of the two.
Wait! The last coordinate is not specified yet. The final segment of the Board Outline must be added, completing the polygon, using one of two methods. By either specifying the same coordinate as vertex 1 or the and then select 3 <Right-click> in from drawing areamenu to close the Close Polygon the pop-up Board Outline polygon automatically.
MODIFYING THE BOARD OUTLINE

The Board Outline is a draw object that can be modified by moving, adding, and deleting vertices. Fillets and chamfers can also be applied to vertices. The draw object must be selected prior to making modifications. Once selected, handles appear on the object. Endpoint handle (vertex) Midpoint handle Selected Endpoint handle
MOVING AN ENDPOINT HANDLE

An endpoint handle (vertex) can be moved by first selecting the draw object, then <click-drag> the desired endpoint (square shaped) handle to its new location. An endpoint handle can also be moved by numbers, using the Properties dialog. made any while entering coordinates, 5 If you the Board typos thegraphic anddialog. the select Outline change appropriate number values on Properties <Click> the Fit Board toolbar button to see the whole board.
Start point marker (object origin) Note: Most of the draw commands discussed in this chapter can be used on most draw objects.
DELETING AN ENDPOINT HANDLE

To delete an endpoint handle, first select the draw object, then select the desired endpoint handle. When selected, the endpoint handle displays filled. Finally, on the Draw toolbar (below the drawing area), <click> the Delete Endpoint Handle button.
SNAP GRID
Draw (below the 4 On the the Setmode toolbararrow button.drawing area), <click> Snap Grid
Snap Grid (toggles snap on/off) Set Snap Grid (specify a snap grid)
INSERTING AN ENDPOINT HANDLE

To insert an endpoint handle, first select the draw object, then <Ctrl> <click-drag> on the midpoint (diamond shaped) handle of the desired line segment.
Select 25 from the list of preset grids.
CHAMFERS
A vertex can easily be changed from a 90 corner to a 45 chamfer of a specified size. its selected. 6 Select the Board Outline if pullnot already Vertex Type On the Properties dialog down the list and select Chamfer.
Once the chamfer size is defined and set as the current size, it can then be applied to a vertex on the object. Select the handle corner 7 beginning ofendpoint(refer to at the upper-rightdrawing of the Board Outline the mechanical at the the chapter). Immediately change the Vertex Type to Chamfer on the Properties dialog. If the handle deselects before you get a chance to select a different Vertex Type, just re-select the handle and try again. Similarly, change the lower-right corner of the Board Outline to a chamfer. Note: The simplest way to recover from a mistake here is to <click> the Undo toolbar button. The last used chamfer distance will stay the active distance when creating future chamfers. All user specified distances will remain in the Chamfer Cut list for the current layout. With the 8 Chamfer Board Outline graphics still selected, select a Cut size of 50 from the list on the Properties dialog. Apply this 50th chamfer to the two corners of the tab on the left side of the Board Outline (refer to the mechanical drawing at the beginning of the chapter).
Pull down the Chamfer Cut list (immediately to the right of the Vertex Type). Type in 125 in the bottom field and then press <Enter>.
Pull down the Chamfer Cut list again and verify that 125 is now in the list and that it is also selected.
FILLETS
A vertex can be changed from a corner to a round (fillet) of a specified size. Board 9 With thefrom theOutline graphics still selected, select Round Vertex Type list on the Properties dialog. Add 62 to the list like you did previously for chamfers. Apply this 62th fillet to the two inside corners on left side of the Board Outline (see the mechanical drawing at the beginning of the lab). Round vertices are true arcs and contain a single handle. To change the radius, select the handle and then choose a different radius from the list on the Properties dialog. If you want to start a new Board Outline because you botched this one, just redraw it and the previous Board Outline will disappear.
ROUTE BORDER
The Route Border is a route keep-in area for the PCB layout. As with the Board Outline, every PCB database contains a single Route Border. The Route Border cannot be deleted creating a new Route Border replaces the existing one.
CREATING A ROUTE BORDER

Just like the Board Outline, a Route Border can be created from scratch using the drawing tools. The command is at Edit>Place>Route Border on the menus.
COPYING THE BOARD OUTLINE

A more convenient and consistent method for creating a Route Border is to copy the Board Outline. As with most draw objects, one object can be copied to another object by first selecting the source object, then a <Ctrl><double-click> on that object. Draw Mode, select 11 While inType of Board Outline. the Board Outline graphic. Notice the Properties dialog displays the selected object Now <Ctrl><double-click> on the selected Board Outline. If the Properties dialog now displays the Type as a Draw Object, then the copy process was successful. The new object is now the selected object. Be sure and leave it selected.
10
If your satisfied with your beautiful hand-crafted Board Outline, <click> the Save toolbar button. Note: From now on you will get very few reminders to save the layout get in the habit of doing it.
OBJECT TYPE
The newly copied object is always a generic Draw Object and is also the currently selected object. Choosing a different Type of object on the Properties dialog, dynamically changes the selected object to that type such as a Route Border. With copied object still selected, 12 Type the on the Properties dialog andpull down the list select Route
Border. Notice that the old Route Border disappeared. Continue to leave the object selected.
MOUNTING HOLES
Mounting Holes are special padstacks that represent plated or non-plated holes in the PCB layout. Mounting holes can be accessed directly from the Central Library. Note: Mounting Holes selected from the Central Library are automatically copied to and used from the local design specific library.
PLACING MOUNTING HOLES
Note: If more than one draw object are directly stacked on top of one another, select one of them and then press the <Tab> key to toggle through all of them while watching the Type field on the Properties dialog.
14 Select Edit>Place>Mounting menus.
Hole
from
the
On the Place Mounting Hole dialog, select Central: 62th tooling hole from the Padstack pulldown list.
SHRINK/GROW
Copying a draw object this way creates the duplicate directly on top of the original and then makes that the selected object. The selected object can easily be resized by specifying a value in the Grow/Shrink field of the Properties dialog. A positive value will grow the object and a negative value with shrink the object. With the still selected, 13 Propertiesnewly copied objectLine width of 0 on the dialog, specify a and a Grow/Shrink distance of -50 (at the bottom of the dialog) and then press the <Enter> key. Note: Selecting each draw object will display information about that object on the Properties dialog.
NET NAME
Plated mounting holes can then be assigned a net if desired by choosing from the list of nets in the design. This option is unavailable for non-plated mounting holes. As discussed previously, the Hole within the padstack is where the Plated status is set.
LOCK STATUS
A mounting hole can be placed as Fixed or Locked. Both would keep the mounting hole from being accidentally moved later. The critical locations of items, such as mounting holes, warrant a Locked status. Locked allows the temporary use of the Fix and Unfix commands without affecting locked mounting holes. Two more mounting holes are needed. Choose 16 Central: 96th tooling hole from the Padstack pulldown list. Place it at X: 3000 Y: 100 and assign a Lock status of Locked. Place another of the same at X: 3000 Y: 2450. <Click> the Cancel button on the Place Mounting Hole dialog. Your layout should now match the mechanical drawing at the beginning of the chapter. Fixed mounting holes display hatched and Locked mounting holes display unfilled.
LOCATION
If the exact location of a mounting hole is known, the absolute X and Y coordinates can be specified. Specify the Location of the mounting hole to be X:0 and Y:0 (this will place it at the database origin of the layout).
15
<Click> the Apply button to place the mounting hole into the layout. See it? If you made a mistake, dont worry, youll get a chance later to move or delete it. With the dialog still open, add a second 62th mounting hole at X:0 Y:2550. <Click> the Apply button. If it is preferred to place the mounting hole using the mouse, then the X and Y fields need to be left blank. An OK or Apply button <click> would then attach the Mounting Hole padstack to the cursor for manual placement.
CHANGING PADSTACKS
MOUNTING HOLE PROPERTIES

Mounting holes, already placed in the layout, can be manipulated using the Padstack Properties dialog. While in Route Mode, <right-click> on one of the smaller 62th mounting holes (on the left side of the layout) and select Properties from the pop-up menu.
The placed mounting hole can be swapped out by selecting a different padstack from the Padstack list.
17
MOVING THE MOUNTING HOLE

To move the mounting hole, specify new Location coordinates Absolute or Delta.
LOCKING THE MOUNTING HOLE

The Lock status of the mounting hole can be changed to Fixed, Locked, or None. to specify a different padstack and/or 18 If you needmounting choosedotheit padstackOn the move the hole, now. Padstack Properties dialog, and/or edit the Location fields (based on the previous steps). When youre ready, change the Lock status to Locked. <Click> the Apply button. With the Padstack Properties dialog open, select the other 62th mounting hole graphic and make similar changes. <Click> the Apply button. To change or move Mounting Hole padstacks, the Lock status must be set to None and then applied. With Padstack Properties dialog open, 19 each thethe 96th mounting holes (on the rightselect of side of the layout), making any necessary changes. Remember to apply any Lock status changes before and after any Padstack or Location changes. <Click> the OK button or Cancel button to close the dialog.
ORIGINS
Origins determine the absolute 0/0 point for locating and reporting graphics and data within the layout. Two separate origins are used in Expedition PCB.
MOVING ORIGINS
The Board Origin and the NC-Drill Origin can each be moved at any time to anywhere in the layout. By default, the NC-Drill origin is at the same location as the Board Origin. from the menus. If 20 Select Edit>Place>OriginBoard toolbar button to necessary, <click> the Fit see the origins in the lower-left corner of the board.
BOARD ORIGIN
The Board Origin is the database origin. All displaying and reporting of absolute coordinates in the layout (except NC-Drill) is based on this origin.
DRILL ORIGIN
The NC-Drill Origin is used in reporting coordinates for NC-Drill data.
When specifying a new location for the NC-Drill Origin, the coordinates are relative to the current Board Origin. the Type to 21 On the. Place Origin dialog, set of X:origin Y: -100. Board Specify a new Location -400 <Click> the OK button and wait for the database to adjust to the new origin. Note: From now on all coordinates are based on this new origin. The absolute coordinates used in creating the Board Outline are now adjusted in the database.
PLACEMENT OBSTRUCTS
Placement Obstructs need to be placed in the layout where there are component height restrictions or where no components are allowed at all. As with the Place Board Outline command, the Place Placement Obstruct command switches Expedition PCB into Draw Mode. Select Edit>Place>Placement Obstruct from the menus. This will activate Draw Mode and bring up the Properties dialog.
DRAWING THE OBSTRUCT

The Place Placement Obstruct command makes the Add Polygon draw tool active. Like the Board Outline, the Placement Obstruct could be created by entering absolute coordinates on the Properties dialog and/or by visually locating vertices. Per the mechanical drawing, are 24 allowed 100th from the uppercomponentsedgesnot and lower of the board, on both sides. Select the Add Rectangle draw tool (below the drawing area) and draw a rectangle, 100th wide, along the lower edge of the board. Suggest setting a 50th snap grid and/or using the dxdy coordinate readout on the titlebar to guide you. Going outside of the Board Outline is acceptable. <Click> on the Add Rectangle draw tool again and create a similar obstruct for the upper edge of the board. A single Placement Obstruct only handles one side of the board. Obstructs 25 Placement of the board.are bottom side still needed for the
22
PROPERTIES
The Properties dialog is set to a draw Type of Placement Obstruct. An obstruct Layer (side) of Top or Bottom must be specified. An obstruct Height must be specified. A height of 0 means no components are allowed within the obstruct. If a height other than 0 is specified, design rules checking (DRC) compares component cell heights to Placement Obstruct heights and then flags any violations. On the Properties dialog, verify Type is 23 Placement Obstruct, the Layer isthat theTop, and set to the Height is set to 0. Set the Line width to 0 if it is not already.
Select one of the obstructs you just created. Now <Ctrl><double-click> on it to make a copy and leave it selected. On the Properties dialog, change the draw Type to Placement Obstruct and set the Layer to Bottom. Repeat the process for the other obstruct. Note: Placement Obstruct visibility in controlled using the Parts tab of the Display Control dialog.
ROUTE OBSTRUCTS
Areas of the layout can be restricted from routing by placing Route Obstructs as many as needed.
Edit>Place>Route Obstruct from the 26upSelect This willdialog. activate Draw Mode and menus. again bring the Properties
DRAWING THE OBSTRUCT

