The Role of Security Organs in Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence and Peacekeeping in Africa and International Level

Report of a Workshop
Africa Region Security Organs Capacity Building Workshop on Violence Against Women and Girls: Prevention, Response and Peacekeeping. 21-24 July 2011, Kigali, Rwanda
Prof Shirley Randell AO, PhD and Dr Venera Zakirova Centre for Gender, Culture and Development, Kigali Institute of Education

Prof.Shirley Randell Dr.Venera Zakirova Content Part 1: Analytical Review of Existing Data, Policies, Reports and Legal Frameworks pp.3-21 Part 2: Gender Analysis of the Role of Security Organs in Prevention and Response pp.22-63 Part 3: Security Organs Action Plan pp.64-88

Part 1: Analytical Review of Existing Data, Policies, Reports and Legal Frameworks
Contents
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 Existing Information on GBV Against Women and Girls ........................................................... 5 Significant Recommended Interventions in dealing with GBV ............................................. 6 Significant Processes in dealing with GBV ............................................................................. 8 Other Key Processes .............................................................................................................. 9 Coordination ........................................................................................................................ 10 International Legal Frameworks .............................................................................................. 10 Lessons Learned from some National Reforms to the Security Sector. .................................. 11 The Rwanda Case................................................................................................................. 12 Other Examples of Successful National Reform .................................................................. 15 References ............................................................................................................................... 21

Acronyms
BPA CEDAW CSO DCAF DPKO ECA EDPRS ESA FPU GBV GBV AoR GLR GoR GTZ HIV/Aids IGO IRIN IMC IRC MIGEPROF MINECOFIN NATO NGO PSEA RAUW RDF RNP RWN SCR SGBV SRSA SSR UN UNFPA UNHCR UNICEF USAID Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women Civil Society Organisations Democratic Control of Armed Forces Department of Peacekeeping Operations East and Central Africa Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy Eastern and Southern Africa Formed Police Units Gender Based Violence Gender-based Violence Area of Responsibility Great Lakes Region Government of Rwanda German Development Organisation Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome Inter-governmental Organisation Integrated Regional Information Networks International Medical Corps International Rescue Committee Ministry for Gender and Family Promotion Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Non-government Organisation Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Rwanda Association of University Women Rwanda Defence Force Rwanda National Police Rwanda Womens Network Security Council Resolution Sexual and Gender Based Violence Swedish Rescue Services Agency Security Sector Reform United Nations United Nations Population Fund United Nations Human Rights Commission United Nations Childrens Fund United States Agency for International Development

Introduction
According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), GBV is perhaps the most widespread and socially tolerated of human rights violations, and can take the form of domestic violence, sexual abuse, and psychological abuse, usually perpetrated against women and girls, both outside and within the home1. While statistics vary across the countries, it is estimated that women are victims in approximately 80-95 percent of gender based violence incidents2. In Rwanda, GBV has been a widespread problem for women before, during and after the genocide against the Tutsi. During the genocide, rape was used as a weapon of war, and women were specifically targeted as victims. Many women became widows. In addition, poverty is a major trigger for economic dependence on husbands, which prevents many women from escaping violent relationships. Thus, commitment by civil society, the international community, and government programming is essential to preventing GBV, mitigating its many effects (physical, biological, emotional, psychological) and prosecuting perpetrators3. One of the strongest challenges to taking appropriate action on GBV is culture: the social norms, traditions and behaviours that create stigma attached to victims of rape, and subsequently limit the ability of social actors to address GBV. These challenges are detailed in Part 2 of our report that lists the achievements, lessons learned, challenges and the way forward as set out by participants in the Kigali Workshop. This Part 1 of the report details some of the existing data, policies, reports and legal frameworks.

Existing Information on GBV Against Women and Girls

Most of the information available on security organs tackling GBV has been produced by international organizations, often in conjunction with the United Nations (UN). These reports provide recommendations on preventing and responding to GBV, usually at the international, national and local levels. Themes in recommendations in UN reports and from other intergovernmental and international organizations for preventing and responding to GBV include: Coordination and information-sharing between local, national, regional and international levels. Strengthening education, training and involvement of police and other security officers in information about the laws, policies and procedures on GBV. Revising laws, policies and procedures at multi-levels in coordination with local, national and international stakeholders. Strengthening local capacities of security organs to prevent and respond to GBV through community development. Involving women in decision-making, data collection, and participation in the security sector. GBV is exacerbated in countries subject to chronic conflict and government instability. In the East and Central Africa (ECA) and Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) regions, conflict is concentrated in the Great Lakes Region (GLR) and the Horn of Africa. The Fragile States Strategy of the United States Agency for Development (USAID) states that data show a strong
1 2

GBV Programming in Rwanda, 2006 Prevalence of Domestic Violence, 2006 3 ibid

correlation between state fragility and inequitable treatment of women. Further, the conditions of fragility both increase the prevalence of GBV and make addressing it more difficult.4 To date, the major focus of GBV discussions has been directed at women and girls, but it should not be forgotten that men are also victims of GBV, although the number is significantly lower. Most surveys consistently show women at much greater risk of intimate partner violence than men. But a few surveys argue that men and women are both likely to be victims of domestic violence, where the data shows the number of male victims of rape and physical assault to be up to half as much as the number of female victims5. Though we still lack GBV data in Rwanda, there are occasional reports of violence against men in the media. Therefore in designing GBV intervention programs, GBV against men should also be taken into consideration. During the workshop the participants identified a decrease in the number of reported GBV cases as a major indicator of an improved situation. The consultants argued that this might not necessarily be true in all cases. An increase in the number of filed complaints could demonstrate a positive sign, demonstrating empowerment of women and other victims of GBV, enabling them to seek help from the police and to press charges against the perpetrators. The challenge in understanding the full extent of the problem of GBV, however, is that the majority of sexual violence incidentsas well as other forms of GBVare likely to go unreported in emergencies, not only because of the high levels of stigma that commonly accompany these crimes and thus a reluctance to report, but also because a lack of health and other services available during a crisis.6 The existence and/or enforcement of anti-GBV measures vary widely across the region. Even comprehensive laws cannot prevent GBV or protect GBV survivors if they are not enforced and perpetrators are not convicted. There is a history of impunity for perpetrators in the region. Small budgets, lack of political commitment, womens low awareness of their legal rights, and general public resistance to improving womens rights are all obstacles to addressing GBV. 7 Lack of data still remains the biggest challenge pertaining to the development of appropriate intervention and programming against GBV in all the countries represented by participants of the workshop.

Significant Recommended Interventions in dealing with GBV

This section reviews some of the recommended interventions in the area of GBV from the literature.

4 5

Ibid See for example. Patricia Tjaden, Nancy Thoennes, Julie E. Samuels, Stephen B. Thacker. Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. NIJ CDC, July 2000. Pp. iv v. http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf 6 GBV Area of Responsibility Working Group, 2010 7 USAID, 2006

Tools One of the recommended tools for practitioners fighting GBV is the Handbook for Coordinating GBV Interventions in Humanitarian Settings, published in July 20108. This Handbook is a product of the Gender-based Violence Area of Responsibility (GBV AoR) Working Group, with project oversight provided by representatives of UNFPA, United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), International Rescue Committee (IRC) and International Medical Corps (IMC). GBV AoR was established under the Protection Cluster at the global level to promote a coherent, comprehensive and coordinated approach to GBV in emergencies. Programming In relation to programming, GBV coordinators and partners should understand the two basic programming models - the multi-sectoral model and the multi-level model. One of the limitations of the multi-sectoral model is that it specifies many of the sectoral responsibilities in terms of response but gives limited attention to prevention. Where it does identify prevention activities, it fails to prioritize them or even provide a conceptual framework for prioritizing them. As such, a supplementary model to the multi-sectoral modelthe multi-level modelis currently evolving. This model includes: Primary prevention/structural reform, which includes preventative measures at the broadest level to ensure rights are recognized and protected through international, statutory and traditional laws and policies. Secondary prevention/systems reform, which includes systems and strategies to monitor and respond when rights are breached. Intervention at this level includes developing and building the capacity of statutory and traditional legal/justice systems, healthcare systems, social-welfare systems and community mechanisms. Tertiary prevention/operational response, which includes response at the individual level through direct services to meet the needs of women and girls who have been subjected to GBV. i.e. linkage with police and courts. Guiding principles The core guiding principles of UN are safety, respect, confidentiality and non-discrimination, which apply to both GBV programming and coordination efforts and must be considered in all decisions. Protection and Security Measures Services should not only work to reduce negative consequences, but also prevent further harm. Within the security sector, police, military and peacekeeping personnel should be: educated about GBV held to zero-tolerance codes of conduct trained on how to appropriately intervene in cases of GBV Police should have private rooms for meetings with individuals who have been exposed to GBV in order to: ensure same sex interviewers institute protocols for referrals to other sectors collect standardized and disaggregated data on incidents create specialized units to address GBV
8

GBV Area of Responsibility Working Group, 2010

Police actors should be trained on survivor-centred approaches and needs-based services. Protection involves information sharing between local services, non-government organisations (NGOs), international organizations, health, legal and community services with the police training local services on national and international laws and policies around GBV increasing female officers enhancing securitys ability to provide protection and justice in GBV cases, i.e. making sure there are enough rape kits at the station, officers have the capacity to testify if brought to court, officers are trained on national laws, there are procedures and guidelines in place for dealing with GBV cases, transport/protection is offered to victims.

Significant Processes in dealing with GBV

Gender and Security Sector Reform Project (SSR) One of the prominent processes in preventing GBV is the Gender and SSR Project at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF)9 that has been designed to address a variety of problems within the security sector, such as corruption, lack of technical capacity, human rights violations, lack of transparency and oversight, as well as broader social problems such as crime and armed violence. This provides a window of opportunity to enhance security sectors response to GBV. SSR processes vary from country to country, and each SSR context is unique. Although international or regional organisations or bilateral donors may support SSR, local and national ownership of any reform process is essential. General challenges in implementing SSR include: The highly political nature of SSR processes, especially in regard to the armed forces, involving many vested personal, national and international interests The need to coordinate many different actors and to include expertise from a range of different governmental departments and NGOs The wide range of activities, which can be initiated in support of a number of different objectives and can often lead to inconsistencies and unevenness in implementation, and ad hoc initiatives The long-term process involved, which can lead to problems with sustainability, including adequate funding. Recommendations relating to SSR on gender mainstreaming and promoting equal participation of women and men include: ensure full involvement of civil society organisations (CSO), including national and local womens organisations, in assessing, designing, implementing and monitoring/ evaluating SSR policies and programmes review and revise existing security-related legislation, policies and protocols to ensure that they are not discriminatory, and take into account the specific security needs of women, men, boys and girls implement specific policies, mechanisms and programming to prevent, address and sanction GBV against women, girls, men and boys as part of SSR

Valasek, Kristin, 2008

establish codes of conduct and other internal policies and mechanisms that enforce zero tolerance of GBV, including sexual harassment, by security sector personnel establish strategic targets and specific initiatives to increase the recruitment, retention and advancement of women and other underrepresented groups in security sector institutions include specific gender training as part of the core training curriculum of security sector personnel at all levels. mainstream gender issues into training for security sector personnel strengthen oversight of SSR processes and ensure that security sector oversight bodies are gender-responsive and collaborate with womens CSOs include sex-disaggregated data and questions on gender issues, including on the security needs, priorities and capacities of men, women, girls and boys in any SSR assessment, research or monitoring/evaluation build the gender awareness and capacity of personnel involved in SSR through gender training, working with gender experts and including gender-responsiveness in the terms of reference for positions as well as personnel assessments. Examples of incorporating gender in all activities include: integrating gender issues into the core training for justice sector personnel, including lawyers, judges and administration staff initiating a gender budget analysis of government public security spending to ensure that funds are being equitably allocated. employing a gender expert as part of the SSR assessment team. supporting a code of conduct for the armed forces that explicitly prohibits and sanctions GBV. Examples of designing men, women, boys and girls-specific initiatives to deal with the particular security needs of each group include: funding the establishment of womens police units or stations training prison staff to prevent the rape of male prisoners encouraging collaboration with womens organizations to improve services to trafficked women and girls identified at borders conducting an assessment of measures to prevent and respond to male youth violence.

Other Key Processes

The literature suggests the importance of other key processes and recommends the following activities10. Laws and Policies Institute legal protections, such as restraining orders, and develop policies for police in responding to GBV Prepare codes of conduct for military relating to GBV and policies for addressing any breach in those codes. Systems

10

USAID, 2006

Integrate GBV response into all levels of law enforcement, for example by creating special police units for monitoring and responding to various types of GBV incidents Develop protocols for the collection and storage of forensic evidence Create curricula for training police on legislation, how to respond to reported incidents of GBV, and processing victims/survivors cases Institute courses at police training colleges to sensitize and train all police on gender, GBV, and how to work with child victims. Services Upgrade infrastructure and processing procedures to ensure privacy, personal safety, and confidentiality Establish protective services, such as the enforcement of restraining orders and referrals to safe houses, health services, and legal services Improve and monitor the time it takes for police to respond to victims and survivors and to arrest perpetrators Community Mobilization Increase community members awareness of where and how to report GBV Establish community liaisons with police, as well as civil oversight of police Advocate for the development of community policing initiatives

Coordination11
There is a key issue in dealing with GBV in ensuring coordination between local, national and international action. Those in the deep field often have a less clear idea about coordination structures than those working at the national level, particularly in terms of how their coordination structure is linked with other coordination structures: information-transfer and reporting lines between national coordination mechanisms and field coordination mechanisms are not well-established in several settings field coordination mechanisms are not always sure to whom they are accountable. national coordination mechanisms are not always aware of what activities are being undertaken in the field. sub-national structures should be identified and/or developed a national coordination mechanism should be established

International Legal Frameworks

Integrating gender into security sector reform is necessary to comply with international and regional laws, instruments and norms concerning security and gender. Key instruments include: Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 1979 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPA) 1995 UNSCR 1325 on women, peace and security (October 2000)12 In September 2009, UNSCR 1888 built on two earlier resolutions: UNSCR 1325 that provides a political framework that makes women and a gender perspective relevant to all aspects of peace processes
11 12

GBV Area of Responsibility Working Group, 2010 Valasek, Kristin,2008

10

UNSCR 1820, adopted in June 2008, which recognizes the links between sexual violence in armed conflict and its aftermath, and sustainable peace and security. SCR 1820 commits the Security Council to considering appropriate steps to end sexual violence and to punish perpetrators and requests a report from the UN Secretary-General on situations in which sexual violence is being widely or systematically employed against civilians and on strategies for ending the practice.13 Through SCR 1888, a Special Representative to the UN Secretary-General is responsible for coordinating a range of mechanisms and overseeing implementation of both SCR 1325 and SCR 1888.14 Other provisions of the text of SCR 1888 include: identifying womens protection advisers among gender advisers and human rights protection units strengthening of monitoring and reporting on sexual violence retraining of peacekeepers, national forces and police boosting the participation of women in peace-building and other post-conflict processes.15 UN Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (PSEA) (ST/SGB/2003/13). PSEA relates specifically to the responsibilities of international humanitarian actors to prevent incidents of sexual exploitation and abuse committed by UN, NGO and intergovernmental organisation (IGO) personnel against colleagues and beneficiaries of assistance and to take action as quickly as possible when incidents do occur. The terms of PSEA also apply to all UN staff and volunteers, military personnel and civilian police.16 Since the adoption of SCRs 1820 and 1888, and with the appointment of a Special Representative to the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) is putting in place a more standardized structure to coordinate mission activities in addressing sexual violence, including the deployment of women protection advisors in some peacekeeping missions.17 DPKO is currently developing operational guidance to missions about addressing conflict-related sexual violence, in line with SCRs 1820 and 1888. To date, the DPKO Policy Directive on Gender Equality has been the main reference for all gender-related concerns (including GBV) in peacekeeping settings. Depending on the mission structure and mandate, the mission Gender Advisors in cooperation with the Human Rights Section, Child Protection, HIV/AIDS, Rule of Law and the police coordinate actions to address conflict-related sexual violence and other forms of GBV.18

Lessons Learned from some National Reforms to the Security Sector.

This section begins by describing the Rwanda case and then providing examples of successful reform in some other countries19.

