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In this paper, the stu SRM is carried out, and comparisons w switched reluctance motor (CSRM) are models based on 2D finite element method a part, the descriptions of the two motors are compared. The authors are with the Laboratoire de Genie Elect CNRS UMR 8507, SUPELEC, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie.
In this paper, the stu SRM is carried out, and comparisons w switched reluctance motor (CSRM) are models based on 2D finite element method a part, the descriptions of the two motors are compared. The authors are with the Laboratoire de Genie Elect CNRS UMR 8507, SUPELEC, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie.
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In this paper, the stu SRM is carried out, and comparisons w switched reluctance motor (CSRM) are models based on 2D finite element method a part, the descriptions of the two motors are compared. The authors are with the Laboratoire de Genie Elect CNRS UMR 8507, SUPELEC, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
series of magnetic segments, which allow th flow on short loops. In this paper, the stu SRM is carried out, and comparisons w switched reluctance motor (CSRM) are models based on 2D finite element method a part, the descriptions of the two motors Secondly, some characteristics including inductances, flux, electromagnetic torque torque-speed curves are compared. The tak optimized control parameters and the large special attention to the latter comparison. Index Terms--optimization of control par rotor, switched reluctance motor, torque-sp I. INTRODUCTION INCE the development of power switched reluctance motor is one electrical machine researches. Du manufacturing, high reliability and low c is still expanding, such as in pressur machine, traction [1], etc. Although this specific attention, the g salient SRM remains relatively the s exceptions. The toothed rotor and tooth employed. Besides this, the torque/vol comparatively to other motors [2]. To improve this ratio and to explore Horst [2] proposes to replace the toothed rotor. Thus, in 1992, his patent describes toothed rotor is replaced by series o segments which are arranged on the cir rotor. Each segment is isolated magn neighbours. In 2002, Mecrow and al present one de segmental rotor termed: switched reluc segmental rotor multi-tooth winding configuration of the winding makes the ra of- copper" non-optimal compared with c So, the same authors propose anothe structure which makes the last ratio im machine is called: SRM with segmental winding. The two motors deliver practical and 40% more compared to conventiona limits [6]. However, only few studies a structure. In 2005, Oyama and al [7] pre with Segment Core Embedded in Alumi which increases the mechanical strength manufacturing. Recently, in [8], another machine (SRMS) is described. Concentr
The authors are with the Laboratoire de Gnie Elect CNRS UMR 8507, SUPELEC, Universit Pierre et M Paris Sud, 11, rue Joliot Curie, Plateau de Moulon Cedex, France (e-mails: {belhadi, krebs, marchand} S M. B Evaluation of T Reluctance M. otor with segmental e rotor is due to a he magnetic flux to udy of this kind of with a conventional e established. Two are used. In the first are briefly given. field distributions, es and particularly king into account of range of speed give rameters, segmental peed curve. N r electronics, the of main area in ue to its simple cost, its application e pump, washing eometry of doubly same, with some hed stator are still lume ratio is low another geometry, rotor by segmental s this structure: the of magnetic core cumference of the netically from its esign of SRM with ctance motor with g [4]. But the atio "torque/masse- conventional SRM. er design of this mproved [5]. This rotor single-tooth lly the same torque al SRM at thermal are related to this esent a Novel SRM inum Rotor Block, and simplifies the r structure of this ated windings and trique de Paris (LGEP). Marie Curie, Universit F91192 Gif Sur Yvette @lgep.supelec.fr). simultaneous excitation of two flux flowing on short loops. The performances of SRM CSRM by this machine po especially in the automotive comparison between these particular the torque-speed allows us to compare the two m speed variation. In the torque-sp of control angles and operating account. This will make the com II. DESCRIPTION In order to compare the C element models are used. The t modelled using FEMM softwa these machines, shown in figure
(a) Fig. 1. The structures of the studied ma
A. Conventional switched rel The first motor is a conve motor. This structure possesse rotor. It has 12 stator teeth and by three electrical phases. This optimized to satisfy a set of s application. The table below sum TABL FEATURES OF USED CO Number of phase Number of stator teeth Number of rotor teeth Slot fill factor DC voltage
In the figure 2, the two extre when one phase is excited.
