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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

3.1.S ra i ca mng ATM
Trong nhng thp k gn y, cng ngh vin thng v cc nghnh cng ngh ph tr pht trin ht sc nhanh chng. S pht trin to ra nhiu h thng vin thng vi cc tnh nng khc nhau. Tuy nhin mi h thng vin thng thng ch c thit k phc v cho mt hoc mt s dch v nht nh. Chng c thit k theo cc chun khc nhau, c c ch hot ng khc nhau. iu ny dn n s a dng v phc tp trong h thng vin thng. Mt khc do chng hot ng c lp vi nhau nn ti nguyn ca chng khng c chia s cho nhau. Mng t hp s a dch v ISDN ra i nhm mc ch xy dng mt h thng vin thng c kh nng p ng c tt c cc loi dch v trong mt mng duy nht. Mng t hp a dch v s bng rng (B-ISDN) l mng c kh nng p ng cc yu cu . Do yu cu p ng c a dch v trong c cc dch v bng rng mng B-ISDN khng th s dung cc cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi thng thng. V vy kiu truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchonous Transfer Mode) c ITU-T khuyn ngh s dng trong mng B-ISDN, do mng B-ISDN cn c th gi l mng ATM. B-ISDN c kh nng phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi theo hng a phng tin (Multimedia) hay n phng tin (Monomedia), theo kiu hng lin kt (Connection- Oriented) hoc khng lin kt (Connectionless). B-ISDN cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua cc chuyn mch, cc cuc ni c nh hoc bn c nh, cc cuc ni t im n im hoc t im n nhiu im v cung cp cc dch v theo yu cu.

3.2. Cc c im chnh ca ATM

Trong kiu truyn khng ng b, thut ng truyn bao gm c lnh vc truyn dn v chuyn mch, do kiu truyn m ch c ch truyn dn v chuyn mch thng tin trong mng. Thut ng khng ng b gii thch mt kiu truyn trong cc tin trong cng mt cuc ni c th lp li mt cch bt thng nh lc chng c to ra theo yu cu c th m khng theo mt chu k no. ATM c hai c im quan trng l :

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

D liu c truyn di dng cc t bo ATM (ATM cell) c kch thc nh v c nh l 53 Bytes. Vic truyn tin vi tc cao cng cc t bo nh lm gim tr truyn dn p ng cho cc dch v thi gian thc, ngoi ra kch thc nh cn to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. Kh nng nhm mt vi knh o (Virtual Channel) thnh mt ng o (Virtual Path) nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng hn. Hnh 3.1 so snh s khc nhau gia kiu truyn ng b (STM) v kiu truyn khng ng b (ATM). Trong dng truyn ng b STM, cc phn t s liu tng ng vi knh cho c nhn bit bi v tr ca n trong khung truyn dn. Trong khi ATM cc gi thuc v mt cuc ni li tng ng vi cc knh c th v n xut hin ti bt k v tr no.
K h e th i g ia n

K nh 1

K nh 2

K nh n

K nh 1

K n h 2

K nh n

K h u n g th i g ia n 1 2 5 s T bo N g u y n l S T M

K nh1

K nh 5

K nh 1

K nh 7

K nh 5

K nh 1

T i u t b o A T M T h n g tin t b o A T M K n h k h n g s d n g N g u y n l A T M

Hnh 3.1: Nguyn l ATM v STM Nh trn trnh by phn t d liu dng trong mng ATM l cc t bo ATM c kch thc c nh l 53 Bytes. Phn tiu ca t bo (5 Bytes) dng mang cc thng tin cn thit cho vic nhn dng cc t bo. Cch thc truyn t bo ph thuc vo yu cu v tnh cht ca dch v v ti nguyn trn mng. Tnh ton vn ca chui t bo c m bo khi truyn qua mng ATM. Ni mt cch khc cc t bo thuc v cng mt knh o lun c truyn theo mt th t nht nh. ATM s dng k thut truyn theo kiu hng lin kt (Connection Oriented). Mt cuc ni lp ATM bao gm mt chng hay nhiu chng

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

(Link), mi chng c gn mt s hiu nhn dng khng i trong sut cuc ni. Cc s hiu nhn dng ny l cc knh o v ng o. Tuy vy ATM cng cung cp mt s giao thc cho cc dch v truyn s liu khng lin kt (Conectionless). ATM cho php hot ng khng ng b gia pha pht v pha thu. S khng ng b ny c th c x l d dng bng vic chn hay tch cc t bo khng phn nhim (t bo rng) l cc gi khng mng thng tin. Mt trong nhiu c tnh c bit ca ATM l n c kh nng m bo vn chuyn tin cy bt c mt loi dch v no m khng cn quan tm n tc (tc khng i hay tc thay i), yu cu cht lng hoc c tnh bng n t nhin ca lu lng. ATM c th p dng cho mi mi trng mng. Ngoi ra cc t bo ATM c di ng nht do vy vic nh tuyn, chn hay tch ghp t bo c thc hin nhanh hn m khng cn qua tm n thng tin c mang trong t bo ATM. 3.2.1.Cc u im ca ATM Cng ngh ATM kt hp cc u im ca chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Cng ngh ny loi b c nhng hn ch ca k thut STM. Nhng u im chnh ca ATM l: Kh nng truyn dn cc dch v vi cc tc khc nhau: cng ngh ATM s dng cc t bo kch thc nh, c nh v kh nng phn b di thng linh hot nn trong mng ATM tc truyn ca cc knh khng b hn ch vo cc tc chun nh trong STM. Tc cc dch v trong mng ATM c th thay i rt ln (t nh nh truyn s liu n ln nh HDTV). Thm vo tc dch v cho php thay i rt nhanh, mang tnh t bin. Kh nng truyn dn cc dch v vi tc cao. Trong mng ATM vic x l chuyn mch thc hin hon ton bng thit b phn cng v trong cc nt chuyn mch khng c yu cu iu khin lung, iu khin li nh trong mng STM nn gim ti thiu thi gian x l nt chuyn mch. iu ny cho php tc x l nhanh do tc mmg ATM l rt ln. Kh nng ghp/ phn knh d dng: vic ghp/ phn knh trong mng ATM ch da trn cc ch s nhn dng knh nn cc knh vi tc truyn khc nhau hon ton c th c ghp/ phn d dng. Vic qun l, iu hnh mng d dng: vic thit lp hay hu b cc cuc ni da vo cc nhm knh o, ng o nn d dng thit lp hay hu b cc cuc ni.

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Kh nng s dng hiu sut ng truyn, cc t bo ATM c th c gn cho cc knh mt cch linh ng, khi ng truyn ri s c truyn i nh tng hiu sut ng truyn. Tr nh: vic s dng cc t bo c kch thc nh, s dng ng truyn tc cao cho php t c tr nh. 3.2.2.Cc dch v m ATM cung cp 1. Dch v CBR (Constant Bit Rate) trong dch v ny, tc truyn ca cc t bo l khng thay i nh dch v thoi, video: thng dch v ny yu cu t l mt t bo thp, tr nh. 2. Dch v VBR (Variable Bit Rate) trong dch v ny tc truyn t bo thay i, cc dch v VBR c chia lm hai loi : VBR yu cu thi gian thc v VBR khng yu cu thi gian thc. 3. Dch v ABR (Available Bit Rate) dch v bit c sn: dch v ny ch c trong mng ATM. T l mt t bo v s thay i tr truyn khng c chun ho. Cn c vo cc trng thi lu lng mng ATM s cho php ngi s dng truyn vi tc khng thp hn tc ti thiu ng k vi mng. 4. Dch v UBR (Unspecifed Bit Rate) dch v ny c a ra nhm khai thc ti a kh nng ca mng ATM. Dch v ny vo trong mng khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mng do dch v ny khng quan tn n mt t bo hay cc thng s QoS khc.

3.3. Cu trc phn lp ca mng ATM

Nh trong chng 1 cp n m hnh tham chiu cc h thng m ca OSI. Mi h thng m u bao gm tp hp cc h thng con sp xp theo th t t trn xung di. Mt h thng con mc N bao gm mt hoc vi thc th. S trao i tin gia hai thc th cng lp ca hai h thng khc nhau c thc hin qua giao thc ng cp (quan h ngang cp). Cc n v s liu trao i gia hai thc th cng cp c gi l n v s liu giao thc PUD (Protocol Data Unit). im m ti cc thc th ca lp N+1 truy nhp vo dch v ca lp N c gi l im truy nhp dch v lp N (SAP-Service Access Point). Hnh 3.2 ch ra mi quan h gia nhng thc th thng qua cc giao thc.

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

T h c th l p N + 1

G ia o th c n g c p l p N + 1

T h c th l p N + 1

L p s d ng d c h v

N -S D U G ia o th c n g c p l p N N -P D U

G ia o d i n l p N N -S A P

T h c th l p N

T h c th l p N

L p cung cp d c h v

Hnh 3.2: Mi quan h gia cc thc th trong m hnh OSI Cc n v s liu dch v lp N (N-SDU: N-Service Data Unit) c trao i gia lp N v lp N+1 thng qua giao din lp N . Mt PDU lp N bao gm thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control Infomation) lp N v s liu t lp N+1. Hnh 3.3 ch ra cc kiu n v s liu khc nhau v mi quan h gia chng.
P D U l p N + 1
Lp N +1 Lp N

P C I l p N

S D U l p N

P D U l p N

Hnh 3.3 : Kiu n v s liu v mi quan h gia chng

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

3.3.1 M hnh tham chiu giao thc ca B-ISDN (B-ISDN Protocol Reference Model) Cu trc mng B-ISDN v mt logic bao gm bn lp c lp vi nhau. Bn lp ny c lin kt vi nhau thng qua ba mt phng: mt phng ngi s dng (User Plane), mt phng iu khin (Control Plane) v mt phng qun l (Management Plane). Cu trc ca m hnh tham chiu c trnh by trong hnh 3.4. Hnh 3.4: M hnh tham chiu giao thc B-ISDN Mt phng qun l Trong : CLNS : S liu phng lin kt. Mt khng Mt phng ca CONTSiu khin hng lin kt.dng : S hiu ngi s SAR: Lp con thit lp v tho t bo (Segmentation And Reassembly). CS : Lp con hi t (Convergence Sublayer). TC : Lp con hi t truyn dn (Transmission Convergence). Lp con hi t(CS) PM: -------con ng thch ATM(ALL)-Lp Lp tng truyn vt l (Physical Medium). Lp con to v tho t bo(SAR) So snh m hnh tham chiu giao thc B-ISDN vi m hnh OSI Lp khng M hnh tham chiu ca ATMATM tng thch hon ton vi m hnh Lp con hi truyn dn(TC) OSI. Tu theo tng trngthp c th m ta xem xt m hnh tham chiu ca ATM tng ng vi cc lp khc nhau ca m hnh OSI. Khi xt vi cc chc ---------------------Lp vt l----------Lp con ng ATM (IP, IPX.. nng bn trn khng thuc truyn vt l(PM) ..) th lp vt l ca ATM tng ng
S liu CONS S liu CLNS

