TheUpdated

PreliminaryClassicMayaEnglish,EnglishClassicMaya
VocabularyofHieroglyphicReadings

Including
nouns,adjectives,verbroots,verbinflections,pronouns,toponyms,aselectionofpropernamesofobjects,animals,andbuildings,
aswellasaselectionofnominalphrasesofdeities,supernaturalentities,andhistoricindividuals

AuthoredandcompiledbyErikBoot(email:wukyabnal@hotmail.com)

April2009(version2009.01)

MesowebResources

URLhttp://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/Vocabulary2009.01.pdf

Forupdates,pleasecheck:
URLhttp://www.mesoweb.com/resources/vocabulary/index.html


Frontcover:PhotographbyLindaSchele,DavidSchele,courtesyFoundationforthe
AdvancementofMesoamericanStudies,Inc.,www.famsi.org

PhotographshowspartofthebackinscriptiononTikalStela31

Frontcoverdesign:ErikBoot
Font:PalatinoLinotype

Forthemaintext:PalantinoLinotypesetat11.5pnts,forfootnotesat10pnts.
TimesNewRomanat11.5pnts(maintext)and10pnts(footnotes)forallhyphens

Abouttheauthorandcompiler:

ErikBootreceivedhisPh.D.fromLeidenUniversity,theNetherlands.
Hisdissertation,publishedin2005byResearchSchoolCNWS,is
concernedwiththeoriginandhistoryoftheAjItzaofthecentral
PetenandthenorthernMayalowlandscapitalcityofChichenItza,
Yucatan.

Heisanindependentresearcher,whomaintainsthreeweblogs:
MayaNewsUpdates(http://mayanewsupdates.blogspot.com/)
AncientMesoAmericaNewsUpdates(http://ancientmesoamericanewsupdates.blogspot.com/)
MayaGlyphBlog(http://mayaglyphblog.blogspot.com/)

TableofContents

Preface

Introduction

Part1:TheClassicMayaEnglishVocabulary

Part2:TheEnglishClassicMayaVocabulary

AppendixA:Abbreviations,MonumentDesignations,andSiteCodes

AppendixB:ClassicMayaNumerals

AppendixC:ClassicMayaNumeralClassifiers

AppendixD:ClassicMayaNamesofthe20dayand5dayPeriods

AppendixE:ClassicMayaPronouns

AppendixF:ClassicMayaVerbRoots

AppendixG:ClassicMayaKinshipTerms

AppendixH:ClassicMayaAnimalNames

ii

12

215

232

239

241

241

245

246

250

251

Preface
In 2002, the original version of the preliminary vocabulary of
MayahieroglyphicspellingswaspostedatMesoweb.Duringthe
seven years since the publication of the vocabulary important
advanceshavebeenmadeinthedeciphermentofMayawriting
anditwastimetoupdatethevocabulary.Thisupdatewasalso
instigated by the disappearance of my original database, which
waslostinaseverecomputercrashinOctoberof2006.

On this occasion I like to express my acknowledgments. In the

firstplaceIthankJoelSkidmoreforhostingtheoriginalandthe
updatedpreliminaryMayaEnglish,EnglishMayavocabulary
of hieroglyphic readings. Additionally, I thankhim forhis kind
permission to include a selection of photographs from the
MesowebPARI Photo Database. I thank Dr. Sandra Noble,
director of the Foundation for the Advancement of Meso
american Studies, Inc., for her kind permission to employ a
photograph of the back side of Tikal Stela 31, made by Linda
Schele, which appears on the front cover of this vocabulary. I

alsothankJustinKerrforhiskindpermissiontoincludeasmall
selection of texts elicited from the Mesoamerican Portfolio and
The Maya Vase Data Base, both hosted on the web by the
FoundationfortheAdvancementofMesoamericanStudies,Inc.
For suggestions, corrections, additions, etc., in regard to the
originalpreliminaryvocabularyaswellasseveralversionsofthe
updated preliminary vocabulary, I thank, in alphabetical order,
JeffBuechler,CarlCallaway,ChristopheHelmke,JennNewman,
CarlosPallan,ChristianPrager,JoelSkidmore,MarkVanStone,
Erik Velsquez, and Gordon Whittaker. For the final result,
including each and every remaining mistake and/or fallacy
(typosincluded!),Isolelybeartheresponsibility.

As this updated vocabulary is work in progress, comments,

suggestions, additions (with an image of the hieroglyphic text),
corrections, etc., are always welcome at my email address (see
coverpage).Pleaseuseupdatedvocabularyinthesubjectline.

ii

Introduction

deciphermentsarenotincludedintheselistings(1988andonwards).

This is the updated preliminary Classic Maya English, English

Forthosereadings,thereadermayturntoasectionentitledKnown

Classic Maya vocabulary. During the period of June 2007 March

GlyphsandExpressionsintherecentnotebooksfortheTexasMaya

2009, the original vocabulary (Boot 2002) was checked, revised,

Meetings, held every year in March in Austin, Texas. In an elegant

reduced,enlarged,andisnowannotatedincloseto300cases.

way, the late Linda Schele (19541998) introduced specific new

The updated version of this preliminary vocabulary of

decipherments,theepigrapherswhopresentedthesedecipherments,

hieroglyphic readings (still a precursor to a fully illustrated

and the applications and implications of those decipherments (e.g.,

vocabulary) contains some 1,275 main entries, each defined with a

Schele 1998: 3455). Since the initial posting of the preliminary

minimumofonetranscribedglyphexample(over2,500transcription

vocabulary in January of 2002, two illustrated dictionaries have

examples). The updated EnglishClassic Maya vocabulary contains

appeared: Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs by the late John

over530entries.Atpresent,itisnotpossibletoaddtoeachentrythe

Montgomery (2002) and, online at the FAMSI website, the Maya

name(s) of the epigrapher(s) who presented the decipherment or

HieroglyphDictionarybyPeterMathewsandPeterBr(2006).Ashort

reading in question first or with the most convincing argument. For

illustrated word list can be found in Reading the Maya Hieroglyphs,

thoseinterestedinthehistoryofdecipherment,Idirectthereaderto

writtenandillustratedbyMichaelCoeandMarkVanStone(2001).