13 14

Servicio de Enlace con las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales, 2009 Ibid 15 Ibid 16 GBV Working Group, 2010 17 Ibid 18 Ibid 19 Valasek, Kirstin, 2008

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The Rwanda Case

The Government of Rwanda undertakes immense efforts to address GBV. First of all, it recognises the importance of gender equality, especially in a post-genocide society where more than one-third of the countrys households are led by women20. Rwanda National Police (RNP) argue that despite the enactment of laws and policies, violence against women, especially in domestic relations remains a problem, the latest statistics from Rwanda National Police reported cases for first quarter from January to March 2011, reveal that 9 women were murdered by their husbands versus 2 men, 11 women were murdered by other family members, 66 women reported cases of physical abuse by husbands and 24 by other family members, 4 women committed suicide related to spouse violence and 4 committed suicide resulting from other domestic relations. An assessment study of Intervention programs for Gender Based Violence Prevention (June 2010) and response by the Gender Monitoring Office also reveal high rates of all types of gender-based violence in all district with total numbers for violent cases between 2008 and 2009 including 5,358 economic violence, 4,116 physical violence, 3,645 sexual violence and 3,163 psychological violence21. RNP and the Rwanda Defence Force (RDF) have taken on a number of the recommendations listed above. The effectiveness of and obstacles to these changes need to be better understood.22. A significant step forward was the formation of RNP in 2000 that combined the former Gendarmerie Nationale, which was under the Ministry of Defence, with the former Communal Police under the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Judicial Police under the Ministry of Justice. RDF has also undergone tremendous transformation from a guerrilla army to a professional military force with a national outlook. The importance of community support, local institutions and popular justice in post-conflict Rwanda further led to policing and security approaches that are community-based and harness the voluntary assistance of thousands of local leaders to provide crime protection and investigation, penetrating society and winning compliance for official policies. GBV is a case in point of addressing Rwandas post-conflict legacy by using innovative, contextrelevant approaches. GBV was used as a widespread weapon of war during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi. It is believed that between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the genocide23. GBV remains a significant security challenge today - RNP statistics indicated 2,033 cases of GBV in 2006. RDF and RNP identify GBV as a serious security threat because it is a major obstacle to both the rights-based rule of law as well as sustainable development. To address GBV, RDF and RNP have adopted the following measures: Anti-GBV Mainstreaming Gender desks. Both the RDF and RNP have established gender desks at their headquarters with focal points at decentralized levels to respond to GBV cases as well as coordinate awareness-raising and capacity building activities.

20 21

GBV Programming in Rwanda: Actors, Activities, Collaboration, Coordination (2006) p. 11 The data is provided by RNP (From RNP and UN Women Project proposal format) 22 Nathan, Melinda, 2010, 23 UN Fact Sheet. Violence against women: forms, consequences and costs. 9 October, 2006 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/launch/english/v.a.w-consequenceE-use.pdf

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Training. In 2008, standard operating procedures on GBV were produced by RNP, with inputs from community members and other stakeholders. Police station commanders have been trained in these procedures. In addition, curricula and training manuals on GBV have been developed and implemented in the two Rwandan police training centres. These training programmes address appropriate methods for handling and investigating GBV-related cases, and some police have also received specialized training in psychosocial counselling for survivors. Since 2008, the RDF gender desk officers have conducted training on gender equality concepts, womens human rights, and GBV for close to 5,000 RDF members (military officers, cadets at the military academy, ex-combatants and local defence forces) and civilians, in three out of Rwandas five provinces. Communication and awareness-raising. Both the RDF and RNP provide free hotlines to report GBV cases. RNP gender desk engages in a broad-based campaign to raise awareness of GBV through outreach in churches, local authorities, womens councils, primary and secondary schools, and through media such as television, radio, brochures, calendars and posters. RDF also sensitizes the community against GBV through songs and drama that effectively convey messages on the role of men in ending GBV, challenge negative attitudes towards women and provoke a reflection on behaviour change in the population. Community-based approaches. Community policing can also be very responsive to GBV, as community policing committee members are able to approach local families where they know violence occurs, rather than waiting for the women to come forward. GBV police officers as well as community policing liaison officers attest that the community dialogue processes have made women more aware of their rights, and that men are more reluctant to abuse their wives as they know that women may now go to the police. RDF has supported the creation of 3647 anti-GBV clubs at the neighbourhood to subdistrict levels in all districts across the Rwanda to foster effective prevention and support community policing in response to GBV crimes. RDF has also conducted two-week anti-GBV capacity building programmes for members since 2008. Multi-sectoral approach. The gender desk of RNP has joined with the Police Hospital, General Prosecutors Office and other service providers to create the Isange One Stop Centre for survivors of domestic, child and GBV at Kigalis Kacyriu Police Hospital in 2005. The centre provides multi-sectoral support to survivors, where they are able to file their case, undergo a medical examination, receive psychosocial counselling and submit their legal file to the General Prosecutors Office, with the support of specialized personnel, at no cost and all from the same location. A safe room is also available for temporary emergency accommodation.

13

Gender Mainstreaming Reinforcing the security forces anti-GBV credentials are the gender mainstreaming measures that have been established within RDF and RNP. RDF has committed to programmed increases of the proportion of women in recruitment, training and participation in all activities including participation in peace missions abroad given that Rwanda is a signatory to international conventions such as CEDAW, BPA and UNSCR 1325 which promote gender equality, respect for womens human rights and increased womens participation in peace-building. So far 84 women soldiers in RDF have served in peace missions abroad since 2004 and 35 women soldiers are on mission abroad in 2011. Strengthening Anti-GBV practices in Overseas Peace Support Operations Rwandas success in raising awareness and building anti-GBV capacity in its security forces at home has had a positive spillover effect on the international peace support missions where Rwandan contingents have been deployed. While in mission areas, it is an RDF priority to escort women in market places, water and firewood collection points on a daily basis. In Darfur, RDF has trained local communities in building fuelefficient stoves and helped them with tree-planting initiatives. These innovative measures have meant that women and girls need not venture too far or too often from the relative safety of the camps to gather firewood for fuel where they are vulnerable to attack. The increased interaction during these joint activities as well as the presence of women soldiers has also made women in local communities feel safer and more willing to report GBV cases. The first all-female contingent of 90 police officers from Rwanda has just been deployed in Darfur as advisors on GBV the first of its kind in Africa. UNHCR Report24 The 2010 United Nations Human Rights Commission (UNHCR) report on progress in Rwanda commended the Rwanda NPF report that there had been a 22 percent drop in the number of child molestations, from 2,000 cases in 2006. Reported rape cases dropped 26 percent over the same period to 2009. Many of the cases are handled at Isange one-stop centre at Kacyiru police hospital, which has supported about 1,500 women with psycho-social and medical assistance. Rwanda Womens Network Report25. The Rwanda Womens Network (RWN) has reported the following challenges: Failure to reach women and girls and address their specific needs, particularly in relation to violence, conflict and HIV and AIDS Failure of justice and rehabilitation needs of victims, which comprehensively dealing with conflict and post-conflict related violations against women and girls Lack of all-inclusive involvement, especially of men in efforts against GBV Legislators and other policymakers do not consider GBV as a serious issue, nor appreciate its link to HIV/Aids International conventions such as CEDAW are not enforceable, while justice systems are not easily accessible nor responsive to the needs of survivors of violence State laws, such as the succession law are not sensitive to the specific rights of women, such as the right to land
24 25

IRIN, 2010 RWN hosts international workshop on SGBV and Post-conflict Recovery to share the Polyclinic of Hope (PoH) Model http://www.rwandawomennetwork.org/newnews.html, accessed 5 July 2011

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There are limited state structures to guarantee the protection of victims of GBV There exist weaknesses within the state systems, such as police and health structures to prevent or protect survivors of GBV It is difficult to ensure that women voices are heard and heeded to in all processes An overwhelming number of children have no fathers, therefore lacking identity and claim to land There are practical restrictions in addressing the needs of the survivors of violence that range from institutional incapacities, poverty, social stigma, negative cultural perceptions, etc Key lessons from the International Workshop on SGBV and Post-Conflict Recovery held in July 2008 in Kigali, which sought to share the award winning RWN Polyclinic of Hope model, and demonstrated how women can successfully move from being victims of violence to agents of change for their families and communities26. Because of the multiple consequences of Sexual and GBV (SGBV), women should benefit from all interventions and processes in communities aimed at prevention, protection and dealing with the socio-economic and health consequences of SGBV The context within which SGBV occurs should be taken into consideration International and domestic legislations vis a vis GBV, i.e CEDAW and UNSCR 1325 should be operationalised There needs to be a multi-sectoral approach to survivors of GBV, with emphasis on the involvement of men There is need to strengthen already existing safe houses and build, where necessary, safe-houses for victims of GBV working closely with RPF to ensure their security, including ensuring holistic interventions in such spaces while being sensitive to local socio-cultural realities in the different countries.

Other Examples of Successful National Reform27.

This section details some examples from the literature of successful reform in Nicaragua, South Africa, Hungary, Sierra Leone, Brazil, United Kingdom and Sweden. Nicaragua Modernisation of the National Police Force The modernisation of the National Police Force of Nicaragua demonstrates the beneficial impact of initiatives to mainstream gender and increase the participation of women. A broad range of gender reforms of the Nicaraguan police were initiated in the 1990s, following pressure from the Nicaraguan womens movement and from women within the police. As part of a project backed by the German Development Organisation (GTZ), specific initiatives were undertaken including: Training modules on GBV within the police academies Womens police stations Reform of recruitment criteria, including female-specific physical training and the adaptation of height and physical exercise requirements for women Transparent promotion requirements Family-friendly human resource policies

26 27

See ibid From Valasek, Kristin, 2008. pp.5-10

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Establishment of a Consejo Consultivo de Gnero as a forum for discussion and investigation into the working conditions of female officers In 2008, 26 percent of Nicaraguan police officers were women, the highest proportion of female police officers of any police force in the world at that time. Nicaraguas police service has been described as the most women-friendly in the region, and is hailed for its successful initiatives to address sexual violence. Nicaraguas modernisation programme has set an example for other state institutions, and police forces in the region are seeking to replicate it. The reforms have helped the police gain legitimacy and credibility. in the eyes of the general public: in a recent image ranking of Nicaraguan institutions the police came in second, far ahead of the Catholic Church. South Africa Defence Review Process One of the most important initiatives to ensure local ownership of security sector reform is to conduct a participatory consultation to understand the security context, actors, needs and priorities. The participation of womens organisations in the 1996-98 South African Defence Review process is an example of how their involvement can build consensus and legitimacy for security reform processes. The objective of the defence review was to outline operational details, such as doctrine, force design, logistics, armaments, human resources and equipment. At the insistence of women parliamentarians, the Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Defence called for a national consultation as part of the defence review process. A variety of measures were taken to ensure public participation, including using military planes and buses to transport religious and community leaders, NGO activists and representatives of womens organisations to regional meetings and workshops. Grassroots womens organisations were vital in drawing attention to previously ignored issues, such as the plight of dispossessed communities whose land had been seized for military use, the environmental impact of military activities and the sexual harassment of women by military personnel. To respond to these issues, two new sub-committees were formed within the Defence Secretariat. After a two year process, the participatory defence review had helped build national consensus around defence issues and generated public legitimacy for the new security structures. Hungary Raising Participation of Women in Armed Forces Hungary successfully raised the participation of women in its armed forces from 4.3 percent in 2005 to 17.56 percent in 2006, which was then the second highest rate of all NATO countries (Latvia was the highest with 18.2%). After combat positions were opened to women in 1996, women are now able to occupy any position within the Hungarian armed forces. Hungarys strategies to increase recruitment, retention and deployment of women include: Military Service Law that upholds the equal rights of men and women and guarantees non-discriminatory promotion based on professional skill, experience, performance and service time An Equal Opportunity Team and Equal Opportunity Plan created within human resources A Committee on Women of the Hungarian Defence Forces established in 2003 to ensure equal opportunities for men and women. The Committee conducts research and holds meetings with servicewomen to gather experiences, from which they prepare 16

analyses of the status of gender equality, including problems and recommendations for change. A network of womens focal points established at unit level Steps to improve resting and hygienic conditions in the units Sierra Leone - Effectively addressing Crimes of Sexual Violence: Post-conflict Justice Mechanisms It is estimated that over 250,000 women were raped during Sierra Leones decade-long civil war. In the aftermath of the war, a combination of justice mechanisms were employed, including the Special Court for Sierra Leone, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission and traditional justice mechanisms. The Special Court for Sierra Leone was established by an agreement between the UN SecretaryGeneral and the Government of Sierra Leone. It started operations in 2002 and continues today, with a mandate to try persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law during the war. The Special Court is located in Sierra Leone and is operated by international and Sierra Leonean judges and staff. The Courts Statute adopted a broad definition of sexual violence, including rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy and any other form of sexual violence, and explicitly called for the appointment of gender-sensitive staff to deal with crimes of sexual violence. Many positive steps have been taken by the Special Court to seek to ensure that crimes of sexual violence are adequately addressed. These include: Developing a prosecution strategy that incorporated crimes of sexual violence from the outset Specifically tasking a trial attorney to develop a prosecution plan for sexual violence crimes Assigning two experienced female investigators (out of a team of ten) to investigate crimes of sexual violence Adopting a gender-sensitive interview method to ensure that victims felt comfortable reporting crimes Emphasising witness preparation to ensure that witnesses understood the implications of testifying Although it is too early to draw definite conclusions regarding the success of the Special Courts handling of sexual violence, the first judgements of the Court, delivered on 20 June 2007, included convictions for rape as a crime against humanity and sexual slavery, as well as the first conviction in an international tribunal for the recruitment and use of child soldiers). Brazil - improving prevention and response to gun violence Globally, men and boys are the overwhelming majority of gun violence perpetrators and victims. Research confirms that gender is a key factor, largely due to socio-cultural norms linking guns and masculinity. Carrying a gun can be a way of publicly demonstrating real manhood to gain status and respect. Misuse of guns by men and boys is often glorified in popular culture and socially accepted or expected, especially among young, marginalised men.

17

In Rio de Janeiro, young men are more likely to be killed by guns than all other external causes of death combined, including traffic accidents, illness and other kinds of injuries. Brazil has one of the highest homicide rates in the world, with more than 35,000 firearm deaths every year. Brazilians are about four times more likely to die by firearms than the general world population. In response to the escalating urban violence in Rio de Janeiro, the NGO Viva Rio was established in 1993 with the aim of promoting a culture of peace and social development. Viva Rio now has more than 500 ongoing projects, many of which specifically focus on improving the prevention and response to gun violence, including: Public awareness-raising campaigns to reduce the demand for guns Voluntary small arms collection campaigns Destruction of surplus weapons, in collaboration with police, military and local government Improvement of secure storage facilities Advocating for tighter gun laws Free legal advice centres Specifically focusing on gun violence prevention amongst young men in the favelas, Viva Rio initiated the Fight for Peace Project. Now also open to women, the project combines professional boxing lessons with citizenship classes and group discussions with a social worker. Topics range from anger management and sexually transmitted diseases to building selfesteem. The objective is to help young men and women (12-25 year olds) cope with the violence surrounding them, and offer them alternatives to involvement in the heavily armed drug trade. In collaboration with the Military Police, Viva Rio has also developed a training-of-trainers course for police on issues of citizen rights, ethics and community relations. Close to 200 officers have been trained, who will replicate the training to reach some 10,000 officers. United Kingdom (UK) Equal Opportunities Commission dealing with Sexual Harassment in the Armed Forces. The UK Equal Opportunities Commission (now part of the Equality and Human Rights Commission) was the independent public body mandated to work towards the elimination of discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for women and men. It was responsible to the Cabinet Minister for Women and the Parliamentary Secretary for Women and Equality in the Department for Communities and Local Government. In 2004, after several high-profile cases of sexual harassment and a high number of complaints, the Commission wrote to the Ministry of Defence expressing its concern about the frequency and persistence of sexual harassment against women serving in the armed forces. On the basis of detailed information from the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces, the Commission concluded that the Armed Forces had not taken sufficient steps to meet their legal responsibilities to prevent and respond to sexual harassment. Using its powers as set out in the Sex Discrimination Act, the Commission embarked upon a formal investigation. It suspended the investigation on the condition of the Armed Forces fulfilment of an Agreement and Action Plan to Prevent and Deal. This Action Plan has three phases, over three years: Diagnostic and data gathering

18

Period for the Ministry of Defence to review the information collected and to propose a programme of future work, including outcomes and targets to be achieved, to the Commission for its agreement Implementation and monitoring phase The Action Plan specifically includes undertaking a sexual harassment survey, convening focus groups, determining a standard for recording sexual harassment complaints, appointing an external reviewer to assess the handling of complaints and increasing the number of female trainers. In June 2008 the Commission conducted a final review of the Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces performance to determine whether they had successfully reformed as required under the Agreement, including achieving the agreed outcomes. Sweden Genderforce - a Multi-layered Approach to integrating Gender Issues into Swedish Security Sector Institutions Genderforce Sweden has as its starting point the implementation of UNSCR 1325. It is funded by the European Unions Equal Initiative and is a partnership of: Swedish Armed Forces Swedish Police Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) Kvinna till Kvinna (a womens civil society organisation) Association of Military Officers in Sweden Swedish Womens Voluntary Defence Organisation The core objectives of Genderforce are to improve the gender balance and promote the integration of gender perspectives into Swedish military and civilian relief operations and into post-conflict peacekeeping operations. In order to meet these objectives, eight projects have been initiated: Increasing female recruitment: Recruitment processes in the partner organisations have been assessed from a gender perspective and recommendations have been established. One example is how the SRSA has altered its recruitment methods, for instance by advertising in womens magazines. According to its Gender Advisor, Susanne Axmacher: We are definitely sending more women into operational areas nowadays. Another example is how the Nordic Battle Group set a goal of 8 percent female recruitment from the then 5 percent women. Gender-responsive policy documents: Government and institutional policy documents underwent gender analysis in order to identify concrete areas of improvement with the end goal of having mission and operations mandates that contained clear directives on gender equality and the active participation of women. New topics of reporting were suggested including: What local womens organisations have been contacted for interaction? and What security threats to women have been observed? Civilian-military cooperation in the field: A study was conducted by the Swedish National Defence College to clarify the different roles of civilian and military actors, and methods of civilian-military cooperation in implementing UNSCR 1325. One of the studys recommendations was to form a network of Swedish civilian and military actors to enhance cooperation. Gender field advisor: A training programme has been developed for gender field advisors in order to create a pool of advisors for international operations. 19

Gender coach programme: As top management have the power and ability to influence structures and behaviours in the organisations, 12 senior officials were selected for the gender coaching programme. Major General Sverker Granson, the Swedish Army Chief of Staff, stated that the programme had been a very positive experience and had changed the way he thinks, talks and acts which, among other things, had contributed to more effective communication. Preventing trafficking: A training programme was developed for personnel in international operations on how to recognise signs of trafficking. Gender training: Training methods and tools were developed on gender issues and UNSCR 1325. The Swedish Armed Forces have already adopted this training for personnel in international peace support operations. The goal is to also integrate gender training into the curriculum of Swedish Military Academies, the Swedish National Police Academy and the Swedish National Defence College. Empowerment of local women: A report was commissioned which focuses on good and bad practices of including local women in the planning, implementation and evaluation phases of military and humanitarian operations. The aim is to integrate the findings into pre-deployment training.