Video

iu khin v bo hiu

Thoi

Qun l mt hng

Qun l lp

Lp con ng truyn vt l(PM)

L p cao hn Lp A A L L p D a ta lin k L p A TM L p con hi t tru y n L p v t l L p con ph th u c m i tr n g v t l

C huyn m ch D n knh

AAL 1

AAL 2

AAL 3 /4
n h tu y n

AAL 5
Q u n l t c n g h n

L p con hi t tru y n L p c o n p h th u c m i tr n g v t l C c g ia o d i n
SD H Sonet C p quang 100M bps

vi lp 1 trong m hnh OSI, lp ATM v AAL tng ng vi lp 2 ca m hnh OSI, nhng trng a ch trong phn tiu ca t bo ATM li c ngha nh lp

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

th 3 ca m hnh OSI. Hnh 3.5 ch ra mi quan h gia m hnh tham chiu ca B-ISDN v m hnh 7 lp OSI. Hnh 3.5: Mi quan h gia m hnh ca B-ISDN v m hnh 7 lp OSI Mt phng ngi s dng (User Plane) Dng thng tin ti cc lp trong m hnh c iu khin trong User Plane, mt phng ny cn c cc chc nng nh sa li truyn dn, iu khin tc nghn, gim st dng d liu. Mt phng iu khin (Control Plane) Chu trch nhim thit lp, gii phng v gim st cc kt ni. ATM l c ch truyn nh hng (Connection- Oriented). iu ny c ngha l mi kt ni trong lp ATM trc tin phi c gn mt b nhn dng s duy nht thng qua cc th tc bo hiu ca mt phng iu khin. S ny c th l b nhn dng ng o (VPI) hoc b nhn dng knh o (VCI). Mt phng qun l (Management Plane). Mt phng ny c hai chc nng l qun l mt phng v qun l lp. Qun l mt phng phi hp cc chc nng v th tc ca cc mt phng qun l. Qun l mt phng chu trch nhim v cc chc nng nh bo hiu trao i v dng thng tin OAM iu khin cc th tc bo hiu (ngha l bo hiu cho bo hiu). Chng ta cn knh ny v bo hiu trong cc mng bng rng phc tp v rng hn bo hiu knh D trong N-ISDN. Thng tin v OAM c dng gim st cht lng mng v qun l lu tr ti lp ATM. Cc lp trong m hnh gm c : Lp vt l. Lp ATM. Lp tng thch ATM (AAL). Cc lp bc cao. Chc nng ca cc lp ny c ch ra trong bng 3.1. Cc lp cao hn

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM Nhn/gi cc PDU t/n cc lp cao hn v to dng CS- PDU. Kim tra s khi phc chnh xc cc CS-PDUs. Pht hin s mt cc t bo ca CS-PDU. Cung cp mt vi chc nng ALL trong phn tiu CS-PDU. Chn cc t bo b xung vo CS-PDUs. iu khin lung, gi cc thng ip tr li hoc yu cu truyn li cc t bo li. To cc t bo t CS-PDU, khi phc cc CS-PDUs t t bo . To ra trng kiu on nh BOM, COM, EOM, SSM. Kim tra m d vng CRC ca trng d liu ca t bo. To ra hai Bytes tiu v hai Bytes cui cng ca SAP-PDU. iu khin lung chnh. To ra hoc tch phn tiu ca t bo. c v thay i phn tiu ca t bo. Thc hin phn knh/ ghp knh cc t bo. Thm vo hoc ly ra cc t bo trng (kh ghp gia tc t bo v tc truyn dn). To v kim tra m HEC. Nhn bit gii hn ca t bo . Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung ph hp vi h thng truyn dn . Pht / khi phc cc khung truyn dn. ng b bit. Thu, pht s liu.

CS A L Q L U n l

SAR

ATM

l p

L P v T

Lp con hi t truyn (TC)

Lp con -

ng truyn vt l(PM)

Bng 3.1: Chc nng ca cc lp trong B-ISDN 3.3.2.Lp vt l S khc nhau ca lp vt l ATM vi lp vt l trong m hnh OSI l trong m hnh OSI ti lp ny cng vic ca n lin quan n vic truyn ti cc phn t b nht l cc bits t im ny n im khc. Cn trong ATM phn t b nht li l cc t bo. V vy chc nng chnh ca lp vt l trong ATM l ti cc t bo v chc nng ny c thc hin bi lp con hi t truyn dn. Lp con ny ng trn lp con ng truyn vt l. Do vy trong ATM lp vt l c chia thnh hai lp con l:

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

Lp ng truyn vt l (PM) lin quan n cc chc nng thng thng ca lp vt l nh kh nng truyn dn cc bits, m ho, gii m, bin i quang in..... Lp con hi t truyn (TC) thc hin cc chc nng nh chn hoc tch cc t bo trng, to v x l m iu khin li tiu , nhn bit gii hn t bo, khun dng t bo, phi hp tc ti trng ca cc khun dng vn chuyn khc nhau c s dng ti lp vt l. Theo hng t lp vt l ti lp ATM, lung s liu chuyn ti qua danh gii gia hai lp l lung cc t bo hp l. T bo hp l l t bo m mo u t bo khng c li. Vic kim tra li mo u t bo c thc hin lp con TC. Theo hng ngc li, t lp ATM ti lp vt l, lung t bo ATM c ghp thm thng tin phn tch t bo v thng tin v khai thc v bo dng (OAM) lin quan n lung t bo ny. 3.3.2.1.Lp con ng truyn vt l PM (Physical Medium). Lp ny l lp thp nht trong m hnh, cc chc nng ca n hon ton ph thuc v mi trng truyn dn vt l c th. Lp ny cung cp cc kh nng truyn dn bits, n cng lm nhim v m ho dng bits theo m ng truyn v nu cn thit thc hin bin i quang in. Lp PM cn c nhim v ng b bit. Tu loi giao din l in hay quang m ngi ta s dung cc loi m ng truyn khc nhau. Cc t bo ATM c truyn i theo nguyn tc sau: cc Bytes trong t bo c gi i theo th t t 153, ngha l trng tiu c gi trc, cc bits trong Byte c gi i theo th t t bit th 8 n bit th 1. Cc t bo c truyn l mt chui lin tc. m bo phn Payload c phn bit vi phn Header, Payload c pht i di dng i tn. Tu theo phng php pht t bo vo trong ng truyn vt l m c cc thut m ha, gii m khc nhau. Ch pht t bo trc tip ln lp vt l dng phng php DSS (Distributed Sample Scrambing) v a thc sinh l x31+x28+1, phng php sp xp t bo vo cc khung truyn dn ang tn ti dng thut ton SSS (Synchronous Sample Scrambing) vi a thc sinh l x43+1. Khong cch cc i gia cc t bo k tip nhau ca lp vt l l 26 t bo lp ATM: Ngha l sau 26 t bo lp ATM cc t bo vt l c chn vo to ra dung lng thch hp vi tc ca giao din. T bo vt l cng c chn khi khng c t bo ATM c truyn i. Cc t bo lp vt l c chn thm c th l t bo rng hoc l cc t bo lp vt l theo yu cu v OAM. Cc t bo OAM lp vt l c dng truyn ti cc thng tin OAM ca lp vt l. S lng t bo OAM c chn ph thuc v cc yu cu v OAM. Tuy

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

nhin trong mt chng truyn dn nhiu nht l sau 26 v t nht l sau 512 t bo, phi c mt t bo OAM. 3.3.2.2.Lp con hi t truyn Lp con hi t truyn c cc chc nng sau : Thm v v ly ra cc t bo rng. Khi ti mc vt l khng c cc t bo cha thng tin hu ch, t bo khng xc nh hoc t bo OAM th cc t bo rng s c chn vo cho tc dng cc t bo ph hp vi tc truyn dn cho trc ca ng truyn. To v kim tra m HEC. Gi tr ca m HEC c tnh thng qua 4 Bytes u trong phn Header ca t bo ATM v s dng a thc sinh x8+x2+x+1. Gi tr ca HEC chnh l phn d ca php chia Modul 2 ca tch 4 Bytes u vi x8 cho a thc sinh x8+x2+x+1. Qu trnh pht hin v sa li c m t trong hnh 3.6.
P h t h i n ra l i n h m (g i l i b h u ) P h t h i n ra l i (g i l i b h u )

Ch sa sai
K h n g c l i

K h n g p h t h i n th y l i

C h p h t h i n l i

P h t h i n ra l i n (s a sa i)

Hnh 3.6: C ch pht hin v sa li HEC Phn thu hot ng theo hai phng thc. Phng thc ngm nh dng sa cc li n. Mo u t bo c kim tra v khi pht hin thy li n th li ny s c sa. Nu pht hin thy li nhm th t bo s b hu. Sau khi pht hin ra li (n hay nhm) th h thng t ng chuyn sang ch pht hin li. Nu h thng tip tc pht hin ra li th t bo vn b hy d li l li n hay li nhm. H thng duy tr ch pht hin li cho ti khi khng tip tc pht hin ra t bo li na, lc ny h thng s t ng quay v ch sa sai. Nhn bit gii hn t bo

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

Chc nng ny cho php u thu nhn bit c gii hn t bo. Vic nhn bit da vo s tng quan gia cc bits trong phn tiu v m HEC tng ng. Qu trnh ny c trnh by trong hnh 3.7.
H EC ng T r n g th i tm n g b (H U N T ) K i m tra t n g b it H E C sai li n ti p l n T r n g th i ng b (S Y N ) K i m tr a t n g t b o H EC ng li n ti p l n K i m tra t n g t b o T r n g th i ti n n g b (P re S Y N )