Coes 1992 book Breaking the Maya Code, as well as to an

importantcompilationentitledTheDeciphermentofAncientMaya

vocabularyhavebeenelicitedfromhieroglyphictexts(eithercarved,

Writing(Houston,ChinchillaM.,andStuart2001),containingmany

incised,orpainted)onstoneandwoodenmonuments(stelae,lintels,

ofthelandmarkarticleswhichhavebeenpivotaltothedecipherment

altars, etc.), on portable objects of stone, wood, bone, and shell, in

ofMayawriting.Also,twoextensiveexplanatoryglyphidentification

murals,oncavewalls,onceramics,andinthreeofthefoursurviving

listings are available. First, the listing compiled by John Justeson,

screenfoldbooks.Forthisvocabulary,Ipresententriesincompliance

publishedin1984;second,thelistingcompiledbyKorneliaKurbjuhn,

with the following phonemic orthography, through which the

published in 1989. Both listings identify the glyphic signs according

vocabularyisalsoorganized,andwhichinalphabeticorderreads:,

tothenumbersasallocatedbyJ.EricS.Thompsoninhis1962catalog.

a,b,ch,ch,e,h,i,k,k,l,m,n,o,p,p,s,t,t,tz,tz,u,w,x,andy.Tobe

Most of the glyph identifications have multiple entries by different

precise, no Maya word opens with a vowel; these words actually

epigraphers and through these entries it can be seen that not all

openwithaglottalstop,aconsonant.Foreasyalphabeticstructuring,

epigraphers agree on certain decipherments, while other decipher

theglottalstopshavebeenomitted.TheClassicMayaconsonantand

ments are simply outdated. It also has to be noted that more recent

vowelsystemmayberepresentedasfollows:

The entries in the original and this updated preliminary

a.Consonants1

LabialDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarGlottal
Stops

voiceless

glottalized

voiced

Affricates

voiceless

tz

ch

glottalized

tz

ch

Fricatives

voiceless

voiced

Liquids

Vibrants

Nasals

Semivowels

b.Vowels

High

Front
Central
(unrounded) (rounded)
i

Back
(rounded)
u

Mid

Low

InthepreviousversionofthisClassicMayaEnglish,EnglishClassicMayavocabularyIchosetoemploy/b/forthevoicedlabialstop.However,asthereisno
contrastbetween/b/and/b/,inthisupdatedpreliminaryvocabularythevoicedlabialstopisrepresentedby/b/.Atpresent,nologographicorsyllabicsign(s)has(have)
beenidentifiedfortheglottalizedlabialstop/p/.Possibly,nowordscontainingthissoundenteredthepresentlyknowncorpusofhieroglyphictexts.
2
1

Table1:
ClassicMayaSounds

AlphabeticOrder
Syllabicvalues(Tnumberassociationnotexhaustive)

a,e,i,o,u

a(T12[lateClassic],T228,T229,T238,T745)

ba(T255var,T501,T655,T690,T757[lateClassic]),be(Tnn),bi(T585a,T1029),bu(T21),bo(T519,T693)

ch

cha(T520var,T668),che(T148),chi(T219,T671),cho(T590b),chu(T515a,T601)

ch

cha(T93,T603,T634),cho(T758a)

e(T542a,T742a)

ha(T60var.1042),he(T574,T587),hi(T60var,T60:528),ho(T672),hu(T740)

ja(T181,T683b,T1025a),je(T69,T617:69),ji(T88,T136),jo(T589,T607,T642),ju(T266a)

i(T237var,T679)

ka(T25,T27,T738),ke(T220var,T711),ki(T102),ko(T110),ku(T528)

ka(T669),ke(Tnn),ki(T72,T76,T77,T81,T627a),ko(Tnn),ku(T149,T604)

la(T139,T140,T178,T360,T534),le(T56,T188),li(T8,T24,T82,T83,T276,T828),lo(T580),lu(T568,T654)

ma(T74,T74:T255var,T502),me?(T761a),mi(T163,T173,T807),mo(T582),mu(T19)

na(T23,T537,T1002var),ne(T198,T834),ni(T116),no(T134,T134[595],T595),nu(T151,T263,T264,T592)

o(T99,T279,T280,T694)

pa(T202,T586,T689,T1023),pe?(T759a),pi(T177,T200),po(T622,T687a),pu(T266b,T692,T854)

sa(T338,T630),se(T520var),si(T57,T146),su(T216)

ta(T51,T53,T96,T103,T113,T563),te(Tnn),ti(T59,T59.849),to(T44,T49,T138),tu(T8992)

tu([T528]501)

tz

tza(T699),tzi(T124,T124:507,T507,T688,T779),tzu(T560)

tz

tza(T356),tzi(T248,T756var),tzo?(T74:670),tzu(T203var,T608)

u(T1,T3,T11,T13,T105,T191,T204,T205,T211,T232,T513,T516c,T731)

wa(T130,T335,T506),wi(T117,T277),wo(T67),wu?(T267,T285var)

xa(T114,T508),xi(T1048),xo(T536),xu?(T756var)

ya(T126,T1051),ye(T220var,T512a,T710,T785a),yi(T17var,T18,T575,T814),yo(T115,T673),yu(T61,T62,T65)

In this updated vocabulary, I make a distinction between a glottal

the graphic diversity of Classic Maya writing has become apparent

aspirate or glottal voiced fricative (/h/ as in English house) and a

throughthesepatternsofsubstitution.Inthislist,certainversionsof

velaraspirateorvelarvoicedfricative(/j/asinSpanishjoya)(see

the syllabic values i, o, and u actually may be logographic signs

Grube2004foranexcellentexpositiononthesubject).However,for

with the respective values I, O, and U. In this version of the

differentregionsandatdifferenttimesduringthelateClassicperiod

vocabulary,IhavechosennottodistinguishthemandIrefertothem

in the Maya area the /j/ merged with /h/. This also meant that, for

assyllabicsigns.

instance,formerjisignsbecametobeemployedashisigns,ascanbe

observed in spellings as u-T60:528[BAH] (T60:528 hi) and u-BAH-

In the late 1980s, David Stuart proposed that certain syllabic signs

T136(T136,formerlyjinowhi)(Boot2007).2

aredoubledthroughtheadditionoftwodotsattachedtothesign

(Stuart and Houston 1994: 4649, Figs. 56, 57), an identification

Onthepreviouspage,alistofthecurrentlyacceptedsyllabicvalues

acceptedbymostifnotallepigraphers.Ifsuchdoublingdotsare

of part of the Maya hieroglyphic inventory can be found (Table 1).

present, they are indicated as,e.g., 2ka. In this representation I thus

Many entries can be found written syllabically and, if so, these

deviatefromStuartsoriginalproposaltorepresentdoublingaska2;I

collocations may be composed with any one of the syllabic values

prefer 2ka simply because doubling dots generally precede the

given. It has to be stated that a given syllabic value may be

syllabicsigninquestion(upperleftcornerofthesignispreferredby

represented by more than one hieroglyphic sign (associated T

Mayascribes,butthisisnotauniversal).

numbersrefertotheThompsonsigns,seenote2).Mayascribescould

invoke a series of specific processes to invent and generate new

wordpositioncanbeusedlogographicallyasVC(e.g.,lavs.*AL)(cf.

syllabic signs or syllabograms (Boot 2007). Only in the fully

Houston, Robertson, and Stuart 2001). These are then called

illustrated version of this vocabulary will the full scope of the

morphosyllables and only occur in final position. For the full

patterns of substitution become apparent (of simple syllabic or

argumentIreferthereadertothisparticularpublication.Personally,

logographic signs, headshaped or cephalomorphic variants, and

I eschew this form of reconstructive epigraphy (it makes Maya

fullbodied,animated,orsomatomorphicvariants).Therichnessand

writingmoreperfectthanitisandnowritingsystemisperfect)andI

Recently,someepigrapherscontendthatCVsyllablesinfinal

follow another principle that may be referred to as synharmonic

In this vocabulary on occasion reference is made to individual hieroglyphic
signs employing the sign designation and numbering by Thompson (1962;
varindicatesagraphicallyverysimilarsign,nnmeansnonumber).Ido
notusethemultiletternumbercodesassuggestedbyMacriandLooper(2003).
2

vowel insertion, derived from a Classic Maya scribal practice of

occasional underspelling or abbreviation (sometimes referred to,
4

erroneously,asincompletespelling):therootvowelofthesyllable

underspelling of the second -e- in the lexical item teel (CVC-e-le

infinalpositionwillbeinserted.Forexample,BAK-laleadstobakal

vs.CVC-le).