20

References
GBV Programming in Rwanda: Actors, Activities, Collaboration, Coordination (2006) www.gwu.edu/~oid/Capstone/Capstone%20papers/rwanda06.pdf GBV Area of Responsibility Working Group (2010), Handbook for Coordinating Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings. http://gbv.oneresponse.info Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), Rwanda (2010) Encouraging Police to tackle Violence against Women, 9 November, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cdd263d1e.htm Nathan, Melinda (2010). Conference Brochure Article: Rwandas Security Forces in Addressing Gender Based Violence at Home and Abroad, 26-27 October, UN Rwanda http://www.undp.org.rw/International_Conference_Role_of_Security-organs-in-ReducingViolence.pdf
Patricia Tjaden, Nancy Thoennes, Julie E. Samuels, Stephen B. Thacker.(2000) Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the National Violence against Women Survey. NIJ CDC. http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf

Prevalence of Domestic Violence (2006) http://stopvaw.org/Prevalence_of_Domestic_Violence.html Rwanda Association of University Women (RAUW) (2011) www.dgroups.org/dgroups/RAUW D-Group Internet List

RWN (2011) RWN hosts international workshop on SGBV and Post-conflict Recovery to share the Polyclinic of Hope (PoH) Model http://www.rwandawomennetwork.org/newnews.html,

Servicio de Enlace con las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales (2009) Security Council Adopts Resolution 1888: Women and Peace and Security, http://www.unngls.org/spip.php?page=article_es_s&id_article=1627 USAID/Eastern and Central Africa, UNICEF/East and Southern Africa Regional Offices (2006) USAID Strategic Framework for the Prevention of and Response to GBV in Eastern, Southern and Central Africa, May, http://eastafrica.caudillweb.com/(S(pmx5eu3ieiwr1n45ewgkaqqq))/proxy/Document.1012.asp x. Valasek, Kristin (2008) Security Sector Reform and Gender, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/PWandUN/UNImplementation/ResearchAndTrainingI nstitutions/UNISTRAW/uninstraw_genderandssrtoolkit1_2008.pdf

21

The Role of Security Organs in Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence and Peacekeeping in Africa and International Level

Report of a Workshop
Part 2: Gender Analysis of the Role of Security Organs in Prevention and Response
Prof Shirley Randell AO, PhD and Dr Venera Zakirova
Centre for Gender, Culture and Development, Kigali Institute of Education

July, Kigali, Rwanda

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Contents
Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................24 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................25 Methodology for the Security Organs Regional Workshop .........................................................26 Gender Analysis Framework ..........................................................................................................26 Group Work Exercises ...................................................................................................................29 Case Study 1: Puffed Rice in Bangladesh ...................................................................................29 Case Study 2: My Story of Domestic Violence. ..........................................................................29 Country Presentations on Achievements/Lessons Learned, Challenges and the Way Forward ..30 Annex 1a: Case Study: Puffed Rice in Bangladesh.........................................................................32 Annex 1b: Results of Group Work-Gender Analysis of Case Study ...............................................33 Annex 2a: Case Study: My Story of Domestic Violence ................................................................36 Annex 2b: Wheel of Power and Control ........................................................................................38 Annex 2c: Problem Tree Analysis ..................................................................................................38 Annex 2d: Results of Group Work-Analysis of Gender-Based Violence Constituencies ...............39 Annex 3: Example of the Gender Needs Identified based on Gender Inequality Facts ................44 Annex 4: Handout: Gender Inequality Map of Rwanda ................................................................45 Annex 5. Country Individual Analyses ...........................................................................................46 Rwanda National Police .............................................................................................................46 Rwanda Correctional Services ...................................................................................................46 Kigali International Conference .................................................................................................47 Botswana Police Services (BPS) .................................................................................................48 Ethiopian Federal Police Commission (EFPC) ............................................................................52 Ghana Police ..............................................................................................................................53 Kenya Police ...............................................................................................................................54 Nigeria Police .............................................................................................................................55 Tanzania Police ..........................................................................................................................56 Zambia Police Service ................................................................................................................57 Uganda Police Force and Uganda Army ....................................................................................58 Independent Group ...................................................................................................................60 Burundi Police ............................................................................................................................61 References .....................................................................................................................................63

23

Acronyms
BPA BPS CAN CEDAW CFPO CFPU CPU CUBAC DNA DOVVSU DV EDPRS EFPC FGM GBV GPRS HIV/AIDS HR IOM LIMID MIGEPROF M&E MOWAC NAMPAAD NGO PEP RNP SADC SARPPCO SCR SGBV SPA SRH SSS STI UN UNIFEM UNWomen UPDF UPF VAWG WiLDAF WAD Beijing Platform for Action Botswana Police Service Child Abuse Network (Ghana) Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women Child and Family Protection Officer (Uganda) Child and Family Protection Unit (Uganda) Community Policing Unit (Ghana) Children Used By Adults in the Commission of Crime Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid unique characteristics of cells Domestic Violence and Victim Support Unit (Ghana) Domestic Violence Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (Rwanda) Ethiopian Federal Police Commission Female Genital Mutilation Gender Based Violence Ghanas Poverty Reduction Strategy Human Immune-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome Human Rights International Organisation for Migration (South Africa) Livestock Management and Development Programme Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion Monitoring and Evaluation Ministry of Women and Children Affairs (Ghana) National Master Plan on Arable Agriculture Development Non Government Organisation Post Exposure Prophylaxis Rwanda National Police Southern African Development Community Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Security Council Resolution Sexual and Gender Based Violence Strategic Plan of Action (Tanzania) Sexual and Reproductive Health State Security Service (Nigeria) Sexually Transmitted Disease United Nations United Nations Fund for Women United Nations Entity on Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment Uganda Peoples Defence Force Uganda Police Force Violence Against Women and Girls Women in Law and Development in Africa Womens Affairs Division (Botswana)

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Introduction
During the first ever Rwanda National Police (RNP) Female Officers Convention held at Petit Stade in Kigali, Rwanda on 28 June 201128 the Inspector General of Police, Emmanuel Gasana, announced that RNP will begin conducting special training for female police officers to promote womens participation in security and peace-building at the national, regional and international levels. The Convention, which brought together about 1,000 female officers, was organised as part of RNPs process to promote gender equality and enhance womens role in the prevention of and response to gender-based violence (GBV). The special courses will also include those for Formed Police Units (FPUs), the contingents that will be trained specially for peacekeeping missions. Increasing the number of women in RNP and peacekeeping missions comes as part of the fulfilment of the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution (SCR) 1325 of 2000, aimed at protecting women and girls during and after armed conflicts, and to fully involve women in conflict prevention, management and resolution, peace building and reconciliation. Rwanda is one of few countries that have implemented this UN tool by also establishing gender desks within security organs. The country has been a learning centre for other nations seeking to implement the same UN tool. The UN recently ranked Rwanda as the country with the highest number of female peacekeepers worldwide. Currently, women comprise 19 percent of RNP with 136 commissioned officers, up from 0.9 percent more than a decade ago when the force was established29. These statistics show that the increased number of women in service is a fulfilment of the Government of Rwandas (GoR) commitment to promote gender equality. At this female officers convention it was noted that fighting GBV is not the work of women alone, but the responsibility of everyone with humanity. Hon. Aloisea Inyumba, the Minister for Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF) commended the RNP for its commitment to the anti GBV campaign. She explained that gender policy in Rwanda is one of the priority areas provided for in Rwandas Constitution, Vision 2020 and its Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS), 2008-2012. As women are 52 percent of Rwandas population who also comprise 60 percent of people engaged in agricultural production, Inyumba noted that women had previously played only the reproductive role. Women now play three roles; reproductive, community participation and productive roles. You are role models, you should not to be seen as a vulnerable group, Inyumba noted. The meeting set the indicators for female police officers capacity building needs and required institutional adjustments to facilitate improved womens participation and contribution to the prevention of and response to GBV and to the broader police mission in general30. This background of Rwandas commitment to gender equality and womens empowerment shows the reason for the selection of Rwanda as the site for the regional training workshop on the role of security organs in prevention and response to GBV against women and girls. One of the workshops major resolutions replicates that of the RNP female officers convention: there is a great need for increased womens representation in security organs.

28 29

Police to conduct special female officers course New Times, 29 June 2011 Ibid 3 Ibid 30 Ibid

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Methodology for the Security Organs Regional Workshop

Several collection tools to determine the existing gaps, needs and interventions for the tasks of the workshop were applied. The consultants facilitated the following methods: Gender Based Analysis was based on a Gender Analysis Framework that used analytical tools to analyse Gender Based Violence (GBV) against Women and Girls by examining its constituents: - the root causes based on two case studies: Puffed Rice in Bangladesh (Annexes 1a and 1b) and My Story of Domestic Violence (Annexes 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d) - Wheel of Power and Control (Annex 3) - Problem Tree Analysis, during the session on Action Planning (Annex 4) Gender Action Planning was based on an analysis of the summary of country presentations structured to determine achievements gained, lessons learnt, challenges, and the way forward on the implementation of Kigali declaration and elimination of GBV against women and girls in the region. The individual country analyses of their challenges, achievements and the way forward are summarized in Annex 5. These methodologies are summarized below.

Gender Analysis Framework

Gender analysis is a basic tool for understanding differences between men and women, in gender roles, activities, needs and opportunities. Gender Analysis examines the differences in women's and men's lives, including those which lead to social and economic inequity for women, and applies this understanding to policy development and service delivery is concerned with the underlying causes of these inequities aims to achieve positive change for women and men Gender analysis seeks answers to the four following questions: 1. What do men, women, adults, children and elders do, and where do they do it? 2. Who has access to and control over resources and services? 3. Who makes decisions in the community? 4. What are the reasons behind these differences in gender? Gender analysis recognises that31: women's and men's lives and therefore experiences, needs, issues and priorities are different women's lives are not all the same; the interests that women have in common may be determined as much by their social position or their ethnic identity as by the fact that they are women women's life experiences, needs, issues and priorities are different for different ethnic groups
31

Adapted from: Gender Analysis Framework. www.gdrc.org/gender/framework/what-is.html Accessed 3 July, 2011

26

these life experiences, needs, issues, and priorities vary for different groups of women (dependent on age, ethnicity, disability, income levels, employment status, marital status, sexual orientation and whether they have dependants) different strategies may be necessary to achieve equitable outcomes for women and men and different groups of women Needs are gaps they are the space between what currently exists and what should exist. A Gender Need is any factor, dynamic, or condition that could be added and changed so that vulnerable women can experience better living conditions. Once these are addressed sustainable development can be promoted. Gender Needs are built upon a rights-based approach and linked to human rights and international protocols (e.g. the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women CEDAW). A Gender Gap refers to the differences between men and women in access to and control over resources. Needs Assessment is the identification of gender gaps and the design of an effective program, product, or service that addresses these gender needs and narrows the gender gaps Once gender needs are satisfied, gender gaps are narrowed and an approach is made towards gender equality As an illustrative example the participants at the workshop were distributed two handouts: a Gender Inequality Map of Rwanda (Annex 6) and an example of Gender Needs (Annex 7) based on Gender Inequality facts. The main goals of Gender Analysis are32: to better understand the community: gender analysis creates a gender looking-glass through which we can examine our community to promote gender equality through our work: gender analysis helps us make decisions in our programs (e.g. GBV prevention) that set the stage for gender equality. The Gender Analysis Framework is a step-by-step tool for carrying out gender analysis, which helps to raise questions, analyze information, and develop strategies to increase women's and men's participation in and benefits from a GBV prevention program. The Gender Analysis Framework is concerned with four issues: 1. What is getting better? What is getting worse? 2. Women's and men's activities and roles. Who does what? 3. Women's and men's access to and control over resources: answering the questions. Who has what? Who needs what? 4. What should be done to close the gaps between what women and men need? What does development deliver? The scheme outlined in Figure 1 gives a visual picture of the logical linkages in the gender analytical frame33.

32

Adapted from Gender And Poverty Project. Gender Analysis, Status of Women, Canada. Accessed 4 July, 2-11 http://tamarackcommunity.ca/downloads/gender/tools.pdf

27

Figure 1: Gender Analysis Framework

This analysis will indicate if and where the objectives and methods proposed for the project should be modified to improve the chances that the project will succeed and to minimize the likelihood that women will be disadvantaged as a result of it. Some questions that may need to be considered in this analysis deal with production processes, training, information, participation, access, institution building and project framework. Particularly within the project framework, the following issues need to be considered34: Do the planning assumptions (at each level of the planning framework or logical framework, for example) adequately reflect the constraints on womens participation in the program? Do project performance indicators identify the need for data to be collected, disaggregated by gender? Will changes in the gender division of labor be monitored? Will data on womens access to and control over resources be collected? Can the project meet both practical gender needs (supporting and improving the efficiency of womens and mens productive roles) and strategic gender needs (improving gender equity through womens participation in the project)? Do the goals, purposes, or objectives of the program explicitly refer to women or reflect womens needs and priorities? Do the project inputs identify opportunities for female participation in program management, in the delivery and community management of goods and services, in any planned institutional changes, in training opportunities, and in the monitoring of resources and benefits? Will the project resources be relevant and accessible to poor women in terms of personnel, location, and timing? Does the project include measurable indices for the attainment of its gender and development objectives, to facilitate monitoring and post-evaluation?

33

From Gender Analyses Framework. (2010) The Global Development Research Center, 3 December http://www.gdrc.org/gender/framework/what-is.html 34 Adapted from Ibid.

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Group Work Exercises

Case Study 1: Puffed Rice in Bangladesh
The participants were given the case study: Puffed rice in Bangladesh (Annex 1a) with the task to fill up the analytical Table 1 below. The results of the group work are summarized in Annex 1b. Learning outcomes the participants are equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to use an analytical tool of project/program analyses through gender perspectives the knowledge acquired can be applied in a GBV context Table 1: Gender Analysis Approach Questions for Analysis Who does what?
What do men and women (adults, children, elders) do, and where and when do these activities take place?

Project

Women

Men

Who decides what? How? Who has what? Who needs what?
Who has access to and control of resources, and decision making? Do women and men have equal access to program events, benefits or services?

Who wins?
Who benefits the most from the program or policy?

Who loses? Project cycle analysis.

What gender considerations are needed for the project?

Case Study 2: My Story of Domestic Violence.

