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Abstract -- In the switched reluctance mo

rotor (SRMS) the magnetic saliency of th


series of magnetic segments, which allow th
flow on short loops. In this paper, the stu
SRM is carried out, and comparisons w
switched reluctance motor (CSRM) are
models based on 2D finite element method a
part, the descriptions of the two motors
Secondly, some characteristics including
inductances, flux, electromagnetic torque
torque-speed curves are compared. The tak
optimized control parameters and the large
special attention to the latter comparison.
Index Terms--optimization of control par
rotor, switched reluctance motor, torque-sp
I. INTRODUCTION
INCE the development of power
switched reluctance motor is one
electrical machine researches. Du
manufacturing, high reliability and low c
is still expanding, such as in pressur
machine, traction [1], etc.
Although this specific attention, the g
salient SRM remains relatively the s
exceptions. The toothed rotor and tooth
employed. Besides this, the torque/vol
comparatively to other motors [2].
To improve this ratio and to explore
Horst [2] proposes to replace the toothed
rotor. Thus, in 1992, his patent describes
toothed rotor is replaced by series o
segments which are arranged on the cir
rotor. Each segment is isolated magn
neighbours.
In 2002, Mecrow and al present one de
segmental rotor termed: switched reluc
segmental rotor multi-tooth winding
configuration of the winding makes the ra
of- copper" non-optimal compared with c
So, the same authors propose anothe
structure which makes the last ratio im
machine is called: SRM with segmental
winding. The two motors deliver practical
and 40% more compared to conventiona
limits [6]. However, only few studies a
structure. In 2005, Oyama and al [7] pre
with Segment Core Embedded in Alumi
which increases the mechanical strength
manufacturing. Recently, in [8], another
machine (SRMS) is described. Concentr

The authors are with the Laboratoire de Gnie Elect
CNRS UMR 8507, SUPELEC, Universit Pierre et M
Paris Sud, 11, rue Joliot Curie, Plateau de Moulon
Cedex, France (e-mails: {belhadi, krebs, marchand}
S
M. B
Evaluation of T
Reluctance
M.
otor with segmental
e rotor is due to a
he magnetic flux to
udy of this kind of
with a conventional
e established. Two
are used. In the first
are briefly given.
field distributions,
es and particularly
king into account of
range of speed give
rameters, segmental
peed curve.
N
r electronics, the
of main area in
ue to its simple
cost, its application
e pump, washing
eometry of doubly
same, with some
hed stator are still
lume ratio is low
another geometry,
rotor by segmental
s this structure: the
of magnetic core
cumference of the
netically from its
esign of SRM with
ctance motor with
g [4]. But the
atio "torque/masse-
conventional SRM.
er design of this
mproved [5]. This
rotor single-tooth
lly the same torque
al SRM at thermal
are related to this
esent a Novel SRM
inum Rotor Block,
and simplifies the
r structure of this
ated windings and
trique de Paris (LGEP).
Marie Curie, Universit
F91192 Gif Sur Yvette
@lgep.supelec.fr).
simultaneous excitation of two
flux flowing on short loops.
The performances of SRM
CSRM by this machine po
especially in the automotive
comparison between these
particular the torque-speed
allows us to compare the two m
speed variation. In the torque-sp
of control angles and operating
account. This will make the com
II. DESCRIPTION
In order to compare the C
element models are used. The t
modelled using FEMM softwa
these machines, shown in figure

(a)
Fig. 1. The structures of the studied ma

A. Conventional switched rel
The first motor is a conve
motor. This structure possesse
rotor. It has 12 stator teeth and
by three electrical phases. This
optimized to satisfy a set of s
application. The table below sum
TABL
FEATURES OF USED CO
Number of phase
Number of stator teeth
Number of rotor teeth
Slot fill factor
DC voltage

In the figure 2, the two extre
when one phase is excited.


Belhadi, A. Kolli, G. Krebs, C. Marchand

Torque-Speed Curve of
Motor with Segmenta
Belhadi, A. Kolli, G. Krebs, C. Marchand
o phases make the magnetic
MS make the substitution of
otentially very interesting,
e applications. So, a deep
structures is essential, in
curves. This characteristic
machines in a large range of
peed curves, the optimization
g at high speed are taken into
mparison more reliable.
NS OF THE MOTORS
CSRM to SRMS, 2D finite
two motors are designed and
are [9]. The descriptions of
e 1, are given below.