H E C sai

Hnh 3.7: S nhn bit gii hn t bo u tin u thu c t trng thi tm ng b (HUNT). trng thi ny h thng s thc hin kim tra tng bit mt trong phn Header ca t bo. Nu khng pht hin ra li th h thng s t ng chuyn sang trng thi tin ng b PreSYN. trng thi PreSYN, h thng tip tc thc hin kim tra cho t bo tip theo. Nu sau ln khng pht hin li th h thng chuyn sang trng thi ng b SYN, cn nu c li th li tr v trng thi tm ng b HUNT. trng thi ng b, h thng li tip tc kim tra cho t bo tip theo. Nu pht hin ra li th t ng chuyn v trng thi tm ng b HUNT. Cc tham s v c chn phi tho mn c cc yu cu v an ton v tnh hot ng ca qu trnh phn tch t bo. Cc tham s ny c a ra trong khuyn ngh I.432 nh bng sau. Lp vt l trn c s SDH 7 6 Lp vt l trn c s t bo 7 9 Bin i dng t bo thnh cc khung truyn dn. y l chc nng chuyn i cc t bo thnh khung truyn dn ti trm pht v khi phc li cc t bo t khung ti trm thu. Cc h thng thng c dng l h thng phn cp s ng b SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) v h thng truyn dn da trn c s t bo (Cell-base Interface). Pht v khi phc cc khung truyn dn.

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y l chc nng di cng trong lp con TC, n c chc nng to ra cc khung truyn dn v ghp cc t bo ATM vo khung ri gi i. Ti trm thu thc hin vic khi phc t bo. Cu trc ca khung ph thuc vo h thng truyn dn c s dng. Kch thc ca khung ph thuc vo tc ng truyn. 3.3.3.Lp ATM Lp ATM l thnh phn ch yu ca mng ATM, n nm trn lp vt l, cc dch v chnh ca mng u c th tm thy lp ny. Cc chc nng ca lp ATM hon ton c lp vi cc chc nng ca lp vt l di n. Lp ATM c cc chc nng chuyn cc t bo t lp tng thch ATM (AAL) n lp vt l truyn i v ngc li t lp vt l n cc lp AAL s dng ti h thng mi. Cc n v thng tin trong lp ATM l cc t bo. Mi t bo c mt b nhn dng s cha trong Header gn n ti kt ni xc nh. ATM s dng cc u ni o vn chuyn thng tin v c chia lm hai mc: mc ng o v mc knh o. Knh o VC(Virtual Channel) l knh thng tin cung cp kh nng truyn n hng cc t bo ATM . ng o VP(Virtual Path) l s kt hp c tnh cht logic hoc ca mt nhm cc knh o thnh mt b m n c cng mt c tnh lu lng v c truyn i cng mt ng trong mng. Mt ng truyn vt l (nh cp quang chng hn) c th cha nhiu ng kt ni o. Hnh 3.8 m t qu trnh kt hp cc VCs, VPs v ng truyn.
VC V C V C
V P V P V P

V C
V P

n g tru y n d n
V P V P

V C VC

Hnh 3.8: S kt hp cc knh o, ng o 3.3.3.1.Mt s khi nim lin quan n knh o v ng o Cc khi nim ny gm c lin kt ng o, lin kt knh o, cuc ni knh o, cuc ni ng o. Cuc ni knh o VCC l tp hp ca mt s lin kt. Theo nh ngha ca ITU-T: VCC l s mc ni ca cc lin kt knh o gia hai im truy nhp vo lp tng thch ATM. Thc cht VCC l mt ng ni logic gia hai im dng

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

truyn cc t bo ATM. Thng qua VCC th t truyn cc t bo ATM s c bo ton. C 4 phng php c dng thit lp mt cuc ni knh o ti giao din UNI. Cc VCCs c nh (Permanent) hoc bn c nh (Semi-Parmanent) c thit lp ti thi im nh trc m khng cn bo hiu. Mt VCC c thit lp/gii phng bng cch s dng mt th tc bo hiu trao i. Thit lp/gii phng mt VCC u cui c thc hin bng mt th tc bo hiu t ngi s dng n mng. Nu mt PVC ang tn ti gia hai UNI, th mt VCC trong VPC ny c th c thit lp/ gii phng bng vic s dng mt giao thc bo hiu t ngi s dng ti ngi s dng. Cuc ni ng o VPC (Virtual Path Connection) l s mc ni ca mt s lin kt ng o. VPC l s kt hp logic ca cc VCCs (Virtual Channel Connection). Trong mt VPC mi lin kt knh o u c mt s nhn dng VCI (Virtual Channel Indentifier) ring. Tuy vy nhng VCs thuc v cc VP khc nhau c th c cng s VCI. Mi VC c nhn dng duy nht thng qua t hp hai gi tr VPI v VCI. C 3 phng php sau c s dng thit lp/ gii phng mt VPC gia cc im cui VPC: Mt VPC c thit lp/gii phng da trn mt knh nh trc v do khng cn th tc bo hiu. Vic thit lp/gii phng VPC c th c iu khin bi khch hng. Cc th tc qun l mng dng cho mc ch ny. Mt VPC cng c th c thit lp/gii phng bi mng s dng cc th tc qun l mng. Nhim v trung tm ca lp ATM l bin i a ch mng cc lp cao thnh cc gi tr VPI v VCI tng ng. Cc gi tr VPI v VCI c to ra da trn s hiu nhn dng ca im truy nhp dch v SAP. Ti u thu, trng tiu c tch ra khi t bo ATM. Ti y gi tr VPI v VCI c dng nhn dng im truy nhp dch v. Phn knh v hp knh cc t bo: Ti u pht cc t bo thuc v cc knh o v ng o khc nhau c hp thnh mt dng t bo duy nht. Ti u thu dng t bo ATM c phn thnh cc ng o v knh o c lp i ti cc thit b. Bin i VPI/VCI Nu cc t bo c nh tuyn thng qua cc chuyn mch ATM hoc cc nt ni xuyn th cc gi tr VPI/VCI a ti cc thit b

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ny cn phi c bin i thnh cc gi tr VPI/VCI mi xc nh ch mi ca t bo. 3.3.3.2.Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM Vic chuyn mch cc t bo ATM c thc hin trn c s cc gi tr VCI, VPI. Nh trnh by trn VCI, VPI ch c gi tr trn mt chng kt ni c th. Khi t bo n nt chuyn mch, gi tr ca VPI hoc c gi tr VPI, VCI u c thay i cho ph hp vi chng tip theo. Thit b chuyn mch ch da trn gi tr VPI c gi l chuyn mch VP (VP Switch), nt ni xuyn (ATM Cross- Connect) hoc b tp trung (Concentrator). Nu thit b chuyn mch thay i c hai gi tr VPI,VCI th n c gi l chuyn mch VC hoc chuyn mch ATM. Hnh 3.9 m t mt cuc ni VCC thng thng, T l nt chuyn mch ni m VCI, VPI u b thay i, A, B l cc thit b u cui, D1, D2 l cc b ni xuyn, ni ch thay i gi tr VPI, ai, xi, yi l cc gi tr VCI, VPI tng ng.

V C I= a 1

D1

V P I= x 2 a 1 .x 2

V P I= y 1 a 2 .y 1 V C I= a 2

D2

V P I= x 1 a 1 .x 1

D 1 ,D 2 : B n i x u y n T : ch uyn m ch A T M A ,B : T h i t b u c u i C uc ni kn h o V C C

V P I= y 2 a 2 .y 2

Hnh 3.9: Cuc ni knh o thng qua cc nt chuyn mch v b ni xuyn

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Hnh 3.10 l s nguyn l chuyn mch VP. Chuyn mch VP l ni bt u v kt thc ca cc lin kt ng o, do vy n phi chuyn cc gi tr VPI u vo thnh cc gi tr VPI tng ng u ra sao cho cc lin kt ny thuc v cng mt cuc ni ng o cho trc. Lc ny gi tr VCI c gi khng i.

V C I1 V C I2

V P I1

V P I4

V C I3 V C I4

V C I3 V C I4

V P I2

V C I5 V P I5 V C I6

V C I5 V C I6

V P I3

V C I1 V P I6 V C I2

C huyn m ch V P

Hnh 3.10 Nguyn tc chuyn mch VP

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Khc vi chuyn mch VP, chuyn mch VC l im cui ca cc lin kt knh o v ng o. V vy trong chuyn mch VC, gi tr ca VCI v VPI u thay i. V trong chuyn mch VC bao gm c chc nng chuyn mch VP nn chuyn mch VC c th thc hin chc nng ca mt chuyn mch VP. Hnh 3.11 gi thch nguyn l chuyn mch VC.
C huyn m ch V C

V C I1 V C I2 V C I3

V C I4

V P I2

V C I1 V C I2

V P I1

V P I3

V C I1 V C I2

V P I4

V P I5

V C I1 V C I2

C huyn m ch V P

Hnh 3.11: Nguyn l chuyn mch VC

3.4. T bo ATM
Nh trnh by trn t bo ATM l n v dng truyn thng tin trong ATM. Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc t bo ATM u c s dng truyn thng tin m bn cnh cn tn ti nhiu loi t bo khc nhau nh s trnh by di y. 3.4.1.Phn loi t bo ATM T bo ATM c th c phn loi theo lp cu thnh v chc nng. Trc ht t bo ATM c chia thnh t bo lp ATM v t bo lp vt l. T bo ATM c to ra trong lp ATM cn t bo lp vt l c to ra trong lp vt l. T bo lp ATM c phn chia thnh t bo c gn v t bo khng c gn.