Route Obstructs are draw objects and thus allow similar draw object editing as Placement Obstructs, Board Outline, etc. A Route Obstruct can be a line, arc, polyline, polygon, rectangle, or circle. Per the mechanical drawing, 28 100th from the upper and traces are not allowed lower edges of the board. Select the Add Line draw tool and draw a line along the lower edge of the board, 100th in from the board edge (same as the Placement Obstruct). Going outside of the Board Outline is acceptable. <Click> the Add Line draw tool again and create a similar obstruct along the upper edge of the board. Note: Route Obstruct visibility in controlled using the General tab of the Display Control dialog. from Make a backup by 29 the menus.the theselecting File>Save CopyCopy On Job Management Wizard dialog, specify New project filename to be c:\mgtraining\project\2001board\2001.prj.
PROPERTIES
The Properties dialog is set to a draw Type of Route Obstruct. A single obstruct can be placed on any one routable Layer or on (All) layers. The Obstruct type can be a Via obstruct, a Trace obstruct, or Both. On the Properties dialog, verify that the Type is Route Obstruct, the Layer is (All), and the Obstruct type is Both.
27
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
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LACING PARTS
This chapter discusses placing the physical components onto the board along with manipulating those components after they are placed. The topics covered are:
PLACING PARTS AND CELLS MOVING/ROTATING/PUSHING PARTS SWAPPING PINS & GATES BACK ANNOTATION
K-1
PLACING PARTS AND CELLS

Once Database Load is successful and the Board Outline is defined, the parts can then be physically placed on the board. Open your 2001 layout 1 A parts snap gridPCBneeded.if its not already open. is Select Setup>Editor
Control from the menus (or <click> the Editor Control toolbar button). On the Editor Control dialog, <click> the Grids tab. Enter 25 into the Primary part grid field and Secondary part grid field.
Sort and filter the list of parts.
Parts in the layout database based on the sorts and filters set. Active list: Parts chosen to be placed immediately.
On the Editor Control dialog, <click> the Part tab. Make sure the Online DRC option is set to Warning. On the Editor Control dialog, <click> the OK button to close it and save the changes. On the Part tab of the Display Control dialog, toggle off Fill Placement Outlines option. Itll be easier to see the parts for placement. Select Place>Place Parts and Cells from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button if in Place Mode) to display a list of parts available for placing into the graphics.
Placing options and conveniences.
<Click> the Apply button to start placing the parts from the Active list.
K-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
PART LIST FILTERS

The upper portion of the Place Parts and Cells dialog consists of filters and sorts for displaying the list of parts in the PCB database.
CRITERION
The parts are listed based on the Criterion chosen. Parts can then be placed selectively and intelligently.
CONNECTED TO PLACED
INCLUDE
Any combination of the Include options can used to filter the list of parts.
Connected to Placed sorts the parts based on the number of connections they have to parts previously placed. The reference designator and the part number are displayed.
UNPLACED
The Unplaced option lists the parts that have not been placed into graphics.
NET & NET CLASSES

Net & Net Classes lists all the nets and net classes in the design and is used to identify parts to place which are attached to particular nets.
DISTRIBUTED
The Distributed option lists the parts that have been placed into graphics but outside of the Board Outline.
REF DES
Ref Des sorts the parts by their reference designator and also displays the corresponding part number.
PLACED
The Placed option lists the parts that have been placed into graphics within the Board Outline. the Place Parts and toggle on the 2 Onoptions are toggledVerifyCells dialog,Distributed and Unplaced option. that the Placed off.
PART NUMBER
Part Number lists all the netlist based part numbers used in the design. Several parts might be available under a single part number.
CRITERION FILTER
Next to the Criterion pulldown list is a field for filtering the chosen criterion. Example: With the Criterion set to Ref Des, entering a U in this field displays only reference designators starting with the letter U.
PLACING CONNECTORS
3. 4. On the Place Parts and Cells dialog, the Criterion should be set to Ref Des. Select J1 and J2 in the list and then <click> the down arrow button to bring them into the Active list. In the Active list, select J1 and <click> the Properties button at the lower-left corner of the Place Parts and Cells dialog. On the Properties dialog, specify an Absolute location of x: 0 y: 1900 and a Rotation of 270. Specify a Locked status of Locked. <Click> the OK button to place J1 as specified. Notice the connector pads are now unfilled, indicating the part is fixed or locked. If a mistake was made and the connector is placed at the wrong location or rotation, <double-click> on the connector graphic to display the Properties dialog for it. Make the necessary adjustments. Back at the Place Parts and Cells dialog, select J2 from the Active list. <Click> the Properties button and place J2 at x: 3100 y: 1800, Rotation: 270, and Locked. There will be a Warning message in the statusbar because the part overlaps the Board Outline. Thats OK.
PLACING MEMORY PARTS

10. On the Place Parts and Cells dialog, set the Criterion to Part Number. 11. Select 74ALS655_SOP and <click> the down arrow to bring those 4 parts (U9 thru U12) into the Active list. 12. At the bottom of the dialog, enter 270 in the Active angle field and set the Method to Sequence. 13. <Click> the Apply button. Place U9, U10, U11, and U12, in the upper-left corner of the board as shown on the first page of this lab.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
PLACING HIGH SPEED COMPONENTS

14. On the Place Parts and Cells dialog, set the Criterion to Nets & Net Classes. 15. Select the high speed nets HS(0) thru HS(7) in the list. Hint: <Click> on any net in the list press the <H> key, <click> on net HS(0), then <Shift><click> net HS(7). 16. <Click> the down arrow to bring the 4 parts associated to these nets into the Active list. 17. Select U16 and <click> the Apply button. Place it towards the lower-left corner of the board. Refer to the picture on the first page of this lab when placing these parts. 18. Select RN1 and RN2 and place them close by, to the right of U16. 19. Finally, select and place U15 near RN2.
PLACING THE ICS

20. On the Place Parts and Cells dialog, set the Criterion back to Part Number. Verify that the Active angle is still set to 270. 21. Move all of the 54ALS and 74ALS series ICs into the Active list. Sort and select within the Active list at your own discretion to place these ICs. As always, use the picture at the beginning of the lab for reference. Also, watch the netlines when placing, keeping the netline length minimized. 22. To move any placed part, select it and press <F2>. 23. Place the CTX071-ND crystal, paying particular attention to the netlines. 24. Place the OP215A Op-Amp outside the board outline for now because youll have to juggle some discrete components around it later. Zoom out (<Shift><middle-click>), if needed, to have enough work area available. 25. <Click> the Save toolbar button to save your work.
PLACING THE DISCRETES

26. Move the potentiometer 3296P-103-ND into the Active list and place it. The part needs to be rotated so the pot adjust is pointing to the right. Press <F3> (the Rotate 90 Action Key) to rotate it. Place it below the connector J2. 27. Move the PCAP-SM7343-100U capacitors into the Active list. Place one near the upper end of J2 (9-pin connector). Place the other capacitor near the lower end of J1 (edge connector). 28. Place the four RES-SMD1206-3K resistors. While placing each of the resistors, press <F5> (the Push Action Key) to push them to the bottom of the board. Based on their netlines, place two of them outside of the Board Outline near the Op-Amp U13. 29. Tired of the push push push? Since the rest of the chip resistors and capacitors need to be on the bottom side of the board, on the Place Parts and Cells dialog, set the Active layer to Bottom. Place the RESSMD1206-100K resistors outside of the Board Outline, near U13. 30. Place the CAP-SMD0603-100P capacitors. Based on their netlines, place four of them outside of the Board Outline near U13 and place one near the pot R5. 31. Place the CAP-SMD0805-5P capacitors. Place C19 near U14. Place the others close to the crystal Y1 pins (watch the netlines).
PLACE DECOUPLING CAPACITORS

32. On the Place Parts and Cells dialog, set the Criterion to Nets & Net Classes. 33. Move net VDD down into the Active list. Notice that pin 8 on U13 is net selected, showing that it belongs to that net. Place capacitor C28 near that pin. 34. Repeat the previous step with net VEE. 35. Finally, <click> the double down arrow and move the remaining nets (parts) in the Active list. Verify that the Active angle is still set to 270 and change the Active layer to Bottom. 36. <Click> the Apply button and place a single capacitor underneath every IC (excluding the Op-Amp U13).
MOVING/ROTATING/PUSHING PARTS
37. <Click> the Close button on the Place Parts and Cells dialog. 38. Zoom in around the analog circuit, Op-Amp U13 and its associated components (<Shift><middle-clickdrag>), which are currently outside of the Board Outline. 39. Select U13 and press the <F3> Action Key to rotate it 90 (pin 1 should now be in the lower-left like U5). 40. Move and rotate the resistors and capacitors around U13 as needed to clean up the Netlines. Use the picture below as a guide if you like. (Dont worry youll get to clean up your reference designator locations later.)
41. With the Display Controls Top and Bottom filters toggled on, select these 11 Analog components (<click-drag> a fence around them) and press <F2> to move them as a group. Place them just to the left of J2 (as shown). If placement violations restrict you from moving the group of components, move them in smaller groups and/or individually. 42. Fine tune the rest of the placement. Move and rotate parts to your discretion to clean up the netlines. Your placement is done. 43. <Click> the Save toolbar button to save the work in progress.
SWAPPING PINS MANUALLY

44. If swappable pins and/or gates were built into a particular part (in the Parts Database), some manual netline optimization can be done on the layout. First, <click> the Find toolbar button and select RN1 and RN2 from the Part Ref Des list. Toggle off the Select option and toggle on the Fit view option. <Click> the OK button. 45. While zoomed in around RN1 and RN2, select Route>Swap>Pins from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button in Route Mode). 46. Watch the prompts! The prompt in the status bar (at the bottom of the window) says Select first pin to Swap. Select pin 2 of RN2 (second pin from the top). All other swappable pins within that part are now visible and the prompts says Select second pin to Swap with 2. Select pin 9 of RN2 (second pin from the bottom). Pins 2 and 9 are now selected and the prompt says Confirm Swap. <Click> in the drawing area to confirm it (or <right-click> to de-select the second pin and choose another). You should now see nice clean netlines coming from the same pins on RN1. 47. While still in the Swap Pins command, continue with RN2 by swapping pins 3 and 8. Theres an automatic way to do this later in the lab so <right-click> in the drawing area now to cancel the command.
SWAPPING GATES MANUALLY

48. Use the Find command to zoom in around Part Number 74ALS32_SOP. (On the Find dialog, <click> the Part Number column heading to sort the list so its easier to find.) 49. Close the Find dialog if its open. Deselect any parts that might have become selected during the find process. While zoomed in around U18 (74ALS32_SOP), select Route>Swap>Gates from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button in Route Mode). 50. Watch the prompts! The prompt says Select pin of the first gate to Swap. Select pin 6 of U18 (in the left column, second pin from the bottom). Equivalent pins of all the swappable gates (on all of the parts with the same Part Number) will be visible. The prompt says Select pin from second gate to Swap so select pin 11 of U18 (in the middle of the right column). With the 2 gates visible and the prompt saying Confirm Swap, <click> in the drawing area to complete the swap and watch the netlines move. 51. If you want, try another swap or Undo the last swap an do it again. Dont spend a lot of effort here because theres an automatic way of doing this.
SWAPPING PINS & GATES AUTOMATICALLY