The participants were given the case study: My Story of Domestic Violence (Annex 2a) and guidelines on how to analyse GBV constituents based on this case, with the task to fill up the Wheel of Power and Control (Annex 2b). The Wheel of Power and Control exercise was followed by the Problem Tree exercise (Annex 2c). The results of the group exercises are summarized in Annex 2d. Learning Outcomes The following two outcomes were expected and occurred.
The participants were able to identify root causes and consequences and their results were clustered accordingly (economy, culture, health, etc) This identification is a foundation for further intervention and programming planning

29

Country Presentations on Achievements/Lessons Learned, Challenges and the Way Forward

In developing strategies to implement the Kigali Declaration and the elimination of GBV against women and girls in the region, participants were asked to prepare analytical presentations on their respective country experience, addressing GBV according the following guidelines: Situational analysis: nature and extent of GBV using different sources of information Existing interventions and lessons learned International and regional commitments ratified National laws and policies related to GBV prevention and response Mechanisms and structures established for implementation of existing laws Community engagement programs Any other successful strategies Challenges, gaps and needs for prevention and response to GBV Recommendations (interventions) for future strategies and actions (way forward) The following is a summary of the results. Situation Analysis The major international legislative instruments and protocols adopted and ratified in the various countries were assessed by representatives at the workshop. More details on country specifics may be found in the attached countries PowerPoint presentations. The practical implications were found to be at different levels in the various countries. Participants identified the achievements on GBV prevention and response attained in their respective countries as well as challenges and needed interventions for the way forward, both at the regional and country specific levels. Identified Common Issues Common types of GBV handled by security organs (e.g. police) are (as identified by representatives from Botswana Police Services) Physical assaults Murder often referred to as passion killings Rape Defilement Threats to kill Common challenges Deep rooted traditional value and attitudes affecting women and children negatively Lack of research and analytical data on prevalence, case management and Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of GBV Implementation barriers Lack of infrastructure, resources, funding to develop and strengthen a system for adequate and immediate protection of victims Lack of coordination, cooperation and an integrated approach 30

Small number of police women at all levels of the decision making process Common Interventions Establishing and strengthening relevant institutions, structures and processes within security organs in various countries in Africa Recruitment, promotion and capacity building of womens representation in security organs Strengthened M&E systems, comprehensive research and analytical databases in place Sensitization, training, awareness programs targeting violence against women and girls (VAWG) Coordinated and multi-sectoral approach to prevent GBV and provide support for the victims of GBV Details of individual country analyses are in Annex 5.

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Annex 1a: Case Study: Puffed Rice in Bangladesh.

In Bangladesh many agencies give small loans to individual women from landless families, to embark on a household-level rice-processing business35. Equipment costs are low in such activities, with mainly household items used. However, the working capital needed to purchase unprocessed paddy is often beyond the means of very small families. Loans to overcome this problem can, therefore, help many women to earn additional income using existing skills and equipment. One common rice-processing activity supported by such loans is the production of muri (puffed rice). Both men and women are engaged in this activity, the men in transportation and marketing and the women on the skilled production side. Men purchase paddy in the local market and take it to the women, who parboil it twice and dry it. The men then take it to the local rice mill, for milling. They return it to the farmsteads, where the women separate the grain from the mixed bran and husk. Although the mill delivers rice from one outlet, and bran/husk from another, the men normally load all of this into one bag. The women then have to painstakingly separate it out again, using a winnowing tray. The chaff with dried leaves is used for fuel in parboiling paddy and puffing rice, which demands great skill. The final product is then either sold locally or taken by bus to the major wholesale market in Dhaka. In either case it is the men who sell the final product and control the earnings. The exercise was followed by participants discussion on the following questions: Q1. In your opinion, can gender needs analysis potentially improve the design, implementation and impact of development interventions? A1. YES, taking into consideration of womens needs and workload (e.g. twice separating the rise from bran and husk), the wearisome work on proceeding the paddy into muri, it is clear that most of all the wearisome work is done by women Q2. Were the project aims achieved? A2. NO, the men take control over the final earnings. The results didnt bring about better living for women. Q3. If so, from your own experience, describe an example of where and how gender needs assessment did help, or could have helped, in improving the quality or outcomes of an intervention. A3. The project could have taken into consideration the possibility of avoiding the painstaking work of double separation of the rice from bran and husk. Discussions and consultation with the men on an equal distribution of the workload and earnings with consideration of family needs should have been conducted. The group presentations of the results and the following discussion show that the participants fully understood the task. The groups presentations at the plenary showed different approaches on the reflections of the results but with the anticipated learning outcome the participants were able to implement a gender analytical approach, to differentiate mens, womens and project roles and its impact on the quality of life of women and men.

35

From Marilyn Carr (1984) Blacksmith, Baker Roofing-sheet Maker. Employment for Rural Women in Developing Countries, London, Intermediate Technology Publications, pp. 30-1, in Caroline O.N. Moser (1993) Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training, London, Routledge.

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Annex 1b: Results of Group Work-Gender Analysis of Case Study

Group 1: Rice Processing Men Transportation and marketing Purchase paddy Take it to local rice mill Return it to farmsteads Load into bags Sell final product Women Small loans Parboil and dry it Separate the grains from mixed bram and husk Separate painstakingly Separate again, using winnowing tray Women put in more efforts & do not benefit from results

Who Does What? Women- Take the loan Men- Control the loan How? Men dont disclose the quantum of money used in purchasing and earnings Who Needs What? Women- Need the loan to earn additional income. Men- They do not have access to the loan to buy quantity and sales. Women lose and men win. Gender Considerations for the Project Women- Need empowerment to claim their rights Men- Should also have opportunities to access loans. Should learn the roles of women and perform them. Group 2: Who Decides on What and How? Women Skill Loans to women Loses Empowerment Who Does What? Project Accesses loan Transports Marketing Skilled production Purchases Parboils (twice), Dries it Delivery to rice mill Return to farmstead Separates grain from bram and husk Loads into bags Winnows Sells final product Controls earnings

Men Control of finance earnings Money/Strength Wins Realistic and Gender Sensitive Women Men

33

Group 3: Who Decides What and How? Men Women Decides on profits, earnings-> No power to decide control the earnings-> labour positions himself strategically only Manages the market Men are the decision-makers Loans are issued to the women but men control Men win Women lose Gender Considerations Training on loans for women and men How to ensure democracy in the household Ask the women how they feel about the process (identify if there is a need) Training for men: awareness training Who Does What? Men Transportation Marketing Purchase paddy Take it to rice milling-Return it to the farm Loading into one bag Men sell final product Control the funds Group 4: Who Does What Men Transportation and marketing Purchase paddy in the local market Take into rice mill Market final product and control money Men make decisions Men control financial resources

Women Skilled production Parboil twice and dry it Separate the mixed bran and nuts Separate it again using a tray No money or control

Women Production of muri Parboil and dry the rice Separate the bread from husks

Women put more effort but do not benefit from resources

Gender considerations Equal distribution is needed= Men and women to benefit from the project Group 5: Who Does What Men Pouvoir sur femme cet des moyens de transport Pouvoir de gestion and benefices controle de marche (vente) Lhomme a la controle aux pris- sources et pouvoir pris des decisions Wins

Women 1. Technologique de transformation pour 2. Credit pour acheter le produit 3. Equipments de transformation

Loses

34

Gender considerations Proposer le crdit u lhomme et la femme tout en surveillant de suivi, donner la format aux femmes. What is Gender Analysis? Men Transportation and marketing Purchase paddy Loading of bran/husk into the bag

Women Skilled production Parboil and drying Separation of mixed bram/husk

The picture below illustrates the results of the group work

Results of Group Work on Gender Analyses

35

Annex 2a: Case Study: My Story of Domestic Violence36

I have been married to my husband for ten years37. I became pregnant with my first child shortly after we were married. We now have three children, ages nine, seven and six. Even from the beginning, my husband has made all of the decisions for our family. He told me that my job was to be a good wifeto take care of the children and to cook and clean for him. The first time he hit me was when I was pregnant with my first child. We had come home from my mothers house and he was angry about something. I think I had forgotten to buy a kind of food item that he wanted, and then he slapped me. I thought it was just an isolated event. I never thought he would do it again. Since then, he has hit, kicked, choked, slapped and burned me. He does not hurt me physically that often, though, maybe only once a month. Mainly, when I do something he doesnt like, such as visiting my mother or talking on the phone to a friend, he calls me a prostitute and other bad names, and tells me that he will take the children and go to his mothers home if I am not a good wife. He refuses to let me take a job, even though all of our children are in school, and I would be qualified for many different kinds of jobs. He does not let me have any money, except for a little for grocery shopping. He is very jealous and possessive. A few months ago, he became very angry because I was late getting home from the store. He accused me of seeing another man and punched a hole in the door between the kitchen and the living room. My sons were there and saw this, and he yelled at them to go to their rooms. I recently overheard him talking to my seven-year-old son. He was asking if my son ever saw me talking to other men. He told my son that I was crazy and that my son should watch me and tell him if I did anything strange. Another time, we went to a party given by a friend of his from work. I met the wife of one of the people my husband works with. We spent a long time talking. After some time, my husband came up to me, grabbed my arm so tightly it hurt and left bruises, and whispered in my ear, Were leaving. Just by the look he gave me, I knew he was angry that I spent so much time talking with the woman, and that he would likely beat me when we got home. When we got home, he smashed a framed picture I have of myself with a group of my friends at the university, before I was married, by throwing it at the wall near where I was standing. He told me that I knew what would happen if I continued to disobey him. A few months ago, my husband came home late with friends and made me get up to cook them food. He started joking with his friends about how much I weighed, and that I was like all other women who let themselves go once they got married. He called me many bad names. After his friends left, he woke me up again and forced me to have sex with him, even though I didnt want to and was feeling sick.

36 37

Adapted from Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights (2003). Stop Violence Against Women, www.stopvaw.org This scenario is fictional. Some aspects of the scenario are based on descriptions of domestic violence contained in reports by Minnesota Advocates For Human Rights, available at http://www.mnadvocates.org, the Domestic Violence Centre, available at http://www.dvc.org.nz, and the Family Violence Prevention Fund, available at http://www.fvpf.org.

36

Recently, I tried to talk to my husband about the abuse. He got very angry. He said he doesnt hurt me any more than is to be expected of a husband and that in fact, he thinks that he is too nice to me. He said that if he did happen to be a bit harsh with me sometimes, it was my fault anyway for not being a good wife and letting myself become so unattractive. I love my husband, but I do not think I can continue to live with him. He has threatened to kill me, the children, and himself, if I leave him, and I dont have anywhere to go. I dont have a job or any money, and would not be able to find another place to stay even if I did leave.

37

Annex 2b: Wheel of Power and Control

The Wheel of Power and Control (Minnesota Domestic Violence Program)
1

2 7

Group work. Case Study. My story of Domestic Violence Handouts.

The Wheel of

6
5

3 4

Power and Control

Case Study: My

story of Domestic violence

Annex 2c: Problem Tree Analysis

Problem Tree

# Women disabled #Women murdered # Orphans

consequences GBV Public perception Problem Lack of Law Police ignorance

Lack of awareness

Root causes

Intervention

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Annex 2d: Results of Group Work-Analysis of Gender-Based Violence Constituencies

Case Study of My Case of Gender-Based Violence This exercise helps participants to identify the signs of violence and abuse, and consequently develop interventions for prevention of GBV. Violence against women is often known as gender-based violence because it partly stems from womens subordinate status in society. Domestic violence is a serious problem that occurs in every culture and social group. It has devastating physical, emotional, financial and social effects on women, children, families and communities around the world. Studies show that worldwide, between one-quarter and one-half of all women have been abused by intimate partners, and between 40 and 70 percent of all female murder victim are killed by their intimate partners. While other forms of violence within the family are also serious, this session will address the unique characteristics of violence against women in their intimate relationships. Although the statistics vary slightly, women are the victims of domestic violence in approximately 95 percent of the cases. Violence against women jeopardizes womens lives, bodies, psychological integrity and freedom and has been called the most pervasive yet least recognized human rights abuse in the world.38 During this session, the participants examined the forms of domestic violence through the perspectives of violation of human rights. Based on the understanding of the root causes and consequences, the participants used the results of the group work in the following session on Action Planning. Group exercise: Wheel of Power and Control Learning Outcomes The session was planned to help participants define domestic violence identify different kinds of abusive behaviours that constitute domestic violence identify different forms of domestic violence Describe some of the ways in which domestic violence differs from stranger violence. Describe why domestic violence is a violation of womens human rights. The groups were given instructions (see below) based on the Case Study: My story of Domestic Violence (see Annex 1) to record behaviours, attitudes, etc. that are believed to constitute GBV on the Wheel of Power and Control39

38

Petroulaki, K., A. Dinapogias, S. Morucci, E. Petridou, E. (2006) Sensitizing Male Population Against Intimate Partner Violence. Trainers Handout. Developed by Center for Research & Prevention of Injuries (CEREPRI) Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology School of Medicine, Athens University: Greece 39 Ibid, p.9

39

The issues indentified by each group are as follows: Group 1 Using intimidation Group 2 Using emotional abuse Group 3 Using isolation Group 4 Minimizing, denying, and blaming Group 5 Using children Group 6 Using male privilege Group 7 Using economic abuse Group 8 Using coercion and threats Results of the group work Wheel of Power and Control (reflected in the picture below) Using Intimidation He told her that her job was to be a good wife, take care of the children, cook and clean for him Hitting her, kicking her, choking, slapping and burning her Calling her a prostitute and other bad names Threatening to take the children to his mother Refusing her to get a job Being jealous and possessive Allegations of adultery Using emotional abuse Using coercion and threats He told me I knew what would happen - a-threat Threatening to kill me Forcing me to have sex with him threat Were leaving - threat Taking the children away Being watched by her children in all her moods Grabbing her arm tightly causing bruises at a party Using isolation Cooking, cleaning for him Not allowing her to have money Not allowing her to visit her mother or talk on the phone to a friend Being very jealous and possessive Accusing her of seeing another man. Using their son to spy on who she talks to. Minimising, denying and blaming Minimizing: making abuse to be a light thing., belittling her

40

Denying: not allowing her to visit her parents, refusing her to get a job, telling her to obey Blaming: Blaming her of her weight and her looks, blaming her for forgetting to buy food, that she is not beautiful Using children Insulting her before the children that she is crazy Not taking care of the children Taking children away from her if she is not good wife Coming home late with friends and asking me to cook Using children to surveillance their mother Using male privilege Using economic abuse Il travaille seul pour gagner de largent et priv la femme Il a un contrle seul sur les enfants Il a un contrle sur la sexualit il simpose et commande la femme mme si cette derniere est malade Il mange selon ses besions (donc a son got) Le mari a interdit la femme de chercher un emploi pour avoir argent. Il prend seul la decisions Le mari prenait toute les decision en famille incompris largent La femme na nulle part ou aller, puis que elle ma pas de moyens de se prendre en charge avec ses enfants. Le mari a bris la photo de la femme et cella est une valeur economie quil a abim. Le mari va envoyer les enfants chez le grand mres pour ne pas donner la pension alimentaire. Mon mari prenait toutes les decision de la famille La femme pense que se mari, il ma va la frappe une fois par mois Ils envoye a la chambre en hurlant; Il lui a dit quelle etait folle Il lui serrit le bras tellement fort Il a brise une photo acadie? Faite lamour fore. Je netais pas une bonne femme et que je netais rendre peu interrestente Problem Tree Learning outcomes: The participants are able to identify root causes and consequences and their results were clustered accordingly (economy, culture, health, etc). 41

The identification of root causes and consequences is a valuable tool and is a foundation for further intervention, programming and planning. Results of group work are reflected on the picture below Consequences Children (8) School Drop Out and Streetism Anti-social behaviour A system of violence where children pick up the actions of their parents Threat to nationals and regional security children can be used Negligence of children Stigmatization (1) Security (4) Gangs A system of violence where children pick up the actions of their parents Threat to national and regional security children can be used Rise in crime. Trauma/mental stress (4) Women murdered (1) Physical Health (2) If women refuses sexual advances from sex or teacher Economic problems (2) Human Immune-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Health spread of HIV/STIs, trauma and sometimes death, physically disability; unwanted pregnancies, prostitution, drugs, abortion and death Cost to family and nation Family breakdown (4) Divorce and family crisis (2) Family inheritance conflict (1) Corruption (1) En cas de dces de la femme il est cre un coffet entre les 2 familles (famille de la femme contre celle du mari) Pauvret Low productivity; Retardement du processus de reproduction (2) Trs souvent dans certains foyers les enfants se rebelent contre leur pre Orphans (Dlinquance, Manqued instructions et Analphobtisation) Manque de prise en charge matrielle et Hanie entre les famille 42

Traumatisme chez la femme et chez les enfants, Enfant souffrent psychologiquement et moralement. Souvent ils deviennent malheureux Women disabled: Invalidit de la femme et traumatisme, esprit de vengeance, traumatisme chez les enfants Root Causes Socio-economic (6) Rapid modernization, globalization, demographic imbalances Poverty levels of homesteads and illiteracy Poverty, dependency, unemploymen; Economic status of women Political ideologies (1) Ideologies, political influence Legal System (8) Legal gaps, disparity between laws, enforcement processes, language barriers Injustice Impunity (2) Lack of serious punishment for perpetrators Ignorance (3) Ignorance (2) On Human Rights, Laws and Conventions Superiority/Inferiority Complex (1) Culture (8) Cultural and traditional beliefs Cultural factors: values, beliefs, norms, race Cultural: beliefs, norms, values, socialization, stereotypes Patriarchy Pauvrete Manque des lois (2) Manque de volonte politque (2) La culture

43

Annex 3: Example of the Gender Needs Identified based on Gender Inequality Facts

Gender Inequality Facts40 - Women are economic producers in agriculture, industry and in the service sector. - Womens roles as wives and mothers are exaggerated. - Womens problems include unequal land rights, lack of access to credits and loans, unequal access to education and training opportunities, no equal work for equal pay. - Women are individuals BUT they have been raised to accept the idea of selfsacrifice, self-negation and living for others. Women have the right to: -justice; -access to education, employment and services -pursuit of opportunities for upward mobility.