Belhadi, A. Kolli, G. Krebs, C. Marchand
Torque-Speed Curve of Motor with Segmenta Belhadi, A. Kolli, G. Krebs, C. Marchand o phases make the magnetic MS make the substitution of otentially very interesting, e applications. So, a deep structures is essential, in curves. This characteristic machines in a large range of peed curves, the optimization g at high speed are taken into mparison more reliable. NS OF THE MOTORS CSRM to SRMS, 2D finite two motors are designed and are [9]. The descriptions of e 1, are given below.
(b) chines, CSRM (a), SRMS (b) luctance motor (CSRM) entional switched reluctance s toothed stator and toothed 8 rotor teeth and is powered s machine was designed and specifications for automobile mmarizes its main features. LE I ONVENTIONAL SRM 3 12 8 50% 300 V eme positions are considered f Switched al Rotor 978-1-4673-0141-1/12/$26.00 2012 IEEE 248 B. Switched reluctance motor with s (SRMS) The chosen SRM structure with segm SRM with segmental rotor single-tooth proposed in [5] with the main design possible combinations (number of rotor s teeth), the appropriate structure to be com SRM, is the 12/10. This machine has 12 segments in the rotor. The table below sum features of this motor. TABLE II FEATURES OF THE SRM WITH SEGMENT Number of phase Number of stator teeth Number of rotor segments Slot fill factor DC voltage
To make the comparison more reliable the main dimensions of the segmental ma the conventional one. So both, SRMS three-phase prototypes and possess man like: number of stator teeth, outside dia turns, stator core back, rotor diameter, slo length and axial length. The machine asymmetric converter. In the figure 3, the field lines, obtaine this SRM are given when one phase is exc
III. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE T (SIMULATIONS RESULTS A. Magnetic field distribution One of the main magnetic features of S surface in the airgap, which is more imp SRMS one (see figures 2 and 3). Previo this point as key of the torque production (a) Fig. 2. Flux distribution of CSRM when one phas position (a), unaligned position (b) (a) Fig. 3. Flux distribution of SRMS when one pha position (a), unaligned position (b)
segmental rotor mental rotor is the winding, which is rules. Among all egments and stator mpared to the first stator teeth and 10 mmarizes the main TAL ROTOR 3 12 10 50% 300 V e, the topology and achine are based on S and CSRM, are ny similar features ameter, number of ot fill factor, airgap es are fed by an ed with FEMM, of cited. TWO MOTORS ) SRMS is the active portant than in the ous works consider n increase [4].
(b) se is energized, aligned
(b) ase is excited, aligned In SRMS the segments forc short loops, in contrast to CSR loops. The stator yoke of SR completely, which may have an The two coils of the sam mechanically and thermally in same thing in CSRM. The m some choices of the direction of
B. Magnetization curves The second element to comp machines. In figure 4, the flu represented as a function of c positions, aligned and unaligned
Fig.4. The phase flux as a function of cu
In SRMS, the amount of f significantly increased compa machine (for all the current and the amount of flux increases in important in aligned position This phenomenon is more dom of the saturation. Analyzing the conversion cy same imposed current, the ene SRMS than in CSRM. Howeve at the same speed, the SRMS instead of 8 for the CSRM, b number of rotor poles. So, th more important in SRMS than affect the iron losses. As conc magnetic circuit better than the the amount of converted ene inductance ratio (in aligned and C. Phase inductances As the magnetic coupling b one considers that the self-indu origin of torques of SRMs. Ind motor, the electromagnetic tor self-inductance and multiplyi (equation. 1). I = i 2 L(0,) 0
Where T is the electromag self-inductance, the rotor p phase ce the flux to concentrate on RM which uses a long flux RMS is then never solicited n impact on the iron losses. me phase are magnetically, ndependent, which is not the magnetic independence gives f coil polarizations. pare is the flux linkage in the ux linkage of one phase is current for the two extreme d.
urrent (CSRM, SRMS) flux linkage of one phase is ared with the conventional d position values). In reality, both positions, but it is more than in unaligned position. minant at low current because ycle of each machine at the ergy converted is greater in er, when the motors working traverses its cycle 10 times because of the difference in he supply frequency will be in the CSRM, which would clusion, the SRMS uses the e CSRM. Indeed, it increases ergy, without affecting the d in unaligned positions). between phases is negligible, uctance variation is the only deed, in switched reluctance rque is obtained by deriving ing by square of current (1) gnetic torque, L is the phase osition and i is the current 249 So, comparing the self-inductances variations versus rotor position is indispensable.