52. <Click> the Fit Board toolbar button and then pan the board graphics (<middle-click-drag>) to the left side of your working area slightly. 53. Select Place>Automatic>Swap by Part Number from the menus. Move the Automatic Swap by Part Number dialog to the right side of your working area. 54. On the Automatic Swap by Part Number dialog, <click> the right double arrow (Include All) to move all of the Excluded Part Numbers into the Included list. 55. Pull down the Swap Items list and select Gates. The Exhaustive swap option should be toggled on. 56. <Click> the Apply button and watch the netline changes on the board. 57. Cool huh? Now pull down the Swap Items list and select Pins. <Click> the Apply button and again watch the netline changes on the board. 58. Repeat steps 53 through 55 and see if theres any further improvement. 59. <Click> the Close button on the Automatic Swap by Part Number dialog. 60. <Click> the File Viewer toolbar button and examine AutoSwap.txt. Close the File Viewer when youre done.
BACK ANNOTATING
61. Look over the placement and netlines. See if any improvements can be made such as rotating discrete parts, manually swapping pins and/or gates, etc. Take a few minutes now to tweak the placement. 62. When you are satisfied with the placement, the swapping changes need to be Back Annotated to the Common Database (CDB) so the schematic will reflect the new pin numbers. Select Setup>Project Integration from the menus. 63. On the Project Integration dialog, note the Schematic status indicators. Red means no and green means yes. The moral of the story here: The schematic and layout are not synchronized and your recent layout changes are restricting Forward Annotation. <Click> the Back Annotate button. 64. After Back Annotation, notice that all of the Schematic status indicators are now green (hopefully). <Click> the Close button the Project Integration dialog. 65. <Click> the File Viewer toolbar button and examine BackAnnotation.txt. Close the File Viewer when youre done. 66. Exit Expedition PCB and save any changes if youre prompted to do so. Note: Saving the layout automatically runs Back Annotation if you had forgotten to.
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ERIFYING THE LAYOUT
This chapter discusses Design Rule Checking, comparing the layout to the size and clearance rules set, using the Batch DRC program. Batch DRC is initially discussed here but should be run after various milestones in the layout process (routing, planes processing, etc.). The topics covered are:
DRC WINDOW BATCH DRC REVIEWING DRC HAZARDS DESIGN STATUS DESIGN-LIBRARY VERIFICATION
L-1
DRC WINDOW
BATCH DRC
Open your 2001 PCB layout if its not already open. If it is already open and there are any unsaved changes, it is recommended to save them before Batch DRC is run. Select Analysis>Batch DRC from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button). On the Batch DRC dialog, toggle on the Connectivity and special rules option. Toggle off the Net Class clearances and rules and Plane clearances and rules options. General and element to element rules should be the only option toggled on. Toggle on all Pad to pad checks options. In the Layers list on the right, select Layer 1 and Layer 6 only. <Click> on the Connectivity and special rules tab. Toggle off all Traces options, all Nets options, all Planes options, and all Holes/pads/vias options except Min annular ring. Toggle on the Parts option. Save a local only scheme called proximity. <Click> the OK button on the Batch DRC dialog to run check the layout. <Click> the OK button at the Batch DRC engine completed successfully prompt.
L-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
REVIEWING DRC HAZARDS
REVIEWING ON-LINE DRC HAZARDS
REVIEWING BATCH DRC HAZARDS
Continue to <click> the Review button after examining each hazard. After reviewing the last hazard, the list cycles back to the first hazard. Once you have a good idea of what the hazards are, <click> the Close button on the Proximity hazards dialog. Take a few minutes now to repair any hazards (except the 2 connector hazards, of course). Move parts if you have to. If thats too much effort, just fudge the clearance rules NOT! If you need to measure distances, select Edit>Review>Minimum Distance from the menus. Use the Action Key to toggle between Edge-To-Edge mode and Center-To-Center mode. If you made any layout changes then 1) save the layout, 2) re-run Batch DRC and 3) review the hazards list again. Repeat this process until just the 2 connector Board Outline, Placement Outline hazards exist.
<Click> the File Viewer toolbar button and examine Drc.txt. Close the File Viewer when youre done.
Select Analysis>Review Hazards from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button). On the Review Hazards dialog, select Batch>Proximity from the menus and a list of hazards should appear. If no hazards exist then you must have done something wrong (huh?). Do not select any of the hazards in the list. The list should at least contain 2 hazards the 2 connectors are too close to the Board Outline. Youll have to live with these hazards. Any other hazards youll eventually want to repair. Another possible hazard may be Mounting Hole, Parts Pad. To review these hazards one at a time, toggle on the Select and the Fit view Graphic options at the bottom of the dialog. With no hazards selected in the list, <click> the Review button to graphically see the first hazard. Move the hazard dialog out of the way if necessary. Examine the Description of the hazard while looking at the actual hazard. <Click> the Review button for the next hazard.
DESIGN STATUS
DESIGN-LIBRARY VERIFICATION
Select File>Save Copy from the menus and <click> the Yes button to save your layout.
On the Job Management Wizard Copy dialog, <click> in the New project filename field and enter c:\mgtraining\project\2001placed\2001.prj (you can copy/paste from the Source project filename field and make the appropriate changes). Immediately <click> in the New PCB design filename field and then <click> the Finish button. Close the Summary dialog.
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
MR
OUTING TRACES
This chapter discusses setting up for and routing the PCB layout using automatic, semi-automatic, and manual routing tools, as well as other utilities for editing traces. The topics covered are:
ROUTING SETTINGS ROUTING OVERVIEW CONNECTING TO PLANES MANUAL ROUTING SEMI-AUTOMATIC ROUTING AUTOMATIC ROUTING CHANGING TRACE WIDTHS
M-1
ROUTING SETTINGS
The Editor Control dialog contains many interactive and automatic routing settings. These settings could be changed often during the routing process if necessary.
INTERACTIVE ROUTING
The Interactive Routing settings control how the router behaves during an interactive routing session. The defaults work well in most cases. The Effort setting defines the relative amount of effort used during an interactive routing session. The higher the effort level, the more complex the routing path may be. The Layer bias setting determines the relative difficulty of routing against the layer bias vs. placing a via. The higher the layer bias setting, the more difficult it is to route the trace against the bias The Via cost setting determines the relative cost of adding a via to a route path. The Max vias added setting determines the number of vias allowed during each interactive routing operation. The Trace and via shoving allowed option can be toggled off, not allowing existing traces to be moved while interactively routing. The Double-click to add via option allows using the mouse when changing between layer pairs.
Select Setup>Editor Control from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button). On the Editor Control dialog, <click> the General tab if it is not displayed. Note: On the Editor Control dialog, options marked with an asterisk (*) affect only interactive routing (except on the Grids tab).
EDITOR CONTROL - GENERAL

Besides the previously discussed AutoSave intervals, the Editor Control General tab contains interactive routing, direction bias, and layer pairing controls.
M-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
ROUTING & DIRECTION BIAS

The Editor Control dialog can be used to conveniently toggle on or off an entire layer for routing. Of course, using the Net Class settings that allow or disallow routing on certain layers is preferred. The direction bias, Horizontal or Vertical, for each layer can be specified. The automatic and semi-automatic router will then route in this general direction for the particular layer.
LAYER PAIRS
Layer Pairs can be set so, during interactive routing, using the <space bar> or a <doubleclick> will place a via and continue routing on the other paired layer. Note: Changing layers while routing will be discussed later in this chapter. To set the layer Pairs, <click> on layer 1 and then <click> on layer 6. Match up the pairs as shown. Note: To separate a layer pair, <click> on the layer number and then <click> on a blank row. To swap layers between pairs, <click> on a layer number within a pair and then <click> on a layer number from a different pair.
Under Enable routing & direction bias of the Layers section, toggle on all of the six layers for routing.
Also, set the direction Bias based on your placement. If you placed the board based as the previous labs called out, the bias settings shown above work well.
EDITOR CONTROL - ROUTES

The Editor Control Routes tab contains some general routing rules.
VIAS
These via rules affect both interactive and automatic routing. The maximum number of vias specified for a net in Net Properties, can be overridden to Allow one additional via per SMD pin. The Use place outlines as via obstructs option keeps vias from be routed under components. The Enable fanouts of single pin nets option, in conjunction with the Project Integrations Assign single pin nets to unused pins, allows for fanout vias on all pins.
Max pins per plane fanout via sets the number of pins that can share a single fanout via. Max fanout length on restricted layers allows an SMD pin, on a restricted layer for that net (set in Net Classes), to at least route a fanout on the restricted layer.
ROUTES
The automatic and interactive routing default is to Allow 45 degree corners. While this option is toggled off, any additional traces will be routed orthogonal only. Any or all of the three Plow modes (interactive routing modes) can be toggled on here to be available when interactively routing. The characteristics of each plow mode with be discussed later.
On the Editor Control dialog, <click> the Routes tab. In the Routes section at the upper-left corner of the dialog, verify that only Forced and Route plow modes are toggled on.
OPTIONAL NET RULES

The Net Classes settings regarding Layer restrictions and the Net Properties settings regarding Stub lengths, Via restrictions, and Max delays & lengths can be temporarily disabled while interactively routing.
EDITOR CONTROL - PAD ENTRY

The Editor Control Pad Entry tab is used to set trace-topad entry rules and whether vias are allowed under the pad, for each pad shape used in the layout. The Select Pads filter is for choosing pad shapes or groups of pad shapes in order to set rules for the specific pads. Selecting a single pad shape in the list and then toggling on the Fit view / highlight pad option lets the user see an actual pad within the layout. The Rules for all rectangular pads and Rules for selected pads options allows setting pad entry preferences and allowing vias under pads.
PAD ENTRY & EXPANSION

When assigning a unique Minimum Width (pad entry width) to a Net Class, the Min distance at the pad entry width from the pad is controlled here during both automatic and interactive routing. When assigning a unique Expansion Width to a Net Class, the Min distance at same width controls the minimum segment length before an expansion can occur during both automatic and interactive routing. This option is only used during interactive routing if the Expand traces option is toggled on and is always used during an Expand pass while automatic routing.
On Editor Control dialog, <click> the Pad Entry tab. Select (All Rectangular Pads) at the top of the list. Now toggle off the Prefer option at the bottom of Rules for selected pads. If necessary, <click> the Reset Selected Pads To Defaults button to reset the selected pad shapes pad entry preferences back to the factory defaults.
EDITOR CONTROL - GRIDS

Expedition PCB is a shape-based router and needs no grids. The Editor control Grids tab allows setting an optional Route grid and/or Via grid. The highest route completion will be achieved without route/via grids set.
ROUTING OVERVIEW
There are three basic approaches to routing in Expedition PCB; manual, semi-automatic, and automatic. The area between manual and semi-automatic routing and between semi-automatic and automatic routing is blurred. Semantics are not important it just helps in explaining the use of the router.
EDITOR CONTROL - FILTER

The Editor Control Filter tab allows nets to be Included or Excluded from being selected, interactively routed, etc. By default, all nets are included. Regardless of what nets have been excluded, until the Enable filter option is toggled on, all nets are considered to be included. The Apply filter to netlines option turns off netline visibility for all excluded nets. Editor Control Click the 6 save your OK button on the the dialog. dialog to settings and close Get a clean view of the layout, <click> the Fit Board toolbar button. <Click> the Display Control toolbar button if necessary. The Display Control dialog needs to be available throughout this lab so you could move it over to one side. On the Layer tab of the Display Control dialog, toggle on All Open Netlines (at the middle of the dialog) if its not already on. On the Part tab of the Display Control dialog, toggle off Part Items for both Top and Bottom.
MANUAL
Manual routing refers to hand stitching in traces (plowing) and placing vias (changing layers) as-needed.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC
Semi-automatic routing refers to tapping into the automatic routing functions a little at a time. For example: selecting a net and then executing the Route or Fanout command.
AUTOMATIC
Automatic routing refers to using the Auto Route dialog to set up a hands-off routing strategy. Automatic routing can be used for the whole layout or just portions of it. Note: Its best to use a combination of manual, semiautomatic, and automatic routing approaches on a single PCB layout. For example: manually route critical traces while using some semi-automatic commands to speed up the process. Then automatically route the rest of the traces. Get the idea?
CONNECTING TO PLANES
One philosophy for routing a multi-layer PCB layout is to connect the supply to each device first, before any other copper is placed on the board. This way power is assured even if the board cannot be 100% routed.
Fanout any SMD pins that connect to inner planes using the following steps:
FANOUTS
A fanout is short trace and via tied to an SMD pin for the purpose of picking up that net on another layer, such as a plane layer. To generate fanouts semi-automatically, the pin(s) must first be selected. Then select Route>Interactive>Fanout from the menus or use the Fanout Action Key. The Find command offers a great way to select specific nets for fanning out.
<Click> the Find toolbar button. <Click> the Net Class tab on the Find dialog. Select Power in the Net Class list. Toggle on the Select Graphic options only and <click> the Apply button. Leave the dialog open but move it out of the way. Notice that all of the VCC, VDD, VEE, and GND (Power Net Class) pins are now selected. Press <F2> (the Fanout Action Key) to fanout all of the selected pins. Look for any missing fanouts due to placement problems. Repair the problems then repeat the fanout process. If you want a challenge, use the Review Hazards dialog (Online>Open Fanouts) to assist in finding any missing fanouts for the Power nets. Move any of the fanouts that you feel may later block routing channels. To move a fanout, just <click-drag> the via to a new location.
FIXING TRACES & VIAS