Gender Needs - To support and enhance the economic role of women and to prevent their displacement or exploitation - To increase demand for female labour - To provide access to basic facilities, e.g., child care, and reduce time spent on labour - To share tasks between family members. - To organize woman into mutual support groups and motivate them for leadership roles in development programmes within the community and politics. - To equip women with managerial skills including project management and financial budgeting with access to relevant information. - Women need opportunities to develop their potential, aptitudes, abilities and interests to gain self-fulfillment

Women need: -rights-awareness programmes -guarantees of their right to control their own lives in matters of marriage, reproduction and livelihood.

40

Adapted from UNESCO, 1997

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Annex 4: Handout: Gender Inequality Map of Rwanda

Work/Economy
-Lower pay for women than men in informal sector, e.g. agriculture -women are more engaged in non paid labor than men -men benefit most from technology -work hours: -womens work day is longer than of men -less paid jobs -responsibility for the family -contribution to agriculture -low paying jobs -contribution to agriculture -unpaid/unvalued domestic work by women -higher percentage of women in subsistence agriculture which is low paid -low rate of women in formal well paying work -more women in law paid works -women are unpaid, subordinate, in industrial work and men are paid, high positions, business and politics -more men are implicated in theft and thuggery -more men in risky works(construction, army, mine) -more women in informal sector

Health
-Womens rate in HIV/AIDS infection is higher than in men -low participation of men in reproductive health compared to women -women are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS -contraceptive use is still low in Rwanda -fewer women doctors -more women nurses -womens contraceptive use is higher than men usage -suicide cases greater for men -high rate of maternal mortality -reproductive rights controlled by men -contraception being regarded as womens issue alone -high rate of HIV/AIDS infection among women -more women are victims of GBV -high maternal mortality rate(750/100000)

Community
-Women cant speak in community celebrations (e.g. weddings) -rural women contribute to 86% of food production but receive less income -women perceived as household keeper -leadership role is still mens role -women have no voice in traditional (customary ceremonies) -men are community leaders by default -women have no voice, except in the home sphere only -women have less access to resources (credit, information, land) -men are more implicated in community work -men get greater recognition for their work -men have louder and more voice than women -men have more respect than women -community rape and GBV affect women

Education
Low participation of women in sciences and technology field -women are more illiterate than men -higher drop out of girls from school compared to male students (especially in secondary school) -girls have gender roles at home, little study, no school when economy is low Boys have gender roles to study, priority to go to school - -fewer women in higher levels of education (Masters and PhD) -women illiteracy rate is higher than men -low enrolment of girls in science and technology -low enrolment rate of girls in secondary and tertiary-

Housework
-Women take more responsibility in domestic roles -tiresome duties and uneconomical work done by women -resources (econ) controlled by men -women are more vulnerable to SGBV than men -mens sexual satisfaction comes first -women have low participation in decision making

Source: This Gender Inequality Map of Rwanda was developed by the Masters Students of KIEs Center for Gender, Culture and Development

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Annex 5. Country Individual Analyses Rwanda

Rwanda National Police
Vision Make the people living in Rwanda feel safe, involved and re-assured Mission RNP is dedicated to deliver high quality service, accountability, transparency, safeguard the rule of law and strive to provide a safe and secure environment for all. RNP GBV Policy Vision To have a society free of GBV and committed to zero tolerance of GBV as a human rights, security and development issue Achievements/Lessons Learned Rapid filed response Free telephone hotline 3512 Investigation Counselling Community mobilization Networking with partners Training officers on GBV Gender disaggregated data on GBV Isange One Stop Center since 2009 Holistic approach to GBV Timely medical expertise for evidence in court - 48hrs Medical treatment Prevention of HIV/STDs/Pregnancy Psycho-social services/mental health Liaison with GBV desk for timely investigations Safe room Survivor follow up Forensic lab

Rwanda Correctional Services

New structures of GBV focal points in all prisons set up and focal points appointed Sensitization and campaign programs for prison inmates on GBV and child abuse Training and capacity building of the staff is being designed

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Kigali International Conference

Organized by RNP, RDF and supported by One UN Theme The Kigali International conference on The Role of Security Organs in Ending Violence against Women and Girls was held in Kigali on 27 October 2010. Objectives: Advocacy Increased networking Sharing of best practices Commitment Conference outcomes Developed a Declaration for a future joint plan of action for security organs to end VAWG at continental, regional and sub regional levels. (Kigali Declaration). Kigali Declaration accepted by all heads of delegations representing twelve African countries Rwanda nominated to become the Secretariat of this campaign for 2010-2011, which will be on a rotational basis. Challenges (needs and gaps) Gender stereotype attitudes on women's subordination (patriarchal system) Culture of silence on sexual related issues as private affairs Limited legal awareness by both men and women Resistance by men on losing male privileges accorded by women's subordination as per culture Low status of women (economic) Limited resources (e.g. forensics and DNA testing) Limited numbers of women in decision-making levels in security organs Limited research capacities Lack of rehabilitation program for GBV and child abuse inmates to avoid recidivism Lack of enough trained personnel to offer legal, medical and psycho-social services to the survivors of SGBV. Interventions the way forward Kigali International Conference Developing strategic areas of focus Establishing and strengthening relevant institutions, structures and processes within security organs in various countries in Africa Recruitment, promotion and capacity building of women security officers Initiating, supporting, creating the culture of research and use of credible data in various security organs Scaling up sensitization, capacity building and training targeting VAWG Initiating, supporting, and evaluating strategic empowerment of survivors of GBV 47

Rwanda context Decentralize Isange One Stop Center Strengthen decentralized gender desks Advocate for more women to join security organs Provide capacity building for women officers Increase numbers of women officers in decision-making positions Enhance community awareness and sensitization programs Strengthen partnerships for resource mobilization and research Strengthen monitoring systems through qualitative program of gender impact assessments

Botswana Police Services (BPS)

Mission To provide a professional policing service in partnership with the community A pledge for service characterized by a high level of skill, competence, speed and attention to any emerging policing challenges Recognising that the community is pivotal to our success in policing them including women and girls Vision To be a law enforcement agency of repute. This connotes An organization that associates itself with good performance Upliftment of standards and ethical behavior A dignified service worthy of honour, treating customers with dignity Achievements and Lessons Learned Government has initiated the following policy and programme responses to GBV: Signing the Vienna Declaration, Beijing Conference Platform for Action (PFA), and CEDAW Developing a National Gender Programme Framework, Short Term Plan of Action, and a National Policy on Gender and Development (which includes sections on GBV), and setting the goal of eliminating GBV by the year 2016 (Vision 2016) Conducting a National Study on the Socio-Economic Implications of Violence against Women (1999) and developing an action plan to address GBV (2001) Commissioning a study on laws affecting the status of women in Botswana (1998) Supporting the development of two major bills on GBV Abolition of Marital Power Bill (2004) and Domestic Violence Bill (2007), including efforts to raise the awareness of Members of Parliament and Chiefs in relation to this policy development The Botswana Protocol on the Implementation of the SADC Declaration on Gender and Development The Addendum on the Prevention and Eradication of Violence Against Women and Children (2000) Initiating a five year project to accelerate the implementation of activities and strategies that address VAWG and supporting the reduction of HIV/AIDS (2007)

48

Practical Implications Institutionalizing training for all police officers Establishing specific units or focal points (gender desks) within offices/stations, with especially trained staff as a short-term strategy Ensuring an all-female or mixed-sex groups of officers Developing one-stop multi-service units staffed with police to assist survivors reporting an incident of violence to access immediate related health, shelter and legal support services. Strengthening partnerships between the police and non-government organisations (NGOs) serving survivors Supporting community policing forums where local networks of men and women can serve as a voluntary alarm system and support survivors to report on violence and seek appropriate care Promoting increases in the number of female staff (at all levels) who are trained to address violence against women and girls Acquiring commitment of leadership or top management personnel as an investment to ensure effective police responses Community outreach is important to raise awareness of police responses, improve trust with police and support zero tolerance of violence against women. Police are mostly the first point of contact 1997 Petition to the Commissioner of Police Women Advocacy Groups a positive influence: Female to female interviews; separate/private consultation and interview rooms 2007 United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Study of police practices/attitudes on GBV Disparities Identified The 1998 Penal Code amendment, putting in place increased penalties for sexual offences, permission to abort in case of rape pregnancy, exposure to prophylaxis against post-sexual violation Significant strides in mainstreaming gender issues into the core business Establishment of a Gender Reference Group and focal points at operational levels Linking with stakeholders Identifying training and developmental needs Facilitating indoor and external training Disseminating GBV information, education and communication (IEC) materials Facilitating referrals Monitoring and reporting GBV developments / patterns Developing a data collection tool for GBV incidents The Occupational Health and Safety, Chaplaincy and Social Welfare Unit Provides trauma debriefing Officers exposed to horrendous acts of violence. The Unit is a link between the BPS and the religious fraternity country wide. It is responsible for: -Burial services of Police Officers 49

- Providing counseling to the bereaved families - Providing counseling to victims of crime including GBV cases BPS Womens Network Forum At corporate and operational levels Promotes womens empowerment Promotes understanding of womens issues as law enforcement officials peace support operations issues Accentuates police involvement in the issue of GBV and 16 Days of Activism on VAWG Advocates for the increase of women police officers. SADC Standby Force has a component of women police officers Among seven pilots in the BPS ASB, two are women There are also a total of eleven women in the newly established SWAT component of the BPS Para Military Wing Community Policing Strategy - A Strategic Policy to: Improve partnerships and community participation A public and pro-active forum for campaigns and information sharing Improvement of the Informer System Instrumental in the high levels of reporting and detection of GBV-related issues Tying together existing and envisaged structures, i.e. - Crime Prevention Committees, neighbourhood (suburb, farm, business) watch schemes, clusters collective community groups - Gender, Women and Children Advocacy Groups - Other stakeholders schools, health facilities, NGOs and other State Institutions - Use of special constables and police volunteers - Community based Bridging the gap between the police and the community Driving community involvement crime prevention programmes, including GBV Some other National Plans having gender perspectives National Master Plan on Arable Agriculture Development (NAMPAAD) Livestock Management and Development Programme (LIMID) Significant media involvement / usage - Audio programmes Crime File, Police Today. - Audio Visual programmes Itshireletse (Protect Yourself). - Print programmes Weekly Situation Reports, Police Magazine. Mens Sector Biennial roving Chair at corporate and operational levels Facilitates GBV IEC dissemination Links male generated violence rape/defilement with HIV/AIDS and other sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues Advocates for male behaviour change Kgaola Chaen Police Training on Issues of GBV 50

July to September, 2010 four workshops (131 officers) specific training programme cosponsored by UNIFEM and the BPS Leadership driven Pilot Training on Justice for Children - Focusing on understanding perpetrators and victims behaviours - Advocating for the eradication of instances of children used by adults in the commission of crime (CUBAC) - Child labour issues - Incarceration of children in the wake of the public sector strike. Challenges (Needs and Gaps) BPS capacity to address the emotional and psychological aspects Training equips officers with investigative techniques There is limited care and support skills a bare minimum of counseling skills is required Police behaviour (insensitivity/disinterest). A negative influence to future reporting of patterns and behavior No specialized unit within police structures No standardized protocol that seeks to integrate services offered by Police, Health and Social Services No automatic detail of the victims level of trauma transference for social support. This is only done for evidential purposes Response often likely to influence the victims participation in the investigation process and/or future reporting Process under development Victim aftercare support is not available Prolonged investigations and case disposal processes Psycho-social support not considered as core business of operational police duties Inadequate social support services institutions not operating 24/7 Incidents of defilement, predominantly among female children often detected in the late stages of pregnancy Inadequate funding for gender based initiatives Interventions the Way Forward. Multi and Inter-Sectoral collaboration Criminal Justice System component Social and Psychological Service component Community and Advocacy Groups component Establishment of a GBV Referral System. Womens Affairs Division (WAD) Botswana, stakeholders and UNWomen currently in the processes of establishing the system Improved training for law enforcement agencies on GBV. Taking cognizance of differences in culture, needs and handling (Including diversities in abilities).

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Ethiopian Federal Police Commission (EFPC)

Achievements / Lessons Learned Gender Mainstreaming Gender auditing and development of gender mainstreaming guidelines are in their final stage Developing gender sensitive curriculum in Ethiopian Police University College is underway Training is given for police staff on gender mainstreaming Mainstreaming gender is included in newly drafted Federal Police Proclamations and Regulations Empowering Women in the Federal Police and in its Civil Staff Realizing the significance of education for the purpose of empowerment, the Commission awarded scholarship to a few of its women police and civil staff WAD supports the scholarship students in guidance and counseling Preventing and Responding to Various Forms of GBV Capacity building of police forces on preventing and responding GBV through workshops and training Provision of support and establishment of referral network to survivors of various forms of GBV Integrating prevention and response to GBV with community policing Observance of international events such as International Womens Day, White Ribbon Day and World Aids Day through mass awareness campaigns, leaflets and workshops Established good working relationship with justice and health institutions Challenges (Needs and Gaps) Deep rooted traditional values and attitudes that affect women and children negatively Lack of data on prevalence and case management of GBV Implementation challenges Lack of resources Interventions - the Way Forward. Opportunities Existence of international and national frameworks Political will and commitment The readiness and interest of governmental and nongovernmental organizations to work with the EFPC Introducing Growth and Transformation Plan Exposure to such regional workshops and possible partnership of similar security organs at continental and global level

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Ghana Police
Achievements/Lessons Learned Ministry of Women and Children Affairs (MOWAC) formulates and coordinates gender policies and programmes within the domain of Ghanas National Development Poverty Reduction Framework (GPRS II) and in line with the MDGs to achieve specific time bound outputs and outcomes. MOWACs gender implementation strategy is predicated on effective collaboration and coordination of efforts between key sector ministries, the UN system, other development partners, NGOs, and civil society organisations. Social Welfare Department conducts and prepares social enquiry reports on cases before courts in family cases and for the juvenile courts. Provides shelter National Commission on Civic Education assists in the education, protection and prevention of human rights abuse and GBV National Council on Women and Development prevents human rights abuses by influencing changes in existing laws that negatively impact on the welfare of women Ghana National Commission on Children is mandated to protect the rights of the Child Domestic Violence and Victim Support Unit (DOVVSU) was created to complement the effort of other institutions in the prosecution of the common objective of protecting and improving the lives of women, children and the vulnerable. However, the difference between the unit and other institutions is in its nature, scope and mandate DOVVSU is a police agency with the same law enforcement powers of arrest, detention and prosecution of offenders as stipulated by the Police Service Act (Act 350), It provides protection for the vulnerable by preventing crime committed against them especially women and children DOVVSU has offices in all the eleven police regions and has 87 offices and desks nationwide The target is to get DOVVSU opened in all Police Divisions and Districts in the country Activities of all the offices and desks are coordinated from the National Secretariat at the National Police Headquarters, Accra. Best Practices Training of officers posted to the unit Incorporation of GBV in the police training curricula Sensitization programmes on GBV (opinion leaders, faith-based organizations, schools, market places, etc.) Effective collaboration with other service providers (shelter, legal assistants, counselling, etc.) Counselling Strategic plan Media education programmes (daily newspapers, TV and radio) Medical attention Child Abuse Network (CAN) GBV clubs in some schools The total number of police officers currently on peace-keeping missions is 308 (police only) of which 94 are women which forms about 31 percent

53

Measures put in place to increase women participation in peace-keeping mission support operations (seven years to qualify for first mission and three years to qualify for next mission) - Kosovo, Liberia, Cote DIvoire, Sudan, Sierra Leone and Somalia Challenges (needs and gaps) Delays in reporting abuse Difficulty penetrating through the walls of the family system as issues of domestic violence (DV), GBV and child abuse are often seen as private matters* Difficulty getting funds for medical treatment and reports Lack of shelters for survivors Inadequate funding Lack of transport -minimizes the effects of interventions, e.g. response time, delays Interventions - the way forward Development of training manual for police training schools and police college Training of service providers and police officers More collaboration with partners Sensitization/education on GBV should increase Completion of a one stop complex for co-location to response rapidly to GBV Provision of logistics and infrastructure, such as shelters for survivors Educate the court system to understand the problem Creation of more GBV clubs in schools Strengthen collaboration between DOVVSU and the Community Policing Unit (CPU) in sensitization programs to improve the understanding of the community on issues of GBV