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Cn t bo lp vt l c chia thnh t bo rng, t bo hp l v t bo khng hp l. c im ca loi t bo nh sau: T bo rng: L t bo c lp vt l xen vo/tch ra lung t bo danh gii gia lp ATM v lp vt l c tc ph hp vi tc ca ng truyn. T bo hp l: L cc t bo c mo u khng c li hoc c li n c sa bi chu trnh sa li HEC. T bo khng hp l: L t bo c nhiu li khng th sa c (b loi b ti lp vt l). T bo rng, t bo hp l v t bo khng hp l ch tn ti lp vt l. T bo c gn: L cc t bo mng thng tin dch v s dng cho cc dch v lp ATM. T bo khng gn l t bo khng c s dng, khng mang thng tin dch v. T bo c gn v t bo khng c gn l cc t bo lp ATM. Hnh 3.12 ch ra cc loi t bo.
T bo c gn T bo khng gn Lp A TM L p v t l T bo c gn T bo khng gn

SAP
T b o h p l T b o r n g T b o k h n g h p l T bo b lo i b

S A P : i m tr u y n h p d c h v

T b o r n g

Hnh 3.12: Phn loi t bo 3.4.2. Cu trc t bo ATM Nh ta bit c im chnh ca ATM l hng lin kt. Do khc vi mng chuyn mch gi, a ch ngun v ch, s th t cc gi l khng cn thit trong ATM. Hn na do cht lng ca ng truyn cao nn cc c ch chng li trn c s t lin kt n lin kt c b qua. Ngoi ra cng khng cung cp cc c ch iu khin lung gia cc nt mng do c cu iu khin

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

cuc gi ca n. V vy chc nng c bn cn li ca phn tiu trong t bo ATM l nhn dng cuc ni o. T bo c th c truyn trn giao din gia ngi s dng vi mng UNI (User-Network Interface) hay gia cc nt chuyn mch NNI (NetworkNetwork Interface). Cu trc ca cc t bo trong hai c mt s im khc nhau. Hnh 3.13 trnh by cu trc ca t bo ATM trong hai giao din, giao din NNI (hnh 3.13.a) v giao din UNI (hnh 3.13.b).
Bit 8 7 6 VPI VCI VCI PT HEC Phn d liu (48 Bytes) 5 VPI VCI 4 3 2 Bytes 1 2 3 CLP 4 5 .... 1

Hnh 3.13.a : Khun dng t bo ATM ti giao din NNI

Bit 8 7 6 GFC VPI VCI 5 4 3 2 VPI VCI PT Bytes 1 2 3 CLP 4 5 .... 1

VCI HEC Phn d liu (48 Bytes)

Hnh 3.13.b: Khung dng t bo ATM ti giao din UNI c im ca cc trng trong cu trc t bo nh sau: 3.4.2.1.S hiu nhn dng knh oVCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) VCI c dng nh danh cho mt knh o VC trn mt ng truyn dn. Do mng ATM c c im hng lin kt nn mi cuc ni c gn mt s hiu nhn dng VCI ti thi im thit lp. Mi gi tr VCI ch c ngha ti tng lin kt t nt ny n nt khc ca mng. Khi cuc ni kt thc, VCI c gii phng dung cho cuc ni khc. Trng VCI c di 16 bits (trong c hai giao din NNI v UNI).

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

3.4.2.2.S hiu nhn dng ng o VPI (Virtual Path Indentifier) S hiu nhn dng ng o VPI c tc dng nh danh cho mt ng truyn o trong mt ng truyn vt l. Mi mt ng o c mt gi tri VPI ring bit. VPI gip cho cc chuyn mch c th xc nh ng i cho cc t bo mt cch d dng. Kch thc ca trng VPI tu thuc t bo c truyn qua giao din UNI (8 bits) hay NNI (12 bits). T hp ca VPI v VCI to thnh mt gi tr duy nht cho mi cuc ni. Tu thuc vo v tr i vi hai im cui ca cuc ni m nt chuyn mch ATM s nh ng da trn gi tr VPI v VCI hay ch da trn gi tr VPI. Tuy vy cn ch rng VCI v VPI ch c ngha trn tng chng lin kt ca cuc ni. Khi qua nt chuyn mch VCI v VPI s nhn cc gi tr mi ph hp vi on tip theo. 3.4.2.3.Kiu t bo PT(Payload Type) Trng PT cho bit kiu ca t bo ang c truyn qua mng, l t bo mang thng tin ca ngi s dng hay cc t bo mng cc thng tin gim st, vn hnh, bo dng OAM (Operation-Administration-Maintenance). Trng PT c kch thc l 3 bits v c cc c im chnh nh sau: T bo mang thng tin ca ngi s dng nu bit u tin ca trng PT l 0 cn nu l 1 th t bo mang cc thng tin qun l mng OAM. Bit th hai l bit bo hiu tc nghn trn mng. Bit cui cng c chc nng bo hiu cho lp tng thch ATM AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer). Hnh 3.14 v bng 3.2 trnh by cu trc trng PT
0 T bo ca ngi s dng B it b o h i u t c n g h n " 1 " n u c t c n g h n 0 /1 0 /1

B it b o h i u l p A A L

Hnh 3.14: Khun dng trng PT trong t bo mng thng tin ca ngi s dng

Khun dng

Chc nng 56

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

100 101 110 111

T bo OAM lp F5 c lin quan n lin kt T bo OAM lp F5 c lin quan n u cui T bo OAM qun l ti nguyn Dnh s dng cho tng lai Bng 2.2: Cu trc trng PT vi t bo OAM

3.4.2.4.CLP(Cell Loss Priority) Bit CLP c tc dng xc nh u tin gi cc t bo trong trng hp cc ti nguyn trong mng khng cn ti u na (chng hn trong trng hp qu ti). Trong trng hp ny, nhng t bo c u tin cao hn c truyn trc, cn nhng t bo c u tin thp hn s b loi b hoc truyn dn sau. Nu CLP=0 : u tin cao. CLP=1 : u tin thp. u tin gi t bo c nh gi theo hai tiu chun: u tin v mt thi gian hoc u tin v mt ni dung - Nhng t bo c u tin v mt thi gian thp hn s c tr truyn ln hn. - Nhng t bo c u tin v mt ni dung cao hn s c kh nng b loi b thp hn. Ngoi ra, mc u tin cn c th c nh gi trn c s cuc ni hoc trn c s loi t bo. Trong trng hp nh gi mc u tin da vo cuc ni th nhng t bo c truyn trn cng mt knh o hoc mt ng o c cng mc u tin. Cn trong trng hp nh gi mc u tin da vo loi t bo th nhng t bo c truyn trn cng mt knh o hoc ng o s c cc mc u tin khc nhau. 3.4.2.5.HEC(Header Error Control) HEC l trng iu khin li cho phn Header ca t bo. Kch thc ca HEC l 8 bits, HEC cha m d vng CRC (Cyclic Redundary Code). Sau mi chng, phn Header ca t bo ATM li b thay i, HEC s tnh ton v kim tra li CRC vi mi chng. a thc sinh c dng l : x8+x2 +x+1. 3.4.2.6.GFC(Generic Flow Control) Gia hai kiu t bo truyn trong mng ATM c s khc bit trng thng tin ny. Trng thng tin ny (chim 4 bits) ch c trong t bo ti giao din UNI gi l trng iu khin dng chung.

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Chng 3: Gii thiu chung v ATM

C ch hot ng ca GFC cho php iu khin lung cc cuc ni ATM giao din UNI. N c s dng lm gim tnh trng qu ti trong thi gian ngn c th xy ra trong mng ca ngi s dng. C ch GFC dng cho c cc cuc ni t im ti im v t im ti nhiu im. Khi kt hp mng ATM vi cc mng khc GFC c dng bo hiu cho cc mng ny lm th no hp knh cc t bo ca cc cuc ni khc nhau. Thc cht GFC l mt b cc gi tr chun nh ngha mc u tin ca ATM i vi cc quy lut truy cp vo cc mng khc nhau. Tuy nhin vic s dng 2 loi t bo khc nhau ti hai giao din khc nhau l nhc im ca ATM. V nh vy trong mng khng s dng cc giao thc ng nht nn khng th lp t cc thit b ti bt c v tr no trong mng.

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Chng 4: cc c im k thut ca ATM

4.1.Lp tng thch ATM (AAL)
4.1.1. Tng quan Nh trong m hnh tham chiu giao thc ATM lp AAL v cc lp cao hn cung cp cc giao tip v dch v cho cc ng dng u cui nh chuyn tip khung, dch v d liu chuyn mch Gigabit, giao thc Internet v cc giao din chng trnh ng dng. Thc t phn ln cc t bo l mang thng tin ca ngi s dng, th nhng cc thit b my tnh, ni sn sinh ra cc d liu ny li khng trc tip to ra hoc sinh ra t bo m d liu cn phi chuyn qua mng phi tng thch vi mng ATM. iu ny c ngha l pha pht phi to ra c n v d liu c di thch hp v chuyn cc t bo ny qua mng. Pha thu phi thc hin chc nng to li d liu ban u t cc t bo. Trong thc t d liu to ra thng ln hn 48 Bytes, do nhiu ngun ng dng khc nhau vi nhiu khun dng thng tin c trng cho cc ng dng ny. Do vy mng ATM phi cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn. Mi th tc chun b cho cng vic ny l rt phc tp v do lp cao nht trong giao thc ATM m nhim, l lp tng thch ATM gi l AAL. Chc nng v phn loi AAL Nhim v ca lp AAL l to ra s tng thch gia lp ATM v cc dch v cc lp cao hn, n n c truyn t u cui pht n u cui thu v trong sut i vi mng. C ngha l mng ATM khng x l phn thng tin ti trng ca ngi s dng v n cng khng bit cu trc ca n v d liu. Cc chc nng bn trong AAL l quy nh ngi s dng gi lung d liu n cc lp cao hn ti pha thu trong c ch n nh hng do cc lp ATM sinh ra. Trong lp ATM, lung d liu c th b sai lch do sai li trong truyn dn hoc t bo b tr do tr ca cc b nh m b thay i hoc do tc nghn trong mng. T , t bo c th b mt hoc phn pht nhm a ch. Cc giao thc AAL c s dng gii quyt cc vn ny. V i vi mi loi yu cu cht lng dch v khc nhau th c nhng AAL tng ng khc nhau. c nghin cu k hn v cc loi AAL ta c th xem xt chng thng qua vic nghin cu AAL trong B-ISDN.