(BAK-la>bak-Vl(a),V=a>bak-al)oru-KAWIL-la-lileadstoukawilil

(u-KAWIL-la-li>u-kawil-Vl(i),V=i>u-kawil-il).

Aslightlydifferentorganizationhasbeendevelopedforthisupdated

versionofthevocabulary.EachClassicMayaentryisfollowedbythe

A first example that militates against morphosyllables is the

identification of its grammatical function (see below) and a

occurrenceofthe-ibinstrumentalsuffix.Itcanbefoundinspellings

translation into English. This translation is followed by the

likeWAY-bi(wayib)andWE-i-bi(weib).Asamorphosyllable,it

hieroglyphic spelling through which the Classic Maya entry can be

has been suggested that T585 bi also functions as *IB; however, I

foundandincludesatransliteration(introducedby>)andtranslation

note that the specific -i-bi spelling indicates that -bi actually is an

(between quotation marks). The vast majority of hieroglyphic

underspellingof-i-bithatleadstotheinstrumentalsuffix-ib(inthis

spellings are identified by at least one example; additionally, a

IfollowandextenduponanobservationbyZender,cf.Boot2000).

spelling example is identified by its occurrence in a Maya

A second example can be found in the spellings u-ba-ke-le,

hieroglyphic text. This identification specifies the site (through the

BAK-e-le,ti-BAK-ke-la,andBAK-leforu-bak-el,bak-el,tibak-el,and

generally accepted threeletter site codes), monument, and when

bak-elrespectively(althoughthecontextisdifferent,thesuffix-elhas

possible, the location within the text; other examples refer to Kerr

thesamegrammaticalfunctioninallfourinstances).Forthe-elsuffix

numbers,whenreferencingceramicsandotherportableobjects,orto

(on body parts, also referred to as partitive possession) four

COL for collections. All threeletter site codes, the abbreviations

spellingsarepossible:-ke-le,-e-le,-ke-la,and-le.Itisnotnecessary

for monuments, etc., and their full transcriptions are contained in

reconstruct an **EL value for the glyphic suffix T188 -le; these are

Appendix A. As already may be apparent, in the transcription of

simply four different glyphic spellings, which are used to indicate

hieroglyphic signs bold typeface letters will be used, in which

the suffix -el (note the reduction leading to underspelling: CV-

uppercase letters represent logographic signs and lowercase letters

ke-le > CVK-ke-la > CVC-e-le > CVC-le). A third example can be

represent syllabic signs. All transliterations are placed in lowercase

foundinthespellingsTE-e-le(e.g.,KerrNo.3744)andTE-le(e.g.,

italic letters; reconstructions of phonemes in transliteration are

Kerr No. 4991), occurring in the contents part of the standard

placedwithinsquarebrackets.

dedicatory formula on Classic Maya ceramics (a.k.a. Primary

Standard Sequence). These glyphic spellings clearly indicate

function is given. For this identification, the following signs and

As described above, for each lexical entry the grammatical

abbreviations, which indicate the grammatical class of the

includes additional abbreviations and signs employed within the

transliterated forms, have been developed (Table 2; this table

vocabulary).

Table2:

AbbreviationsandSigns

adj.
adv.
ag.
C
cn.
inch.
iv.
ivd.
n.
n.cl.
num.
part.
pr.

adjective

adverb

agentive

consonant(e.g.,-Ci-)

compositenoun

inchoativeverb

intransitiveverb

intransitiveverb(derived)
noun

numeralclassifier

numeral

particle

pronoun

prep.
pv.
suf.
tv.
tvd.
V
-

*
**
[]
[]
[]

preposition
positionalverb
suffix
transitiveverb
transitiveverb(derived)
vowel(e.g.,Vw)
boundaryseparatinglogographicand/orsyllabic
signsintranscriptions
reconstruction
impossibleornonexistentreconstruction
intranscription,signalsaninfixedsign
intransliteration,signalsareconstructedsound
intranscription,signalsanerodedsignorpassage

Thisupdatedvocabularydoesnotcontainallpossiblereconstructed

Inthisupdatedvocabulary,Idonotrepresentcomplexvowels(e.g.,

formsortransliterationsleadingtovalidClassicMayaglosses,while,

V: [VV], V, Vh), as possibly indicated through disharmonic

atthesametime,itmayincludesometransliterationsonwhichnot

spelling.Thepresenceofcomplexvowelswasproposedinarecently

allepigraphersagree.Insomeentries,thetranscription(s)contain(s)

(re)published study by Houston, Stuart, and Robertson (1998, 2004

an added query; this query is either attached to a syllabic or

[with minor adjustments]). In their original proposal, a CV1C

logographic sign (e.g., KIK?, pe?). Through the added query, I

CV1/CV1CV1 synharmonic spelling leads to a cvc transliteration,

express a (certain) degree of doubt on the decipherment (or

while a CV1CCV2/CV1CV2 disharmonic spelling leads to either a

identification) of the sign involved and, consequently, on the

cv:c,cvc,oracvhctransliteration,dependingontherootvoweland

transliterationandtranslation.

its disharmonic counterpart. The quality of the complex vowel

6

depends on existing forms in Maya languages as well as on

KAL-wa-ni-yi).Iaskthereadertopleasetakenoteofthefactthatall

reconstructedformsinCommonMaya.Intheirproposal,na-hileads

transliterationsinthisvocabularyareonlyapproximationsofClassic

to *na:h, bu-la leads to *bul, while a-ku leads to *ahk. More recent

Mayalexicalitems,nottruelinguisticrepresentations.

proposals by other epigraphers, linguists, and myself not only

suggest several amendments to the original proposal (e.g., VV in

I qualify the language represented by the lexical entries in this

cases of proposed Vh [chi-ku > *chiik vs. *chihk] or VVh in other

vocabularyasClassicMaya,thehieroglyphicrepresentationofthe

casesofVh[*NAAHB,NAH-bi,na-bi>*nahbvs.*naahb]),butalso

languagesspokenbetweencircaA.D.250andA.D.1000inboththe

question the validity of the original proposal (see Robertson,

Southern (e.g., the Peten) and the Northern Lowlands (e.g.,

Houston, Zender, and Stuart 2007). Most of these recent proposals,

Northwest Yucatan). Ultimately it was also used in the Postclassic

however,areunpublishedatthemoment.Currently,Idonotbelieve

screenfold books, of which the Codex Madrid may be of the latest

that complex vowels (nor other morphemic changes, e.g., -[h]- in

date.Distinctionbetweentheselanguages,forexample,canbefound

passive expressions), although present in the language, were

in marked spellings such as ka-KAN and ka-na for kan serpent

regulatedor guardedby specificspelling principles in the script.In

and CHAN for chan serpent, or ka-KAB or ka-ba/ka-bi for kab

myview,mostofthedisharmonicspellingsonnounsareexamples

earth, land and cha-bi for chab earth, land. A more telling

oftheunderspellingofavarietyofcommonsuffixes(i.e.,-Vh,-Vj,-

example can be found in spellings like ya-ATOT-ti for yatoti[l]

