Principles of Dimensioning: Machine A PDF Writer That Produces Quality PDF Files With Ease!

Principles of Dimensioning
Introduction
A detail drawing is expected to provide not only the complete shape description of the part, but also furnish size description. This is provided in the form of distance between the surfaces, location of holes etc., Apart from this, other details like kind of finish, type of material, etc are also need in the case of production drawings. These features are illustrated on a drawing by the use of lines, symbols, figures, and notes, called dimensioning. Proper dimensioning requires engineering judgment and thorough knowledge of the practices and requirement of the production department. Dimensions are classified into the following types:
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1. Functional dimension (F) A dimension that is essential to the function of the part.
2. Non functional dimension (NF) A dimension that is not essential to the function of the part.
3. Auxiliary dimension (AUX) A dimension given for information purpose only. It does not govern the production or inspection operations and is derived from other values shown on the drawing. An auxiliary dimension is enclosed in parenthesis and no tolerance applies to it.
Figure 1 indicates the classification of dimensions
Fig. 1 Classification of dimensions

Execution of Dimensions
The elements of dimensioning include the projection line, dimension line, leader line, dimension line origin indication, its termination, notes, the dimension, etc. The various elements of dimensioning are shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1a Elements of dimensioning

Principles of Dimensioning
The following are the basic principles of dimensioning:
1. All dimensional information necessary to define a part clearly and completely shall be shown directly on a drawing.
2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a drawing.
3. Dimensions shall be placed on the view or section that shows clearly, the corresponding features (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 Placement of dimensions where the shape is best shown

4. As far as possible, on a drawing, dimensions should be expressed in one unit only, preferably in millimeters, without showing the unit symbol (mm). Unit on the drawing, however, may be shown in a note (Fig. 9).
5. No more dimensions than are necessary to define a part shall be shown on the drawing. No feature of a part shall be defined by more than one dimension in any one direction (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 Placement of only necessary dimensions

6. As far as possible, dimensions should be placed outside the view (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 Placement of dimensions outside the view
7. Dimensions should be represented from the visible outlines, rather than from hidden lines (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 Marking of dimensions from the visible outlines

8. Dimensions should be given from a base line, a centre line of a hole, or a finished surface. Dimensioning to a centre line should be avoided, except when it passes through the center of a hole (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6 Avoiding dimensioning to the centre line

9. Interesting projection and dimension lines should be avoided. Were unavoidable, however, neither line should be shown with a break (Fig. 7a). Dimension line should not be used as an extension line (Fig. 7b).
A centre line or the outline of a part should not be used as a dimension line, but may be used in place of a projection line (Fig. 7c); where centre line is used as a projection line, it may be continued as a centre line.
Fig 7
10. If the space of dimensioning is insufficient, the arrow heads may be reversed and the adjacent arrow heads may be replaced by a dot (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8 Dimensioning in narrow spaces
Projection and dimension lines should be drawn as thin continuous lines. Projection lines should extend slightly beyond the respective dimension line. It should be perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned. Where necessary, however, they may be drawn obliquely, but parallel to each other in special cases, such as on tapered features (Fig. 10).
Fig. 10 Dimensioning a tapered feature
A leader line is a line referring to a feature (dimension, object, outline, etc.).
Fig. 11 Termination of leader lines

Leader lines should terminate (Fig. 11).
with a dot, it they end within the outline of an object,
with an arrow head, if they end on the outline of an object,
without dot or arrow head, if they end on a dimension line. Leader lines should be included to the horizontal at an angle greater than 30.
Fig. 12 Dimensioning several arcs

Fig. 13 Unbroken dimension line
When several arcs are dimensioned, it is preferable that separate leaders be used rather than extending the leaders (Fig. 12).
A dimension line should be shown unbroken, even where the feature to which it refers is shown broken (Fig. 13).
Dimension lines should show distinct termination, in the form of an arrow heads or oblique strokes or where applicable, an origin indication (Fig. 14). The size of the termination should be proportionate to the size of the drawing on which it is used. One style of termination only should be used on a single drawing. However, where space is too small for an arrow head, the oblique stroke or a dot may be substituted.
Fig. 15 Dimensioning of radii

Only one arrow head termination, with its point on the arc end of the dimension line, is to be used where a radius is dimensioned (Fig.15).The arrow head termination may be either on the inside or on the outside of the feature outline, depending upon the size of the feature. Dimensions should be written on a drawing, according to one of the following two methods. Only one method should be used on any one drawing.
Aligned system
Dimensions should be placed parallel to the dimension lines and preferably near the middle, above and clear off the dimension line (Fig. 16a). An exception may be made where superimposed running dimensions are used (Fig. 16b).
Fig. 16 Aligned dimensioning