Kenya Police
Achievements/Lessons Learned Child Protection Desk Gender Desk Regular training and refreshers courses at the Provincial Training Committees Police and members of the Sexual Officers Council that is headed by a retired lady judge (Director of Community Policy - gender and child protection) plays a big role paring back the crime trend in the country GBV offences in the country are reported up to police headquarters daily and classified as urgent At police stations the survivor is issued with a P3 Form and escorted to the hospital where Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is administrated in addition to filling the P3 form Nairobi Womens Hospital Kenyan society is well sensitized- enjoys democracy so people express themselves without intimidation Police officers cannot fail to act Police work closely with the Ministry of Education through joint lectures countrywide. These have resulted in more GBV cases reported through the teachers Police work closely with Childrens Department, Gender, Labor and Health Ministries Survivors of GBV are treated free of charge 54

Safe home as rescue homes exist, run by NGOs for adults and children homes by the Childrens Department Challenges Use of community policy, this is a weakness (explain the structure) Some community policing members illegally become involved in private arbitration (reconciliation of GBV cases with chiefs and relatives) which has been discontinued as committee members in the community policing committees. Not all police stations have child protection units. In the country, less than eight (number of provinces) Culture Nairobi Womens Hospital is the only one with PEP, private (NGOs) not government, though government hospitals have PEP Government hospitals examiner offer runs out of testify kits Recommendations the Way Forward Lobby for a one stop center implementation Meeting at this workshop is important as it makes Kenya accountable to the region and part of implementing the Kigali Declaration as a team player and not just a Kenya affair Emphasis on the need for army involvement in GBV by inviting them to participate in community service and community policy

Nigeria Police
Achievement/Lessons learned UN Women has partnered with the Nigeria police to develop a Gender Policy which is awaiting the signature of the Inspector-General of Police and the Second in command before forwarding it to the National Assembly to pass into law A Curriculum and Training Manual is going to be developed for the police in order to build their capacity and to infuse it into their curriculum of police training. The police who go to Training School or College will undergo this course; including the staff of these Gender Desk Officers The unit handling child Issues like children in conflict with law and found child called Juvenile Welfare Center (JWC) whose affairs are being supervised by the Anti-Human Trafficking of the Police, is being strengthened to include GBV and also officers working in this unit will undergo training as soon as the Curriculum and Training Manual is produced Nigeria government appointed a woman as second in command to the InspectorGeneral of Police, a female Commissioner to head a state, also a woman as the Comptroller-General of Immigration. The Director General of State Security Service (SSS) and Chairperson of the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) are women. We hope to have a woman as the Inspector-General of Police in times to come This has been an eye opener to some Governors in the State by assisting the Nigerian Police to help in the building of 7-8 separate rooms to the Juvenile Welfare Center (JWC). This will provide a friendly environment for women to file their complaints and also whoever is being violated

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Tanzania Police
Achievements/Lessons learned The Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children was established mainly to address women and children related issues There is a National Gender Policy which led to the developed a five year Strategic Plan of Action (SPA) addressing gender and children-related issues SPA outlined a number of objectives and activities In implementing the SPA, there are a number of stakeholders who are engaged in addressing issues relating to women and childrens rights, including human rights activists, professionals like Tanzania Women Lawyers, Tanzania Media Women Association, Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), Tanzania Gender Networking Programme, Womens Legal Aid Center, Legal and Human Rights Centre and others SPA undertakes various tasks, such as providing legal aid, awareness campaigns, dialogues with various groups of people, advocacy, creation of networks, dissemination of educative legal material, and sensitization Capacity building for police officers on GBV-related issues Inclusion of the GBV related material in the Police Training Curricula Operationalization of the police gender desk for 24 hours daily Community policing through media and outreaching program Mobile police stations Land owned or acquired by the married couple during the subsistence of their marriage, no one has the right of the land over the other. The law requires a spouse to sign the transaction involving transfer of ownership as evidence that she/he was consulted and consented Law of a Child Act 2009 brought in a common definition of a child to mean any person below the age of 18 years; it also outlined the role of various stakeholders including a social welfare officer on child protection National Gender Policy Mechanism and Structure Established for Implementation of Existing Laws The Juvenile Court Police Gender Desk Childrens Protection Team at the district level comprised of members from Local Government, Health, Judiciary, Social Welfare Officer, Prosecutor, and the Police Radio educative programmes School programmes Our safety first Usalama wetu Kwanza There are ward and village councils which address all type of wrongs arising/committed within their locality, and who, where necessary forward them to the police machinery or the primary court Currently there are 46 women in the peace keeping mission and 25 are waiting for deployment after successfully undergoing the test Challenges (Needs and Gaps) Ignorance of legal knowledge as the legal terminologies are very technical and in the English language 56

Poverty is also another problem for the families who depend on the economic support of perpetrators Cultural values is another barrier as some tribes believe female genital mutilation (FGM) is not a crime Inadequate financial support to carry out activities Contradictions of the law for example the Law of a Child 2009 Act defines a child as a person below the age of 18 years while the Law of Marriage Act 1971 allow marriage of a girl of 15 years Inadequate number of judiciary personnel. In some districts you may find one magistrate serves two courts. The main challenge is driving the 4WD manual vehicle to the required standard Family ties Language to some extent is another barrier especially when they attend oral tests due to the pronunciations Recommendations the Way Forward Regional Police Commanders have been asked to encourage women officers to learn driving 4WD vehicles, especially for those aspiring to go for peacekeeping Inclusion of peacekeeping materials in the training curricula both at the initial training and at the higher learning police training institutions is intended to build the officers capacity GBV is still a serious issue which needs coordinated and integrated efforts to address it Preventing and responding to GBV needs both political as well as community will Knowledge of peacekeeping is important to security organs, not only for UN Peacekeeping Missions but also for keeping peace within our own country. This knowledge is a tool which must be invested to all security officers

Zambia Police Service

Achievements/Lessons Learned Previously, cases of spouse abuse were perceived as domestic issues, but today they are being seen as a violation of human rights and personal freedoms that undermine the rule of good governance. The Government of Zambia has and will continue reaffirming its commitment in eradicating all forms of discrimination against women through the use of available laws and other instruments with a view to punishing perpetrators of GBV and other related cases of humiliation and exploitation A law on Anti-GBV was enacted in April 2011. This Act mainly defines a number of acts amounting to GBV, duties to assist or inform complainants of rights, police assistance after receipt of complaints, and application for protection orders in respect of victims of GBV. Have a policy on SADC Protocol on Gender and Development Have a law on Anti-Human Trafficking enacted in 2010 Have the Anti-Terrorism Act enacted 2009 Penal code embraces all crimes committed Have a Police Act that guides the operations of the police in areas where there is no law but policies are in place

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Zambia Police Service under the SARPCCO/SADC protocol has established a subcommittee to mainly address issues of empowerment of women, recognition in decision making positions, promotion and gender balance in place of work The Zambia Police Women Network has made action plans of the programmers to undertake during the 16 days of activism and during the International Womens Day. The community has responded well, though men have raised issues during the answer and session period given The sensitization programmes are sponsored and sometime done in conjunction with Access to Justice, Women and Law in Southern Africa International Organization for Migration (IOM) These entities advocate for the law to work for women Challenges (Needs and Gaps) The nature and extent of GBV in Zambia is very disturbing in terms of stories it tells Women and girls concern are still being given second priority almost in everything everywhere Women do not share equally in the fruits of production Men still get the biggest chunk or rather the lions share almost in any given situation The cultural belief has remained the major obstacles to womens discrimination since the earliest stage of life- and has continued throughout our lives (not only the case with Zambia) When you talk of gender in relation to culture it is said to be traditional As a result, domestic violence in Zambia is one of the largest causes of injury to women. Sexual assaults and defilements are the fastest growing and yet least reported crimes in most cases. Rape, property grabbing and other forms of harassment stem from cultural norms. These norms create stereotyped gender roles

Uganda Police Force and Uganda Army

Achievements/Lessons Learned The 1995 Uganda Constitution dictates gender mainstreaming in all Bills that come before the National House, policies and programs. Article 23 and 33 are more elaborate on the issues of gender equality and other gender matters Affirmative Action Policy the intent and purpose is to address historical gender imbalances in all sector of our society and economy National Gender Policy Plan for the acceleration of reduction in maternal mortality and improvement in under five health (2008) National Development Plan-dictates to all sectoral plans Cross cutting policy issues gender, HIV/AIDS and this has been enhanced to include fast tracking the attainment of MDGs by 2015 Uganda Police Force The government of Uganda criminalized domestic violence in her laws The Uganda Police Force (UPF) established a gender desk in 1995 which changed to child and family protection Unit 1998 and in 2008 was elevated to a full department 58

The mandate of this department is to create an environment in which womens rights are recognized, respected and protected The Unit also enforces laws in relation to domestic violence, child care and protection, conducts investigations, arrests and charges the offenders in court cases ranging from defilement, DV ,child neglect etc. Provide elementary counseling and guidance to victims and offenders, then later refer the victims to agencies that have the required skills Raise awareness on the dangers of GBV, the rights of women and children, the laws in place and procedures to follow. This is done in schools, community meetings, home visits, opinion leaders, in the barracks and through the media where we capture a big audience Networking externally with other stake holders like the Public Service Womens Organisation, local government, courts, medical, NGOs, UN bodies and the Ministry of Gender and the Status of Women Provided specialized trainings for Child and Family Protection Officers (CFPOs) on responding effectively to different forms of GBV With support from UN Women, police training curriculum on gender and children's issues has been developed to help change the attitudes of police officers to better understand the issue of GBV and how to respond Other stake holders like Save the Children and World Vision have supported the police by building offices for child and family protection in most of the countryside stations, transport (providing motorcycles, bicycles etc ) to enable CFPOs to effectively respond to cases of GBV and make follow ups Police are increasing their capacity to respond to issues by recruiting massively in order to increase police presence up to sub county level. Some of them will be deployed as CFPOs at the outposts HRM department of the Police force is currently reviewing the police standing order to make it gender sensitive The Uganda Police Force (UPF) is also trying to achieve placement of female Police Officers in all sectors of Police Performancem, for example: - Women are distributed to every station and some of them head outposts. The Force also takes care of the roles of women and their position in society e.g. Mothers are not deployed in the night shifts. - UPF contributes troops to peacekeeping missions. Police women have been part of the troops and they have contributed tremendously towards peace building. Many of them are deployed as gender officers in the mission areas to oversee women, children and vulnerable persons issues in the mission. The force is trying to attract more doctors to join police in order to solve the issues of medical examination. Plans are also under way to recruit social workers in the department of the Child and Family Protection Unit (CFPU) Uganda Army The Uganda Peoples Defence Force (UPDF) has been engaged in the struggle against GBV from within the institution ie among the families of soldiers Focal offices dealing with GBV are: - CPC-with PCs in all UPDF formations and units - Human Rights Desk-monitoring HR observance and abuses in the national Army 59

- Spouses Desk - intent and purpose is capacity building of wives of soldiers by equipping them with skills to enable them to participate in the world around them, and to connect the spouses of soldiers with the various service providers and various interventions Challenges Uganda Police Force Lack of adequate resources like office space, transpor. Few police surgeons Cultural issues (interference from the immediate families) Ignorance by some victims and their families Lack of cooperation from some government doctors when it comes to medical examination and providing evidence in court Lack of government shelters for protection of victims Frustration from procedures to gain justice. Cases at times take long before they are heard, so victims and potential witnesses lose interest and end up negotiating out of court for compensation The language of cross examination in court also leads to some of these cases being thrown out of court The number of police women in decision making positions is still small. There is a need to have women representatives at all levels of decision making Uganda Army The characteristics of GBV in the families of soldiers are similar to those in the outside communities but with some peculiar attributes Availability of data Coordination within and out M&E Absence of marriage policy Recommendations the Way Forward UPF for the last three recruitments have taken into account the affirmative action of 30 percent for women in any recruitment in order to increase the number of women in the Force. UPF has a plan to establish a one stop centre where victims of SGBV are given a temporary shoulder to lean on. UPF also has plans to have more women promoted to higher positions so they can take up leadership roles

Independent Group
Achievements/Lessons Learned Participation Promote gender sensitive policing practices Establish sound working relationships with womens organizations and community groups representing the interest of women and children by: - Appointing a gender officer within the national police with whom the mission can liaise on gender issues

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- Maintaining a comprehensive and up-to-date list of contacts for community organizations, NGOs, womens groups and civil society - Emphasizing mixed-patrols (female and male officers) - Establishing regular meetings with women community leaders Protection Prevention and response to SGBV Ensure all police have basic training on SGBV and can act as first responder Ensure that the police have a specialized unit trained and equipped to investigate, counsel and facilitate treatment and referrals for victims of SGBV to appropriate support providers Ensure that a working link exists with the prosecution services of the justice system Zero-tolerance for SGBV Applies to ALL UN personnel Duty to report Patrols and escorts Joint Protection Teams Quick Impact Projects Fostering gender justice Gender-sensitive DDR Training - Mission specific - Country specific - UN and International Specific PPCs Experience in Supporting Police and Military Organizations in Translating WPS into Practice PPC perspective Gender mainstreamed throughout training curricula and activities Gender seen as cross-cutting Specific seminars and workshops on women in peace operations SGBV course and seminar All-female courses PPC SGBV Training Policing knowledge, skills and experience Legal framework SGBV specific knowledge, skills and understanding UN and mission-specific knowledge and understanding Code of conduct, SEA, ethical decision-making

Burundi Police
Translated from French Achievements/Lessons Learned Participation of women in missions of peacekeeping: 17 women have already participated in UN missions; eight in Darfur, two in Haiti, four in Chad and three in Ivory Coast, 13 are pending for deployment Meetings between police and community leaders to stop GBV are held in all municipalities in the country 61

National strategy against GBV is in place Strategies for the inclusion of gender in political security organs are in place Active enrolment of women into the police force Establishment of a specialized unit responsible for prevention and investigations of GBV cases Engagement of donors in capacity building for security organs in fighting against GBV Strengthened partnership between the security forces and other advocacy organizations in prevention of VAWG Challenges (Needs and Gaps) Culture: a serious blocking to the fight against GBV Have a sufficient number of women in security forces Break the silence of victims of GBV Songs and dances that address discrimination against women The representation of women in security organs Interventions-the Way Forward The procedures to set up a Gender office are in progress Organization of a cascade training of all police officers on GBV for an effective response to
victims of GBV A shelter for the victims of SGBV is being established Awareness programs for girls in secondary schools and universities on police activities to prevent GBV Parent education to change attitudes regarding the presence of women in security forces.