Traces (and vias) that need to follow a specific path on the layout should be routed and then immediately Fixed, thereby preserving their path. Fixed traces and vias cannot be moved or deleted.
When all of the fanouts are in place, select the Power Net Class again on the Find dialog. <Click> the OK button to select the fanouts. <Click> the Fix toolbar button then <click> in a blank area to deselect everything. Zoom in for a closer look.
FIX / UNFIX
To fix a trace, first select the trace(s), then select Edit>Fix from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button). To unfix a trace, first select the trace(s), then select Edit>Unfix from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button). Objects must be selected prior to using the Fix and Unfix commands. Remember the many ways to select objects that were covered in the beginning of the course? Theres Edit>Add to Select Set>Unfixed Traces or Edit>Add to Select Set>Unfixed Vias from the menus. Similarly, theres Edit>Add to Select Set>Fixed Traces or Edit>Add to Select Set>Fixed Vias from the menus. Fixed traces and vias are displayed hatched, not filled, for easy identification.
FIX / LOCK
As with the Parts and Mounting Holes used earlier in the course, traces and vias can be locked. The critical locations of certain traces and vias warrant a Locked status. Locked allows the temporary use of the Fix and Unfix commands without affecting locked traces. Locked traces and vias display unfilled.
SEMI-FIX
Semi-fix (Edit>Semi-fix) reacts exactly as fix, with the exception that the trace and/or via can still be moved manually. Any pushing/shoving by other traces will have no effect on Semi-fixed traces/vias. Note: Semi-fixed traces/vias revert back to an unfixed status when exiting the PCB layout.
MANUAL ROUTING
Manual routing refers to hand stitching in traces, dropping vias, and miscellaneous trace/via editing commands. Of course, Expedition PCB must be in Route Mode to manually route.
PLOWING IN DETAIL
Once in the Plow command, select a component pin, trace, or via to begin routing it. As the prospective trace follows the cursor, place anchor points (<click>) to continue to route the trace. While routing and placing an anchor point, a ghosted via location is shown in the graphics indicating a potential via site. The ghosted via honors the Via Grid setting in the Editor Control - Grids dialog.
PLOWING
To hand route a new trace is to plow that trace. Plow routing can start at any component pin that has a net assigned or start anywhere on an existing trace/via.
PLOWING IN GENERAL
To invoke the Plow command, select Route>Interactive>Plow from the menus -orchange to Route Mode and <click> the toolbar button -orchange to Route Mode and select the Plow Action Key. The Plow command can be invoked on a previously selected pin or trace or the Plow command can be invoked before selecting a pin or trace. The quickest way to plow route one or more traces is: invoke the Plow command, <click> on the pin (or trace) to start routing from, <click> any anchor points desired along the trace path, then <click> on the destination pin (or trace), which automatically ends the route. Immediately select the next pin (or trace) to start a new route. Finally, when done routing the desired traces, <right-click> to cancel the Plow command.
Zoom in around the analog circuit (U13 and its associated components). Change to Route Mode if necessary and then <click> the Plow Action Key. <Click> on a pin of one of the resistors or capacitors associated to U13 that has a netline attached. Now <click> on another pin attached to that net if its nearby to complete the route. You should be ready to route more traces. If the route didnt complete, try routing it again but place anchor points (<click>) along the way to force a path for the trace. If the route did complete, but not to your satisfaction, use the Undo command and try again by placing anchor points. Note: If All Open Netlines are toggled off in the Display Control dialog, the specific netlines will automatically display when routing that net.
PLOW MODES
There are four plow modes to choose from when manually routing: Forced Plow, Route Plow, Angle Plow, and Dyna-Plow. Each have special characteristics and can be used interchangeably. After invoking the Plow command, select the <F3> Toggle Plow Modes Action Key to toggle modes. Which Plow Modes will be available for toggling is based on the mode being enabled in the Editor Control - Routes dialog. FORCED PLOW Forced Plow is the default plow mode. This is the most basic manual routing mode and is used to create a specific or forced trace path. No vias will be placed automatically. The prospective trace displays as a rubber-banding hockey stick. ROUTE PLOW Route Plow is a smarter plow mode, taking advantage of semi-automatic routing algorithms. It honors layer direction bias, and will automatically insert vias and change layers if necessary. Route Plow can be used to intelligently cover longer distances between anchor points. The prospective trace displays as a straight rubber-banding line. Note: Route Plow is directly affected by the Interactive settings in the Editor Control - General dialog.
ANGLE PLOW Angle Plow allows any angle routing. angles other than 45 and 90 do not shove, so use Angle Plow sparingly. gloss setting (discussed later) has during Angle Plow. Traces at push and Also, the no effect
Note: Angle Plow is disabled by default in the Editor Control - Routes dialog. DYNA-PLOW Dyna-Plow is a unique plow mode similar to Forced Plow. It is not toggled with an Action Key, but rather it is activated using a <click-drag>. Dyna-Plow is useful for clearing a path by shoving other traces aside. To use Dyna-Plow, select a start point (pin, trace or via) and <click-drag> the left mouse key. The trace is dynamically laid down as the cursor is moved. Let up on the mouse key to place an anchor.
GLOSS MODES
While plowing a trace, Expedition PCB dynamically cleans up the trace path, removing unnecessary bends. This is known as glossing. Glossing has three modes to choose from: Gloss On, Gloss Partial, and Gloss Off. Each have special characteristics and can be used interchangeably. During the plow command, the <F4> Toggle Gloss Mode Action Key is available for toggling modes. GLOSS ON Gloss On is the default gloss mode. It automatically removes jogs and acute angles from the trace for manufacturability. Also, if possible, the trace entry into pads is modified to conform to Pad Entry preferences in the Editor Control dialog. GLOSS PARTIAL Gloss Partial places the trace exactly where you <click>. No automatic clean up takes place. GLOSS OFF Gloss Off behaves just like Gloss Partial, except trace segments added while in this mode are semi-fixed and cannot be shoved by either interactive or automatic routing commands during the current editing session. Remember! Any portion of the route can be moved manually. Closing the PCB layout and reopening it resets the status of those trace segments to be as any other unfixed traces.
UNDO / REDO
While Plowing a trace, the previous anchor points can be undone by using the Undo command. The Redo command puts the undone anchor points back in. The Undo and Redo Action Keys are the most convenient from here.
CHANGING LAYERS
There are several ways to change trace layers while manually routing. Changing layers while plowing automatically adds a via. After placing an anchor point while plowing, a ghosted via displays, indicating its size and location if the user were to immediately change layers. When changing layers, the newly placed via may bump other vias and traces out of the way. BETWEEN LAYER PAIRS While plowing a trace, press the <space bar> or <double-click> or use the Add Via Action Key to automatically place a via and change to the paired layer (layer pairs are set in Editor Control). Routing continues uninterrupted on the new layer. TO ANY LAYER While plowing a trace, <click> on a different layer on the Layer tab of the Display Control dialog or press the <up arrow>/<down arrow> keys (watch the status bar) to automatically place a via and change layers. Routing continues uninterrupted on the new layer.
CHANGING WIDTHS/VIAS
While plowing a trace, <right-click> to display a popup menu with width and via overrides. The Change Width items on the menu allow temporarily setting the trace width to the Minimum, Typical or Expansion trace widths defined for that Net Class. The Change Next Via items on the menu allow selecting any available via padstack, regardless of what is assigned in Net Classes, as the next via placed. Once placed, the default will resort back to the Net Class assigned via.
MOVING TRACES/VIAS
To move existing traces and vias, Expedition PCB must be in Route Mode, but not in any particular route command, such as Plow. <Click-drag> on a via, a trace segment, or trace vertex to move it. Other traces and vias will get pushed out of the way if theres room and if theyre not semi-fixed, fixed, or locked. Usually traces and vias can be moved so as to jump over existing traces and vias and component pins, as long as theres no clearance violations. Note: Sometimes moving (and jumping) involves too many objects or is too complex to complete. In that case, try covering smaller distances or try a different approach. USING THE <SHIFT> KEY Using a <Shift><click-drag> to move a trace segment attached to a pad allows bypassing the pad entry rules. Using a <Shift><click-drag> to move a fanout via aids in straightening the attached trace segment.
AUTO FINISH
To automatically finish (or attempt to finish) connecting a trace while plowing, use the Auto Finish Action Key. This works best when the finish path is predictable and want to save a <click> or two. Auto Finish is actually a semi-automatic routing function that is used during manual routing.
MANUAL FANOUT
A single via fanout can be placed while plowing. Select a pin to start routing and then, without placing an anchor point, <click> the Fanout Action Key.
PUSHING TRACES TO ANOTHER LAYER

To push trace segments to another layer and automatically place any needed vias, first select the desired trace segment(s). Then select the destination layer from the Display Control - Layers tab (or with the <up arrow>/<down arrow> keys). Finally, use the Push Trace Action Key.
STOP PLOWING
To end any route command, such as Plow, just <right-click>. Some routing commands can contain several levels so each <right-click> backs out of the command one level. If a pop-up menus appears, the command is completely exited.
COPYING TRACES/VIAS
Existing traces and vias can be copied in order to save time and effort. The end points of the copied traces need to line up with new pins/traces of the same net. The copy will take on the new net name. To copy a trace first select it, <click> the Copy Trace toolbar button. A ghost image of the trace(s) will be attached to the cursor. Place it down. Dissimilar nets are metal conflicts so some pushing/shoving may occur.
MOVING ROUTED COMPONENTS

A component can still be moved, rotated, or pushed, if traces are attached to its pins. Once the component is in its new location, the traces will attempt to re-route themselves. Note: Components with fixed or locked traces attached to any of its pins, cannot be moved, rotated, or pushed.
DELETING
TRACES/VIAS
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Route all of the short traces within the U13 analog circuit. You may need to move and/or rotate components. Hint: When routing between SMD and through pins, start at the SMD pin first to easily set the correct active layer. Tweak all of the trace paths to your liking. Fence select around your new traces and <click> the Fix Selected Items toolbar button. Dont forget to save you layout!
To easily delete all unfixed traces and vias, select Route>Delete All Traces and Vias from the menus. As discussed early in the course, any selected trace segments could be deleted using the <Delete> key or the Delete toolbar button.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC ROUTING
Commands that blur between manual routing and automatic routing such as Fanout, Multi-Plow, Route, Reroute, Tune, and Gloss are considered semiautomatic. For these commands to work, pins, traces, vias, and/or netlines have to be previously selected. During manual routing, Auto Finish and Push are also considered semi-automatic routing commands. The pushing and shoving of traces/vias while manually routing/editing is actually rerouting semi-automatically. Note: The Multi-Plow and Tune commands are advanced topics and are not covered in the course.
REROUTE
When a routed trace is no longer optimum because of subsequent routing or placement editing, select the trace and then <click> the Reroute Action Key to allow Expedition PCB re-examine the trace path and reroute it. Note: The Reroute command is directly affected by the Interactive settings in the Editor Control - General dialog.
GLOSS
The Gloss Action Key can be invoked on selected traces to clean them up for manufacturing. The Gloss command will not move or delete vias, nor reroute traces around different pads.
ROUTE
A trace can be quickly routed by selecting pin(s) and using the Route Action Key. This calls on basic auto-routing algorithms to route the trace(s). Any selected pins, vias, traces, and netlines can be quickly routed this way.
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Practice your interactive routing skills now. Route some of the netlines in your layout using the different Plow modes, change layers (placing vias), move and reroute traces, etc. Z-z-z-z-z-z-z! When youre done practicing, select Edit>Delete All Traces and Vias from the menus so you have something for the auto router to do. Dont worry, your fixed traces and vias will survive.
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Use the Find command to zoom in around the crystal Y1. Zoom out a little, if necessary, to see the other components that are connected to it (U14, etc.). <Triple-click> on one of the pins of Y1 to select the entire net. <Click> the Route Action Key to route all of the pins on that net. Tweak the new traces as desired. <Triple-click> on the pin again to select the entire net and then <click> the Fix Selected Items toolbar button. Route (and fix) the other pin of Y1 similarly. Note: The Route command is directly affected by the Interactive settings in the Editor Control - General dialog.
AUTOMATIC ROUTING
Expedition PCB can automatically route the entire layout, selected nets, filtered nets, or specific nets. Select Route>Auto Route from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button while in Route Mode) to display the Auto Route dialog.
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AUTOMATIC VS. INTERACTIVE ROUTING

As discussed previously, there are times to manually route and times to auto route.
MIX IT UP
Automatic routing can be done at any time during the layout process. Automatic routing can be used exclusively or mixed with interactive routing, getting the bulk of the routing work out of the way or taking care of repetitive routing tasks.
DONT MIX IT UP
The automatic routing algorithms are the same algorithms used in the semi-automatic and manual routing commands. With automatic routing, different routing passes can be set, thus having more control and potentially attaining a higher percent completion in less time.
AUTO ROUTE DIALOG
Insert a new auto route pass. Move the selected pass within the list.
List of auto route passes, processed from top to bottom.
To process checkbox. Start the auto router based on the passes to process. Routing status.
Save (and delete) route schemes.
Display the Auto Route Options dialog. Display the Interrupt Auto Route dialog.
Reduce the Auto Route dialog to a Mini Status. Opens the current auto route status AutoRouteReport{xx}.txt file using the Windows Notepad.
AUTO ROUTE PASSES