Dimensions should be written, so that they may be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Dimensions on oblique dimension lines should be oriented as shown in Fig. 17.
Angular dimensions may be oriented as shown in Fig. 18.
Fig. 17 Oblique dimensioning

Fig. 18 Angular dimensioning
Uni-directional system
Dimensions should be written so that they may be read from the bottom of the drawing. Non-horizontal dimension lines are interrupted, preferably near the middle, for the insertion of the dimension (Fig. 19).
Angular dimensions may be oriented as shown in Fig. 20.
Fig. 19 Unidirectional dimensioning Fig. 20 Angular dimensioning

The placing of dimensions frequently needs adopting to varying situations. For example, dimensions may be,
i. closer to a termination, to avoid having to follow a long dimension line, where only part of the dimension line needs to be shown (Fig. 21).
ii. above the extension of the dimension line, beyond one of the terminations, at the end of a leader line which terminates on a dimension line; above a horizontal extension of dimension line where space does not allow placement (Fig. 8).
Dimensions out-of-scale (except where break lines are used) should be underlined with a straight thick line (Fig. 22), where feature size modification does not warrant an extensive drawing revision, to correct the feature scale.
Fig. 21 Dimensioning closer to termination Fig. 22 Indication of out-of-scale dimension

Arrangement of dimensions
The arrangement of dimensions on a drawing must indicate clearly the design purpose. Generally, it is the result of a combination of various design requirements.
Chain dimensioning
This consists of chains of simple dimensions being used where the possible accumulation of tolerances does not endanger (Fig. 23) the functional requirement of the part.
Fig. 23 Chain dimensioning

Parallel dimensioning
This consists of placement of a number of single dimension lines, parallel to one another and spaced to write the dimension easily (Fig. 24). Superimposed running dimensioning may be used (Fig. 16b) where there are space limitations.
Fig. 24 Parallel dimensioning

Dimensioning from a common feature may be executed as parallel dimensioning or as superimposed running dimensioning. Combined dimensioning Single dimensions, chain dimensioning and dimensioning from a common feature may be combined on a drawing (Fig. 25).
Fig. 25 Combined dimensioning
The dimension figures should be placed approximately at the centre of the dimension line, but the dimension figures in parallel dimensioning should be staggered (Fig. 26).
Fig. 26 Staggering dimensions
Where an over-all dimension is shown, the intermediate dimension is redundant and need not be shown (Fig. 27).
Fig. 27 Redundant dimensions

The first row of dimensions should be placed atleast 10 mm from the view and the successive rows should be atleast 6 mm from the first row (Fig. 28).
Dimension figures should not be placed over the lines of sectioned areas unless necessary; in which case, clear space should be provided for the dimension figures (Fig. 29).
Fig. 28 Spacing of dimensions Fig. 29 Dimensioning sectioned areas

Angles are dimensioned with arcs and extension lines, and the dimension should not be placed inside the angle cut (Fig. 30).
Fig. 30 Dimensioning an angle

Dimensions of lengths and relevant diameters should be given in the same view in the drawing as far as possible (Fig. 31).
Fig. 31 Dimensioning lengths and related diameters

Dimensions which go together, for example, the diameter and depth of a hole, the width and length of a groove, should be entered in the same view as far as practicable (Fig. 32).
Dimensioning by co-ordinates
The sizes of the holes and their co-ordinate dimensions may be indicated directly on the drawing or they may be conveniently presented in a tabular form as shown in Fig. 33.
Fig. 32 Dimensioning a hole

Fig. 33 Co-ordinate dimensioning
Special Indications
In addition to the features being dimensioned; the nature of the feature may also be reflected while dimensioning, for enhanced clarity of the detail.
Fig. 34 Shape identification symbols
Shape identification symbols
Symbols are used with dimensions to indicate shape identification, thus improving drawing interpretation. The applicable indication (symbol) should precede the dimension (Fig. 34).
Diameters
Dimensions of diameters should be placed on the most appropriate view to ensure clarity and should be preceded by the symbol in order to distinguish the diameter from a length. Figure 35 indicates the method of dimensioning diameters.
Fig. 35 Dimensioning diameters

When centre lines cross each other in a view, at the intersection point, the longer dashes only should be intersected symmetrically (Fig. 36).
Fig. 36 Centre lines at the crossing points

Chords, arcs, angles and radii
Dimensions of chords, arcs and angles should be as shown in Fig. 37.
Fig. 37 Dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles

Where the centre of an arc falls outside the limits of the space available, the dimension line of the radius should be broken or interrupted, according to whether or not it is necessary to locate the centre (Fig. 15).
Where the size of the radius can be derived from other dimensions, it shall be indicated with a radius arrow and the symbol R, without an indication of the value.
Equidistant features
Where equidistant features or uniformly arranged elements are part of the drawing specification, dimensioning may be simplified as follows: 1. Linear spacings may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 38 (one space may be dimensioned to avoid possibility of confusion).
Fig. 38 Dimensioning equidistant features

2. Angular spacing of holes and other features may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 39.
Fig. 39 Dimensioning equispaced angular feature

Chamfers and counter-sinks
Chamfers may be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 40, and counter-sinks, as shown in Fig. 41.
Fig. 40 Dimensioning champers

Fig. 41 Dimensioning counter-sinks

Tapered features
Tapered features are dimensioned, either by specifying the diameters at either end and the length, or the length, one of the diameters and the taper or taper angle (Fig. 42a).
A slope or flat taper is defined as the rise pr unit length and is dimensioned by the ratio of the difference between the heights at the ends to its length (Fig. 42b).
Fig. 42 Dimensioning tapered features

Screw threads
Screw threads are always specified with proper designation. The nominal diameter is preceded by the letter M. The useful length of the threaded portion should be dimensioned as shown in Fig. 43. While dimensioning the internal threads, the length of the drilled hole should also be dimensioned.
Fig. 43 Dimensioning screw threads

Keyways
Dimensioning of keyways, both external and internal, is followed as shown in Fig. 44. Figure 44a shows the method of dimensioning, as recommended for the keyway on a shaft, located at its end and Fig. 44b, for keyway located at some intermediate position. Figure 44c represents the dimensioning facilitate accurate measurement of the given dimensions.
Fig. 44 Dimensioning keyways

Spherical features
Figure 45 represents correct and incorrect method of dimensioning a spherical feature. Here too, the dimensioning requirement is measurement feasibility.
Fig. 45 Dimensioning spherical features

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Principles of Dimensioning

Figure 1 indicates the classification of dimensions

Fig. 1 Classification of dimensions

Fig. 1a Elements of dimensioning

The following are the basic principles of dimensioning:

2. Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a drawing.

Fig. 2 Placement of dimensions where the shape is best shown

Fig. 3 Placement of only necessary dimensions

Fig. 4 Placement of dimensions outside the view

Fig. 5 Marking of dimensions from the visible outlines

Fig. 6 Avoiding dimensioning to the centre line

Fig. 8 Dimensioning in narrow spaces

Fig. 10 Dimensioning a tapered feature

A leader line is a line referring to a feature (dimension, object, outline, etc.).

Fig. 11 Termination of leader lines

Leader lines should terminate (Fig. 11).

with a dot, it they end within the outline of an object,

with an arrow head, if they end on the outline of an object,

Fig. 12 Dimensioning several arcs

Fig. 13 Unbroken dimension line

Fig. 15 Dimensioning of radii

Fig. 16 Aligned dimensioning

Angular dimensions may be oriented as shown in Fig. 18.

Fig. 17 Oblique dimensioning

Fig. 18 Angular dimensioning

Angular dimensions may be oriented as shown in Fig. 20.

Fig. 19 Unidirectional dimensioning Fig. 20 Angular dimensioning

Fig. 21 Dimensioning closer to termination Fig. 22 Indication of out-of-scale dimension

Fig. 23 Chain dimensioning

Fig. 24 Parallel dimensioning

Fig. 25 Combined dimensioning

Fig. 26 Staggering dimensions

Fig. 27 Redundant dimensions

Fig. 28 Spacing of dimensions Fig. 29 Dimensioning sectioned areas

Fig. 30 Dimensioning an angle

Fig. 31 Dimensioning lengths and related diameters

Fig. 32 Dimensioning a hole

Fig. 33 Co-ordinate dimensioning

Fig. 34 Shape identification symbols

Shape identification symbols

Fig. 35 Dimensioning diameters

Fig. 36 Centre lines at the crossing points

Chords, arcs, angles and radii

Dimensions of chords, arcs and angles should be as shown in Fig. 37.

Fig. 37 Dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles

Fig. 38 Dimensioning equidistant features

Fig. 39 Dimensioning equispaced angular feature

Chamfers and counter-sinks

Fig. 40 Dimensioning champers

Fig. 41 Dimensioning counter-sinks

Fig. 42 Dimensioning tapered features

Fig. 43 Dimensioning screw threads

Fig. 44 Dimensioning keyways

Fig. 45 Dimensioning spherical features

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