(b)
chines, CSRM (a), SRMS (b)
luctance motor (CSRM)
entional switched reluctance
s toothed stator and toothed
8 rotor teeth and is powered
s machine was designed and
specifications for automobile
mmarizes its main features.
LE I
ONVENTIONAL SRM
3
12
8
50%
300 V
eme positions are considered
f Switched
al Rotor
978-1-4673-0141-1/12/$26.00 2012 IEEE
248
B. Switched reluctance motor with s
(SRMS)
The chosen SRM structure with segm
SRM with segmental rotor single-tooth
proposed in [5] with the main design
possible combinations (number of rotor s
teeth), the appropriate structure to be com
SRM, is the 12/10. This machine has 12
segments in the rotor. The table below sum
features of this motor.
TABLE II
FEATURES OF THE SRM WITH SEGMENT
Number of phase
Number of stator teeth
Number of rotor segments
Slot fill factor
DC voltage

To make the comparison more reliable
the main dimensions of the segmental ma
the conventional one. So both, SRMS
three-phase prototypes and possess man
like: number of stator teeth, outside dia
turns, stator core back, rotor diameter, slo
length and axial length. The machine
asymmetric converter.
In the figure 3, the field lines, obtaine
this SRM are given when one phase is exc

III. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE T
(SIMULATIONS RESULTS
A. Magnetic field distribution
One of the main magnetic features of S
surface in the airgap, which is more imp
SRMS one (see figures 2 and 3). Previo
this point as key of the torque production
(a)
Fig. 2. Flux distribution of CSRM when one phas
position (a), unaligned position (b)
(a)
Fig. 3. Flux distribution of SRMS when one pha
position (a), unaligned position (b)

segmental rotor
mental rotor is the
winding, which is
rules. Among all
egments and stator
mpared to the first
stator teeth and 10
mmarizes the main
TAL ROTOR
3
12
10
50%
300 V
e, the topology and
achine are based on
S and CSRM, are
ny similar features
ameter, number of
ot fill factor, airgap
es are fed by an
ed with FEMM, of
cited.
TWO MOTORS
)
SRMS is the active
portant than in the
ous works consider
n increase [4].

(b)
se is energized, aligned

(b)
ase is excited, aligned
In SRMS the segments forc
short loops, in contrast to CSR
loops. The stator yoke of SR
completely, which may have an
The two coils of the sam
mechanically and thermally in
same thing in CSRM. The m
some choices of the direction of

B. Magnetization curves
The second element to comp
machines. In figure 4, the flu
represented as a function of c
positions, aligned and unaligned

Fig.4. The phase flux as a function of cu

In SRMS, the amount of f
significantly increased compa
machine (for all the current and
the amount of flux increases in
important in aligned position
This phenomenon is more dom
of the saturation.
Analyzing the conversion cy
same imposed current, the ene
SRMS than in CSRM. Howeve
at the same speed, the SRMS
instead of 8 for the CSRM, b
number of rotor poles. So, th
more important in SRMS than
affect the iron losses. As conc
magnetic circuit better than the
the amount of converted ene
inductance ratio (in aligned and
C. Phase inductances
As the magnetic coupling b
one considers that the self-indu
origin of torques of SRMs. Ind
motor, the electromagnetic tor
self-inductance and multiplyi
(equation. 1).
I = i
2
L(0,)
0

Where T is the electromag
self-inductance, the rotor p
phase
ce the flux to concentrate on
RM which uses a long flux
RMS is then never solicited
n impact on the iron losses.
me phase are magnetically,
ndependent, which is not the
magnetic independence gives
f coil polarizations.
pare is the flux linkage in the
ux linkage of one phase is
current for the two extreme
d.

urrent (CSRM, SRMS)
flux linkage of one phase is
ared with the conventional
d position values). In reality,
both positions, but it is more
than in unaligned position.
minant at low current because
ycle of each machine at the
ergy converted is greater in
er, when the motors working
traverses its cycle 10 times
because of the difference in
he supply frequency will be
in the CSRM, which would
clusion, the SRMS uses the
e CSRM. Indeed, it increases
ergy, without affecting the
d in unaligned positions).
between phases is negligible,
uctance variation is the only
deed, in switched reluctance
rque is obtained by deriving
ing by square of current
(1)
gnetic torque, L is the phase
osition and i is the current
249
So, comparing the self-inductances variations versus
rotor position is indispensable.

The figure 5 shows the variations of these inductances as
a function of the position (in electrical degrees) for both
machines. To see the influence of saturation, several current
values are considered. These values are the same for both
motors (10 A to 180 A for the current with a step of 10 A).