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References
Carr, Marilyn. (1984) Blacksmith, Baker Roofing-sheet Maker. Employment for Rural Women in Developing Countries, London, Intermediate Technology Publications, pp. 30-1, in Caroline O.N. Moser (1993) Global Development Research Center (2010) http://www.gdrc.org/gender/framework/what-is.html 3 December. Kigali Declaration on The Role of Security Organs in Ending Violence against Women and Girls made in Kigali on 27 October 2010 Minnesota Advocates www.stopvaw.org/ for Human Rights (2003). Stop Violence Against Women,

Moser, Caroline O.N. 1993) Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training, London: Routledge. Petroulaki, K., A. Dinapogias, S. Morucci, E. Petridou, E. (2006) Sensitizing Male Population Against Intimate Partner Violence. Trainers Handout. Developed by Center for Research & Prevention of Injuries (CEREPRI) Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology School of Medicine, Athens University: Greece Status of Women Canada. Gender And Poverty Project. Gender Analysis http://tamarackcommunity.ca/downloads/gender/tools.pdf Accessed 2 July 2011 UNESCO (1997) Gender Sensitivity Training Manual, Paris: UNESCO

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The Role of Security Organs in Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence and Peacekeeping in Africa and International Level

Part 3: Security Organs Action Plan

Prof Shirley Randell AO, PhD and Dr Venera Zakirova
Centre for Gender, Culture and Development, Kigali Institute of Education

21-24 July 2011, Rwanda

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Contents
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. 66 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 67 Kigali International Conference Secretariat......................................................................... 68 Rationale - Moving from Commitment to Action ................................................................ 69 Strategic Action Planning ......................................................................................................... 69 Structure of the Action Plan ................................................................................................ 69 Botswana, Tanzania, Kenya, Zambia Police Action Plan ...................................................... 71 Ghana, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Uganda Police Action Plan .................................................... 72 DRC, Burundi and Rwanda Police Action Plan ..................................................................... 73 Burundi and Rwanda Military Action Plan ........................................................................... 75 Rwanda Corrections Unit Action Plan .................................................................................. 76 Kigali Declaration Action Plan .............................................................................................. 77 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 79 References ............................................................................................................................... 82 Annex 1: Summary of the National Action Plan 2009-2012, Republic of Rwanda. UNSCR 132583 Annex 2: Some Recommendations on Strategic Planning Implementation........................23

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Acronyms
AU African Union BPA Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action CAR Central African Republic CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women CSO Civil Society Organisation DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAPCCO Eastern Africa Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States GBV Gender Based Violence GoR Government of Rwanda HIV/Aids Human Immune-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome HR Human Resources KIS Kigali International Secretariat MDG Millennium Development Goals MIGEPROF Ministry for Gender and Family Promotion MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning NGO Non-government Organisation One UN Rwanda All UN agencies working in Rwanda RDF Rwanda Defence Force RNP Rwanda National Police RWN Rwanda Womens Network SADC South African Development Community SARPCCO Southern African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation SCR Security Council Resolution SGBV Sexual and Gender Based Violence SRSA Swedish Rescue Services Agency SSR Security Sector Reform UNHCR United Nations Commission on Refugees UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution UN Women United Nations Entity on Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment VAWG Violence Against Women and Girls

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Introduction
It is well-recognized that development and prosperity cannot be achieved without womens active involvement in the socio-economic life of the society. It is also well known that gender inequality continuously penetrates all areas of social life, whether in developed or developing countries. Women still earn 17 percent less than men on average, and constitute two-thirds of the worlds illiterate people (WEF: 2005). UN Women (United Nations Entity on Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment) has acknowledged that some countries have made impressive progress in engendering the legislation and advocacy progress against gender-based violence (GBV). Nevertheless the rates of violence that women and girls face at home and in public places too often reach pandemic proportions, including when sexual violence is used as a tactic of war.41 The Rwanda security organs, the current hosts of the Kigali International Conference Secretariat, organised the international workshop, Africa Region Security Organs Capacity Building on Violence Against Women and Girls: Prevention, Response and Peacekeeping which took place in Kigali, Rwanda from 20-24 June 2011. The workshop aimed to strengthen the role of African security organs in ending VAWG by scaling up sensitization, capacity building and training targeting Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) by developing standardized modules and conducting training at the regional level. The workshop followed up the Kigali international conference organised by Rwanda National Police (RNP) and Rwanda Defence Force (RDF) in collaboration with One UN Rwanda (all UN agencies working in Rwanda) on the role of security organs in ending violence against women held on 26-27 October 2010, in Kigali. The conference was organised within the framework of the UN Secretary Generals global campaign UNITE to End Violence Against Women, 2008-2015. The campaign calls upon governments, civil society, womens organizations, private sector, the media and the entire UN system to join forces to end violence against women. , The conference brought together security personnel from 12 African countries, including Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Sudan, Botswana, Central African Republic (CAR), Burundi, Nigeria, Zambia., Chad, Gabon, Ethiopia and Ghana. Other participants included representatives from the Government of Rwanda, ONE UN and other international development partners, and the civil society. Africa UNITE was launched in Ethiopia and Rwanda was selected to host the first meeting, primarily because of the role Rwandas security organs have played in stopping GBV and offering responsive support to survivors of violence. Specifically: Rwanda has become a centre of learning for the region: Isange One Stop Center for Survivors of Child, Domestic and GBV has welcomed visitors from Somalia, DRC, Uganda, Burundi and Sudan as well as UN agencies. In Rwanda, there is an enhanced partnership with key stakeholders such as local government; medical, psychosocial and legal service providers, womens rights advocates, youth councils, etc.
41

Elements of the UN Women Strategic Plan 2011-2013. www.unwomen,org /eb_docs/2011/backgrounddocuments/elements-UN-Women-strategic-plan.pdf

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GoR has recognized and demonstrated in word and in deed/practice that in order to achieve its Vision 2020 and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), in particular MDG 3 (promote gender equality and empower women), as well as sustainable development, both women and men must equally participate in development processes. Rwanda security organs, together with various partners have successfully implemented the community policing concept and strategy that empowers the community to partner with the police in keeping their own security and safety against GBV. This unique approach has empowered the communities to know their rights and encouraged them to report cases of GBV. The community policing also supports the police to get early warning information on threats of GBV. RDF has established a gender desk, which is rare in most armed forces, and has trained close to 5000 RDF members on how to respond to GBV. RDF has also formed 3,647 AntiGBV clubs at community level in all districts across Rwanda to foster effective prevention and support community policing in response to GBV crimes. Rwandan security forces serving in international peace support operations have implemented innovative practices which reduce VAWG (VAWG). These include as training local communities in Darfur to build fuel-efficient stoves and undertaking treeplanting initiatives so that women and girls need not venture too far or too often from their homes to gather firewood where they are vulnerable to attack. The presence of Rwandan policewomen and women soldiers in overseas missions has also made local women feel safer and more willing to report GBV cases.

Kigali International Conference Secretariat

As a result of the Kigali International Conference, the Kigali International Conference Declaration was adopted by 12 countries; Botswana, Burundi, CAR, Chad, DRC Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia. Subsequently Kigali International Conference Secretariat (KIC Secretariat), an organ to follow up and implement the Declaration, was established. The KIC Secretariat is currently hosted by RDF and RNP and will rotate annually among the
signatories. Its duties and responsibilities are:

To spearhead the strategic planning process for the implementation of the Kigali Declaration. To spearhead the implementation of the strategic plan and provide the link between the national, regional and global process. To coordinate resource mobilization for the implementation of the Kigali Declaration. To initiate and coordinate capacity building programs for improved prevention and response by security organs to VAWG across the Africa region. To initiate and strengthen partnerships and networking among security organs at the national and regional levels for ending violence against women. To develop links and coordinate partnerships for research and documentation on the actual situation the causes and best practices in prevention of and response to VAWG across the Africa region. To monitor implementation of the Kigali Declaration by individual countries and at Africa region level. 68

To coordinate initiatives for advocacy on legal reviews, legislation and coordinated service delivery for VAWG survivors access to justice, and ending impunity for perpetrators. To develop a standard security personnel practice and ethics operations guide for prevention and response to VAWG during peace keeping missions.

Rationale - Moving from Commitment to Action

It was under the same framework that the Rwanda security organs, the current hosts of the KIC Secretariat organized the regional workshop. This particular workshop was attended to address one of the challenges and strategic priorities identified at the conference that need to be tackled in the region; namely to strengthen the role of security organs in ending VAWG by scaling up sensitization, capacity building and training targeting VAWG by developing standardized modules and conducting training at the regional level. During the workshop participants developed a Security Organs Action Plan that aimed at future implementation of the Kigali Declaration to increase the capacity of security organs to prevent and respond to GBV. The Security Organs Action Plan fully complements the UN Women Strategic Plan 2011-201342. In this document the UN Women vision is a world where societies are free of gender based discrimination, where women and men have equal, where the comprehensive development of women and girls is ensured so that they can continue to be active agents of change, where gender equality and womens empowerment are achieved and where womens rights are upheld in all efforts to further development, human rights, peace and security (ibid).

Strategic Action Planning

The Strategic Action Planning process undertaken at the regional workshop was intended to develop a Security Organs Action Plan that would increase the capacity of security organs to prevent and respond to GBV and future implementation of Kigali k for the period 2011 -2015. Based on the results of the previous sessions detailed in Part 2 of this Report (case studies, group /work, Wheel of Power and Control, and Problem Tree analysis) the participants were asked to select GBV issues to develop their Action Plan according to the following suggested Framework.

Structure of the Action Plan

Where are we now? This question called for brainstorming on GBV issues and the interventions in place. It was to be region and country specific, to detail challenges, and to discuss why those challenges were still in place. Where do we want to go? The answer would detail expected results and outcomes. How we are going to get there? This question was intended to tease out what should be done to address those challenges and achieve the expected results. It called for detailing required actions and inputs to address the challenges and to give a time line for when results would be achieved.

42

ibid 69

How will we know when we arrive? The answer would indicate how to know when the challenges were addressed It would include the specification of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) processes and the development of indicators to measure results. Who is in charge? This question was intended to identify potential partners to assist in achieving the results. Below is the framework of the Action Plan that was suggested to the groups to work on and a photo of the process being explained.
African Region Security Organs Capacity Building Workshop Programme 20-24 June 2011
Action plan to increase the capacity of security organs to prevent and respond to GBV and future implementation of Kigali Declaration (2012-2015) Country/ies: ..
MISSION of the security organs in _________________________________________________________________ preventing and responding to _________________________________________________________________ GBV against women and Girls _________________________________________________________________ VISION of improved situation Where are we now? GBV InterventIssues ion in place. Region/ Country specific Challenges. Why are those challenges still in place? ________________________________________________________________ Where do we want to go? Expected results and outcomes How we are going to get there? What should be done to address those challenges and achieve the expected results. Required By actions, when inputs. to (timing) address the challenges How will we Who is in know when charge? we arrive? How do we know when the challenges are addressed (M&E, indicators) Potential partners to assist achieving the results.

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Six groups were formed to work together on the action plans. The groups were determined with consideration of language and numbers of participants. Police (Botswana, Tanzania, Kenya, Zambia) Police (Ghana, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda) Police (DRC, Burundi, Rwanda) Military (Burundi, Rwanda) Corrections Unit (Rwanda) Other participants who worked on the Kigali Declaration (Person Peacekeeping and CSOs The action plans they developed are detailed below

Botswana, Tanzania, Kenya, Zambia Police Action Plan

Where are we now? GBV issue Non-responsive services on GBV issues Intervention in place Existing laws and regional protocols on GBV (Southern African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (SARPCCO) / Southern African Development Community (SADC) Partner Cooperation and Collaboration procedures (SARPCCO/SADC) Ad hoc trainings (Botswana, Tanzania) Regional Trainings (SARPCCO) Curriculum availability (Kenya) Challenges No GBV specific training (Zambia) Inadequate institutional capacity (SARPCCO/SADC) Inconsistant training (SARPCCO/SADC) Where do we want to go? Expected results and outcomes A statement of commitment Efficiency Professionalism Coherence Sensitivity Uniformity How we are going to get there? Actions, input, timing By second quarter of 2012 Lobby for political leadership support and funding Conduct standardized and comprehensive training on VAWG to all security organs Conduct a breakfast meeting with members of parliament, input needed: funds, human resources, facilities Hold frequent workshops Develop a regional training manual Conduct a pilot course on the developed manual Conduct training of trainers programs, input needed: funds, human resources, facilities How will we know when we arrive? 71

Indicators Political commitment Improved response to VAWG Availability of the training manual Implementation of the harmonized training manual Who is in charge? Potential partners Ministry of Finance Attorney General Clerk of the National Assembly Community Policing Partners UN agencies Respective governments NGOs (international and local)

Ghana, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Uganda Police Action Plan

Where are we now? GBV Issues Ignorance Disregard of laws Harmful traditional/cultural practices Intervention in place Regional legal frameworks: Africa Union (AU) Gender Policy; Eastern Africa Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (EAPCCO) Gender sub-committee Uganda; Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Gender Policy Ghana, Ethiopia, Nigeria; Kigali Declaration of October 2010 National laws and policies National institutions Civil society UN agencies Public agencies Local community Challenges Harmful traditional/cultural practices Implementation of laws and policies Resources (human resources (HR), material, fiscal, technological) Ccontradictions because of archaic laws Lack of better data collection and analysis Collaboration and coordination gaps on GBV among relevant institutions Where do we want to go? Expected results and outcomes Sensitization on attitude change towards SGBV Effective enforcement of laws related to SGBV How we are going to get there? Actions, input, timing By 2015 72

Conducting massive sensitization on the rights of women and girls and existing laws Conducting workshops and seminars for security organs, community, media Bringing services nearer to the community (gender desks, shelter) Specialized training for staff of gender desk Organising credible database Improving collaboration and coordination among SGBV related institutions Networking internally and externally Training/capacity building of security organs Ensuring quitable utilisation of resources by security institutions Lobbying NGOs and development partners for resources How will we know when we arrive? Indicators Number of community fora held (150) 60 officers trained on GBV Nine gender desks opened 12 shelter facilities provided 10 percent increase in GBV cases reported Number of meetings held with parties Who is in charge? Potential partners UN agencies Regional gender-based bodies Government institutions (ministries, public agencies) Civil society organisations Human rights institutions Other sister security organisations

DRC, Burundi and Rwanda Police Action Plan

Where are we now? GBV issues Lack of harmonised and standardised law against all forms of GBV Culture hides violence High officials discriminatory attitudes Gender inequality Womens economic independence Ignorance of the existing law Intervention in place DRC Criminal code revision Sensitization of the texts of the Family Code and Children Code Burundi Criminal Code revision Sensitization programs on the importance of consideration of GBV cases Coordination of all actors in GBV domain Rwanda Established specific law on GBV 73

Established gender bureaus Challenges Resistance to changes Conflicts Poverty Natural disasters Where do we want to go? Expected results and outcomes A society without GBV Gender equality Respect of human rights How we are going to get there? Actions, input, timing DRC The texts of laws are sensitized and applicable Involvement of different actors in the fight against GBV Rwanda Sensitization of all categories of population Decentralisation of the structures in charge of taking care of victims of GBV at grassroots village level Burundi Sensitization of all categories of the population, including religious groups and groups of different beliefs Introduction a special law against GBV School programs revised in respect to GBV How will we know when we arrive? Indicators DRC Number of GBV claims has decreased 43 Rwanda Economic independence of men and women at home Burundi Structures in charge of taking care of victims of GBV are in place School programs at primary schools are revised and adopted Gender equality is considered Gender is considered in public budgeting Authorities have the ownership of the programs on fighting against GBV

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Many participants during the workshop identified the decrease in the number of GBV cases as a good indicator of the outcomes of prevention intervention work. But it is not the case all the time. An increase in the number may show good intervention and sensitization programs that might testify to the fact of empowering women at the community level so that they are able to file their complaints to the police. In time it will decrease.

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Who is in charge? Potential partners RDC, Rwanda, Burundi Governments UN agencies Civil society organizations Religious communities

Burundi and Rwanda Military Action Plan

Where are we now? GBV issues Illness Vengeance Divorce Marginalization Traumatism Poverty Hate Street children Prostitution Birth of unwanted children Death Intervention in place International Conventions ratified: 1325, 1820, 1888 and 1889 (Rwanda, Burundi) International and political related laws in place (Rwanda, Burundi) Gender desk in place (Rwandan Army) Regional Secretariat for coordination of Kigali Declaration implementation Gender focal points at Ministry level (Burundi) Isange One Stop Center (Rwanda) Recruitment of women for high ranking positions (Burundi, Rwanda) Sensitization of young women to be actively enrolled into army (Burundi, Rwanda) Sensitization against GBV campaigns for all categories of army members (Rwanda) Creation of clubs against GBV at cell level (Rwandan Army) Sensitization and trainings on GBV for judicial staff in military courts and for civil society (Rwanda, Burundi) Organization of meetings on evaluating the Kigali Declaration Challenges Culture: resistance to change (Rwanda, Burundi) Lack of punitive measures Lack of laws against GBV crime (Burundi, Rwanda) Lack of resources for monitoring and evaluation: personnel, materials, budget (Rwanda, Burundi) Poverty and ignorance Where do we want to go? Expected results and outcome Capacity building in fighting against GBV for army personnel 75

Reinforced collaboration and promotion of partnerships with high commandment, that is brought to attention and is sensitized on their role in prevention of GBV How we are going to get there? Actions, input, timing Organization of seminars, trainings, debates (at least once in a month) Sensitization through the media (at least twice a year) Practical exercises (films, songs, theatre) any time when necessary How will we know when we arrive? Indicators Reduction of GBV cases Development and security have increased Who is in charge? Potential partners Governments Civil society Citizens African Union UN agencies All NGOs

Rwanda Corrections Unit Action Plan

Where are we now? GBV issues Gender inequality -Gender discrimination -Cultural forms -Economic imbalances -Environmental factors -Ignorance Challenges Inadequate capacity(by the state and civil society) Inadequate resources Institutional incapacities Poverty Social stigma Negative cultural perceptions An overwhelming number of children with no fathers, therefore lacking identity and claim to land Where do we want to go? Expected results and outcomes Multi-sectoral approach to survivors of GBV, with emphasis on the involvement of men Strengthened already existing safe houses and new safe-houses for victims of GBV built, working closely with the police department to ensure their security, including ensuring holistic interventions in such spaces while being sensitive to local socio-cultural realities