The figure 5 shows the variations of these inductances as a function of the position (in electrical degrees) for both machines. To see the influence of saturation, several current values are considered. These values are the same for both motors (10 A to 180 A for the current with a step of 10 A).
(a)
(b) Fig. 5. The phase inductances as a function of rotor position, SRM with segmental rotor (a), conventional SRM (b)
At low current, in absence of magnetic saturation the inductance variation is conditioned mainly by the magnetic geometry of the structure. The inductance of CSRM varies almost linearly unlike SRMS. As soon as, the CSRM is saturated, the change in its inductance variation is not linear and tends to look like that of the SRMS. In other words, when both SRM are not saturated, the shapes of their inductances are different, as long as saturation is established, this difference disappears. The nonlinear variation of inductance in the SRMS induces probably some additional torque ripples. This nonlinearity (due to the geometry and saturation) makes also its analytical modelling more difficult.
D. Torques To compare the electromechanical conversion, one considers electromagnetic torques developed when only one phase is energized. For a given current, the shapes of static torques (obtained per FEMM 4.2) are shown in the figure 6.
When the segmental machine is saturated, the shape of the torque is close to a bell curve, but at low current values, this shape is different because it has a sudden change around 60 degrees. This change will surely lead to important relative torque ripples, particularly, when a standard alimentation is used (square current). Indeed, as mentioned, when the machine is not saturated the variation of the inductance is nonlinear. In other words, the non- linearity of inductance variation, especially at low current leads to a distortion of the torque shape. All though some similitude existing on inductances shapes at high current, one can notice a little difference between the torque shapes. This phenomenon is due to the fact that the SRMs torque is directly linked to the derivatives of inductances (equation 1) (not directly to the inductance shape). So, any dissimilitude in this derivative shape (even though this dissimilitude is small) induces some difference in the torques shapes.
The average torques are calculated from static torque (during 180) shown in figure 6. Its values are plotted in figure 7.a and the figure 7.b shows the relative difference between average torques of the two machines. For a given supply current, the SRMS develop a greater average torque than the conventional machine. The difference between both is more noticeable at low power; this has already been shown in the analysis of the converted energy. The magnetic saturation reduces the difference between the two torques.
250 (a) (b) Fig. 7. Comparison of torques, average torques (a), r
E. Torque-speed curves The very important point to compare i curve. This curve allows us to compare t large range of speed. In this comparison, t angles (turn on, conduction angle) is taken So, this curve defined as a maximum to variation of the machine as a functio obtained for a limited DC voltage and cu optimization of the angles is taken into ac method in our software (MRVSim) [10, 1
MRVSim [10] is a calculation code u used for the design of switched reluctance tool allows analytical and/or numerical structures of SRMs and optimization parameters taking account into the associated converter. The used software employs a finite e accurate calculation of two characteristic of current supply and position, and also torque as function of these parameters). B features and optimizing the turn-on and t envelope curve of SRM can be calculated the CSRM is predefined in MRVSim structures cannot be directly modelled, Consequently, the flux linkage and torq have been computed with FEMM and MRVSim. MRVSim software uses two control tec the chopped current control (CCC) and control (APC). The first one is used w current can be reached, especially at speeds (approximately, from 0 rev/min to second mode is used when the SRM is speeds above its base speed (in this case, is usually not reached).
