Rourke Ch.

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carrying capacity sustainable development UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) UN Conference on Population and Development (UNCPD) World Health Organization (WHO) World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) The number of people that an environment, such as Earth, can feed, provide water for, and otherwise sustain. The ability to continue to improve the quality of life of those in the industrialized countries and, particularly, those in the less developed countries while simultaneously protecting Earth's biosphere. Often called Earth Summit I or the Rio Conference, this gathering in 1992 was the first to bring together most of the world's countries, a majority of which were represented by their head of state or government, to address the range of issues associated with sustainable development. A UN-sponsored conference that met in Cairo, Egypt, in September 1994 and was attended by delegates from more than 170 countries. The conference called for a program of action to include spending $17 billion annually by the year 2000 on international, national, and local programs to foster family planning and to improve the access of women in such areas as education. A UN-affiliated organization created in 1946 to address world health issues. Often called Earth Summit II, this conference was held in Johannesburg in 2002. It was attended by almost all countries and by some 8,000 NGOs, and it established a series of calls for action and timetables for ameliorating various problems.

Ecological State of the World (348-350) Human capital Natural capital

Environmental pessimists: those analysts who assess the state of the world and believe that humans are causing serious, even irreversible, damage to the environment Environmental optimists: those who reject the gloomy view Sustainable Development (350-356) The Conundrum of Sustainable Development Option 1: Restrict/Rollback Development Option 2: Pay for environmentally sustainable development The Politics of Sustainable Development Earth Summit I Earth Summit II Sustainable Development: Population Problems and Progress (356-360)

High fertility rates, fewer deaths, population base multiplier effect Global Recognition of the Population Problem Approaches to Reducing the Birthrate Social approaches information about birth control and encouragement Economic approaches less poor = less kids The Impact of International Population Control Efforts Sustainable Development: Resource Problems and Progress Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Minerals (360-369) 1. Sustain living standards 2. Development in the south 3. Manage resource depletion and environmental damage Forests and Land Forest Depletion Land Degradation Forest and Land Protection Wildlife Global pressures on wildlife Protecting wildlife Freshwater The Seas and Fisheries The Pressures on the Seas and Fisheries Protecting Fisheries Sustainable Development: The Environment (369-382) Ground Quality International Ground Quality Issues International Efforts to Protect Ground Quality

Water Quality International Water Quality Issues Marine pollution Eutrophication: rapid growth of aquatic plants which makes it less inhabitable Freshwater pollution International Efforts to Protect Water Quality Air Quality International Air Quality Issues Protecting Air Quality The Ozone Layer Ozone Layer Depletion Protecting the Ozone Layer Global Warming Global Warming: What we know Global Warming: What is in Dispute The Cause of Global Warming The Environmental Impact of Global Warming The Economic impact of global warming The costs of halting or substantially slowing global warming The international response to global warming The Kyoto Protocol Recent developments