VKhoa TTT4-K40

Thng qua AAL cc n v d liu giao thc PDU (Protocol Data Unit) cc lp cao hn c chia nh v a xung trng d liu ca t bo ATM. AAL c chia nh thnh hai lp con l lp con phn on v ti hp SAR (Segmentation And Reassembly) v lp con hi t CS (Convergence Sublayer). Chc nng chnh ca SAR l chia cc PDU ca lp cao hn thnh cc phn tng ng vi 48 Bytes ca trng d liu trong t bo ATM ti u pht. ti u thu SAR ly thng tin trong trng d liu ca t bo ATM khi phc li cc PDU hon chnh. Lp con SC ph thuc vo loi dch v. N cung cp cc dch v ca lp AAL cho cc lp cao hn thng qua im truy nhp dch v SAR (Service Access Point). gim thiu cc th tc ca AAL, khuyn ngh I.362 ca ITUT chia AAL thnh 4 nhm khc nhau tu thuc vo c im dch v ca chng. Vic phn loi cc lp AAL ch yu da trn 3 tham s l Mi quan h v mt thi gian. Tc bit. Dng truyn (hay kiu lin kt). Vic phn chia c trnh by trong bng 4.1.
Tnh cht Loi A Mi quan h thi gian gia ch v ngun Tc truyn Kiu kt ni Loi AAL AAL1 Loi dch v Loi B Loi C Loi D

Yu cu thi gian thc C nh C kt ni AAL2

Khng yu cu thi gian thc Bin i Khng kt ni AAL5, AAL3/4

AAL3/4

Bng 4.1: Phn loi cc nhm AAL Loi A: Phc v cc dch v yu cu thi gian thc, tc truyn khng i, kiu hng lin kt. Cc dch v thuc v loi ny thng l ting ni 64 Kbps v tn hiu video c tc khng i. Cn gi l AAL kiu 1(AAL1). Loi B: L cc dch v thi gian thc, tc truyn thay i, kiu hng lin kt. Cc dch v ca n thng l tn hiu Audio v Video c tc thay i (c s dng nn) cn c gi l AAL2. Loi C: L cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc, tc truyn thay i, kiu hng lin kt. V d ca dch v ny l chuyn File, cc dch v mng d liu trong u ni c thit lp t trc khi truyn d liu.

VKhoa TTT4-K40

Loi D: Bao gm cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc, tc thay i, kiu khng c hng. V d cho loi dch v ny l chuyn cc Datagrams, cc p dng ca mng truyn d liu m khng thit lp u ni trc khi truyn d liu. C AAL3/4 v AAL5 u c th s dng cho dch v loi ny. Cc chc nng ca lp AAL c th rng (khng c) nu nh lp ATM p ng c cc yu cu ca mt dch v vin thng c th no . Trong trng hp ny khc hng c th s dng tt c 48 Bytes ca trng thng tin. Dung lng ca trng thng tin t bo c chuyn trc tip v trong sut ln lp cao hn. Trng hp ny c gi l cc chc nng ca AAL0. Hnh 4.1 m t qu trnh hnh thnh t bo.
A A L -S A P A A L -S D U P hn u C S -P D U Phn cui C S -P D U CS T h n g tin C S -S D U C S -S D U Phn on C S -P D U Phn u S A R -P D U T h n g tin S A R -S D U Phn cui S A R -P D U SAR Lp A A L A T M -S A P Lp A TM A T M -S D U M o u t b o L p v t l (P L ) T r n g th n g tin t b o T bo P L -S A P

Hnh 4.1: Qu trnh hnh thnh t bo

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Trong : SDU (Service Data Unit) khi s liu dch v. PDP (Protocol Data Unit) khi s liu giao thc. SAP (Service Access Point) im truy nhp dch v. 4.1.2.AAL1 AAL1 dng truyn cc ng dng c tc khng thay i qua mng BISDN, v n to ra ti my thu tn s xung ng h ca my pht. iu ny i hi cc thng tin lin quan n tn s xung ng h phi gi n ni thu cng vi Data. Cc dch v c cung cp bi AAL1 l: Truyn ti v phn pht cc khi SDU vi tc bit c nh. Truyn ti cc thng tin v ng b gia bn pht v bn thu. Truyn ti cu trc thng tin gia bn pht v bn thu. Khi cn thit, ch th cc thng tin b mt hoc li m AAL1 khng c kh nng sa. Ngoi ra AAL1 c th thc hin mt s chc nng khc lin quan n cc dch v c lp ATM cung cp nh: Phn tch v ti to li cc thng tin khc hng. X l tr t bo, x l tr t hp thng tin ti t bo. X l cc t bo mt v nhm a ch. Ti to li ng h v cu trc d liu ti u thu. Kim tra v x l thng tin iu khin giao thc AAL (PCI) dng cho cc li bit. Kim tra v c th x l li bt ca trng thng tin. 4.1.2.1.Lp con SAR Data pht i c ng vo khi 47 Bytes. Sau mi khi ny c gn thm mt Header c chiu di 1 Byte. Header ny chc cc thng tin nh: Tn s xung ng h ca dng bit c pht i. Tip theo cc khi ny c t vo trong vng thng tin ca t bo ATM v n c xem nh SAR-PDU. n v d liu SAR-PDU gm 48 Bytes. Bytes u tin l trng thng tin iu khin. PCI bao gm 4 bits ch th t SN (Sequence Number) v 4 bits phng v s th t SNP (Sequence Number Protection). Trng SN c chia ra thnh bit bo hiu lp con hi t CSI (Convergence Sublayer Indication) v 3 bits m s th t SC (Sequence Number). Cu trc ca AAL1 c ch ra trong hnh 4.2. Gi tr SC to ra kh nng pht hin cc t bo b mt hoc truyn nhm. Bit CSI c th c s dng truyn thng tin ng b hoc cc thng tin v cu trc d liu. Trng SNP cha m CRC l tng kim tra cho phn SN

VKhoa TTT4-K40

dng a thc sinh x3+x+1, bit cui cng l bit P (Parity) dng kim tra chn l cho c 7 bits u ca PCI.
S A R -P D U (4 8 B y te s) Phn u S A R -P D U M o u t b o SN 4 b its C SI SC SN P 4 b its CRC EPB 4 7 B y te s T h n g tin S A R -P D U

1 2 3 4 1 S N : S th t S N P : B o v s th t C S I: C h th l p p h h i t

2 3 4 S C : m th t E P B : K i m tra b it c h n C R C : C c b its k i m tra

Hnh 4.2: Cu trc AAL1 Khi AAL1 c dng truyn Data c cu trc (d liu c ly mu tn s 8Khz) th dng s liu l cc dng Data lin tc. y cc gii hn cu trc c xc nh bng con tr. V vy thng tin ca SAR-PDU c con tr khc vi thng tin ca SAR-PDU khng c con tr. Vi Data c cu trc Byte u tin trong vng thng tin ca cc SAR-PDU c s th t chn c dng lm con tr. 4.2.1.2.Lp con CS Cc chc nng ca lp con CS hon ton ph thuc vo dch v, bao gm mt s chc nng c bn nh x l gi tr tr t bo, x l cc t bo b mt hoc chn nhm, sa li theo c ch sa li ca HEC, khi phc li ng h theo phng php nh du thi gian d ng b SRTS (Synchronous Residual Time Stamp). Trong phng php STRT mc thi gian RTS (Residual Time Stamp) c s dng o c v mang thng tin v mc khc nhau gia ng h ng b chung ly trong mng v ng h ca thit b cung cp dch v. 4.1.3.AAL2 AAL loi 2 c thit k cho cc dch v truyn Data c tc thay i nhng cn c s tng quan v thi gian gia my pht v my thu. Nh vy c ngha l thng tin ca my pht phi c truyn n my thu. Lp tng thch AAL2 vn cha c xc nh mt cch chi tit. Ch c cc dch v v chc nng di y c d kin trc. Cc dch v c cung cp l:

VKhoa TTT4-K40

 Cc SDUs xut pht t mt ngun c tc bit bin thin c trao i gia AAL v lp cao hn. Thng tin ng b ho c truyn ti gia ngun v ch. Bo tin v cc li m chng khng c sa bi AAL2. Cc chc nng c thc hin: Phn on v ghp li cc thng tin ca ngi s dng. iu khin s bin thin tr t bo. X l cc t bo b mt hoc chn nhm. Khi phuc ng h ngun ti my thu. Kim tra AAL-PCI php hin cc li bt v x l cc li ny. Kim tra trng thng tin ca ngi s dng php hin cc li bit v tin hnh cc hot ng sa li nu c th. 4.1.4.AAL 3/4 AAL3/4 c pht trin t AAL3 (phc v cho cc dch v loi C) v AAL4 (phc v cho cc dch v loi D). Ngy nay hai kiu AAL trn hp li lm thnh AAL3/4, AAL3/4 tho mn cc dch v loi C,D. Hnh 4.3 l cu trc ca AAL3/4. Lp con CS ca AAL3/4 c chia nh thnh hai lp con l: CPCS (Common Part Convergence Sublayer): Lp con hi t chung SSCS (Service Specific Convergence Sublayer): Lp con ph thuc dch v
SSC S CPCS SA R SA R CS

A A L 3 /4 ,5

Hnh 4.3 Cc gi Data c chiu di thay i c m thm mt s bits tr thnh mt s nguyn ln 32 bits, sau cng thm vo phn Header v Trailer to thnh CS-PDU. Cc CS-PDUs ny c ct thnh cc on c chiu di 44 Bytes v li c cng thm Header v Trailer na ri a n lp ATM di dng cc SAR-PDUs 48 Bytes. C hai m hnh hot ng c nh ngha cho AAL3 l ch kiu thng ip (Message Mode) v kiu dng bit (Streaming Mode). Ch kiu thng ip cho php truyn cc AAL-SDUs c chiu di thay i cng nh chiu di c nh trong mt AAL-SDU tng ng vi mt AALIDU (Interface Data Unit).

