STARTING METHODS OF MOTORS

CALCULATIONS Slip of the shaded pole motor Number of pole pairs = 4/2 = 2 Rotor speed (Nr) = 1340rpm (Direction unshaded to shaded) Stator frequency = 50Hz Stator speed = Ns = 60f / p = 60*50/2 Ns = 1500rpm

Slip = (Ns - Nr) / Ns) = (1500-1340) / 1500 Slip = 0.106667 The slip of the shaded pole motor is 0.106667

starting current against capacitance in single phase induction motor

0.05

0.045

0.04

0.035

0.03 stsrting current(A)

0.025

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 capacitance(F)

Minimum voltage against capacitance in single phase induction motor

35

30

25

minimum voltage(V)

20

15

10

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 capacitance(F)

Discussion
1. Explain why the shaded pole motor rotates from unshaded portio to the shaded portion. A shaded pole motor is an induction motor with one power winding and no start capacitor. One of the poles on the laminations has a single-turn, short-circuited (heavy wire) winding, hence the term "shaded". This one-turn winding is a transformer. Since it is shorted, it creates high current and a phase change on that pole, causing the motor to be able to start and run. The current carried by stator winding produces alternating flux. The distribution of flux through the poles is greatly influenced by the shading coils. When the alternating current through the coil increases, it induces a current in the shading coil. The direction of current in shading coil is such as to oppose the cause producing it (from Lenz law). The cause is the alternating current. So the flux in the shading coil decreases and it opposes the main flux. Hence the flux mostly crowds or shifts towards the unshaded part of the pole. So the magnetic axis lies along the middle of the unshaded part. Now consider that the alternating current has reached its peak (or) somewhere near the peak. Here the rate of change of current is low, as it has already reached the peak (or) it is very close to peak value. Since the change is current is so small, the induced current at shading ring is also small and negligible. So the shading ring does not affect the distribution of main flux. The flux is distributed uniformly and the magnetic axis lies at the center of pole face. The alternating current, after reaching the peak starts to decrease rapidly and in turn decreases the main flux. The change in current induces a current in shading coil. According to Lenz law the direction of this current is so as to oppose the cause producing it (the decreasing alternating current). So the flux in shading coil opposes the decrease in main flux and strengthens it. This increases the strength of main flux in the shaded part. SO the magnetic axis shifts itself to the middle part of shaded pole.

2. Explain the construction and working principal of the DOL starter. Induction motors can be started Direct-on-Line (DOL), which means that the rated voltage is supplied to the stator, with the rotor terminals short-circuited in a wound rotor (slip-ring) motor. For the cage rotor, the rotor bars are short circuited via two end rings. We use suitable starter having contactors operated by oil. In this system the electromagnetic relays will make the necessary connections to the power supply to motors. The operator has to only supply the coil current. Because of the relays, there want be any sparks in the system and no bouncing so the relay contacts will not Bern.