Vl,-Vn,-Vw).OnanotheroccasionIhaveformulatedanalternative

(Oxkintok, Ro Azul), yo-to-che for yotoche[l] (Xcalumkin), and yo-

on disharmonic and harmonic spellings in the context of verbs and

OTOT-ti/yo-to-ti for yototi[l] (many other sites). All three entries

verb endings (Boot 2004). The often disharmonically employed Ca

atot, otoch, and otot mean house (in the sense of home, dwelling).

syllabic signs (e.g., -ma, -wa, -ya) do not indicate vowel complexity

These examples are area as well as timeperiod specific. Also,

inthefinalsuffix;theyindicatethatonereachedtheendofacontext

several numerals can be found recorded in two versions in the

dependent sequence of possible suffixes (e.g., active transitive u-

vocabulary;forexample,chaandkafortwoandchanandkanfor

CHOK-wa,u-CHOK-ko-wa,u-cho-ko-wa;positionalCHUM[mu]-

four. The case for the reconstruction of numerals is difficult, as

la-ja, CHUM[mu]-la-ji > CHUM[mu]-la-ji-ya; positional CHUM

syllabic spellings are only known to exist for four numerals: ka for

[mu]-wa-ni>CHUM[mu]-wa-ni-ya;intransitiveu-ti>u-ti-ya,uti-

katwo(ChichenItza),o-xoforoxthree(CodexDresden),ka-na

ji-ya; passive TZAK-ja, TZAK-ka-ji > TZAK-ji-ya). On rare

for kan four (Ek Balam, painted mural text), and [...]-lu-ku for

occasions a synharmonic spelling was employed (e.g., positional

[bu]luk eleven (Codex Dresden). However, it may not be simply

7

concluded that those who preferred kan/ka/etc. spoke an ancestral

vocabulary [e.g., Vw, Vy] only in part agree with their proposal).

Yucatecan language in the Classic period, or those who preferred

Fortheirarguments(aswellassomeratherstrong,ifnotexcessive,

chan/cha/etc.anancestralCholanlanguage.Thesemightbecasesof

objectionsandcommentstotheirproposal),Ireferthereadertothe

borrowing, amply attested in the presentday languages of Yucatec

original publication in Current Anthropology (in the tradition of this

andChol,orcasesofretainingolderexpressionsthroughakindof

scholarlymagazine,thearticleisfollowedbyasetofcomments).

standardizationandconservatismthatconveyedprestige.Howthe

languages or language groups were distributed and what they

vocabularies are followed by eight appendices, the first of which

were called in the Classic period (note early Colonial language

provides the definitions of the abbreviations employed in the

markersmayatan,kampechtan,andputuntan)andhowmanyClassic

vocabulary (when referring to hieroglyphic texts). Seven special

languages actually may have been distinguished, we simply do not

interest appendices on recorded numerals, numerical classifiers,

know at present (currently, there are advocates for at least two

names of the 20day and 5day periods, pronouns, verb roots,

different linguistic models for Maya language evolution,

kinshipterminology,andanimalnamesfollowthisfirstappendix.In

distribution,

contrasting

conclusion, this vocabulary may serve as a potential listing of the

reconstructions). To record those different languages, however, one

subjectsthatmadeitintoMayahieroglyphicwriting.Someofthese

writing system was employed, and this writing system was highly

were only recorded once or twice, while others abound. I do not

uniforminitssigninventorythroughoutitsapplication,withspecific

claimthatthisvocabularyiscomplete,asthisisworkinprogress;

periodsofsignelaborationandinnovation(cf.Grube1990).

for example, a selection of nominal phrases of deities and historic

Recently, a new proposal on the language represented by

figures is included, but a much larger amount of nominal phrases

hieroglyphs in the Classic Maya period was published (Houston,

has not been included yet. Entries that were part of the original

Robertson,andStuart2000).TheauthorsproposethatClassicMaya

preliminary vocabulary, and now are deleted, are all under

hieroglyphicwritingconvey(s)asingle,coherentprestigelanguage

investigationandmaybeintegratedagaininfutureversionsofthis

ancestraltothesocalledEasternCholanlanguagesthehistorically

updated vocabulary as soon as more epigraphic evidence becomes

attestedCholtilanguageanditsdescendant,modernChortiwith

available.Additionally,onecanmakeacomparisontotheillustrated

onlysporadicandoccasionalintrusionofvernaculars.Theirproposal

Maya hieroglyph dictionary, compiled by Peter Mathews and Peter

hasprofoundimplications,especiallyinregardtoverbmorphology

Br,thefirstversionofwhichwaspostedonlineinNovember2006.

(some of the explanations of items I have entered in the updated

and

diffusion,

each

with

quite

The Classic Maya English and English Classic Maya

How to use this updated vocabulary? Through the search

8

option one can query any entry, be it a syllabic sign (e.g., ba-), a
logograph (e.g., TUN), a sequence of signs (e.g., ba-la-ma), a
transliteration (but use the regular five vowels, e.g., balam, not
bahlam),oranEnglishword.However,ifyouonlywanttosearchthe
Classic Maya transliterations, i.e., the actual entries in the updated
preliminary Classic Maya English vocabulary, I have added three
functions. If you are looking for balam, then enter as query .balam
(thisoneinitialperiodkeepsyouinthelefthandcolumnandfinds
youthemainentrybalamandallotherentriesinthevocabularythat
containbalam).Ifyoujustwantthemainentrybalam,usethequery
..balam (the two initial periods distinguish it from all other balam
entries). For verb roots (e.g., ..chum-), this will also bring you the
entryfromtheappendixthathasallverbrootslisted.Ifyouwantto

2002 APreliminaryClassicMayaEnglish,EnglishClassicMayaVoca
bulary.MesowebResources.URL:http://www.mesoweb.com/resources/
vocabulary/Vocabulary.pdf

2004 Suffix Formation on Verb Stems and Epigraphic Classic Maya Spelling
Conventions: The Employment and Function of Final Ca Syllabic Signs.
ManuscriptdatedJuly5,2004.Rijswijk,theNetherlands.Circulatedamong
fellowepigraphers.

2007 MayaWriting:One,orManySyllabaries?ADiachronic,Synchronic,and
Geographic Approach: First Results. Paper presented at The Idea of Writing
IVSymposium:ToandFrotheSyllabary,May30June1,2007,Leiden
University,Leiden,theNetherlands.