VKhoa TTT4-K40

Khng ging nh kiu thng ip. Ch kiu dng bit gi mt AAL-SDU trong mt hoc vi AAL-IDU v vic truyn cc AAL-SDUs ti cc ch qua giao din AAL khng y s b loi b. C hai m hnh kiu thng ip v kiu dng bit u cung cp hai hot ng truyn dn l hot ng m bo v hot ng khng m bo. Hot ng m bo trc ht dng cho m hnh kt ni Point to Point. H thng s pht li cc SDU b mt v s cung cp cc chc nng iu khin thng tin. Hot ng khng m bo khng c chc nng ny. Vic truyn Data trn lp con CPCS lun lun l hot ng khng c m bo. 4.1.4.1.Lp con SAR Ni chung cc CS-PDUs c di thay i, v vy SAR-PDU bao gm 44 Bytes l d liu ca CS-PDU, 4 Bytes cn li c dnh cho trng thng tin iu khin. Cu trc ca SAR-PDU nh hnh 4.4.
S A R -P D U (4 8 B y te s) 2 B y te s M o u t b o Phn u S A R -P D U ST SN SN P 4 4 B y te s T h n g tin S A R -P D U 2 B y te s K t cui S A R -P D U LI CRC

S N : S th t (4 b its ) S N : L o i p h n o n (2 b its ) M ID : C h th g h p k n h (1 0 b its ) L I: C h th d i(6 b its ) C R C : C c b its k i m tra (1 0 b its )

Hnh 4.4: Cu trc SAR-PDU ca AAL3/4 ngha cc trng trong SAR-PDU nh sau: Trng kiu on ST (Segment Type) c di 2 bits, n ch ra loi ca CSPDU c cha trong SAR-PDU: nh phn u ca SAR-PDU BOM (Beginnig of Message), phn cui EOM (End of Message) v cc CS-PDU n SSM (SingleSegment Message). Trng ch th di LI (Length Indicator) ch ra s Bytes ca CS-PDU c cha trong trng d liu ca SAR-PDU. LI c di 6 bits. Ngoi ra trong SAR-PDU cn c trng s th t gi SN (Sequence Number) di 4 bits. Mi khi nhn c SAR-PDU thuc v mt cuc ni, gi tr SN li tng ln 1 n v.

VKhoa TTT4-K40

Chc nng th hai ca lp con SAR l pht hin li. Trng kim tra li CRC c di 10 bits thc hin vic kim tra li bit trong cc SAR-PDUs. Gi tr CRC c tnh trong trng tiu , trng d liu v trng LI. Lp con SAR cn c kh nng pht hin cc gi b mt hoc chn nhm. Chc nng th ba ca SAR l ng thi phn knh v hp knh cc CSPDUs ca cc cuc ni n mc ATM. Chc nng ny s dng trng d liu nhn dng hp knh MID (Multiplexing Indetifier) di 10 bits. Cc SAR-PDUs vi d liu nhn dng knh MID khc nhau s thuc v cc CS-PDUs ring bit. Vic phn knh/ hp knh phi c thc hin trn c s t u cui n u cui. Nh ta bit lp con CS c chia lm hai phn l phn chung CPCS v phn ph thuc dch v SSCS. Chc nng v cu trc ca SSCS hin ti vn cha c r rng, n i hi phi nghin cu thm. Phn CPCS truyn cc khung d liu ca ngi s dng vi di bt k trong khong 1 65535 Bytes. Cc chc nng ca CPCS nm trong 4 Bytes phn tiu (Header) v 4 Bytes phn ui (Trailer).
C P C S -P D U Phn u C P C S -P D U T h n g tin C P C S -P D U PAD K t cui C P C S -P D U

CPI

B ta g

B A siz e

AL

E ta g

L e n g th

C P I: C h th p h n c h u n g (1 B y te ) A L : n g b (1 B y te ) B ta g : n h d u i m u (1 B y te ) E ta g : n h d u k t th c (1 B y te ) B A s iz e : K c h th c b m (2 B y te s ) P A D : P h n c n g th m (1 n 3 B y te s ) L e n g th : d i th n g tin C P C S -P D U (2 B y te s )

Hnh 4.5: Cu trc CPCS-PDU ca AAL3/4 Cu trc ca CPCS-PDU nh hnh 4.5 trong trng ch th phn chung CPI (Common Part Indicator) c s dng qun l phn cn li ca phn tiu v phn ui. Trng nhn hiu bt u Btag (Beginning Tag) v nhn hiu kt thc Etag (Ending Tag) cho php to nn s lin kt mt cch chnh xc gia phn tiu v phn ui ca khung. Trng kch thc b m cung cp BASize (Buffer Alocation Size) bo hiu cho u thu kch thc b m ti a cn thit

VKhoa TTT4-K40

 nhn CPCS-PDU. Trng m PAD (Padding) m bo sao cho trng d liu ca CPCS-PDU l mt s nguyn ln 4 Bytes do n c di t (0 3) Bytes. Trng ng chnh AL (Alignment) c s dng ng chnh phn ui 32 bits ca CPCS-PDU. Trng di Length ch ra di ca trng d liu. 4.1.5.AAL5 AAL5 phc v cho cc dch v c tc thay i, khng theo thi gian thc. Cng ging nh AAL 3/4, AAL5 c s dng ch yu cho cc nhu cu v truyn s liu. Mc d mi loi AAL c s dng ti u cho mt kiu lu lng ring bit, cng khng h tn ti iu kin l AAL c thit k ti u cho mt loi lu lng ny li khng c s dng cho mt loi lu lng khc, nhng hin nay trong thc t nhiu nh cung cp sn xut thit b ATM u s dng AAL5 h tr cho mi loi lu lng. Tuy nhin cc th tc trong AAL5 n gin hn rt nhiu so vi cc th tc trong AAL3/4. V d y khng c chc nng phn/ hp knh cho cc t bo. Tt c cc t bo trong AAL5 c pht i thnh dng t bo c s th t c th Gi Data c chiu di thay i (1 65535 Bytes) trc ht c thm vo mt s bits tr thnh mt s nguyn ln 48 Bytes, sau c cng thm mt Trailer ( y khng c phn Header) to thnh cc CPCS-PDUs. Cu trc ca CPCS-PDU nh hnh 4.6.
8 B y te s T h n g tin C P C S -P D U PA D K t cui C P C S -P D U

C P C S -U U

C P I L e n g th

CRC

C P I: C h th p h n c h u n g (1 B y te ) P A D : P h n c n g th m (0 n 4 7 B y te s ) L e n g th : d i th n g tin C P C S -P D U (2 B y te s) C R C : K i m tra (4 B y te s ) C P C S -U U : C h th C P C S g i a k h c h h n g v k h c h h n g (1 B y te )

Hnh 4.6: Cu trc CPCS-PDU ca AAL5

VKhoa TTT4-K40

4.1.5.1.Lp con SAR. Lp con SAR chp nhn cc SDUs c di l mt s nguyn ln ca 48 Bytes c gi xung t cc CPCSs. N s khng b xung thm cc trng thng tin iu khin (nh phn tiu v phn ui) vo cc SDUs va nhn c. SAR ch thc hin chc nng phn on u php v to li cc gi u thu. 4.1.5.2.Lp con CS nhn bit c im bt u v kt thc ca SAR-PDU, AAL5 s dng trng kiu ti tin PT trong phn Header ca t bo. PT=1: Cui ca mt SAR-PDU. PT=0: u/ gia ca mt SAR-PDU. AAL5 c hai m hnh hot ng l : Message Mode v Streaming Mode. C hai m hnh ny u c hai c ch truyn dn l : truyn dn m bo v truyn dn khng m bo. S khc bit gia AAL3/4 v AAL5 l AAL5 ch c mt cu hnh ng truyn im -im (Point to Point) khng c cu hnh ng truyn im -a im (Point to Multipoint). Hot ng ca AAL5 c m t nh hnh 4.7.
A A L S e rv ic e D a ta U n it 1 : 6 5 5 3 5 B y te s C P C S -P D U P a y lo a d PA D 0 :4 7 C P C S -U U 1 CPI L e n g th CRC 4 C P C S -P D U B y te s A A L -S D U A A L 5 -S A P

1 2 C P C S -P D U T ra ile r

S A R -P D U

S A R -P D U

S A R -P D U

S A R -P D U A TM SA P A T M C e lls

H ead er

P a y lo a d

H ead er

P a y lo a d

H eader

P a y lo a d

P a y lo a d T y p e = A A L _ In d ic a te

Hnh 4.7: Hot ng ca AAL5

VKhoa TTT4-K40

4.2. Chuyn mch ATM

4.2.1.Tng quan Cc h thng chuyn mch pht trin cho cc mng in thoi v s liu khng th p dng trc tip cho cc h thng chuyn mch bng rng. Cc yu cu chnh nh hng n vic xy dng cc h thng chuyn mch bng rng bao gm: Cc giao din tc cao (50 Mbps n 2.4Gbps), vi tc chuyn mch n 80 Gbps. C kh nng thng k cc lung ATM qua cc h thng chuyn mch ATM. Trong ATM c hai thit b thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch cc t bo, l chuyn mch ATM (chuyn mch VC) v cc b ni xuyn (chuyn mch VP). Cu trc chuyn mch ATM c chia lm hai phn l phn cng v phn mm. Phn cng gm giao din cc nt chuyn mch c tc dng lm cho dng thng tin i vo li chuyn mch tng thch v tc v dng t bo. Phn li thc hin chc nng chuyn mch cc t bo. Phn mm iu khin nt chuyn mch ATM, n gm ba nhm chc nng: X l lu lng qua nt chuyn mch, thc hin cc chc nng vn hnh v bo dng v cc chc nng qun l h thng. 4.2.2.Chc nng ca nt chuyn mch ATM Chc nng Mt chuyn mch ATM hoc mt nt ni xuyn thc hin hai chc nng sau y: Thay i VPI/VCI. Chuyn ti t bo t u vo n mt u ra tng ng ca n. Do nhng yu cu nghim ngt v thng lng, tr v s mt mt t bo i vi mt nt chuyn mch, nn ch c c cu chuyn mch vi nhng kin trc song song mc cao mi c th p ng cc yu cu .