<Click> the New Pass button on the Auto Route dialog to add routing passes (rows) to the list. Several passes with the same Pass Type but with different effort levels, nets, layers, etc. specified can co-exist in the list. Since the auto router runs the list in order from top to bottom, the passes can be re-ordered. First select a pass in the list and then <click> on the Move Up or Move Down buttons on the Auto Route dialog.
NO VIA The No Via pass makes general horizontal and vertical connections to pad and vias. No new vias are placed. ROUTE The Route pass routes any connection, mostly honoring layer bias, and placing vias as needed. TUNE The Tune pass attempts to tune all nets that have time/length rules defined. VIA MIN The Via Min pass eliminates vias by rerouting. SMOOTH The Smooth pass reroutes traces in order to eliminate meander (eliminating unnecessary vertices). EXPAND The Expand pass expands traces, where possible, to their Expansion Width defined in Net Classes. SPREAD The Spread pass spreads traces, where possible, to exceed clearance rules up to 2X.
PASSES TO PROCESS
The Pass checkbox is used to enable the pass for routing. While the auto router is running, enabled passes are automatically disabled when that pass is completed.
PASS TYPES
Each Pass Type is used to get specific routing results during that pass and is complimented by other pass types that take place before and after it. Note: The pass types Expedition PCB licensing. MEMORY The Memory pass is optimized to route memory arrays pin to pin on like components. No vias are placed. FANOUT The Fanout pass connects SMD pads to vias, allowing subsequent route passes to connect on other layers. available depend on
ITEMS TO ROUTE
For each pass, the Items to Route can be All Nets, Filtered Nets, Selected Nets, Tuned Pin-Pairs, Differential Pairs, or specific Nets from the list.
START Lower Start effort levels are used on passes that have not been run previously and/or on a barely routed layout. Higher Start effort levels are used where much of the layout is already routed. END Higher End effort levels are used on denser layouts and/or after other passes (Pass Types) have done their work. In certain cases, higher effort levels will be ignored if there is nothing more that the particular Pass Type can do. NOW The Now column displays the effort level currently running. The trick is to start at lower effort levels on a fresh layout and conservatively work up to higher effort levels. Warning! Effort level 5 for the Route Pass Type will do whatever necessary to make connections. Use it sparingly.
EFFORT LEVELS
Effort levels can be assigned to each pass. The higher the effort level, the more the auto router will try to complete the task. Higher effort levels are not always appropriate as they may create undesirable trace paths and/or block routing channels. The effort levels for each Pass Type are as follows: 1 thru 3 Memory = Fanout = 1 thru 3 No Via = 1 thru 3 Route = 1 thru 5 Tune = 1 Via Min = 1 thru 5 Smooth = 1 thru 3 Expand = 1 thru 3 Spread = 1 thru 3 The Start and End effort levels need to be specified for each pass. The End effort level must be equal to or higher than the Start effort level. If a Start effort level for a pass is set to 1 and an End effort level is set to 3, that pass will run three consecutive times, one for each effort, before moving on to the next pass.
LAYERS
For each pass, the routing Layers can set to All Enabled or just specific Enabled Layers.
AUTO ROUTE SCHEMES

After setting up the Auto Route passes, an Auto Route Scheme can be saved for later use. As with other schemes in Expedition PCB, the options are to Save locally with job or Save with PCB system files.
ROUTE / VIA GRIDS

For each pass, the Rte. Grid (route grid) and Via Grid can be set to the Editor Control Default, to None, or to a specific value.
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FIX
After each pass, the traces routed in that pass can be fixed automatically.
On the Auto Route dialog, <click> on the Save Scheme button. On the Save Scheme dialog enter a Scheme name. Toggle on the Save locally with job option and toggle off the Save with PCB system files option. <Click> the OK button to save the scheme.
AUTO ROUTE OPTIONS

<Click> the Options button to display the Auto Route Options dialog. The Allow Via Min, Smooth, Expand and Spread if not routed to 100% option may block routing channels for future routing. Set the Auto Route AutoSave interval time here or through the Editor Control dialog.
PAUSE
After each pass, the auto router can be paused. This allows viewing and even hand editing the routed traces before continuing on to the next pass. To resume auto routing, <click> the Route button again.
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On the Auto Route dialog, <click> the New Pass button. A row is inserted into the list of passes.
<Click> the Move Down button until the new pass is at the bottom of the list. For that last pass, change the Pass Type to Smooth.
RUNNING THE AUTO ROUTER

Once the Auto Route dialog is set up, <click> the Route button to optionally save the layout and begin auto routing.
INTERRUPT AUTO ROUTING

While the auto router is running, <click> the Interrupt button on the Auto Route dialog to stop routing or just create a user checkpoint (a temporary save).
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Verify that all of the passes in the Pass column are toggle on and the Items to Route is set to All Nets for all passes. <Click> the Route button on the Auto Route dialog to route the rest of the layout. When prompted to Save current changes before Routing?, <click> the Yes button. The passes are processed starting at the top of the list. The Pass checkbox is cleared when that pass is completed. While the auto router is running, completed traces are dynamically added to the graphics display. All zooming and panning functions are available. Graphics items can be toggled on or off using the Display Control dialog. <Click> the Mini Status button on the Auto Route dialog to display a smaller Auto Route Mini Status dialog, making more room for viewing the graphics.
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Did it route 100%? <Click> the Report button on the Auto Route dialog. Examine the routing report and close it (Notepad) when youre done.
<Click> the Close button on the Auto Route dialog. Take a few minutes to detail your layout, moving and possibly rerouting traces and vias.
CHANGING TRACE WIDTHS

Trace widths should ideally be controlled thru Net Classes but sometimes individual trace segments need to changed. To manually change trace widths for selected trace segments, select Route>Change Width from the menus (or <click> the toolbar button). On the Change Width dialog, enter a New width or select a previously specified width from the pulldown list.
CHANGING MULTIPLE WIDTHS

If more than one trace width has been selected, those widths will display in the Current width field separated by slashes. Specify a New width for each by also separating them with slashes (i.e. 8/10/12).
CHANGING TO DEFAULT WIDTHS

To change selected trace segments back their Net Class widths, choose Net Class Width from the New width pulldown list.
18
Now that the layout is routed, you should check it for routing problems.
19
Select File>Save Copy from the menus and <click> the Yes button to save your layout.
Save your layout and then <click> on the Batch DRC toolbar button. On the Batch DRC dialog, DRC Settings tab, toggle on the following options (refer to the Verifying the Layout lab for previous Batch DRC settings): Net Class clearances and rules On the Batch DRC dialog, in the Layers list, select only Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 5, and Layer 6. On the Batch DRC dialog, Connectivity and Special Rules tab, toggle on the following options: All Traces options All Nets options Holes/Pads/Vias options: Dangling vias / jumpers Vias under SMD pads On the Batch DRC dialog, <click> the Save scheme button to save a local only Batch DRC scheme called routes. Now <click> the OK button to process Batch DRC on the layout. <Click> the Review Hazards toolbar button. On the Review Hazards dialog, select the Batch pulldown menu and review each of the hazard types on that menu. Ignore any Unrouted / Partial Nets hazards associated to the nets GND, VCC, VDD, and VEE. Repair any other routing problems you may have. Close the Review Hazards dialog, save the layout, and re-run Batch DRC. Review hazards again.
On the Job Management Wizard Copy dialog, <click> in the New project filename field and enter c:\mgtraining\project\2001routed\2001.prj (you can copy/paste from the Source project filename field and make the appropriate changes). Immediately <click> in the New PCB design filename field and then <click> the Finish button.
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
NG
ENERATING PLANES
This chapter discusses how to generate positive and negative planes on dedicated plane layers and on routed signal layers. The topics covered are:
WHAT ARE PLANES? NEGATIVE VS. POSITIVE PLANE SHAPES PROCESSING PLANES DELETING PLANE DATA VERIFYING PLANE DATA
N-1
WHAT ARE PLANES?

Planes are metal fills, normally tied to a power or ground net. A PCB layer can be a dedicated plane layer, associated to one net or to several nets (split plane), or it can be a routed signal layer containing plane areas. Several planes, assigned to several different nets, can exist in a single layout. Through component pads and vias, that are associated to the same net as the plane, are automatically connected to that plane. Pads and traces not associated to the same net as the plane are automatically provided plane clearances. The planes should be processed after all placement and routing has been completed. If placement and/or routing changes, such as incorporating an Engineering Change Order, planes should be re-processed to allow for new pad and trace locations and connections.
Select Setup>Setup Parameters from the menus and <click> the Planes tab. Select Layer 3 and verify that the GND net is assigned to it. Select Layer 4 and verify that VCC, VDD, and VEE nets are assigned to it. Add VDD and VEE nets to Layer 4 if they are not already assigned and set their Clearance to 12. Close the Setup Parameters dialog when youre done. To see what youre doing, turn off some of the graphic objects using the Display Control dialog. - On the Parts tab, toggle off both the Top and Bottom options. - On the General tab, toggle off Route Obstructs and Origin - NC Drill. - On the Place & Route tab, toggle on Plane Data and Fill Plane Shapes (Options group). Select Lyr 4 and then toggle off both the Pads and Traces of all of the other layers (but leave the main Pads and Traces options toggled on). Save a local only Display Control scheme called layer 4.
N-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
NEGATIVE VS. POSITIVE

Plane data can be created in two flavors negative and positive. A particular plane layer will contain either negative plane data or positive plane data not both.
PLANE SHAPES
A Plane Shape is a keep in area used when processing plane data and must be assigned to a specific net. The Route Border can be used as a plane shape in order to contain the plane data of a single net on a given layer. If more than one plane net is needed on a particular layer or the Route Border is not used as a plane shape, then the required plane shapes must be created and each assigned a net. Plane shapes are draw objects, so Draw Mode must be used to create and manipulate the shapes.
NEGATIVE PLANES
Negative planes are processed so that the photoplot image is an image of non-copper. Then, for board fabrication, the negative image of the layer is used. Negative plane graphics for unconnected pads show a clearance ring around pads that are not connected to the plane. Graphics for thermal connections show the copper void between connection spokes.
POSITIVE PLANES
Positive planes are processed so that the photoplot image shows the actual copper area of the plane. Positive planes must be used when flooding copper around traces and pads or when hatching is necessary. Positive plane graphics are drawn using an outline around the clearance area surrounding the pad, then the plane is filled to that line. Graphics for thermal connections normally contain the spokes connecting from the pad to the filled area.
Select Edit>Place>Plane Shape from the menus (or Route>Planes>Place Shape). This will put you in Draw Mode and the Properties dialog will have a Type of Plane Shape ready to go. If the Properties dialog does not display, <click> the Draw toolbar Properties button.
PLANE SHAPE PROPERTIES

The Draw Mode Properties dialog allows several settings to be assigned to a particular plane shape.
The Snap Grid button on the Draw toolbar should be pressed in to indicate that snap mode is on. Also verify that the snap grid is set to 25. On the Nets tab of the Display Control dialog, toggle on the Color by net option. In the Net Names list, toggle on the nets VCC, VDD, and VEE. Assign a unique color to each of the three nets. The Layer field of the Properties dialog should be set to 4P (the active layer). In the Net field of the Properties dialog, select VDD from the pulldown list. Zoom in around the highlighted pads. Draw a polygon around the highlighted VDD pads while avoiding the VCC and VEE pads (it doesnt have to be perfect youll have a chance to modify the shape in the next lab item). Remember, to automatically complete the last segment of the polygon, <right-click> and choose Close Polygon from the popup menu. <Click> the Add Polygon button on the Draw toolbar to re-initialize the command in order to draw a second plane shape. On the Properties dialog, change the Net field to VEE and repeat the drawing process for that net, avoiding VCC and VDD pads. Note: VCC will use the Route Border as a plane shape on this layer.
LAYER
The plane shape must be assigned to a physical Layer.
NET
The plane shape must be assigned a Net from the nets contained in the database. When a net is chosen from the list, any visible pads attached to that net will be net selected (temporarily highlighted) in graphics. The net Shield Area (at the top of the list) is used when a plane fill is required but does not connect to any pads.
HATCH
The plane shape can be filled to less than 100% by using a particular hatch pattern such as 45 or 90 criss-crossed lines. Plane shapes can be assigned a Hatch Type (pattern), a Hatch Width (line width), and a Hatch Distance (center-to-center distance between lines). The Default hatch options use the hatch settings from the Planes Processor (discussed later).
ROUTE OBSTRUCT
The plane shape can optionally act as a Route Obstruct (which is the default setting). When creating plane shapes around traces and vias, toggle the Route Obstruct option off otherwise routing changes will not be allowed within the shape.
MODIFYING PLANE SHAPES

To modify the plane shape itself, any of the Draw Mode commands can be used for moving a vertex, adding a vertex, or deleting a vertex. Note: If two plane shapes overlap, the proper clearance from Setup Parameters will be maintained by cutting into the larger of the two shapes. With the Display Control Fill Plane Shapes option toggled on, the graphics will simulate what the final processed planes will look like. To modify the planes shapes properties, such as assigning a different net to the shape, select the shape and then make the necessary changes on the Properties dialog.
Important! <Click> on nothing to deselect any selected plane shapes before poking around on the Properties dialog. If you need to modify a plane shape, select it and then <click-drag> any of its endpoint or midpoint handles. Hint: To add a vertex to the polygon, <Ctrl><clickdrag> on a mid-point handle. To delete a vertex, select the desired vertex, then <click> the Delete End Point Handle button on the Draw toolbar (or vice-versa). Now, select one of the plane shapes and verify that the correct net is assigned to it by monitoring the Properties dialog. If the selected shape appears to have the wrong pads highlighted, just change the net assigned to it. Select the other plane shape and make sure everything is as correct. Finally, in anticipation of the engineers next move, you might want to spread these plane shapes out to encompass the Analog discrete parts (as shown). Toggle on the Pads visibility for layer 6 in order to see them.
PLANE SHAPES AND TRACES