Coe,MichaelD.
1992 BreakingtheMayaCode.London:ThamesandHudson,Inc.

abbreviation (e.g., OXP, COL), than simply query the three letter

Coe,MichaelD.,andMarkVanStone
2001 Reading the Maya Hieroglyphs. London & New York: Thames and
Hudson,Inc.

code,butprefixedwithanasterisk(e.g.,thequery*OXP,*COL).This

know the meaning of a threeletter site code or an associated

necessary information. More functions may be added in future

Grube,Nikolai
1990 Die Entwicklung der Mayaschrift. Acta Mesoamericana 3. Berlin:
VerlagVonFlemming.

versionsofthisvocabulary.

willbringyoutothesubjectlineofthecodeandthiswillprovidethe

References
Boot,Erik
1998 A MayaEnglish Hieroglyphic Vocabulary. Printed version of
November30,1998.Rijswijk,unpublishedmanuscript.

2000 ButzajSakChiikSmokingLark/CalandriaHumeante,theThird
Palenque Ruler. Mesoweb Features. URL: http://www.mesoweb.com/
palenque/features/boot/butzaj.html

2004 TheOrthographicDistinctionbetweenVelarandGlottalSpirantsin
Maya Writing. In The Linguistics of Maya Writing, edited by Sren
Wichmann,pp.6181.SaltLakeCity:UniversityofUtahPress.

Houston,Stephen,OswaldoChinchillaM.,andDavidStuart
2001 The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing. Norman: University of
OklahomaPress.

Houston,Stephen,JohnRobertson,andDavidStuart
2000 TheLanguageofClassicMayaInscriptions.InCurrentAnthropology,
41(3):321356.
2001 Quality and Quantity in Glyphic Nouns and Adjectives. Research
Reports on Ancient Maya Writing 47. Washington, DC: Center for Maya
Research.

Macri,MarthaJ.,andMatthewG.Looper
2003 The New Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs. Volume 1: The Classic Period
Inscriptions.Norman:UniversityofOklahomaPress.

Mathews,Peter,andPeterBr
2006 Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary/Diccionario de Jeroglficos Mayas.
FAMSI.URL:http://research.famsi.org/mdp_index.php

Houston,Stephen,DavidStuart,andJohnRobertson
1998 DisharmonyinMayaHieroglyphicWriting:LinguisticChangeand
ContinuityinClassicSociety.InAnatomadeunacivilizacin.Aproximaciones
interdisciplinariasalaculturamaya,editedbyAndrsCiudadRuiz,et.al.,pp.
275296. Publicaciones de la S.E.E.M., Nm. 4. Madrid, Spain: Sociedad
EspaoladeEstudiosMayas.

2004 DisharmonyinMayaHieroglyphicWriting:LinguisticChangeand
Continuity in Classic Society. In The Linguistics of Maya Writing, edited by
SrenWichmann,pp.83101.SaltLakeCity:UniversityofUtahPress.

Montgomery,John
2002 DictionaryofMayaHieroglyphs.NewYork:HippocreneBooks.

Robertson,John.,StephenHouston,MarcZender,andDavidStuart
2007 UniversalsandtheLogicoftheMaterialImplication:ACaseStudy
fromMayaHieroglyphicWriting.ResearchReportsonAncientMayaWriting
62.URL:http://www.utmesoamerica.org/_pdf_meso/RRAMW62.pdf

Schele,Linda
1998 NotebookfortheXXIndMayaHieroglyphicForumatTexas,March1998.
Austin: Department of Art and Art History, the College of Fine Arts, &
InstituteofLatinAmericanStudies,UniversityofTexas.

Justeson,JohnS.
1984 AppendixB:InterpretationofMayanHieroglyphs.InPhoneticismin
MayanHieroglyphicWriting,editedbyJohnS.JustesonandLyleCampbell,
pp. 315362. IMS Publication No. 9. Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican
Studies,StateUniversityofNewYork.

Stuart,David,andStephenHouston
1994 Classic Maya Place Names. Studies in PreColumbian Art &
Archaeology,Number33.Washington,D.C.:DumbartonOaks.

Kaufman,TerrenceS.,andWilliamM.Norman
1984 An Outline of protoCholan Phonology, Morphology, and
Vocabulary.InPhoneticisminMayanHieroglyphicWriting,editedbyJohnS.
Justesonand Lyle Campbell, pp. 77166. IMS Publication No. 9. Albany:
InstituteforMesoamericanStudies,StateUniversityofNewYork.

Thompson,J.EricS.
1962 A Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs. Norman: University of Oklahoma
Press.

Kurbjuhn,Kornelia
1989 Maya. A Complete Catalogue of Glyph Readings. Kassel, Germany:
Schneider&Weber.

Zender,MarcUwe
1999 Diacritical Marks and Underspelling in the Classic Maya Script:
Implications for Decipherment. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Department of
Archaeology,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.

10

Part1:TheClassicMaya-EnglishVocabulary
A
..a-

..a

..abi
..ach

..ach
..ah-

..ahal

..ahin

..aj

..aj-

pr.

n.

part.
n.

adj.
iv.

n.

n.

ag.

tv.

your(secondpersonpreconsonantalpossessivepronoun)

a->a-your

see:aw-

a-MAM>amamyourgrandfather/son

PNGPanel3,Sec.Text

see:mam

a-KAB-CHEN>akab[a]chenyourearth,yourwellCPNPapagayoStep

see:chen,kab
water

a>a[]water

[common]

see:ha
assuch;sotheysay
a-bi>abi[]assuch;sotheysay

XLMCol.2:B62
penis

ACH?-cha>achpenis

CRCBCM3:C6

see:at
new

a-cha>achnew

K8713
toawaken;torise
a-ha->ah-

see:aj-
awakening

AJ/a-ha-li>ahalawakening

YAXHS2St.VII:B31

a-ha-li>ahalawakening

YAXHS2St.VII:C3

see:ah-,-al
alligator

AHIN-na>ahincrocodile

K5847

a-hi>ahi[n]

COLLCVase
person(prefixedgeneralagentive)

AJ->ajperson

[common]

a->a[j]

[common]
toawaken;torise
a-je>aj

see:ah-

YaxchilansHieroglyphicStairway2,StepVII,presentsaninterestingtextinregardtotheemploymentofformerjVsyllabicsignsasnewhVsyllabicsigns,as/j/and/h/had
merged.ProbablyinthistextalsoAJwasacrophonicallyreducedtoa.NoteSiteRLintel1(ex-Palmercollection)for-jiand-himergerinubahilspellings.
11
1

..-aj(1)

..-aj(2)

..-aj(3)

..-aj(4)

..-aj(5)

ag.

suf.

suf.

suf.

suf.

a-je-ne>ajenawakens;rises

PALThrone1:B2

see:-Vn

ha[i]xa-a-je-seyo-OL-la>hai[n]xa[]ajesyol

henowmakestoawakenhisheartTRTMon.6:G9-H9

see:hain,ol,-Vs,xa,y-

COLWrayMask:A6
person

KUH-AJ>kuhajgod-person

see:kuh

pomoja>pom[a]jincense-person

SBRStructure1Mural

see:pom
suffixtoderiveanounfrom(acertaingroupof)transitiveverbs.Examples:

u-te-ka-ja>utekajtheplacement

see:tekaj,u-

u-TZAK-AJ>utzakajthecount,accumulation,order

see:tzakaj,u-

u-TZUTZ-ja>utzutz[a]jthecompletion

see:tzutzaj,u-
suffixtoderiveanintransitive(inchoative)verbfromanounoradjective.Examples:

KAN-ja>kan[a]jtobecomeyellow

see:kanjalmukuy

PET-ja>pet[a]jtobecomeround

see:petaj-

WITZ-ja>witz[a]jtobecomeamountain(i.e.,tostack,topile)

see:witzaj-
thematicsuffixonderivedintransitiveconstructions(mostcommonarepassives).Examples:

chu-ka-ja>chu[h]kaj

see:chuk-,-[h]--aj

BAK-na-ja>baknaj

see:bak-,-n-
absolutivesuffixonacategoryofnouns,includingbodyrefinements.Examples:

Thespellinga-je-nemaybethebaseforanotyetidentified*a-je-ne-yaor*ajeney,inwhichfinal-eyisavariantof-iy(e.g.,comparehuleytohuliy).ThePalenqueThrone1
spellingmayhaveoriginatedduetoaprocessofregressivevowelassimilation:ajen<*ajeney<*ajaney.
12

..ajaljib

..ajan

..ajan.kawil

..ajaw(1)

n.

n.

cn.

n.

awakeninginstrument

Ajan(theonym)

AjanKawil(theonym)

king;lord,ruler

tu-pa-ja>tupajearflare
see:tupaj
u-ha-ja>uhajjewel
see:uhaj
ya-ja-laji[bi]>yajal(a)jibtheawakeninginstrumentTIKMT216b:Q-R
[]-jaji[bi]>[ya]ja[l]jib

PNGPlatesherd
ya-jaji-bi>yaja[l]jib

COLPSMPlate
ya-jaji-bi>yaja[l]jib

COLMRBAPlate
see:aj-,-jib,y-
a-ja-na>ajan

QRGAltarP:U1

TIKTemple1,Lnt.3:F5
AJAN?-na>ajan
see:ajankawil,kawilajan
AJAN?-naKAWIL>ajankawil

TIKTemple1,Lnt.3:F5-G6
AJAN?-naKAWIL>ajankawil

LACPanel1:N2-M3
see:ajan,kawil,kawilajan
AJAW>ajawking;lord,ruler

SBRPrCPaintedText3
a-ja-wa>ajaw

YAXLintel3:J1
a-ja-wa>ajaw

QRGStelaI:D8b,D9
a-[ja]AJAW>ajaw

YAXLintel9:C3
a-[ja]AJAW-wa>ajaw

COLYUAGShellPlaque

YAXHS3St.IV:B3a
AJ/a-AJAW-wa>ajaw
AJ/a-ja-wa>ajaw

K4732
a-AJAW-wa>ajaw

NTNDrawing25:B4
a-AJAW>ajaw

COLSiteQPanel1:C8
alsosee:kuhulajaw
ya-AJAW-wa>yajawthe(subordinate)king,lord DPLHS4StepIV:M1
see:y-
hi-naka-AJAW>hinka-ajawhe(is)ourking
KHNStr.E8,Burial,Plate

This Preclassic AJAW example from the site of San Bartolo, El Peten, Guatemala, is part of (at present at least) the oldest dated Maya text (ca. 300-200 BC, based on
radiocarbondating).ThecommonMayatitleajawmaybecomposedofthegeneralagentiveajpersonandtheMixe-Zoqueanloanwordawwhichmeansmouth;opening
andwhich,asitwasadaptedbyMayanlanguages,obtainedthemeaningtoshout;tocryout(Boot,inpress).Ajawwouldthusmeanpersonwhoshouts,criesout.
13
3

..ajaw(2)

..ajawal(..ajwal)

..ajawan-

..ajawlel

n.

n.

ivd.

cn.

Ajaw(20thday)

Ajawal(20thday)

tobecomeking,lord

kingship,lordship

see:hin,ka-
[ba]AJAW-wa>ba[h]ajawfirst,headking
CMLUrn26Spine2
see:bah
[cho]AJAW-ko>chokajawyoungking
Dresden20B-2
see:ajaw
AJ/a-AJAW[TAK]-wa>ajawtakkings

CPNStelaFEast
see:-tak
a-AJAW[TAK-ki]>ajawtakkings

QRGStr.1B-1Hier.Step
8-WINAKAJ/a-AJAW[TAK]>waxakwinakajawtak

twenty-eightkings DPLPanel19:F
8-WINAKAJ/a-AJAW[TAK]>waxakwinakajawtakDPLStela8:C16b-D16
see:-tak,winak,waxak
AJAW>ajaw

LandaFol.28r
see:ajawal
4-AJAW>chanajaw4Ajaw

CPNStela1South:A6a4
ti-5-AJAW>tihoajawon5Ajaw

CPNStelaF:B1
[ti]7-AJAW>tihukajawon7Ajaw

CPNStela13:B8
13-AJAW-wa>uxlajunajaw13Ajaw

XLMCol.4:A1b
see:chan,ho,huk,ti,uxlajun
AJAW-la>aj(a)wal
see:ajaw
1-AJAW-la>junaj(a)wal1Aj(a)wal

PalenqueTIEastTablet:S8
see:jun
a-AJAW-ni>ajaw[a]nbecomesking,lord
NARStela22:E10
see:-Vn
AJAW-ni-ya>ajawniybecameking,lord
NARStela1:E12
AJAW-ni-ya>ajawniybecameking,lord
PALTI-CT:B3
see:-iy,-Vn
AJAW-2le>ajawlelkingship,lordship
see:ajaw,-lel

ThisexampleemploysaT544KINsun;daysignasanabbreviationfortheheadvariantofnumber4,theSunGodportraitglyph.

14

..ajawlil

..aj.bak

cn.

cn.

alsosee:ajawlil

u-1-WINAK.HABtaAJAW-2le>

u-hun-winakhabtaajawleltheonekatuninkingship PALTabl.96:I1-J1

see:hun,u-,winakhab

JOY[ja]ti-AJAW-le-le>jo[h]y[a]jtiajawlel

encircledisinking-ship PNGThr.1Sup.2:B3

JOY[ja]ti-AJAW-le-le>jo[h]y[a]jtiajawlel

encircledisinking-ship
DPLStela8:C18-D18

see:joy-,ti

CHUM[mu]-la-ji-yata-AJAW-le>

chumlajiytaajawle[l]satinkingship PALTFCTablet:N7-O7

see:chum-,ta

CHUM[mu]-wa-niti-AJAW-le-le>

chumwantiajawlelsitsinkingship
DPLStela8:A14-B14

CHUM[mu]-wa-ni-yata-AJAW[le-le]>

chumwaniytaajawlelsatinkingship SEPStela1,Bottom

CHUM[mu]-wa-ni-yati-AJAW-le>

chumwaniytiajawle[l]satinkingship CNKThr.2Top:A2-B2

see:chum-,ta,ti
kingship,lordship
AJAW-li>ajawli[l]kingship,lordship

see:ajaw,-lil

alsosee:ajawlel

chu-ni-yatiAJAW-li>chuniytiajawli[l]

satinkingship CPNStela2West:A1a5

see:chun-,ti

[]ta-AJAW-li>taajawli[l]inkingship
AGTStela15TopFrag.

see:ta
title(personofonecaptive)AJ-ba-ki>ajbakpersonofone/acaptive
COLBMFA(K0558)

AJ-ba-ka>ajbakpersonofone/acaptive
NTNDrawing24:A7,B2

AtpresentIhavenotyetidentifiedaspellingthatprovides*-li-liforthefinalsuffix-lil.AssuchIkeepanopenmindtoanalternativetransliterationforAJAW-li,andthatis
ajawil.Inthisparticulartransliteration-ilwouldbeanabstractivesuffix,leadingtoajawilwithanapproximatetranslationasking-ness.
15

..aj.balam.chok

..aj.chak.max

..aj.chak.xu

..aj.chij

..ajel

..ajen

..ajentankinich

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

cn.

ya-ba-ki>ya[j]baktheajbak(of)

COLPNGAreaPanel

see:y-
AjBalamChok(anthroponym)

AJ-ba-la-macho-ko>ajbalamchok

BPKStr.1Rm.1Capt.20

see:aj,balam,chok
AjChakMax(anthroponym/titleoforigin?)