(a)

(b)
Fig. 5. The phase inductances as a function of rotor position, SRM with
segmental rotor (a), conventional SRM (b)

At low current, in absence of magnetic saturation the
inductance variation is conditioned mainly by the magnetic
geometry of the structure. The inductance of CSRM varies
almost linearly unlike SRMS. As soon as, the CSRM is
saturated, the change in its inductance variation is not linear
and tends to look like that of the SRMS. In other words,
when both SRM are not saturated, the shapes of their
inductances are different, as long as saturation is
established, this difference disappears.
The nonlinear variation of inductance in the SRMS
induces probably some additional torque ripples. This
nonlinearity (due to the geometry and saturation) makes
also its analytical modelling more difficult.

D. Torques
To compare the electromechanical conversion, one
considers electromagnetic torques developed when only one
phase is energized. For a given current, the shapes of static
torques (obtained per FEMM 4.2) are shown in the figure 6.


(a)


(b)

Fig. 6. Static torque against rotor position, SRMS (a), CSRM (b)

When the segmental machine is saturated, the shape of
the torque is close to a bell curve, but at low current values,
this shape is different because it has a sudden change
around 60 degrees. This change will surely lead to
important relative torque ripples, particularly, when a
standard alimentation is used (square current). Indeed, as
mentioned, when the machine is not saturated the variation
of the inductance is nonlinear. In other words, the non-
linearity of inductance variation, especially at low current
leads to a distortion of the torque shape.
All though some similitude existing on inductances
shapes at high current, one can notice a little difference
between the torque shapes. This phenomenon is due to the
fact that the SRMs torque is directly linked to the
derivatives of inductances (equation 1) (not directly to the
inductance shape). So, any dissimilitude in this derivative
shape (even though this dissimilitude is small) induces some
difference in the torques shapes.

The average torques are calculated from static torque
(during 180) shown in figure 6. Its values are plotted in
figure 7.a and the figure 7.b shows the relative difference
between average torques of the two machines.
For a given supply current, the SRMS develop a greater
average torque than the conventional machine. The
difference between both is more noticeable at low power;
this has already been shown in the analysis of the converted
energy. The magnetic saturation reduces the difference
between the two torques.

250
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7. Comparison of torques, average torques (a), r


E. Torque-speed curves
The very important point to compare i
curve. This curve allows us to compare t
large range of speed. In this comparison, t
angles (turn on, conduction angle) is taken
So, this curve defined as a maximum to
variation of the machine as a functio
obtained for a limited DC voltage and cu
optimization of the angles is taken into ac
method in our software (MRVSim) [10, 1

MRVSim [10] is a calculation code u
used for the design of switched reluctance
tool allows analytical and/or numerical
structures of SRMs and optimization
parameters taking account into the
associated converter.
The used software employs a finite e
accurate calculation of two characteristic
of current supply and position, and also
torque as function of these parameters). B
features and optimizing the turn-on and t
envelope curve of SRM can be calculated
the CSRM is predefined in MRVSim
structures cannot be directly modelled,
Consequently, the flux linkage and torq
have been computed with FEMM and
MRVSim.
MRVSim software uses two control tec
the chopped current control (CCC) and
control (APC). The first one is used w
current can be reached, especially at
speeds (approximately, from 0 rev/min to
second mode is used when the SRM is
speeds above its base speed (in this case,
is usually not reached).


relative differences (b)
is the torque-speed
the two SRMs in a
the optimization of
n into account.
otal average torque
n of speed. It is
urrent supply. The
ccount by Simplex
1].
under MATLAB
e motors [11]. This
design of various
n of the control
machine and its
element model for
s (flux as function
the calculation of
By exploiting these
turn-off angles, the
d. The geometry of
m but the SRMS
for the moment.
que characteristics
d used then into
chniques of SRMs:
the angle position
when the reference
low and medium
o base speed). The
operating at high
the desired current
To draw the envelope curves
(180 A) in the two machines a
(300 V) are taken. A speed
12000 rev/min is considered.
In the figure 8, the two tor
and SRMS are presented.
Fig. 8. Torque-speed envelope curves o

At low speeds the motors d
that decreases gradually wit
increase in speed leads to an i
force (emf), which limits the
voltage remains constant at 300
At low speeds, the segmen
compared to conventional SR
average torque. Around 2800rev
almost the same average torq
conventional SRM is the most e
increasing speed, emf increase
current phase. This emf is great
given that the amount of ma
machines is more important (F
CSRM inductance is smaller th
the position or phase current.
Figure 9 shows the power
function of speed. The same ran
The results obtained in the l
confirmed in this figure. So, t
important in SRMS at low
considerable in CSRM at high s
As a conclusion, at the low
rotor is the most advantageous,
the conventional SRM is the m
reduced emf compared to the fir