Plane shapes can be drawn on signal layers before or after routing. Of course the processing of these planes must be done after all routing is completed. Note: By default, plane shapes are set to act as route obstructs, which will restrict future trace and via editing within the shape.
PROCESSING PLANES
Processing planes means generating plane data based on the plane definitions in Setup Parameters and any existing plane shapes within the layout. When processing positive planes, the plane shapes are filled with graphics. When processing negative planes, graphics for the clearances will be created.
The engineer now wants a GND shield around the Analog circuit on the bottom side of the layout.
SETUP PARAMETERS
As discussed previously, on the Planes tab within the Setup Parameters dialog, the plane Type (positive or negative), the plane net, the plane-to-plane clearances, and the Route Border option are defined.
On the Display Control Place & Route tab, toggle the main Pads option on. Select Lyr 6 and then toggle off the Pads and Traces for layers 3 and 4. Use the Find command to zoom in around part U13. When youre there, zoom out enough to see the entire Analog circuit. Select Edit>Place>Plane Shape from the menus. On the Draw Mode Properties dialog, verify that the Layer field is set to 6 and the Net is GND. Scroll down and toggle off the Route Obstruct option. Draw a polygon around the U13 (even though its mounted on the top) and the other 12 discrete components. Edit the polygon if needed.
NET CLASSES AND CLEARANCES

Within the Net Classes and Clearances dialog, the Clearance rules for Net Classes are also honored for planes. Positive plane data is considered traces so the Trace-Trace, Trace-Pad, and Trace-Via clearances are used. Negative plane data only uses the TraceTrace clearance because the padstack definition is used for pad and via clearances.
PADSTACKS
The plane clearance and thermal can be built into the padstack. If this plane information is not built into the padstack, Planes Processor defaults will be used. the Select Route>Planes>Processor 6 menus (or <click> the toolbar button) fromdisplay to
the Planes Processor dialog.
PLANES PROCESSOR
The Planes Processor generates the plane data.
PLANE LAYERS
The Plane Layers list displays any layer that has been either defined as a plane layer in Setup Parameters or has an existing plane shape on that layer. The checkbox next to each layer is used for toggling whether or not to process that layer during the current Planes Processor session. the verify that 3 7 On and 6 Planes Processor dialog, list the toggled Negative, 4 Positive (different from picture shown), Positive in the Plane Layers are on for processing.
NETS FOR SELECTED LAYER

Selecting a layer in the Plane Layers list (not the process checkbox) allows access to each net within that layer from the Nets for Selected Layer list. Each net also has its own process checkbox. Each net has its own Options for selected plane net settings at the lower half of the Planes Processor dialog. and notice that GND is the only 8 <Click> on 3 Negativethe dialog now only pertains for net assigned to this layer and is toggled on processing. The rest of to this net.
NEGATIVE CLEARANCE PADS

When processing negative plane data only, the Negative clearance pads for layer option is available. The Anti-Pad option does not add a pad on that layer where as the Donut option creates a pad, even though the pad is not tied to the plane.
OPTIONS FOR SELECTED PLANE NET

The definitions set under the Options for selected plane net section of the dialog are unique for each net on each layer.
THERMAL DEFINITION
If the thermal and clearance pads are defined in the padstack, then both positive and negative planes processing will use those pads (or at least their specifications) by default. If not defined in the padstack, then the Default via connection and Default non-via settings from the Planes Processor dialog will take precedence. The Use thermal definition from padstack option is only available for positive planes. Positive planes have the option of not using the padstack thermal definitions, even if they exist.
NEGATIVE PLANE FILL DISTANCE

When processing negative plane data only, the Negative plane fill distance beyond route border option is available. Negative plane data is actually clearance or non-metal graphics, so graphics must be placed outside of the Route Border to prevent metal near the board edge during fabrication. Since the Route Border used as a 9 here and itsBoard insidewill be the Board Plane Shape 50th than Outline (see the Defining Geometry chapter), specify a Negative plane fill distance beyond route border of 75 just to be sure.
USE ROUTE BORDER

The Use route border for plane shape option carries over the setting specified in Setup Parameters for using the Route Border as a plane shape. It can be changed here. Warning! Only one net per layer can use the Route Border for this purpose. Toggling this option on will automatically toggled it off for any other net on the same layer.
DEFAULT CLEARANCES
The Contour clearance is used to clear plane data away from all contours (board cut-outs) at the specified distance. An Other object clearance distance can optionally be used between objects like pads/traces and the plane data. The larger of this Other object clearance and the Net Class Trace-Pad clearance will be used. A Plane clearance distance is read-only and comes from the Setup Parameters plane clearances. The larger of this Plane clearance and the Net Class Trace-Trace clearance will be used by the Planes Processor. Note: If the two plane areas are assigned the same net, a plane clearance of 0 can be specified for that net in Setup Parameters to allow the two planes, having different processing settings, the ability to touch.
DISCARD PLANE AREA

The Discard plane area options allows for excluding All untied areas of the plane (plane islands) or Any areas less than a specified size from the processed plane. If the All untied areas option is used, Areas tied to a single pad can also be excluded from the processed plane. In plane area options section, toggle 10 on theonDiscarddialogareas option. Leave the rest of the All untied the settings this default. The Anti-Pad option and the Use route border for plane shape option should definitely be on. Dont <click> the OK button yet!
HATCH OPTIONS
Like the button says, Hatch options for positive planes is only available for positive plane data. Each net on a given layer will have its own Hatch Options.
PLANES PROCESSOR ODDS & ENDS

A positive plane obviously does not use the Negative clearance pads for layer or Negative fill distance beyond route border options because the plane data is created as WYSIWYG graphics. Select 4 Positive the Plane 11 thatthemthree netsinare toggledLayers list and notice all on for processing (if not, toggle on). <Click> on each net in the Nets For Selected Layer list and notice that they each have their own settings. Verify that VCC is the only net that has the Use route border for plane shape option toggled on (VDD and VEE have their own shapes). Also, in the Discard plane area options section, toggle on the All untied areas option for each of the three nets. Select 6 Positive in the Plane Layers list and make any setting you feel are necessary. Recheck your work by selecting each Plane Layer and each Nets For Selected Layer, verifying the dialog settings.
On the Hatch Options dialog, select one of the Patterns, specify the line Width, and specify a center-tocenter Distance or Metal percentage. The default Width is based on the Typical trace width set for the default Net Class. The default Distance is equal to the Width, making it 100% metal or a solid plane.
PROCESSING THE PLANES

Using the OK button on the Planes Processor dialog saves the dialogs settings and generates the plane data.
button. <Click> the 13 zoom aroundFit Board toolbarnew plane Pan and to inspect your graphics for layer 4. Toggle off Fill Plane Shapes on the Display Control, if youd like, to get an unobstructed view of the actual plane data. Even if youre dissatisfied with any of the results, wait until the next lab step. On the Display Control dialog, select Lyr 3 and then toggle off Lyr 4 Traces and Pads. At the upper end of the Place & Route tab, toggle off the main Pads option (negative plane data has its own pads). Inspect the negative plane graphics. Save a local only Display Control scheme called layer 3. Set up the display for layer 6 similarly (toggle on the main Pads option) and inspect those plane graphics. Save a layer 6 Display Control scheme.
12 <Click> the OK button on the Planes Processor dialog.

Open the File Viewer and examine the log, PlanesProcessor.txt for problems. Close the File Viewer. If the Planes Processor failed, draw or reassign plane shapes as necessary and run the Planes Processor again. Check the log for a clean bill of health.
COMMON PROBLEMS
Always check the log file after processing planes data. Some common problems are: Problem: A plane net is assigned in Setup Parameters, yet no plane shape exists in the layout on the specified layer. The Planes Processor failed. Solution: Draw a plane shape based on the net and layer specified in Setup Parameters -or- remove the net from that layer in Setup Parameters. Rerun the Planes Processor. Problem: The plane shape doesnt enclose all of the pads on that net. Solution: Modify the shape to enclose all of the pads for the net and rerun the Planes Processor -or- hand route to the unconnected pads on a different layer.
DELETING PLANE DATA

Plane data does not have to be first deleted and then reprocessed when modifying planes shapes or when making component and routing changes. Running the Planes Processor will automatically delete existing plane data for the selected layers/nets to be processed. Plane data must be deleted first, before Warning! rerunning the Planes Processor, when changing a plane layers positive/negative status. If deleting plane data is necessary, select Route>Planes>Delete Plane Data from the menus. Use the Delete Plane Data dialog to Delete plane data by layer (and by net for positive plane) or Delete all plane data. with the data, such as a 14 If youTounsatisfiedeasier to a plane plane shapes the plane shape is blocking connection, repair problem(s). make it see the for editing, on the Display Control Layer tab, toggle off Plane Data. Dont forget to toggle it back on later. The Planes Processor dialog retains the previous settings. Make any settings changes and run the Planes Processor again. You may toggle off layers from being processed if they havent changed, to speed things up, but it wont hurt to process them again. Dont forget to examine the log. Use your Display Control schemes to re-inspect the planes.
VERIFYING PLANE DATA

After the planes are process, Batch DRC should be used to check the layout. Some common problems are: Problem: Unconnected plane nets. A plane shape did not enclose all pins tied to that net. Solution: Modify the plane shape to enclose all the necessary pins -or- hand route to the pin on a different layer. Problem: Plane islands. Solution: If the Planes Processor was not set to discard All untied areas for any of the plane nets, yet Batch DRC was set to check for Plane islands, change the Planes Processor settings -or- toggle off the Batch DRC check. button first. <Click> the 15 <Click> the Save toolbartoolbar button. Batch DRC On the Batch DRC dialog, toggle on the Plane clearances and rules option. Also, select all of the layers in the Layers list. <Click> on the Connectivity and Special Rules tab and toggle on the 2 Planes options. On the Batch DRC dialog, <click> the OK button to check the layout. <Click> the Review Hazards toolbar button. On the Review Hazards dialog, select Batch>Plane Violations from the menus. No problems, right? Again, check some of the other batch hazards just in case.
16 Make a backup the design by selecting File>Save Copy from the menus.
On the Job Management Wizard Copy dialog, <click> in the New project filename field and type c:\mgtraining\project\2001planes\2001.prj (you can copy/paste from the Source project filename field and make the appropriate changes). Immediately <click> in the New PCB design filename field and then <click> the Finish button. Close the Summary dialog and exit Expedition PCB.
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
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INALIZING THE SILKSCREEN
This chapter discusses renumbering/relocating reference designators and adding silkscreen nomenclature in preparation for photoplotting. The topics covered are:
WHAT IS A SILKSCREEN? RENUMBERING REFERENCE DESIGNATORS MOVING REFERENCE DESIGNATORS ADDING NOMENCLATURE GENERATING SILKSCREEN GRAPHICS
O-1
WHAT IS A SILKSCREEN?
The final step in fabricating a printed circuit board is to silkscreen assembly graphics on one or both sides of the board. The silkscreen graphics typically show component outlines, component reference designators, the board assembly part number, and miscellaneous graphics such as a company logo. When generating silkscreen graphics during the layout process, reference designators could be renumbered and moved to readable locations and any assorted nomenclature and graphics could also be added. This silkscreen information would then be processed into Gerber data for board fabrication.
Open your 2001 PCB layout if its not already open and create the following Display Control schemes.
On the Display Control General tab: -Toggle off the Route Border (the Board Outline and Mounting Holes should still be on). -Toggle on the Fabrication Layers group and then toggle each individual option off except Soldermask-Top. On the Display Control Part tab: -Toggle on the main Top and Bottom options. -Only the Part Items and Silkscreen Items groups should be toggled on. -Under the Part Items group, only Placement Outlines should be toggle on (both Top and Bottom). -Under the Silkscreen Items group, only Outlines and Ref Des should be toggle on (both Top and Bottom). -Now toggle off the main Bottom option. On the Display Control Layer tab: -Toggle off the main Traces and Pads options. Only the silkscreen outlines and reference designators for the top side of the layout should be visible along with the placement outlines, soldermask pads and board outline. Save the scheme locally only as silk edit top. Make a similar scheme for the bottom called silk edit bottom by doing the following On the Display Control Part tab: -Toggle on the main Bottom option and toggle off the main Top option. On the Display Control General tab: -Toggle on the Soldermask-Bottom option (Fabrication Layers group) and toggle off the Soldermask-Top option.
O-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
RENUMBERING REFERENCE DESIGNATORS