AJ-CHAK-ma-xi>ajchakmax

LTILintel1:C3

see:aj,chak,max
readleaf-cutterant
AJ-CHAK-xu?>ajchakxu[]redleaf-cutterant K1211

see:aj,chak,xu
hunter(deer-person)
AJ-chi-ji>ajchijhunter

Madrid040A-3

AJ-chi>ajchi[j]hunter

Madrid040B-3

AJ-chi-ji>ajchijhunter

CAYStela1:E1

see:aj,chij

u-[ba]hiAJ-chi-hi>ubah[il]ajchih

theimage(ofthe)hunterK44816

see:aj,bah,chih,-il,u-
dawn(?)

3-a-je-la>uxajelthree(timesit)dawns;threedawn(s)(?)

PNGPanel12:F1

see:aj-,ux

alsosee:ajen
dawn(?)

a-je-ne>ajendawn(?)

see:aj-

ti-3-aje-neCHEN-na[?]NAL-la>tiuxajenchen[?]nal

with(the)threedawn(?)cave[object] DPLHS4StepI:J2-K2

see:chen,ti,ux

alsosee:ajel
AjenTanKinich(anthroponym)

a-je-neTAN-na-KINICH>ajentankinich
CRNPanel2:C6-D67

Thescribeemploysthespellingchi-hiforchihdeer,anindicationthatthefinal/j/hadevolvedtofinal/h/inthisword.AssuchthesignusedforAJmayactuallyrepresent
ah(basedonthesamephonologicalevolution,butwhichinthesetwolexicalitemsorwordsnotnecessarilymayhavebeensimultaneous).
16
6

..ajen.yol.mat

..aj.ixim

..ajkak.o.chak

..aj.kan.batzul

..aj.kax.balam

..aj.kin

Figure6c

..aj.kuhun

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

see:ajen,kinich,tan
AjenYolMat(anthroponym)

a-je-ne-OLma-ta>ajen[y]olmat

AJ/a-ne-OL-lama-ta>aj[e]n[y]olmat

AJ/a-ne-OL-lama-MAT>aj[e]n[y]olmat

see:ajen,mat,ol,y-

cornperson

AJi-xi?-ma>ajiximcornperson

see:aj,ixim
AjKakOChak(theonym)AJ-KAKo-CHAK-ki>ajkakochak

see:aj,chak,kak
AjKanBatzul(anthroponym)

a-KAN-ba-tzu>a[j]kanbatzu[l]

see:aj,batzul,kan
AjKaxBalam(anthroponym)

AJ-ka-xaBALAM-ma>ajkaxbalam

see:aj,balam,kax
AjKinPriest

AJ-KIN-ni>ajkinpriest

AJ-KIN-ni>ajkin

see:aj,kin

ya-KIN-ni>ya[j]kinthepriest

see:y-
worshipper(lit.personwhoworships)

AJ-KUH-HUN>ajkuh[u]nworshipper

a-je-KUH-HUN>ajkuhun

a-KUHHUN-na>ajkuhun

AJ-KUH-na>ajkuh[u]nworshipper

see:aj,kuh-,-Vn

ya-ja-KUH-hu-na>yajkuhuntheworshipper

ya-[KUH]HUN-na>ya[j]kuh[u]n

PALSarc.LidSide:24-258
PALTI-ET:L11-K12
PALTI-ET:N4-M5
CLKN.Acr.,Str.1Mural
YAXLintel25:D1

COLECStoneSculpture

TRTWoodenBox
XLMPanel4:A1a
COLLCIncisedVase(2x)
K7459

TNAMon.152
MARStela1:B4
K1728
YAXLintel19:B5
PALT.XIXTablet
K4669,K7786

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:Awakens(the)CenterorFrontofKinich.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:AwakenstheHeart/CenteroftheMerganserDuck.

7
8

17

..aj.latzil

..aj.may

..aj.much

..aj.payal

..aj.pitzil

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

personofstacks

tobaccoperson

toad

guide

ballplayer

ya-ja-KUH-na>yajkuh[u]n

PNGStela26Sec.Text
ya-ja-KUH-na>yajkuh[u]n

COLD.OaksVase(K4340)
ya-KUH-na>ya[j]kuh[u]n

COLWallPlaque
ya-KUH-na>ya[j]kuh[u]n

CPNStr.9N82Bench9
see:aj,kuh-,-Vn,y-
IX-AJ-KUH-HUN>ixajkuhunladyworshipper YAXLintel53:G2
see:ix
CHUM[mu]-[ji]yata-AJKUH-na-li>
chu[]mjiytaajkuh[u]nli[l]sat(longago)inajkuhun-ship

TNAMon.183:D4D5
see:chum-,-[h]--aj,-iy,-lil,ta
AJ-la-tzi>ajlatz[il]personofstacks

K1092(secondarytext)
AJ-la-tzi>ajlatz[il]

K1256

K0771
a-la-tzi-la>a[j]latzil
a-la-tzi-la>a[j]latzil

K7432
a-la-tzi>a[j]latz[il]

K137710
see:aj,latzil
AJma-yi>ajmaytobaccoperson

CLKN.Acr.,Str.1Mural
see:aj,may
a-mu-chi>a[j]muchtoad

K5164
see:amal
a-pa-ya-la>a[j]payalpersonwhoguides
YAXStela18Back:A6
a-pa-ya>a[j]paya[l]personwhoguides

YAXHS3St.Ithr.:C7
see:aj,pay
AJ-pi-tzi-la>ajpitzilpersonwhoisballplayer
TNAKawilMoPan.:A811
see:aj,pitz-

This spelling employs somatomorphic variants for KUH and na. Nearly the whole text employs somatomorphic variants, with the exception of specific syllabic signs (for
instanceya).
10Thetitleajlatzilmaybeacompositetitlethatincludesthenexthieroglyphiccompound,whichisKNOT.HEAD(e.g.,K0532)oru-KNOT.HEAD(e.g.,K1377),acompound
which,asIhavesuggestedelsewhere,tentativelymaybetranscribedHUNandu-HUN.Ifcorrect,thetitleajlatziluhunwouldthusmeanpersonofstacksofbooksorpages.
11AtPalenquetheputativeballplayertitlecanbefoundwrittenAJ-pi-tzi-la-OL(TS,NorthPanel),AJ-pi-tzi-la-OL-la(e.g.,PalaceTablet:L11,T96:H3,J2),andAJ-pi-tzi-la
OL-la-wa(e.g.,PalaceTablet:O11-P11).PerhapsthespellingsOL-la-wa>olawandOL-la/OL>ol[aw]hintatol[aw]/olball/pelota.
18
9