Fig. 9. Power as function of speed of SR
s, the same maximum current
and the same DC bus voltage
range from 400 rev/min to
rque-speed curves of CSRM

of SRMS and CSRM
develop an important torque
th the speed. Indeed, any
increase of the electromotive
e current phase (as the DC
0V).
ntal SRM is more efficient
RM, because it has more
v/min, both SRMs developed
que, but from this point the
effective. As mentioned, with
es and limits the maximum
ter in the segmental machine,
agnetic flux in this type of
Fig.5). In another words, the
han the SRMS one, regardless
of the two machines as a
nge of speed is considered.
last curves (see figure 8) are
the involved power is more
w speeds but it is more
speeds.
speeds SRM with segmental
in other hand at high speeds,
most advantageous due to its
rst one.

RMS and CSRM
251
E .1. Test to improve the envelope curv
Given that the performances of the c
less interesting at high speeds, a pa
(including the number of turns) is perform
influential parameters to consider for a fur
The structure of the machine has been m
on the tips of stator teeth (increasing in f

Fig. 10. Modified parameter in the SRMS

This change allows decreasing the flux
approximately the same amount regard
position (see figure 11).Thus a more imp
be imposed at high speeds.
Fig. 11. Flux in SRMSs (original and modified)

By changing the structure of the mac
converted energy has been slightly decrea

Always with MRVSim, the torque-sp
machines have been computed. In Figure
speed curves of the both (original and mo
represented.
At low speed, it can be noticed that a
to the loss in converted energy appeared
the machine operates at high speed, t
machine is improved. At these speeds,
higher current in the modified machine th
machine.
The figure 12.b illustrates the differe
curves. It shows that the maximum
electromagnetic torque is about 7% at ver
high speed, one can see a greater improv
15% at around 6000 rev/min.
Indeed, the fact of lowering the flux l
increase the torque at high speeds; howev
converted energy decreases it at low speed

ve
chosen SRMS are
arametric analysis
med to identify the
rther optimization.
modified by acting
figure 10).

x of the phase with
dless of the rotor
portant current can

chine, the value of
ased (about 7%).
peed curves of the
e 12.a, the torque-
odified SRMS) are
drop in torque due
d. However, when
the torque of the
we can impose a
han in the original
ences between the
m degradation of
ry low speed, but at
vement with up to
level allowed us to
ver, the loss in the
ds.
(
(b
Fig. 12. Comparison of torque-speed
modified), envelope curves (a), relative

Despite of this slight improv
this SRMS is still more efficien
high speed, compared to the
optimizations which take acco
improve more and more the
machine.
IV. CON
In this paper, the SRM wi
conventional SRM were been d
finite element method. The SR
evaluated by comparing it to C
large range of variation of speed
parameters, makes this compar
this, both converter and mac
optimization.
Many elements were com
distribution, inductance plo
electromagnetic torques and tor
test to improve the envelope cur
At low speed, the result of
The results show that at th
segmental rotor is the most ad
operating at high speeds, the co
advantageous because of the im
The test allows us to improve
speed, in spite of some degra
although this improvement o
segmental SRM is still more
worse at high speeds, compar
one.
Further works would concer
sizing of the SRMS to satisfy a
It could improve, much more

(a)