VKhoa TTT4-K40

Chuyn mch ATM thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch da trn nguyn l chung c m t trong hnh 4.8.
M o u D li u

B
T bo

I1 I2

O1 O2

I8

O8

B
M o u vo M o u ra

B ng th n g d c h / n h tu y n

Hnh 4.8: Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM Chuyn mch ATM mang hai c tnh: chuyn mch gi do tnh cht tng t bo ATM c truyn ti trong mng mt cch ring bit v chuyn mch c kt ni do cc kt ni gia hai u cui phi c thit lp trc khi truyn ti t bo. Khi cc nt chuyn mch ATM s truyn ti cc t bo t cc tuyn ni n (Incoming Link) n cc tuyn ni i (Outgoing Link) trn c s cc thng tin nh tuyn nm trong phn mo u t bo v cc thng tin lu gi tng nt chuyn mch trong giai on thit lp kt ni. Qu trnh thit lp kt ni ti tng nt chuyn mch thc hin hai chc nng sau: 1. i vi tng kt ni, xc nhn gi tr nhn dng kt ni (VCI) ca tuyn ni n, nhn dng tuyn ni v to gi tr VCI ca tuyn ni i 2. Thit lp bng nh tuyn ti tng nt chuyn mch xc nh mi quan h gia cc tuyn ni n v tuyn ni i ca tng kt ni. VCI v VPI l thng tin nhn dng kt ni trong cc t bo ATM. c th xc nh chnh xc tng kt ni, mi VP trong tng chng ng truyn c mt gi tr VPI ring v mi VC trong tng VP c mt gi tr VCI ring. Bc u tin thit lp kt ni gia hai u cui l xc nh ng ni gia thit b ngun v thit b ch. Qu trnh ny kt thc vi kt qu l xc nh c chui cc chng ng truyn dng trong kt ni v cc gi tr nhn dng ca chng. Trong trng hp ch c chuyn mch VC, cc thng tin gia cc nt chuyn mch k tip nhau s c trao i qua ng ni thit lp gi tr lin quan n

VKhoa TTT4-K40

kt ni ca bng nh tuyn. Gi tr ny iu khin vic chuyn i VCI ca tuyn ni n thnh VCI ca tuyn ni i. Cc t bo s c tuyn ti khi tt c cc bng nh tuyn thuc ng ni c thit lp. Ti cc nt chuyn mch, gi tr VCI cng vi tuyn ni n s c s dng xc nh tuyn ni i v gi tr VCI mi ca tng t bo n. i vi chuyn mch VC/VP quy trnh xy ra cng tng t nh trong chuyn mch VC, khc nhau ch yu lin quan s lng cc bng nh tuyn dng cho mt kt ni. Trong c hai trng hp, nt chuyn mch c cc gi tr nhn dng mo u t bo v thc hin x l i vi bng nh tuyn xc nh tuyn ni n v gi tr nhn dng kt ni , nhn dng kt ni s c thay th bng gi tr mi v t bo c chuyn mch t tuyn ni n ra tuyn ni i. Trong mng ATM, cc ng dng khc nhau c th yu cu cc dng kt ni khc nhau. V d dch v thoi c th thc hin gia hai im kt cui khch hng, trong khi s c nhiu khch hng hn cng s dng dch v in thoi hi ngh. Nhng nhnh chung c 4 dng kt ni nh sau: 1. Kt ni im -im: l kt ni c thit lp gia hai u cui. Phn ln cc dch v hin nay nm trong dng kt ni ny. 2. Kt ni im- a im: l kt ni trong lung t bo c khi to t nt ngun c phn chia n hai hoc nhiu im kt ni khc. V d c trng ca dng kt ni ny l vic phn b tn hiu Video, trong my Video ch c dng phc v nhiu u cui khc nhau. 3. Kt ni a im-im: l kt ni trong tn hiu c khi to t nhiu nt khc nhau v cng c gi ti mt im cui. V d ca kt ni ny l trung tm thu thp d liu ca h thng ngn hng. 4. Kt ni a im-a im: l kt ni trong thng tin c khi to v trao i ng thi gia mt nhm nhiu khch hng. in thoi hi ngh l mt v d ca kt ni ny. 4.2.3. Cu to chung ca cc phn t chuyn mch Phn t chuyn mch l n v c bn nht trong cu trc ca h thng chuyn mch. Ti u vo, cc thng tin v chn ng (c lin quan ti VCI/VPI) c phn tch, cn c trn kt qu phn tch m cc t bo c a ti u ra thch hp. Ni chung cc phn t chuyn mch bao gm mt mng lin kt gia u ra v u vo, b iu khin u vo IC (Input Controller) ti mi cng vo v b iu khin u ra OC (Output Controller) ti mi cng ra. trnh vic mt mt cc t bo khi xy ra ng bn trong do hai hoc

VKhoa TTT4-K40

nhiu t bo cng tranh chp mt u ra, phn t chuyn mch cn phi c cc b m Cc t bo ti phn t chuyn mch c ng b vi ng h bn trong thng qua b iu khin u vo IC. OC c nhim v chuyn cc t bo m n nhn c t mng lin kt u vo u ra ti u ra cho trc. IC v OC lin kt vi nhau thng qua mng lin kt u vo-u ra. Ngi ta phn loi phn t chuyn mch theo cu trc mng lin kt u vo-u ra v cch thc t chc b m. Cc phn t chuyn mch ATM c th chia lm hai loi: phn t chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian v phn t chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian. Cc loi phn t chuyn mch khc nhau s ln lt c xem xt. 4.2.4.Phn t chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (hay phn t chuyn mch theo kiu ma trn) Trong phn t chuyn mch theo kiu ma trn mng lin kt u vo-u ra c cu trc ma trn hnh ch nht, ma trn ny cho php ni gia mt u vo v mt u ra bt k (Hnh 4.9).
1 IC

IC

IC OC 1 OC 2 OC b

IC : B i u k h i n u v o (In p u t C o n tro lle r) O C : B i u k h i n u ra (O u tp u t C o n tro lle r)

Hnh 4.9: Phn t chuyn mch kiu ma trn Vic ni u vo vi u ra c thc hin da trn cc thng tin lin quan n nh tuyn nm trong phn mo u ca t bo ATM. Phn t chuyn mch theo kiu ma trn li c chia ra thnh ba loi vi cch t chc b m khc nhau B m u vo.

VKhoa TTT4-K40

 B m u ra. B m ti giao im ca ma trn. 4.2.4.1.B m u vo Trong phn t chuyn mch dng b m u vo, b m t bo c t b iu khin u vo (Hnh 4.10). Nu s dng m kiu vo trc ra trc FIFO (First In First Out), ng s xy ra nu hai hoc nhiu t bo u hnh i cng tranh chp mt u ra. Trong trng hp ny tr mt t bo c quyn i ti u ra , tt c cc t bo cn li s b tc nghn. Hu qu ko theo l cc t bo nm sau t bo tc nghn u hng cng s b tc nghn. khc phc nhc im ny c th thay b nh FIFO bng b nh truy nhp ngu nhin RAM. Nu t bo u tin b nghn , nhng t bo sau vn c th truyn ti mt u ra ri cho trc. Tuy vy vic s dng RAM yu cu cc c ch qun l b nh phc tp hn m bo tm ra nhng t bo c chn ti cc u ra ri cng nh m bo th t truyn cc ti cng mt u ra. Ngoi ra c th truyn cc t bo ti cng mt b m ng thi ti cc u ra khc nhau th cc b m phi c nhiu u ra hoc thi gian truy nhp gim xung.
1 2

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1 2 b

Hnh 4.10: Phn t chuyn mch kiu ma trn c b m u vo 4.2.4.2.B m ti u ra Trong chuyn mch kiu ny (Hnh 4.11). Tc nghn ch c th xy ra khi tc vn hnh ca ma trn chuyn mch bng vi tc ca dng t bo u vo. Nhc im ny c th c khc phc bng vic gim thi gian truy cp b m v tng tc hot ng ca ma trn chuyn mch. Tuy vy nu yu cu tc hot ng cao s dn n gii hn v mt kch thc ca phn t chuyn mch.

VKhoa TTT4-K40

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2

||

Hnh 4.11: Cu trc phn t chuyn mch ma trn vi b m u vo 4.2.4.3.B m ti giao im ca ma trn chuyn mch B m cng c th nm ti giao im ca ma trn chuyn mch (hnh 4.12). Cu trc ca phn t chuyn mch loi ny cho php cc t bo i ti cc u ra khc nhau khng nh hng ln nhau. Nu cc t bo nm nhng b m khc nhau c cng mt u ra th logic iu khin cn phi chn xem b m no s c phc v u tin. Cu trc phn t chuyn mch kiu ny c nhc im l b m giao im c kch thc nh v khng chia s c b m. Hnh 4.12: Cu trc phn t chuyn mch kiu ma trn c b m ti giao im
1

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b

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4.2.5.Phn t chuyn mch phn chia thi gian 4.2.5.1.Phn t chuyn mch dng kiu BUS(Bus-Type Switching Element) Cc phn t chuyn mch dng kiu Bus s dng mng lin kt u vou ra l cc Bus ghp knh theo thi gian tc cao (hnh 4.13). Tc nghn khng xy ra ch khi tng dung lng ca knh truyn ln hn tng dung lng ca tt c cc u vo. m bo yu cu ny, phn t chuyn mch kiu Bus s dng phng php truyn ti bit theo kiu song song. Thut ton truy nhp Bus p dng y cho php Bus truyn c chia s cho mi b m theo mt chu k cho trc. Mi b iu khin u vo c th truyn t bo ti mt u ra trc khi nhn t bo k tip. Phn t chuyn mch kiu Bus cn c b m u ra phng trng hp c vi t bo cng ti mt u ra trong khi ti mt thi im ch c th a ra ngoi mt t bo.
1 2 b

IC

IC

IC

B u s G h p k n h th i g ia n t c c a o

OC

OC

OC

Hnh 4.13: Phn t chuyn mch kiu BUS 4.2.5.2.Phn t chuyn mch kiu vng Phn t chuyn mch kiu vng c cu trc c minh ho nh hnh 4.14. Tt c cc b iu khin u vo v u ra c ni vi nhau thng qua mng hnh vng. Mng lin kt u vo-u ra hot ng theo nguyn l phn khe thi gain vi dung lng ca vng phi ln hn hoc bng tng dung lng ca tt c cc u vo. Trong thc t thng hay s dng phn t chuyn mch vng Orwell trong mt vi vng c s dng song song m bo yu cu v tc .