relative differences (b) is the torque-speed the two SRMs in a the optimization of n into account. otal average torque n of speed. It is urrent supply. The ccount by Simplex 1]. under MATLAB e motors [11]. This design of various n of the control machine and its element model for s (flux as function the calculation of By exploiting these turn-off angles, the d. The geometry of m but the SRMS for the moment. que characteristics d used then into chniques of SRMs: the angle position when the reference low and medium o base speed). The operating at high the desired current To draw the envelope curves (180 A) in the two machines a (300 V) are taken. A speed 12000 rev/min is considered. In the figure 8, the two tor and SRMS are presented. Fig. 8. Torque-speed envelope curves o
At low speeds the motors d that decreases gradually wit increase in speed leads to an i force (emf), which limits the voltage remains constant at 300 At low speeds, the segmen compared to conventional SR average torque. Around 2800rev almost the same average torq conventional SRM is the most e increasing speed, emf increase current phase. This emf is great given that the amount of ma machines is more important (F CSRM inductance is smaller th the position or phase current. Figure 9 shows the power function of speed. The same ran The results obtained in the l confirmed in this figure. So, t important in SRMS at low considerable in CSRM at high s As a conclusion, at the low rotor is the most advantageous, the conventional SRM is the m reduced emf compared to the fir
Fig. 9. Power as function of speed of SR s, the same maximum current and the same DC bus voltage range from 400 rev/min to rque-speed curves of CSRM
of SRMS and CSRM develop an important torque th the speed. Indeed, any increase of the electromotive e current phase (as the DC 0V). ntal SRM is more efficient RM, because it has more v/min, both SRMs developed que, but from this point the effective. As mentioned, with es and limits the maximum ter in the segmental machine, agnetic flux in this type of Fig.5). In another words, the han the SRMS one, regardless of the two machines as a nge of speed is considered. last curves (see figure 8) are the involved power is more w speeds but it is more speeds. speeds SRM with segmental in other hand at high speeds, most advantageous due to its rst one.
RMS and CSRM 251 E .1. Test to improve the envelope curv Given that the performances of the c less interesting at high speeds, a pa (including the number of turns) is perform influential parameters to consider for a fur The structure of the machine has been m on the tips of stator teeth (increasing in f
Fig. 10. Modified parameter in the SRMS
This change allows decreasing the flux approximately the same amount regard position (see figure 11).Thus a more imp be imposed at high speeds. Fig. 11. Flux in SRMSs (original and modified)
By changing the structure of the mac converted energy has been slightly decrea
Always with MRVSim, the torque-sp machines have been computed. In Figure speed curves of the both (original and mo represented. At low speed, it can be noticed that a to the loss in converted energy appeared the machine operates at high speed, t machine is improved. At these speeds, higher current in the modified machine th machine. The figure 12.b illustrates the differe curves. It shows that the maximum electromagnetic torque is about 7% at ver high speed, one can see a greater improv 15% at around 6000 rev/min. Indeed, the fact of lowering the flux l increase the torque at high speeds; howev converted energy decreases it at low speed
ve chosen SRMS are arametric analysis med to identify the rther optimization. modified by acting figure 10).
x of the phase with dless of the rotor portant current can
chine, the value of ased (about 7%). peed curves of the e 12.a, the torque- odified SRMS) are drop in torque due d. However, when the torque of the we can impose a han in the original ences between the m degradation of ry low speed, but at vement with up to level allowed us to ver, the loss in the ds. ( (b Fig. 12. Comparison of torque-speed modified), envelope curves (a), relative
Despite of this slight improv this SRMS is still more efficien high speed, compared to the optimizations which take acco improve more and more the machine. IV. CON In this paper, the SRM wi conventional SRM were been d finite element method. The SR evaluated by comparing it to C large range of variation of speed parameters, makes this compar this, both converter and mac optimization. Many elements were com distribution, inductance plo electromagnetic torques and tor test to improve the envelope cur At low speed, the result of The results show that at th segmental rotor is the most ad operating at high speeds, the co advantageous because of the im The test allows us to improve speed, in spite of some degra although this improvement o segmental SRM is still more worse at high speeds, compar one. Further works would concer sizing of the SRMS to satisfy a It could improve, much more
(a)