b)
d curves of SRMSs (original and
e difference (b)
vement in its envelope curve,
nt at low speeds but worse at
e CSRM. However, further
ount several parameters can
performances of segmental
NCLUSION
ith segmental rotor and the
designed and modelled using
RMS performances have been
CSRM. Taken account into a
d and optimization of control
rison more reliable. Besides
chine are considered in the
mpared like: magnetic field
ots, magnetization curves,
rque-speed curves. Finally, a
rve was carried out.
previous papers is verified.
he low speeds SRM with
dvantageous. But, when its
onventional SRM is the most
mportant emf in the first one.
SRMS performances at high
adation at low speeds. But,
of torque-speed curve, the
efficient at low speeds but
ratively to the conventional
rn an approach of design and
specific set of requirements.
e, its performances at high
252
speed. In addition, analytical modelling and/or by
reluctance networks could be exploited to optimize its
geometry. Other additional studies are needed to evaluate
more precisely the segmental machine: a study of iron
losses in this kind of SRM (short loops), can reveal a
reduction of these losses. A thermal study can evaluate the
benefits of having a single phase conductors per slot. In the
end, the distribution of radial forces and the associated
vibration behaviour of this motor could be an interesting
topic to explore.
V. REFERENCES
[1] M. Rekik, M. Besbes, C. Marchand, B. Multon, S. Loudot, D.
Lhotellier, "High-speed-range enhancement of switched reluctance motor
with continuous mode for automotive applications," European Trans. on
Electrical Power, Special Issue: Ecological Vehicles and Renewable
Energies, Vol. 18, pp 674693, Oct. 2008.
[2] J. Oyama, T. Higuchi, T. Abe, and K. Tanaka, "The Fundamental
Characteristics of Novel Switched Reluctance Motor with Segment Core
Embedded in Aluminum Rotor Block, "Conference ICEM 2006 Chania,
Crete Island, Greece, vol. 1, pp. 515-519, Sept. 2006.
[3] G.A. Horst, "Isolated Segmental Switch Reluctance Motor," United
States Patent No. 5,111,096, May 5th 1992.
[4] B. C. Mecrow, J. W. Finch, E. A. EI-Kharashi and A. G. Jack,
"Switched Reluctance Motors with Segmental Rotors," IEE Proc. Of
Electr. Power Appl., vol. 149, No. 4, pp. 245-254 (2002).
[5] B. C. Mecrow, E. A. El-Kharashi, J. W. Finch, and A. G. Jack,
"Segmental rotor switched reluctance machines with single tooth
windings," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Elect., Power Appl., vol. 150, pp. 591
599, Sept. 2003.
[6] B. C. Mecrow, E. A. El-Kharashi, J. W. Finch, and A. G. Jack,
"Preliminary Performance Evaluation of Switched Reluctance Motors With
Segmental Rotors," Energy Conversion, IEEE Trans. Energy conversion,
vol. 19, pp. 679-686, Dec. 2004.
[7] J. Oyama, T. Higuchi, T. Abe and N. Kifuji:"Novel Switched
Reluctance Motor with Segment Core Embedded in Aluminium Rotor
Block", IPEC-Niigata, No.S35-5, pp.1260-1265, 2005.
[8] G. Bal, d. Uygun, "A Novel Switched Reluctance Motor with U-type
Segmental Rotor Pairs: Design, Analysis and Simulation Results," World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 60, 2010.





































[9] D. Meeker, "Finite Element Method Magnetics (Version 4.2)," Users
Manual, Oct. 2010.
[10] M. Besbes, B. Multon , "MRVSim code : Logiciel de simulation
pour l'aide au dimensionnement des MRVDS et de convertisseur ," Patent,
N : IDDN.FR.001.430010.000.S.C.2004.000.30645, 2004.
[11] H. Hannoun, M. Hilairet, C. Marchand, "Design of a SRM speed
control strategy for a wide range of operating speed," IEEE Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, pp. 2911 - 2921, Sept. 2010.
VI. BIOGRAPHIES
MHamed Belhadi was born in Smaoun (Bejaia), Algeria, in 1986. He
received an Engineer degree in electromechanical engineering from Bejaia
University, Algeria, in 2010. He received also a master 2 research in
electronic and electrical engineering (option electrical engineering) from
PolytechNantes (University of Nantes), France, in 2011. He is currently a
PhD student in University of Paris-Sud at LGEP (Laboratory of Electrical
Engineering of Paris).

Ali Kolli was born in Bejaia, Algeria, in 1982. He received the Engineer
degree in Electrical Engineering in 2008 from the University of Bejaia,
Algeria, and the M.Sc. degree also in Electric Energy in 2011 from the
University of Franche-Comt, France. He is currently pursuing M.Sc.
degree on smart aeronautic and autonomous systems in University of Evry
Val d'Essone.

Guillaume Krebs was born in Croix (France) in 1978. He received the
Engineer degree in 2003 and the Ph. D degree in electrical engineering
from the University Lille 1 (USTL) in 2007. He is now Assistant Professor
at the University of Paris-Sud since September 2008.
His research areas (at the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering of Paris,
LGEP) are the modelling of electrical machine and non destructive testing
by the finite element method.

Claude Marchand is graduated from the Ecole Normale Suprieure de
Cachan and he received the Ph.D. degree from Universit Paris VI in 1991.
Since 1988, he is with the Laboratoire de Gnie Electrique de Paris
(LGEP). From 1994 to 2000, he was Assistant Professor at the Institut
Universitaire de Technologie of Cachan (Universit Paris-Sud). Since 2000
he is professor at the Universit Paris-Sud. He is currently head of the
LGEP research department "Modeling and Control of Electromagnetic
Systems". His research interests are in eddy current non-destructive testing
and in design and control of electrical actuators.

253
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