Renumbering component reference designators makes finding a particular component later, on the assembled board, easier since the components will be numbered in sequence. The component locations do not change, only their reference designators change (example: U9 might change to U1).
Warning! This operation requires Back Annotation which will effect the original schematic reference designator assignment. from the 2 Select ECO>Renumber Ref DesDesignator menus to display the Renumber Reference dialog. <Click> on the Top and the Bottom tabs (on the right side of the Renumber Reference Designator dialog) to get a quick look at both sides of your layout.
Filter layout side and specific components to renumber
Ref Des was is list (during the current renumber session)
Graphic view of the layout
FILTER
Specific components can be filtered for renumbering.
GRAPHICS VIEW
The right side of the Renumber Reference Designator dialog contains a graphical view of the layout. Each prefix is color coded for easy viewing. Reference designator text is displayed in graphics where possible. Some components are too small to clearly display the reference designator so, when positioning the mouse cursor over those components, the reference designator pops up temporarily.
SIDE
A specific Side of the layout can be set for renumbering Top or Bottom (or Both). Reference in 3 On the Renumberside of thethe Designators. dialog,are the Filter section, choose Side Top You going to renumber one layout at a time.
SELECTION WINDOW
With the Use selection window option toggled on, a fence can be defined, within the graphics view, around the desired components to renumber.
TOP/BOTTOM
The Top and Bottom tabs allow viewing either side of the layout (the Bottom tab was made unavailable because the filter Side was previously set to Top only).
INCLUDE IN LIST
Test Points, Spares, and Jumpers can be included in the renumber process.
DIRECTION
The direction for renumbering the filtered reference designators is set by selecting one of the eight arrow buttons surrounding the graphic view. Left to Right, Top to Bottom Right to Left, Top to Bottom Top to Bottom, Right to Left Bottom to Top, Right to Left Right to Left, Bottom to Top Left to Right, Bottom to Top Bottom to Top, Left to Right Top to Bottom, Left to Right
PREFIXES
One or more reference designator prefixes can be specified to filter the desired components. These prefixes can be part of an Include or Exclude list. The asterisk (*) represents all reference designator prefixes. Note: Type in the desired prefix(es), such as R or R C, and the press the <Enter> key to activate the filter.
RENUMBER BAND WIDTH

The white vertical or horizontal lines (depending on the selected Direction) in the graphic view, divide the layout into renumber bands. Components within a particular band will get numbered sequentially before the renumber process moves on to the next band. The Renumber band width field is used to specify an appropriate band width. field the lower In 4 thethe Renumber band widthpressatthe <Enter>end of dialog, specify 750 and key. (This setting is based on the placement used previously in this course. If your placement differs significantly, try this number first and then re-adjust it if necessary.) Within the graphics view on the right, manually drag the band width lines, if needed, to optimize which components fall into which band. If the width needs to vary from band to band, the dividing lines can be adjusted individually by dragging them to the desired position. Note: Which band a component falls into is determined by the major portion of the components placement outline within that band. To verify which component will get numbered in which band, move the mouse cursor over the bands and the components within a single band will temporarily highlight.
PROCESS LIST
The Process list is a Was Is list for the current Renumber Reference Designator session Old Ref Des and New Ref Des. The icon next to each Old Ref Des denotes which side of the layout that component is on. Selecting a reference designator in the list temporarily highlights the component in the graphic view.
MANUAL RENUMBER
Reference Designators in the New Ref Des column can be modified manually one at a time. The graphics view will maintain the Old Ref Des number until the changes are applied.
AUTO RENUMBER
Based on the filters and the direction, the reference designators can be renumbered automatically.
STARTING NUMBER
The default Starting number is 1, but any number can be specified to begin the numbering sequence for the current filtered components (example: U100).
PREFIX / SUFFIX
If a Prefix is specified here, all reference designator prefixes for components in the current filter will be overridden with the new prefix (example: U9 and U10 could be changed to IC1 and IC2). Warning! When overriding the prefix, be sure and set the Prefixes filter to a specific prefix. Otherwise the Auto Renumber process will make all prefixes the same. An optional Suffix can be added to the reference designator of the components in the current filter (example: U9 and U10 could easily be changed to U1A and U2A).
Renumber button. On <Click> 5 Renumberthe Autoverify that the Starting number isthe dialog, 1
Now renumber the bottom side components by doing the following:
Set the Filter - Side to Bottom. Set Direction: Right to Left, Top to Bottom (because the layout is mirrored in the graphics view). Specify 300 in the Renumber band width field and press the <Enter> key (again, try this number first and then readjust it if necessary). If necessary, manually adjust the band width lines so the capacitors and resistors fall into nice neat rows for renumbering. Because there are duplicate reference designators, youll need to process the capacitors and resistors separate from each other. Specify C in the Prefixes field and then press the <Enter> key to apply the filter to just the capacitors. <Click> the Auto Renumber button. On the Renumber dialog, specify a Starting number of 3 (C1 and C2 are already used). <Click> the OK button. Repeat the process for prefix R and this time specify a Starting number of 2 (R1 is already used). Set the Filter - Side to Both. Specify * (an asterisk) in the Prefixes field and press the <Enter> key. All components on both sides should be available. <Click> on the Top and Bottom tabs of the graphics view to examine your renumbering work. If youre satisfied, <click> the OK button on the Renumber Reference Designator dialog to actually update the layout. Examine your layout and then save it.
and no Prefix nor Suffix is specified. button.
<Click> the OK
Check out the graphics view on the right to see the new reference designators. Examine the Process list. Any problems? The duplicates can be removed when you renumber the bottom of the layout. Note: When manually editing reference designators or when using Auto Renumber with only one side of the layout available (using the Side filter), it is possible to end up with duplicate reference designators. Expedition PCB will not let you keep the duplicates so they must be resolved in order to save the current renumber session.
MOVING REFERENCE DESIGNATORS

In preparation for the silkscreen artwork, the reference designator text needs to be moved away from pads, resized, and rotated if necessary.
MOVING TEXT
Selected text can be moved by 1) dragging the text to a new location or 2) specifying a new Location X and Location Y on the Properties dialog. The Placement Outline of the component is temporarily highlighted when the its reference designator is selected. When working on a crowded layout, toggle on the Placement Outlines graphics to keep track of what reference designator belongs to what component. Select one of the reference designators youd like to move. Locate the mouse cursor over the selected texts boundary box, the pointer cursor changes into a move cursor. At this point <click-drag> the text to where you want it. (Of course, locate the reference designator near the part but outside of the Silkscreen Outline and away from pads.) Keep the following in mind: -Several reference designators can be moved and/or rotated at once by first selecting them (using a fence select or the <Ctrl><click>). -Set a smaller grid snap to have more control over the location of the reference designators. The keyboard arrow keys can be used to move the selected object one grid point at a time. Take the time now to move and rotate any of the reference designators away from the soldermask pads, making the layout pretty. Be careful not to modify anything else like Silkscreen Outlines. Select the silk edit bottom scheme and pretty up the bottom reference designators, too. Save your layout.
TEXT PROPERTIES
Since text are draw items, Draw Mode must be used to manipulate reference designator text. While in Draw Mode, the selected texts Properties are displayed, allowing the change of the font, size, rotation, etc everything but the String. (To change the prefix for or renumber reference designators, only the Renumber Reference Designator command can be used.)
Select the silk edit top Display Control scheme. <Click> the Draw Mode toolbar button.
Select any reference designator text that you want to manipulate. Once selected, the text should have a boundary box around it and, on the Draw Mode Properties dialog, the Type will be Text. On the Properties dialog, make modifications if youd like such as the rotation or size. Repeat this for any other reference designator text. Dont worry about moving the text yet thats in the next lab step. Note: More than one text item can be manipulated at the same time by first selecting them using a fence or using the <Ctrl><click>.
DELETING TEXT
Some reference designators exist on both the top and bottom of the layout such as an edge connector. These were built into the cell. Any reference designator text can be deleted without affecting the database integrity. Note: if undesirable modifications have been made to a cell in the layout, the cells can be refreshed from the local libraries with the Replace Cell command.
ADDING NOMENCLATURE AND GRAPHICS

Adding loose text on a layout is sometimes necessary for silkscreening board assembly numbers.
Select the silk edit top Display Control scheme.
<Click> the Draw Mode toolbar button. If the Draw Mode Properties dialog is not displayed, <click> the button again. On the Draw toolbar, <click> the Add Text button. On the Properties dialog, select Silkscreen Top from the Layer pulldown list. Also specify the following text parameters: Height: 75 Rotation: 0 Pen width: 0 String: PWA2001 Make sure the Mirror button is not pressed. It is also recommended to use one of the Gerber fonts. The text string should be attached to your cursor. Place it anywhere you have room.
GENERATING SILKSCREEN GRAPHICS

When assembling the finished board, silkscreen ink on component pads will contaminate the solder process.
SILKSCREEN GENERATOR
The Silkscreen Generator can be used to break silkscreen graphics away from pads.
DESIGN LAYERS
Information is be extracted from selected layers such as the Reference Designators, Silkscreen Outlines and any user defined layers. This extracted information will then be placed on a separate Silkscreen layer as dumb graphics, nicely trimmed away from any pads and ready for photo-plotting.
10
Select Output>Silkscreen Generator from the menus.
At the bottom of the Silkscreen Generator dialog, select the following layers to extract silkscreen information from for the Top side silkscreen for selected cell types: Silkscreen Reference Designators Top Silkscreen Outlines Top Also select the following layers for the Bottom side silkscreen for selected cell types: Silkscreen Reference Designators Bottom Silkscreen Outlines Bottom
BREAKING GRAPHICS AND TEXT

To break silkscreen away from pads, the objects and clearances must be specified.
11
Finish filling in the Silkscreen Generator dialog using the following settings:
LAYOUT SIDE
The Silkscreen side to process can be set to Top, Bottom, or Both sides of the layout.
Silkscreen side to process: Both Break silkscreen using: Soldermask Pads Process: All Package Groups Toggle on the Pad clearance and Via clearance options for both Break graphics and Break text. Verify that the clearance distance is 0 for these options. Set both Width options to 8. <Click> the OK button on the Silkscreen Generator dialog. Using the File Viewer, SilkscreenGenerator.txt log. examine the
PADS
The Break silkscreen using option can be set to use Conductive Pads or Soldermask Pads for breaking the silkscreen.
CLEARANCES
To Break graphics and Break Text away from component pads and vias, a Pad clearance and Via clearance must be specified for each. The clearance is from either the conductive pads or soldermask pads, to the silkscreen. A 0 (zero) clearance specifies breaking the silkscreen at the edge of the pad.
Note: The Silkscreen Generator must be run after any changes to the original reference designators, component silkscreen outlines, etc.
LINE WIDTHS
The line Widths options for Graphic lines and Text lines must be specified. The generated silkscreen graphics will be created using these line widths which will eventually be the photo-plotted width.
12
Select the silk edit top Display Control scheme again.
On the Parts tab, under the Silkscreen Items group, toggle off Outlines and Ref Des and then toggle on Silkscreen Layer to see the generated silkscreen graphics. Also, toggle off Place Outlines and then save this as a new local Display Control scheme called silk top. Browse around your layout and look for reference designators with silkscreen breaks. If you find any, repair the problem by first selecting your silk edit top Display Control scheme, move the reference designator text away from the pad, then a re-run the Silkscreen Generator. Repeat the above steps in this lab item for the bottom side of the layout.
Make a backup of the layout by selecting File>Save Copy from the menus. Save your backup to c:\mgtraining\project\2001silk.
13
Exit Expedition PCB.
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
PG
ENERATING GERBER DATA
This chapter discusses generating Gerber output and viewing that output in GerbTool. The topics covered are:
PHOTO-PLOTTING OVERVIEW PHOTO-PLOTTING OUTPUT REVIEWING GERBER DATA
P-1
PHOTO-PLOTTING OVERVIEW
Now that all the layout graphics are done, special plot data must be generated. For every separate piece of artwork needed to fabricate a printed circuit board (i.e. copper layers, soldermasks, etc.) there needs to be an individual Gerber photo-plot. This Gerber data (along with drill data and a fabrication document) are used by the board fabricator to make the physical printed circuit board.
GERBER MACHINE FORMAT

Expedition PCB outputs the industry standard 274X and 274D Gerber formats. Each 274X Gerber photo-plot includes the list of apertures (D-Codes) used. With 274D, an external aperture list must be supplied with the photoplots. Open 1 Selectyour 2001 PCB layout if its not already open. Setup>Gerber Machine Format from the menus. In the list of Gerber machine format files, select gerbermachinefile1.gmf. You will be using this file (and these settings) when writing Gerber. Look over the settings but do not change anything. <Click> the Close button.
APERTURES & D-CODES FOR DUMMIES

Invisible to the user, a (camera) aperture is assigned to each unique graphic element in the layout based on elements size/width. For instance, all .008 traces in the layout will use a specific aperture. Each aperture is automatically described during output and mapped to DCodes within the Gerber data. There are two basic modes for apertures, flash and draw. Flash apertures are where the camera aperture flashes a single instance of the shape (example: .025 round shape for a particular component pad). Draw apertures are where the camera aperture stays open and draws with the shape, which is usually round (example: .025 round shape drawn for .025 traces). In the previous examples, the same .025 round aperture will be used to both flash or draw as needed.
Note: The Gerber Machine Format dialog is just for creating or editing the Gerber machine format file. This is not where the desired file is selected for use.
P-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
PHOTO-PLOTTING OUTPUT
Gerber data for each piece of artwork is written to individual plot files. These Gerber plot files are then sent to the printed circuit board fabricator. Select 2 GerberOutput>Gerber from the menus to display the Output dialog.
GERBER MACHINE FORMAT FILE