b) d curves of SRMSs (original and e difference (b) vement in its envelope curve, nt at low speeds but worse at e CSRM. However, further ount several parameters can performances of segmental NCLUSION ith segmental rotor and the designed and modelled using RMS performances have been CSRM. Taken account into a d and optimization of control rison more reliable. Besides chine are considered in the mpared like: magnetic field ots, magnetization curves, rque-speed curves. Finally, a rve was carried out. previous papers is verified. he low speeds SRM with dvantageous. But, when its onventional SRM is the most mportant emf in the first one. SRMS performances at high adation at low speeds. But, of torque-speed curve, the efficient at low speeds but ratively to the conventional rn an approach of design and specific set of requirements. e, its performances at high 252 speed. In addition, analytical modelling and/or by reluctance networks could be exploited to optimize its geometry. Other additional studies are needed to evaluate more precisely the segmental machine: a study of iron losses in this kind of SRM (short loops), can reveal a reduction of these losses. A thermal study can evaluate the benefits of having a single phase conductors per slot. In the end, the distribution of radial forces and the associated vibration behaviour of this motor could be an interesting topic to explore. V. REFERENCES [1] M. Rekik, M. Besbes, C. Marchand, B. Multon, S. Loudot, D. Lhotellier, "High-speed-range enhancement of switched reluctance motor with continuous mode for automotive applications," European Trans. on Electrical Power, Special Issue: Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies, Vol. 18, pp 674693, Oct. 2008. [2] J. Oyama, T. Higuchi, T. Abe, and K. Tanaka, "The Fundamental Characteristics of Novel Switched Reluctance Motor with Segment Core Embedded in Aluminum Rotor Block, "Conference ICEM 2006 Chania, Crete Island, Greece, vol. 1, pp. 515-519, Sept. 2006. [3] G.A. Horst, "Isolated Segmental Switch Reluctance Motor," United States Patent No. 5,111,096, May 5th 1992. [4] B. C. Mecrow, J. W. Finch, E. A. EI-Kharashi and A. G. Jack, "Switched Reluctance Motors with Segmental Rotors," IEE Proc. Of Electr. Power Appl., vol. 149, No. 4, pp. 245-254 (2002). [5] B. C. Mecrow, E. A. El-Kharashi, J. W. Finch, and A. G. Jack, "Segmental rotor switched reluctance machines with single tooth windings," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Elect., Power Appl., vol. 150, pp. 591 599, Sept. 2003. [6] B. C. Mecrow, E. A. El-Kharashi, J. W. Finch, and A. G. Jack, "Preliminary Performance Evaluation of Switched Reluctance Motors With Segmental Rotors," Energy Conversion, IEEE Trans. Energy conversion, vol. 19, pp. 679-686, Dec. 2004. [7] J. Oyama, T. Higuchi, T. Abe and N. Kifuji:"Novel Switched Reluctance Motor with Segment Core Embedded in Aluminium Rotor Block", IPEC-Niigata, No.S35-5, pp.1260-1265, 2005. [8] G. Bal, d. Uygun, "A Novel Switched Reluctance Motor with U-type Segmental Rotor Pairs: Design, Analysis and Simulation Results," World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 60, 2010.
[9] D. Meeker, "Finite Element Method Magnetics (Version 4.2)," Users Manual, Oct. 2010. [10] M. Besbes, B. Multon , "MRVSim code : Logiciel de simulation pour l'aide au dimensionnement des MRVDS et de convertisseur ," Patent, N : IDDN.FR.001.430010.000.S.C.2004.000.30645, 2004. [11] H. Hannoun, M. Hilairet, C. Marchand, "Design of a SRM speed control strategy for a wide range of operating speed," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, pp. 2911 - 2921, Sept. 2010. VI. BIOGRAPHIES MHamed Belhadi was born in Smaoun (Bejaia), Algeria, in 1986. He received an Engineer degree in electromechanical engineering from Bejaia University, Algeria, in 2010. He received also a master 2 research in electronic and electrical engineering (option electrical engineering) from PolytechNantes (University of Nantes), France, in 2011. He is currently a PhD student in University of Paris-Sud at LGEP (Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Paris).
Ali Kolli was born in Bejaia, Algeria, in 1982. He received the Engineer degree in Electrical Engineering in 2008 from the University of Bejaia, Algeria, and the M.Sc. degree also in Electric Energy in 2011 from the University of Franche-Comt, France. He is currently pursuing M.Sc. degree on smart aeronautic and autonomous systems in University of Evry Val d'Essone.
Guillaume Krebs was born in Croix (France) in 1978. He received the Engineer degree in 2003 and the Ph. D degree in electrical engineering from the University Lille 1 (USTL) in 2007. He is now Assistant Professor at the University of Paris-Sud since September 2008. His research areas (at the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Paris, LGEP) are the modelling of electrical machine and non destructive testing by the finite element method.
Claude Marchand is graduated from the Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan and he received the Ph.D. degree from Universit Paris VI in 1991. Since 1988, he is with the Laboratoire de Gnie Electrique de Paris (LGEP). From 1994 to 2000, he was Assistant Professor at the Institut Universitaire de Technologie of Cachan (Universit Paris-Sud). Since 2000 he is professor at the Universit Paris-Sud. He is currently head of the LGEP research department "Modeling and Control of Electromagnetic Systems". His research interests are in eddy current non-destructive testing and in design and control of electrical actuators.