DOL starter comprises a switch and an overload protection relay

The switch is an electromagnetic contactor, which can be opened by the thermal overload relay. Typically, separate start and stop buttons will control the contactor, and an auxiliary contact is used as a hold in contact. To start, the contactor is closed, applying full line voltage to the motor windings. The motor will draw a very high current for a very short time, to establish the magnetic field in the iron, and then the current will be limited to the Blocked Rotor Current of the motor. The motor will develop Blocked Rotor Torque and begin to accelerate towards full speed. As the motor accelerates, the current will begin to drop. The actual starting current curve is a function of the motor design, and the terminal voltage, and is totally independent of the motor load. The motor load will affect the time taken for the motor to accelerate to full speed and therefore the duration of the high starting current, but not the magnitude of the starting current. 3. If there are any shortcomings of the DOL starter, what are those? A direct on line starter can be used if the high inrush current of the motor does not cause excessive voltage drop in the supply circuit. The maximum size of a motor allowed on a direct on line starter may be limited by the supply utility for this reason. For example, a utility may require rural customers to use reduced-voltage starters for motors larger than 10 kW DOL starting is sometimes used to start small water pumps, compressors, fans and conveyor belts. In the case of an asynchronous motor, such as the 3-phase squirrel-cage motor, the motor will draw a high starting current until it has run up to full speed. This starting current is typically 6-7 times greater than the full load current. To reduce the inrush current, larger motors will have reduced-voltage starters or variable speed drives in order to minimize voltage dips to the power supply. A reversing starter can connect the motor for rotation in either direction. Such a starter contains two DOL circuitsone for clockwise operation and the other for counter-clockwise operation, with mechanical and electrical interlocks to prevent simultaneous closure. For three phase motors, this is achieved by transposing any two phases. Single phase AC motors and direct-current motors require additional devices for reversing rotation 4. Comment on the suitability of star-delta and auto-transformer starting methods for starting of the three phase induction motor. Star-delta method is suitable for motors with delta connection but that motor must be wound rotor. In this method starting phase voltage is reduced by a factor of 1/ and the the starting torque will be 1/3 of the DOL method and starting current also reduced by a factor of 1/3.When motor has reach its rated speed stator windings are change from star to delta. During this change over period air gap flux decreases to zero. This will cause a drop in speed and when switches are reclosed there can be a high transient current. So this method is not necessarily reduce the starting current.and this method use up to 10 HP motor In Auto Transformer starting, the auto transformer has at least three tapings. If the transformer ratio is 1:k (k<1) at a particular instant, the starting current is reduced to k2Idol from its full voltage current. The starting torque also reduced by factor of K2 and there will not be a surge current like previous method.This method gives a better flexibility and good starting characteristics compared with the above methods. But, this is more suitable for large motors as it is somewhat expensive. This method is use industrial always running type motor.

5. What are the advantages of rotor resistance starting method for wound rotor induction motors compared with the other alternatives. Wound rotor motors are typically used in applications requiring high starting torques, a limited number ofoperating speeds, or a stepped acceleration to achieve a soft start. Typically, existing wound rotor applications utilize an electromechanical starter on the stator and introduce multiple stages of resistance in the rotor via contactor arrangements to achieve a soft ramp.When we increase the rotor resistance at starting the starting torque increases and starting current decreases. This is the important advantage of the this starting method. In other methods decrease torque when reduce voltage. In most motors consume large amount of reactive power at the starting, but in WRIM the reactive power is very low and the power factor is high due to a large resistance is involved. 6. How do you reverse the direction of three phase induction motor? The motors are expected to run on both directions. To achieve this, we should change the direction of the rotating magnetic field and by changing the direction of the current flow, we can do this. Changing any two of the supply lines is enough in this process.

Change the phase sequence of the power supply. 7. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of single phase induction motors you have studied. Single phase induction motors are classified in accordance with the method of starting. They are; 1. Shaded pole induction motors 2. Split phase induction motors 3. Capacitor induction motors Shaded pole induction motors In shaded pole type, we have advantages as low cost and its simplicity, but the efficiency is very low. These are mainly used in small fans, electric clock motors, etc Motor Advantages Disadvantages Produce high power factor Only takes a lesser at full load time to start the Much greater starting motor, since Split phase induction motor torque harmful to the Available in different load/equipment powers & speeds Produces low starting torque Small in size Noisy High starting torque Expensive due to Low starting current capacitors Capacitor induction motor Can be driven in different speeds Cost effective Reliable Low power factor Shaded pole induction Very cheap Low efficiency motor Low torque delivery

8. Importance of a starting method of a DC motor At moment of starting DC motor is stationary and no back emf is generated. Only armature resistance is there to control the starting current but that high current throw small time period it is decrease when increase rotor speed. Then make back EMF from motor If there will be a high inrush current Dc motor might be damage. And also there can be voltage variations in the lines. So to avoid high starting current we should use some starting method. Unless damage rotor coil from over heating 9. Other starting methods Stator frequency control This can be achieved by using power electronic circuits called inverters which convert dc to ac of desired frequency. Depending on the type of control scheme of the inverter, the ac generated may be variablefrequency-fixed-amplitude or variable-frequency- variable-amplitude type. Power electronic control achieves smooth variation of voltage and frequency of the ac output. This when fed to the machine is capable of running at a controlled speed.

Pole changing schemes Sometimes induction machines have a special stator winding capable of being externally connected to form two different number of pole numbers. Since the synchronous speed of the induction machine is given by ns = fs/p (in rev./s) where p is the number of pole pairs, this would correspond to changing the synchronous speed. With the slip now corresponding to the new synchronous speed, the operating speed is changed. This method of speed control is a stepped variation and generally restricted to two steps.