The required Gerber Machine Format file (discussed previously) must be chosen for the current photoplotting session. At the bottom of the Gerber Output dialog, 3 <click>openGerber Machine Format file .browse the gerbermachinefile1.gmf button and
OUTPUT FILE PARAMETERS

The Parameters tab of the Gerber Output dialog is used to create new Output files or rename existing ones. The actual contents for each output file is defined elsewhere.
FILES TO PROCESS
The names specified here will eventually become the individual plot files stored on the computers harddrive. button 5 On the Parameterstotab, <click> the New on the just above the Files process list. <Click> new New.gdo file name, change the name to layer1 and then press <Enter>. A file extension will be added automatically (layer1.gdo). This will eventually contain the pads and traces for layer 1.
GERBER PLOT SETUP FILE

The Gerber Plot Setup file (.gpf) will contain all photoplot definitions what elements need to be in each photo-plot and what photo-plot files need to be made. An existing Gerber Plot Setup file can be used or a new Gerber Plot Setup file can be created from scratch. At the the Output <click> the 4 Gerber top ofSetupGerber specify adialog,Filethe Select Plot file browse button. On Gerber Plot Setup File dialog, new name of 6layer and <click> the Open button. Youll be prompted to create this file so <click> the Yes button. Note: Any needed Gerber Plot Setup file(s) could be placed in the template ahead of time for easy access later.
HEADER / TRAILER TEXT

The Parameters tab is also used to insert Header text and Footer text (comments) into each Gerber output file. This is optional. of mix up the board 6 Just in case fielda beneathatthe list, typefabricator, in the Header text in copper layer 1 (top). In the Footer text field, type in your company name. These comments will be inserted into the layer1.gdo file.
COPYING AN OUTPUT FILE

To save time, existing output file definitions can be copied and altered as needed. process list With layer1.gdo in 7 selected, <click> the the Files to (next to the Copy button New button). Rename the new layer1_1.gdo to layer2 and also change the Header text to copper layer 2. Repeat this process until you have all 6 layers each with updated Header text. <Click> the New button or Copy button and name the file masktop. Add or modify the Header text to be soldermask top. Copy that output file to maskbottom and modify the Header text appropriately. <Click> the New button or Copy button and name the file pastetop. Add or modify the Header text to be solderpaste top. Copy that output file to pastebottom and modify the Header text appropriately. <Click> the New button or Copy button and name the file silktop. Add or modify the Header text to be silkscreen top. Copy that output file to silkbottom and modify the Header text appropriately.
OUTPUT FILE CONTENTS

The Contents tab of the Gerber Output dialog is used to describe what each Output files will need to contain (such
as Part Pads, Traces, Soldermask, etc.).
Board
Outline,
Silkscreen,
The current Output file. The rest of the dialog is used to specify the contents of this file. If the current Output file is of a trace or plane layer, then the conductor layer must be chosen from this list. A list of conductor layer Items to choose from.
Board items to photo-plot with a conductor layer or by themselves (such as Soldermask or Silksceen). User-defined layers to photo-plot with a conductor layer or board item or by themselves.
layer1.gdo <Click> on the Contents 8 rest Output dialog that youtab.Selectselect in thatfrom the file pulldown list. Now items from the of the want included file.
file list, 10 In the Outputcontents:select pastetop.gdo. Select the following *Conductors - In the Layer list, select (None). *Board items Select Board Outline and Solderpaste Top. *Cells All Types should be selected. Repeat similarly for pastebottom.gdo.
(Remember to <Ctrl><click> when selecting multiple items.) Select the following contents: *Conductors - In the Layer pulldown list, select Signal Layer 1. Everything in the Items list below it should be selected except Via Holes. *Board items Select Board Outline only. *Cells All Types should be selected. Now select layer2.gdo from the Output file pulldown list and repeat the previous steps except select Signal Layer 2 from the Layer pulldown list. Repeat the steps for the rest of the 6 layers.
file list, 11 In the Outputcontents: select silktop.gdo. the following
Select
*Conductors - In the Layer list, select (None). *Board items Select Altered Silkscreen Top and Board Outline. *Cells All Types should be selected. Repeat similarly for silkbottom.gdo.
In the Output file 9 following contents:list, select masktop.gdo. Select the *Conductors - In the Layer list, select (None). *Board items Select Board Outline and Soldermask Top (make sure theyre both selected) *Cells All Types should be selected. Repeat similarly for maskbottom.gdo.
of the Output files again, 12 Choose each settings. When button.satisfied, inspecting their youre <click> the Gerber Plot Setup file Save
GENERATING GERBER
<Click> Files 13 dialog. inthetheProcessed Checked ofOutputGerber button lower-right corner the Output After all of the Gerber .gdo files have been extracted, <click> the Close button. Using the File Viewer, examine the GerbPlot.txt log. Close the File Viewer when youre done.
View Window Zoom In Zoom Out Pan Window View All
Redraw
Gerber layer toggle
CHECKING THE GERBER DATA

This 14 <Click> the GerbTool toolbar button. opens launches GerbTool and automatically your new Gerber files.
Redraw
You may get a warning message about arcs. Uh its probably nothing to worry about so just <click> the Yes button.
button from the Layer palette 1 15 Select any<click> the Redraw button at (thethru 12) and then top of the palette. <Click> the View All button on the View palette to zoom around all of the graphics. Toggle on and off different Gerber layers as desired (usually one at a time). Use the window/zoom/pan buttons on the View palette to inspect the Gerber graphics in detail.
When your satisfied data is ready 16 changesexit GerbTool thatorthe Gerberplot definitions to go, . Otherwise you may have to make to your layout edit the
and then re-extract the Gerber. Save your layout and exit Expedition PCB.
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
QG
ENERATING DRILL DATA
This chapter discusses generating drill data for board fabrication and documentation. The topics covered are:
PADSTACK HOLES REVIEW NC DRILL DRILL CHART DRILL DATA OUTPUT FILES EXPORTING DXF
Q-1
PADSTACK HOLES REVIEW

Expedition PCB uses hole information from the padstack to generate drill data. The Properties for a particular hole in the Padstack Editor specifies the drill Type and Hole size. Also, Drill symbol assignment is used for displaying the specified drill symbols on a drill drawing.
Q-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000
NC DRILL
Along with Gerber data, NC (numerical control) drill data must be supplied to the board fabricator. This data is used to drill the proper size holes in precise locations on a PCB layout. Also, NC profile router data can be used to cut slots, make cutouts within the board area, and route boards out of a panel. Open 2001 not open. 1 Using yourDisplay PCB layout if itstogglealready graphic the Control dialog, off all items except Board Outline and Drill Drawing Through. Save a local only Display Control scheme called drill dwg. <Click> the Fit Board toolbar button. Now select Output>NC Drill from the menus to start the NC Drill generation process.
NC DRILL GENERATION
The NC Drill Generation dialog is used to configure the drill data output.
NC DRILL MACHINE FORMAT FILE

An NC drill machine format file for English units or Metric units can be attached using the Browse button. This .mmm ASCII file controls the format of the drill output files.
DRILL GENERATION OPTIONS

The Sweep axis and Bandwidth options determine the order of the drills within the drill output files. The NC Drill Generation process creates log files. The Summary units within those log files can be reported in English or Metric regardless of the drill output units. The Machine file extension of the drill output files (for the board vendor) can be specified. The default is .ncd. Generation NC 2 On the NC Drill format file. dialog, browse for an(use drill machine Choose a format NCDrillEnglish.mmm or NCDrillMetric.mmm English if you have no preference). Leave the rest of the settings on this dialog default unless you feel you know better. Do NOT <click> the OK button yet.
DRILL CHART
The Drill Chart is used for drill drawing documentation and lists all of the drills used in the layout. The NC Drill Generation process automatically generates drill chart graphics and places them on the Drill Drawing Through layer. On the NC Drill Generation <click> 3 Chart Options button to opendialog,Drill Chartthe Drill the Options dialog.
DRILL CHART OPTIONS

The Drill Chart Options dialog is used to set up how the drill chart will appear in graphics.
COLUMNS
By default, the drill chart will display the columns Symbol, Diameter, Tolerance, Plated, then Quantity from left to right. The column order can be rearranged.
New Columns can be added Hole Name (the padstack hole name) and Notes (a blank column for adding text later).
TEXT SETTINGS
The Font name, Font size, Line spacing, and Pen width (line thickness) can be specified for the drill chart text (and graphics). The Format for the hole size can be set to display the desired number of digits on each side of the decimal point. If set to 1.3 for example, a 34th hole will display as 0.034.
DEFAULT TOLERANCE
If a hole tolerance was not specified in the padstack, the Default tolerance specified here will then be used.
HEADER/TRAILER TEXT
An additional line of text can be added to the top and/or bottom of the drill chart.
DRILL DATA OUTPUT FILES
On the Drill Chart Options dialog, change the Font size to 90, the Format to 1.3.
On the Drill Chart Options dialog, <Click> the OK button to save the drill chart settings. Once Back at the NC Drill Generation dialog, <Click> the OK button to process the drill data and drill chart graphics.
The drill data output files needed for board fabrication are stored within the PCB projects output folder. Summary files are also stored with the rest of the log files. examine the three NC drill 6 Using the File Viewer, NCDThruHolePlated.txt, generation log files
NCDThruHoleNonPlated.txt and NCDrill.txt.
DRILL CHART GRAPHICS

The drill generation process first creates drill data and logs, then places the drill symbols and drill chart into the graphics. The upper left corner of the drill chart is located at the Board Origin (0/0) by default. Since the drill chart is a cell, it can be moved using placement commands. a fence around a portion of the drill chart graphics, being careful to not select any of the layout. menus. Select 5 ChangeView>Fit All from theand define to Place Mode
Using the Windows Explorer, browse out to c:\mgtraining\project\2001\pcb\output and open the ncdrill folder. The .ncd files (along with the Gerber files created previously), would be given to your board fabricator.
<Click> the Move Action Key and move the drill chart, placing it to the right of your layout (as pictured). Select View>Fit All from the menus to get a better look.
EXPORTING DXF
In order to add intelligent dimensions to your layout for documentation, the drill drawing graphics must be exported from Expedition PCB and imported into a drafting tool such as MicroStation or AutoCAD. This is done using the DXF file format.
The Export DXF dialog lists all of the graphics elements used in the current layout. To keep the export/import operation simple, only the desired graphic items need to be selected for export. specify DXF 8 On the Export DXF dialog, extensionanwill be output filename of drill (the .dxf added automatically). Select the items Board Outline and Drill Drawing for export. <Click> the OK button to export the selected graphics. Using the Windows Explorer, browse out to c:\mgtraining\project\2001\pcb\output and note that drill.dxf is stored there.
7 Save your layout. Select File>Export>DXF from the menus to open the
DXF Export dialog.
Make a final backup of the layout 9 c:\mgtraining\project\2001done. and store it in Exit Expedition PCB.
Congratulations on a job well done!
19-OCT-01 PMCQ
RF
INAL EXAM
Dont worry this section is still under construction. This chapter is will be the final exam and consists of basic lab instructions to complete a simple layout. The topics covered are:
JOB MANAGEMENT WIZARD BOARD GEOMETRY PART PLACEMENT ROUTING POST PROCESSING
R-1

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EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION

OCTOBER 19, 2001

CLASS OVERVIEW INSTRUCTOR/STUDENT INTRODUCTION FRONT-TO-BACK DEMO

EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION

PCB & THE CENTRAL LIBRARY LIBRARY MANAGER PARTITIONS

EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION

PCB & THE CENTRAL LIBRARY

B-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

CREATING A NEW CENTRAL LIBRARY

1 Using the Windows Explorer, browse to c:\mgtraining\common\libraries\master.

OPENING AND CLOSING CENTRAL LIBRARIES

B-3 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

B-4 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

WHAT ARE PADSTACKS? PADSTACK EDITOR HOLES PADS PADSTACKS

EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE PADSTACKS?

PADSTACK EDITOR ENVIRONMENT

C-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-3 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-4 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-5 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-6 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-7 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-8 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-9 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-10 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

Select File>Save from the menus.

C-11 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

C-12 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

WHAT ARE CELLS? CELL EDITOR

EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE CELLS?

D-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-3 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

CELLS LIST AND COLUMNS

D-4 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

CREATING A NEW CELL

D-5 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-6 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-7 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-8 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-9 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-10 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-11 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-12 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

ADDING OTHER INFORMATION

D-13 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

EXITING THE GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT

D-14 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

LAB CREATING CELLS

CREATE A NEW SMD CELL

D-15 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

CREATE A NEW THROUGH CELL

D-16 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

D-17 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE PARTS?

INVOKING THE PDB EDITOR

E-2 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

PARTS DB EDITOR ENVIRONMENT

E-3 EXPEDITION PCB INTRODUCTION WG2000

EDITING AN EXISTING PDB ENTRY