Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-01

Review of Basic Laws of Turbomachinery

Damian Vogt Course MJ2429

Nomenclature
Symbol A E F I M Q W c g h p r t u w z Denotation Surface area Internal energy Force Rothalpy Moment Heat energy Mechanical energy Absolute velocity Gravitational constant Enthalpy Mass flow rate Pressure Radius Time Tangential velocity Relative velocity Height coordinate Density Rotational speed Unit m2 J N J/kg Nm J J m/s m/s2 J/kg kg/s Pa m s m/s m/s m kg/m3 rad/s

& m

Subscripts

0 1 2 3 c n R w X

Total Inlet stator Outlet stator (inlet rotor) Outlet rotor Total in absolute frame of reference Normal Radial component Total in relative frame of reference Axial component Tangential component

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-01

Turbomachine System Discretization

Turbine shown
& Q

1 Schematic representation 1 2 inlet outlet

& W

A turbomachine consists of one or several stages

stator

rotor

1 Stage denotations 1 2 3 stator inlet rotor inlet rotor outlet

The thermodynamic and kinetic properties in a stage are defined by velocities

20 10

stator

rotor w3 u
30

u c3

Stage velocity triangles

c1

10

20

20

w2

30

10

10

u c2

20

30

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-01

Conservation of Mass
Sum of mass flow rates over all system boundaries equals to change in mass in control volume

& m =
i

m t
m = 0 thus t

Eq. 1

For steady process

mass in control volume constant over time

& m = 0
i

Eq. 2

Mass flow rate through boundary

& m = cn A
Conservation of mass for control volume featuring one in- and one outflow

Eq. 3

1c n ,1 A1 = 2 c n , 2 A2

Eq. 4

Note: The indexes 1 and 2 refer to inlet and outlet of the control volume respectively as depicted below

Control volume e.g.: stage

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-01

Conservation of Energy
First law of thermodynamics applied to closed process, i.e. system taken through a complete cycle

(dQ dW ) = 0
Change in internal energy during change in state from one point to another in the cycle

Eq. 5

dE = dQ dW

Eq. 6

For a steady flow process the conservation of energy per unit time is regarded, i.e. conservation of power

& & & & dE = m ( dh0 + g dz ) = Q W

Eq. 7

Where dh0 denotes the change in total enthalpy and the term g dz change in specific potential energy. Apart from hydraulic machines the latter can be neglected. Furthermore the process can be assumed as adiabatic leading to the conservation of energy for a steady turbomachine process being written as

& & W = m ( h01 h02 )

Note: work producing machines (turbines) work absorbing machines (compressors, pumps)

Eq. 8

& h01 > h02 W > 0 & h01 < h02 W < 0

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-01

Conservation of Momentum
According to Newtons second law of motion the sum of all forces acing on a body equals the change in momentum

(mc x ) t

Eq. 9

For a steady flow process the change in momentum is exclusively due to the change in flow velocity

F
Note:

& = m (c x1 c x 2 )

Eq. 10

From the perspective of the fluid the forces are acting as pressure forces ( F = p A ). A change in velocity indicates a change in pressure remember Bernoullis equation for incompressible fluids: p 0 = p +

1 c 2 = const . 2

From the perspective of the turbomachine the pressure forces on the fluid are yielding a resultant reaction force (actio=reactio).

In a turbomachine the moment of momentum rather than the momentum itself is of interest

= r F =

(rmc ) t

Eq. 11

For a steady flow process the change in moment of momentum is due to the change in tangential flow velocity

& = m (r1c 1 r2 c 2 )

Eq. 12

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-01

Eulers Turbine Equation

At this point the conservation of energy and the conservation of moment of momentum shall be combined. The mechanical work per unit time ( power) equals the product of moment and rotational speed

& W = M z

Eq. 13

Thus the conservation of energy can be related to the conservation of momentum as follows

& & m (h01 h02 ) = m (r1c 1 r2 c 2 )

Substituting

Eq. 14

& r by the tangential speed u and eliminating m yields

h01 h02 = u1c 1 u 2 c 2
Eq. 15

The above equation is referred to as Eulers turbine equation. Note: A change in total enthalpy is equivalent to a change in tangential flow speed and/or tangential engine speed For engines with little change in mean radius u1 u 2 (e.g. axial turbines, axial compressors, fans) the change in total enthalpy is entirely due to change in tangential flow speed h0 u c blades are bowed For engines with large change in mean radius (e.g. radial engines) the change in enthalpy is to a large degree due to the change in radius h0 u c centrifugal effect, possibility for larger change in enthalpy

Leonhard Euler Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) was arguably the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century and one of the most prolific of all time; his publication list of 886 papers and books fill about 90 volumes. Remarkably, much of this output dates from the the last two decades of his life, when he was totally blind. Though born and educated in Basel, Switzerland, Euler spent most of his career in St. Petersburg and Berlin. He joined the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1727. In 1741 he went to Berlin at the invitation of Frederick the Great, but he and Frederick never got on well and in 1766 he returned to St. Petersburg, where he remained until his death. Euler's prolific output caused a tremendous problem of backlog: the St. Petersburg Academy continued publishing his work posthumously for more than 30 years. Euler married twice and had 13 children, though all but five of them died young.

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Turbomachinery Lecture Notes

2007-09-01

Rothalpy
Reformulating Eulers turbine equation leads to a fundamental aspect of turbomachine thermodynamics referred to as rothalpy

h01 u1c 1 = h02 u 2 c 2 = I

The rothalpy is a function that remains constant throughout a rotating machine. Note: in a non-rotating machine the total enthalpy is constant (non-rotating equation) The general notation of rothalpy is

Eq. 16

u = 0 in the above

I =h+

1 2 c u c 2

Eq. 17

This expression can be reformulated by expressing the velocities in the relative frame of reference as follows

c w u C cx

c u = w c = w + u

Eq. 18 Eq. 19

c 2 = c x + c = c x + w + 2w u + u 2
2 2 2 2

Substituting c

and c in the expression of rothalpy

I =h+

1 2 1 2 u2 2 2 c x + w + 2 w u + u 2 w u u 2 = h + c x + w 2 2 2

Eq. 20

With c x = w x and

w 2 = wx + w the reformulated expression of the rothalpy yields 1 1 I = h + w2 u 2 2 2

2 2

Eq. 21

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