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Operationalised international and domestic legislation related to GBV, i.e. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 Women benefitting from all interventions and processes in communities aimed at prevention, protection and dealing with the socio-economic and health consequences of sexual and GBV (SGBV) How we are going to get there? Actions, input, timing By 2012-2015 Have an annual retreat for a learning interaction among the members. This followed the realization of the need to broaden counselling activities to include the care of caregivers, learning from each others counselling strategies and experiences Create awareness in the community and among all security organs on GBV response Create safe-houses for women Create community spaces for learning and promotion of dialogue between communities and security organs Involve the youth and encourage their leadership Adopt a collective participatory approach by all security organs and other stakeholders (civil society, policy makers, community ) How will we know when we arrive? Indicators -Reduction in number of GBV-related cases reported -Increased awareness on GBV-related cases in the country as a whole. Who is in charge? Potential partners Government ONE UN Rwanda International and local non-government organisations (NGOs) Peace support training centres for action planning

Kigali Declaration Action Plan

The participants of the final group identified the mission and vision of security organs fighting against GBV against women and girls as follows: Mission Ending SGBV against women and children in Africa Vision SGBV cases against women and girls reduced by 20 percent by the year 2015 Where are we now? GBV issue Future implementation of the Kigali Declaration for the whole region Intervention in place Existing policies and legal frameworks Practical interventions Projects targeting prevention, provision of services and promotion of justice and impunity

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Challenges Lack of coordinated/standardized laws Policies and training across African countries Lack of research and credible data (especially gender disaggregated) Decision making and programming pertaining to VAWG Commitment from reaffirming countries to resolutions 1325, 1820, 1888, 1889 pertaining to VAW and the role of women in peace building Where do we want to go? Expected results and outcomes Ending violence against women and girls and all forms of gender-based impunity Better targeting and cohesion Harmonization of all initiatives Better targeting of GBV in general, and VAWG in particular Accelerate legislation and policy formulation Implementation of best practices (prevention, provision and promotion) Establishing and strengthening relevant institutions, structures and processes within security organs in various countries in Africa Recruitment, promotion and capacity building of women security officers Initiating, supporting and creating the culture of research and use of credible data in various security organs Scaling up sensitization, capacity building and training targeting VAWG Initiate, support, and evaluate strategic empowerment of survivors of GBV How are we going to get there? What should be done/ required actions and inputs Realistic goals with clear targets, timelines, indicators and budget Required actions Harmonize and standardize legal framework Draft a regional constitution addressing VAWG Standardized comprehensive training (based on international instruments incorporating context-relevant local best practices) Required action Create training manual Mobilize additional resources, better utilize existing resources (through gender responsive planning and budgeting) Required action: Map existing resources to determine gaps by each individual country led by secretariat holding country Improve evidence based prosecution Required actions: Develop trainers ( from training manual) Plan training dates short term and long term By when By the end of 2012

By September 2011, before October meeting By December 2011

Beginning in June 2012

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Recruit and promote more women officers By March 2012 Required action Coordinate workshop to plan strategy (e.g. PPC) Increase accountability of security organs throughout Africa (improve image, professionalism and foster multi-sectoral partnerships) Required action Develop regional campaign Awareness raising and training Required actions Regional campaign Increase support to survivors (including children born out of SEA) Required action Map processes used by benchmark practices (e.g. One Stop Center) Prosecution of perpetrators Required action Research on current practices and establishing the gaps and means to address them (regional research) using local universities, research centers Establish Secretariat in Kigali (done, but determine which country will takeover) Develop evaluation process/tool for training to monitor progress of overall goal (simultaneous to developing manual) Develop a fund mobilization strategy How will we know when we arrive? Indicators Updates at annual meetings of all signatories Who is in charge? Potential partners National and regional level Governments of contributing countries UN agencies NGOs Other gender-related institutions By when? 2015 Global Campaign UNITE to End Violence Against Women

By December 2011 By March 2012

By 24 June 2011 Same time as training By January 2012

Conclusions
Strategic planning provides a general framework for action: a way to determine priorities, make wise choices and allocate scarce resources (e.g. time, money, skills), to achieve agreed-upon objectives. Gender relations are produced and reinforced by institutions, such as households, the market, community, state and other governance institutions. The gender division of labour reflects and in turn reproduces gender hierarchies, allocating particular tasks to a particular gender. They 79

become social rules of who does what by gender and how this is valued. Participants in the workshop discussed how roles typically designated as female are less valued than those designated as male. Women are generally expected to fulfil the reproductive role of bearing and raising children, caring for other family members, and household management tasks, as well as home based production whereas men tend to be more associated with productive roles, particularly paid work, and market production. Based on the analytical review described in Part 2 of this report, the results of the strategic action planning process and the action plans developed by the participants complement most of the results developed by other gender actors. For example, Rwanda Womens Network (RWN) reported the following challenges (2009)44: Failure to reach women and girls and address their specific needs, particularly in relation to violence, conflict and Human Immune-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV and AIDS). Failure of justice and rehabilitation needs of victims to comprehensively deal with conflict and post-conflict related violations against women and girls. Lack of all-inclusive involvement, especially of men in efforts against GBV Legislators and other policymakers do not consider GBV as a serious issue, nor appreciate its link to HIV/Aids International conventions such as CEDAW are not enforceable, while justice systems are not easily accessible nor responsive to the needs of survivors of violence State laws such as the succession law are not sensitive to the specific rights of women, such as the right to inherit and own land. There are limited state structures to guarantee the protection of victims of GBV There exists weaknesses within the state systems such as police, health structures to prevent or protect survivors of GBV The need to ensure that women voices are heard and heeded in all processes. An overwhelming number of children with no fathers, therefore lacking identity and claim to land There are practical restrictions in addressing the needs of the survivors of violence that range from institutional incapacities, poverty, social stigma to negative cultural perceptions Another key actor in preventing and responding to GBV, United Nations Human Rights commission (UNHCR), identified the following key lessons on Rwanda45: Because of the multiple consequences of SGBV, women should benefit from all interventions and processes in communities aimed at prevention, protection and dealing with the socio-economic and health consequences of SGBV The context within which SGBV occurs should be taken into consideration International and domestic legislations vis--vis GBV i.e. CEDAW and UNSCR 1325 should be operationalised There needs to be a multi-sectoral approach to survivors of GBV, with emphasis on the involvement of men
44

Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), Rwanda: Encouraging police to tackle violence against women, 9 November 2010, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cdd263d1e.htm 45 See ibid

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There is a need to strengthen already existing safe houses and build, where necessary, safe-houses for victims of GBV working closely with the police department to ensure their security. This should include ensuring holistic interventions in such spaces while being sensitive to local socio-cultural realities in the different countries. Action planning is a systematic decision-making process that focuses attention on important issues, and how to resolve them. The activities carried out during the workshop proved to be a strong learning experience for participants in a number of respects. It allowed them to critically review country policies and programs, using a gender lens. Country presentations structured on lessons learned, challenges and recommendations provided the basis for comparative analyses on the achievements and gaps related to VAWG throughout the Region. Group work on the case studies relevant to the themes of the workshop resulted in reflections from participants daily practice, and provided a broader and deeper understanding of GBV issues. In future these insights will allow participants to continue the implementation of their action plans in their home countries. Five action planning groups focused on the specific needs of their own countries. The group considering the Kigali Declaration suggested further implementation of an Action Plan based on the Kigali Declaration covering the whole region. The results of the workshop provide a strategic framework for further action to be undertaken by each countrys security organs and the Kigali Secretariat to further fight against GBV in the region. Along with the action plans developed during the workshop, the analytical results through lessons learned and challenges identified by the other agencies should be further taken into consideration in countrys strategies and program development to eliminate GBV against women and girls.

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References
Elements of the UN Women Strategic Plan 2011-2013 (2011). www.unwomen,org /eb_docs/2011/background-documents/elements-UN-Women-strategic-plan.pdf Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) (2010) Rwanda: Encouraging police to tackle violence against women, 9 November 2010, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cdd263d1e.htm Republic of Rwanda (2009) National Action Plan 2009-2012 The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325/2000 on Women, Peace and Security. P.8-9 World Economic Forum. (2005) Womens Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap. Geneva: WEF

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Annex 1: Summary of the National Action Plan 2009-2012, Republic of Rwanda. UNSCR 1325
Lessons learned In the light of Action Planning at the African Region Security Organs Capacity Building Workshop on Violence against the Women and Girls, it seems worthy to notice the National Action Plan of implementation UNSCR 1325 in Rwanda. The experience may be considered as lessons learned for follow up programming on GBV elimination. Below is summary of the National Action Plan. The participants who discussed the UNSCR 1325 and the elected committee in Rwanda did the follow up of the whole action plan development process. They met several times to validate the findings of the baseline study and to identify the main priorities of the action plan. The Steering Committee thought that participants should have a common understanding of peace and security concepts. Various presentations and discussion sessions were organized within the Ministry of Defence around these two concepts as well as interpretation of UNSCR 1325 in the Rwandan context46. In the process of Action Plan development the participants identified good practices, challenges and the way forward, five priority areas, and based upon intervention strategies, a logical framework (priority, commitment, objectives, expected results, activities, indicators, institutions in charge). Good practices47: Adoption of a National Gender Policy Consideration of domestic violence as human rights violation Establishment of gender desks within the Ministry of Defence, and the National Police. These two institutions involved in keeping security are now more sensitive to gender issues thanks to this new mechanism Establishment of community policing committees at the grassroots level Establishment of free hotline telephones in RNP and Ministry of Health Appointment of defense and prosecution officers among others to facilitate easy reporting on violence The gender desk staff in the Ministry of Defence, RDF and RNP is composed of both men and women Men are engaged in the approach in fighting GBV Directors of Planning in Ministries appointed as gender focal points in their respective ministries by the Prime Ministers instruction Initiation of a Gender Budgeting Response Program which is run in partnership with the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) and the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF) Existence of a gender sensitive legal framework A large number of women in various decisions making organs
46

Republic of Rwanda. National Action Plan 2009-2012. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325/2000 on Women, Peace and Security. p 8-9
47

Op cit, p.6

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Establishment of a mechanism in charge of holding all institutions accountable to gender Mainstreaming and fighting GBV and injustice The collaboration of MIGEPROF with civil society in gender promotion. They are together quite often in international missions, share information, are always in contact for joint activities and jointly organize conferences. Challenges and Way Forward 48 These challenges will be addressed in this action plan to be implemented by various stakeholders.

Thi s first action plan is subdivided into five priority components : The first priority relates to prevention of violence and conflicts. The second component focuses on protection of womens rights and taking into account the special needs of women. The third component suggests activities in line with reinforcement of womens participation in decision making matters relating to peace and security, higher positions where womens participation is below 30 percent as mentioned in the Constitution of 4 June 4 2003. The fourth component includes activities relating to peace building and women empowerment in the post-genocide social and economic reconstruction. It highlights community dialogue and non-violent communication in conflict management where women should play an important role. The fifth priority includes coordination, follow-up and evaluation of stakeholders activities in implementation of this action plan. Intervention Strategies50: The action plan will increase the number of women who take part in the peace process and security. It will also improve the quality of their interventions through implementation of the following strategies: Reinforcing the capacity of women in peace and security matters.
48 49

49

Op cit, p.7 Op cit, p. 8-9 50 Op cit, p.11

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Community dialogue: Create a network of stakeholders working together for a common goal Research, advocacy, dissemination of laws and sensitization: Effective use of existing structures: Coordination of activities: Follow-up of activities and evaluation of impact: Production of narrative and periodical reports Logical Framework. Detailed actions and interventions on implementation 1325 UN Resolution are developed in a Logical Framework that is based upon the five priorities, commitment, objectives, expected results, activities, indicators, institutions in charge. For more details see the Republic of Rwanda. National Action Plan 2009-2012. 51.

51

Republic of Rwanda. National Action Plan 2009-2012. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325/2000 on Women, Peace and Security, pp8-9 85

Annex 2: Some Recommendations on Strategic Planning Implementation.52

Strategic Planning is a process where the values and vision of the program/organization are reviewed and a strategic path is designed in order to achieve certain objectives while mitigating risks. Strategic planning is an exercise in what if analysis, and requires the leadership team to evaluate the past, understand the present and predict the future. Notice the term leadership team is used. Strategic plans often begin with the vision as set forth by the leader of the organization. This vision describes a state or condition representative of the organization at the conclusion of a successful strategic implementation. It often has little to do with what is taking place in the organization today. Strategic Implementation is a process where the designed strategic plan is implemented on a day-to-day basis. It is frequently the most difficult part of the process. Organizations that plan strategically are able to be proactive and have better communication and can more easily adapt to change. It is also easier to control and monitor the implementation process and conduct a gap analysis when extensive planning has been completed Implementation Team53 Both people and organizations need to establish a strategic framework for significant success. This framework consists of: a vision for your future a mission that defines what you are doing values that shape your actions strategies that zero in on your key success approaches goals and action plans to guide your daily, weekly and monthly actions Facts Companies whose employees understand the mission and goals enjoy a 29 percent greater return than other firms (Watson Wyatt Work Study). US workers want their work to make a difference, but 75% do not think their company's mission statement has become the way they do business (Workplace 2000 Employee Insight Survey). Milestones of Strategic Plan Implementation Launch the Plan(s)
52

Adapted from Scott A.Romeo. STRATEGIC PLANNING VERSUS STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION. 2008 https://www.newhorizonconsulting.com/uploads/STRATEGIC_PLANNING_VERSUS_IMPLEMENTATION .pdf 53 Adapted From Make Strategic Planning Implementation Work http://humanresources.about.com/od/strategicplanning1/a/implement_plan.htm 2011. Accessed 10 July, 2011

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Embed the Plan(s) Manage and monitor Review and refresh General recommendations Executive support in strategic planning implementation is critical to its success. Executives must lead, support, follow-up, and live the results of the strategic planning implementation process. These are additional ways executive leaders can support the strategic planning implementation process. Establish a clear vision for the strategic planning implementation process. Paint a picture of where the organization will end up and the anticipated outcomes. Make certain the picture is one of reality and not what people wish would occur. Make sure key employees know why the organization is changing. Appoint an implementation team, executive champion or leader who owns the strategic planning implementation process and makes certain other senior managers, as well as other appropriate people in the organization, are involved. Establish a structure which will support the move to a more strategically thinking and acting organization. This may take the form of a Steering Committee, Leadership Group, Core Planning Team or Guiding Coalition. Action Plan Embedded54 Embed the Action Plan (or Plans) Within Policies and strategies Plans and programmes Policies and Strategies As council and partner policies and strategies are refreshed, ensure that they reflect the vision, strategy and targets in the Action Plan. If your Action Plan has been developed by a partnership, also embed the vision and targets into partner policies and strategies. Plans and Programmes The detailed implementation measures contained in the Action Plan, i.e. the actions, responsibilities and timescales should be embedded into the annual plans and programmes of the related departments and partners that are responsible for implementation. This would include relevant business, service and / or departmental plans, and also relevant programmes, such as a housing improvement programme. Service and partner plans and programmes should also specify how the measures will be resourced

54

From Nottingham Declaration on Climate Change. http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/nottingham/Nottingham-Declaration/Developing-an-Action-Plan/5.Implementation, 2011 accessed 10 July, 2011

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Manage and Monitor You will need mechanisms to manage implementation, monitor and communicate progress and generally maintain momentum. Managing Implementation Many councils and partnerships have established inter-departmental and / or inter-partner teams to monitor and manage implementation. These may well be a continuation of the team(s) that was formed to develop the implementation of the Action Plan, perhaps with some changes in membership to fully reflect the sections and partners that are responsible for implementation. If your Plan covers several roles, it may be more manageable to have more than one implementation team. As well as an implementation team you will almost certainly need one or more persons to coordinate the work and to act as the central point of contact. This role is often filled by a sustainable development, energy or climate change officer, but a performance management officer or other staff might take on this role. Monitoring Implementation It is also essential to establish procedures to monitor how each task is progressing. A performance monitoring system should be in place. If this is the case, it would be preferable to incorporate the Action Plan into existing systems. If not, you will need to establish new monitoring processes. For example, this might involve monthly or quarterly reporting to the co-ordinator. Monitoring reports should be regularly considered by the implementation team in order to resolve any implementation problems as well as to celebrate successes. Monitoring Progress against the Vision and Strategy As well as monitoring implementation of the detailed actions in the Plan, it is also important to assess progress against the longer term vision and strategy. This information can be used to decide if the Action Plan is sufficient to meet the vision or if it needs to be strengthened. The introduction of the national climate change indicators should make this task easier. Communicating Progress Regularly communicating progress helps to maintain: the backing of elected members and senior managers, commitment from those responsible for implementation, and public and staff support. Possible Communication Methods for Different Target Audiences Quarterly reports to elected members, senior managers and the boards Updates in staff newsletters or on the intranet Annual highlights on the council web site and in council publicity 88