VKhoa TTT4-K40

IC

OC

IC

OC

Hnh 4.14: Cu trc phn t chuyn mch kiu vng 4.2.5.3.Phn t chuyn mch s dng b nh trung tm Trong phn t chuyn mch s dng b nh trung tm, cc b iu khin u vo v u ra u s dng mt b nh chung duy nht (hnh 4.15). S liu t tt c cc u vo u c ghi vo b nh ny, s liu c c ra bi u ra bt k b nh chung cn c th c t chc thnh cc b m logic u vo, u ra. Bi v cc b m cng chia s mt b nh chung duy nht nn dung lng b nh yu cu trong trng hp ny nh hn nhiu so vi trng hp phn t chuyn mch dng cc b m ring r. Cc phn t chuyn mch loi ny thng lm vic theo nguyn tc t nh ng. Mt khc cng cn lu rng phn t chuyn mch c b nh trung tm phi c t chc thnh cc tng song song m bo tn sut truy nhp b nh khng ln hn tc cho php ca b nh.
1 IC B nh tru n g t m b IC OC b OC 1

Hnh 4.15: Cu trc phn t chuyn mch s dng b nh trung tm 4.2.6.So snh cc cu trc chuyn mch Phn t chuyn mch kiu ma trn c chia lm ba loi vi cc t chc b m khc nhau: b m u vo, b m u ra, b m ti giao im ca ma trn. B m u vo s trnh c hin tng nghn u vo v tng tc thc t ca dng d liu i qua chuyn mch. B m ti giao im ca ma trn chuyn mch do dng chung b m gia u vo v u ra cho nn hiu qu s dng b m cao, lng t bo phi ch trung bnh gim, nhng nhc im ca n l b m giao im c kch thc nh, khng chia s c v vic qun l b m ti giao im ma trn chuyn mch phc tp hn rt nhiu nn trong

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thc t b m ny t c s dng. Cc phn t chuyn mch kiu ny c tc chuyn mch thp (bng tc ca tng lung) kh c kh nng p dng k thut Multicast, kh iu khin u tin v t l s dng b nh thp. Tuy nhin v mt iu khin tng i n gin. Cu trc chuyn mch Bus v nguyn l kh n gin, d ng dng. Tuy nhin, cu trc ny c hn ch l chuyn mch Bus ch cho ta mt ng ni cho mt tp hp cc phn t gn vo n nn di thng cho mi phn t ph thuc nhiu vo s lng phn t gn vo Bus. Di thng ny khng th tng ln qu gii hn do ph thuc tn s ng h h thng v di thng ng truyn. Nu ta tng tn s ng h th yu cu b vi x l mnh hn v iu ny cng ch c gii hn. Cu trc chuyn mch vng c u im so vi chuyn mch Bus l mt khe thi gian c nhiu cng vo s dng trong mi vng. Tuy nhin thc hin vic ny ta phi thm phn cng v cng kh xy dng cc h thng chuyn mch ln nh cu trc Bus. Cu trc chuyn mch b nh dng chung c u im l tit kim c b nh nht do tt c cc cng u s dng chung mt b nh, k thut nhn bn Multicast thc hin d dng. Thm na do chuyn i ni tip-song song nn trong chuyn mch tc x l ch cn bng mt phn ca tc dng s liu thc t. Nhc im ca loi ny l b m nh, iu khin b m phc tp. 4.2.7.Cuc ni o c nh PVC (Permanent Virtual Connection) Cng nh bt k mng chuyn mch gi no trong ATM ngi ta cng nh ngha cuc ni o c nh (PVC). Vic ny c thc hin thng qua mt vi hnh thc yu cu dch v. H thng qun l s t cu hnh nh tuyn cho cc thit b quy nh cc gi tr ca VCI/VPI trc. Cu hnh cng c t sn trong bng ni ng ti cc nt chuyn mch. Ngi s dng c th nhn dch v ATM theo hai cch: 1. Thit lp mt knh o c nh. 2. Thit lp mt chuyn mch knh o (hay cuc ni o tm thi). PVC ging nh ng ring, trong ngi s dng gi ngi cung cp dch v yu cu mt ng ring t im A n im B. ngi cung cp dch v ci t, khai bo mt knh da vo dung lng m khch hng yu cu. Hp ng PVC thng ko di vi nm. Ngi s dng phi tr tin thu knh ngay c khi khng s dng knh. Th tc thit lp PVC. 1. Ngi s dng yu cu ngi cung cp dch v cp cho PVC.

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2. Ngi s dng c thng bo a ch b gi, yu cu bng thng trung bnh hay tc v khong thi gian knh PVC. 3. Ngi iu hnh thm nhp knh thng tin t my iu khin thit lp ng. Bc ny ph thuc vo thi gian thc cng nh ngi s dng trong mng thoi yu cu u ni. 4. Knh c thit lp theo yu cu. 5. Ngi s dng tr tin thu knh theo thng v thi gian s dng knh. Nu knh khng s dng th ch tr tin thu theo thng. PVC c u im v thi gian thc, bng thng theo yu cu, khng cn th tc thit lp gi, u ni bng lnh, knh tn ti lin tc gia cc im, d m rng v c th ct u ni knh nu khng s dng. 4.2.8.Cuc ni o tm thi SVC (Switched Virtual Channel) Kiu ni o tm thi cho php u cui c th c th gi c cc u cui khc mt cch linh ng. SVC hot ng ging nh cuc gi in thoi quay s trc tip. Khi thit lp gi, bng thng c phn nhim ng bng 64 Kbps v knh c phn nhim cho ngi s dng ngay khi cuc gi c thit lp v ngi s dng phi tr tin cho cho thi gian gi cho d c chuyn thng tin i hay khng. Th tc bao gm: thit lp gi, chuyn d liu, ct u ni, tnh cc. i vi kiu ni o tm thi mt knh o c t ng thng qua mt giao thc bo hiu khng yu cu thit lp bng tay ging nh thit lp PVC. Hnh 4.16 m t vic thit lp SVC thng qua bo hiu.
C o n n e c t to B OK E N D S y s te m A OK A T M S w itc h C o n n e c t to B

OK

C o n n e c t to B C o n n e c t to B OK E N D S y stem B

Hnh 4.16: Thit lp SVCs thng qua bo hiu

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Bo hiu trong ATM c khi u bi mt thit b ATM cui cng mong mun c thit lp mt kt ni thng qua mng ATM. Cc gi bo hiu c gi thng qua mt knh o c nh c VPI 0, VCI 5 . Knh ny c dnh ring truyn bo hiu. Tt c cc nt chuyn mch u c cu hnh trc c th thu c bt c mt gi bo hiu no v gi n n b x l bo hiu c tch hp trong nt chuyn mch. Bn cch knh o ny cn c mt s knh o khc c dng truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu v iu khin khc. trong thc t tt c cc knh o c VCI<32 u c dnh ring cho cc mc ch c bit do cc knh o truyn thng tin ca ngi s dng c VCI>32. Bo hiu ny c truyn dn trong mng t nt chuyn mch ny n nt chuyn mch khc thit lp cc gi tr nhn dng kt ni m n phi i qua. Vic ny c lp li cho n khi n ch cui cng. Cc gi tr nhn dng kt ni (VPI/VCI) cho mt kt ni c th c ch r bi nt mng nhn c yu cu kt ni. Cc gi tr nhn dng kt ni lun lun c ch r mi chiu ca kt ni, nhng cc thng s mi chiu c th khc nhau, c bit bng thng mt chiu c th l 0. 4.2.9.X l phn tiu ca t bo trong h thng chuyn mch Nt chuyn mch c hai nhim v chnh l c v thay i cc gi tr VCI/VPI v truyn cc t bo t mt u vo n mt u ra cho trc. H thng chuyn mch c hai cch thc hin vic : Phng php t nh ng. Phng php dng bng iu khin. 4.2.9.1.Phng php chuyn mch t nh ng (Self- Routing Switching Element) Khi phn t chuyn mch t nh ng, s hiu nhn dng VPI/VCI c c v dch u vo mng chuyn mch. Sau khi c c v bin dch, mi t bo c b xung thm phn tiu m rng dng ring khi truyn bn trong mng chuyn mch, tiu ny nm trc tiu ca t bo. Nh vy do kch thc ca t bo c m rng vy tc yu cu ca mng cng phi tng theo. Hnh 4.17 minh ho c ch x l phn m rng tiu ca t bo trong mng chuyn mch c xy dng trn c s cc phn t chuyn mch t nh ng

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T b o A T M V P I /V C I

c v th a y i ti u c a t b o B ng A B ,m ,n

B n m

Phn t chuyn m ch t chn ng

B n
m

Phn t chuyn m ch t chn ng

B
n

c v th a y i p h n ti u c a t b o u v o

G i tr V P I /V C I c

G i tr V P I /V C I m i + p h n ti u m r n g

Hnh 4.17: C ch x l u khung trong h thng chuyn mch t nh ng Trong chuyn mch c k tng, phn tiu m rng c k trng con. Trng con th i cha a ch u ra ch ca phn t chuyn mch tng con th i. Vi cu trc ny ta c th sp xp nhng phn t chuyn mch chng ln nhau thnh hng ct, khi c th tng c cng ra. Do c th m rng dung lng ca nt chuyn mch mt cch tu . i vi cc mng chuyn mch nhiu tng dung lng ln phng php chuyn mch t nh ng rt c a chung do n gim nh mc phc tp khi iu khin. Vic tng tc chuyn mch hon ton c th thc hin c trong trng hp ny. 4.2.9.2.Phn t chuyn mch dng bng iu khin (Table-Controlled Switching Element) S hiu nhn dng VPI/VCI trong phng php dng bng iu khin c thay i ti mi phn t chuyn mch trong h thng, do kch thc ca t bo c gi nguyn. Hnh 4.18 trnh by qu trnh x l tiu t bo trong mng chuyn mch s dng phn t chuyn mch c bng iu khin. Ni dung ca bng iu khin c cp nht trong giai on thit lp cuc ni, mi phn t ca bng bao gm gi tr VPI/VCI mi v u ra tng ng ca mi t bo ti mi tng chuyn mch.

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T bo A TM V P I /V C I

P h n t ch u yn m ch B n g m A C ,m C

P h n t ch uyn m ch

B ng n B ,n

c v th a y i p h n ti u c a t b o m i t n g

G i tr V P I /V C I c

G i tr V P I /V C I m i + p h n ti u m r n g

Hnh 4.18: C ch x l tiu ca phn t chuyn mch dng bng iu khin

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