..aj.sak.hun

..aj.sak.tel.huh

..aj.tok.ti

..aj.tzibal

..aj.tzibil

..aj.ul

..aj.uxul

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

alsosee:pitzil
AjSakHun(title)
AJ-SAK-HUN-na>ajsakhun

personofthewhiteheadband

see:aj,sakhun
AjSakTelHuh(anthroponym)

AJ-SAK-tele-UH>ajsaktel[h]uh

AJ-SAK-te-le-UH>ajsaktel[h]uh

AJ-SAK-TELHUH>ajsaktelhuh

a-SAK-TELHUH>a[j]saktelhuh

see:aj,telhuh
AjTokTi(anthroponym) AJ-TOK-TI>ajtokti

a-TOK-TI>a[j]tokti

a-TOK-TI>a[j]tokti

see:aj,ti,tok
scribe

AJ-tzi-ba>ajtziba[l]scribe

AJ-tzi-ba>ajtziba[l]scribe

AJ-TZIB-ba>ajtziba[l]scribe

AJ-tzi-9>ajtziba[l]scribe

see:aj,tzibal
scribe

AJ-tzi-bi>ajtzib[il]scribe

see:aj,tzibil
atoleperson

AJ-u-lu>ajulatoleperson

see:aj,ul
sculptor

AJ-uxu?-lu>ajuxulsculptor

TNAMon.p44:I

LACPanel1:D1-C2
BPKLintel3:A9
BPKStela1:L1
BPKStela2:G4
NARSt.19:C5,K0635
COLPMHolmulPlate
COLNaranjoAreaplate12
YAXLintel18:D4
XLMPanel4:A1b
K077213
K077214
K6020
CLKN.Acr.,Str.1Mural
PNGPanel3Sec.Text

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:PersonWhoForcesApart,Breaks,orPullsOut.IbasethisparaphraseontheChortientrytokchi:forceapartbythehands,pull
outoroff,breakoff,digup.
13ThecollocationAJ-TZIB-baisfollowedbyasignli.ThislifloatsbetweentheAJTZIB-baandthenextcollocationCHOK.However,ifitbelongstoAJ-TZIB-ba,the
transliterationwouldbeajtzibal(notetheprobablepossessednounconstructionutzibal[il]indedicatorytextsonClassicceramics,employingfinal-li).ThespellingAJ-tzi-ba
maythusbeanabbreviationforajtziba[l].
14In this version of the title ajtziba[l] the scribe employed a rare sign, namely the cephalomorphic variant for number nine, balun, commonly only employed in numerical
contexts. The scribe may have intended a syllabic sign ba (through a process of acrophonic reduction), but alternatively he may have targeted a value BAL to arrive at the
spellingAJ-tzi-BALforajtzibal(seeentriesfortzibalinthisvocabulary)(Boot,inprep.).
19
12

..ak

..ak.ok.chamay

..akan(1)

..akan(2)

..akan(3)

..akan.kej

..akan.sutz

..aktaj-

n.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

cn.

cn.

tvd.

AJ-u-xu?[lu]>ajuxulsculptor

PNGStela15front

see:aj,uxul
turtle

a-ka>akturtle

TNAStuccoFrag.15

see:akul
AkOkChamay(nominalphraseofwayaw)

a-ka-OKCHAM-ya>akokcham[a]y

TNAStuccoFrieze

see:ak,chamay,ok
Akan(theonym)
AJ/a-AKAN-na>akan

K0791

AKAN-na>akan

AKAN>akan
roar

AKAN>akanroar

see:akansutz
grass

AKAN?>akangrass

ta-AKAN?>taakanwithgrass

COLPearlmanShell

AKAN?-na>akan

COLPearlmanShell
AKAN?-na>akan

YAXLintel15:F3

ya-AKAN?-na>yakanthegrass

COLPearlmanShell

see:jal
AkanKej(toponym)
AKAN-naKEJ>akankej

ACAPalaceoftheStuccos

AKAN[KEJ]AJAW-wa>akankejajaw

AkanKejking COLMRdYVessel

see:ajaw,akan,kej
AkanSutz(anthroponym)u-tzi-baAKANSUTZ>utziba[l?]akansutz

thewritingofAkanSutz K1599Sec.Text

see:akan,sutz,tzibal,u-
toabandon

ya-ka-ta-ji>yaktajheabandons

PNGThr.1Sup.1:A5

see:y-

Albeittentative,theentriesakul(EC)vs.ak(LC),batzul(EC))vs.batz(LC),andpipul(LC)vs.pip(LC)mayindicatethatthereonceexistedagroupofanimalnamesthat
originally had an -ul suffix (e.g., akul, batzul, chanul, chil kayul, pipul, sak chikul, sipul), which apparently during the late Classic period was lost (with the exception of
conservatism on part of certain scribes/sculptors). This suffix may have been existential in nature. Also another group of nouns, if correctly identified, seems to have been
suffixedwithan-ulsuffix(e.g.,anul,ebul,lekul,temul,tzikul).
20
15

..akul

..akul.ichiw

..akul.nich.te

..akultun

..ak-

..akab

n.

n.

cn.

cn

tv.

n.

turtle

a-ku-la>akulturtle

a-ku>aku[l]

AK-[ku]lu>akul

YAXLintel10:C3b

AK-la>ak[u]l

AJ/a-[ku]lu>akul

YAXLintel10:F8a

a-ku-li>akul

QRGZoom.G:A1

see:ak
turtleheron(?)

a-ku-lai-chi-wa>akulichiwturtleheron(?)
PALTCLeftPanel16

see:akul,ichiw

alsosee:bak
AkulNichTe(anthroponym)

a-kuNICH-TE>aku[l]nichte

K4669,K778617

see:akul,nichte
AkulTun(propernameofmonument?)

ti-a-ku-liTUN-ni-li>tiakultunil

at(the)TurtleStoneQRGZoom.G:A1-B118

see:akul,-il,ti,tun
toreceive

ya-ka-wa>yakawhereceives

PALTI-ET:S10

ya-ka-wa>yakawhereceives

NARStela32:A1

ya-AK-wa>yak[a]whereceives

PALTIW-T:J9

see:y--Vw

ma[a]-ya-ka-wa>yakawhedoesnotreceive
PALTI-ET:Q4-R4

see:ma,y--Vw
darkness,night

a-ka[ba]>akabnight

PALCreationStone

CHNT4LLintel2:F5

ya-ka-ba>yakabthenight

u-CHAB[ba]-liya-AKAB-li>uchab[i]lyakabil

thecreation,thedranknessCPNStelaI:C5

Partofanominalphraseofthetenthokte.Theinterpretationoftheitemichiwasheronistentative,buttheheaddressasdepictedonthisPALTCpanelclearlycontainsa
heronwiththebodyofaturtle(akul).Thisprovidesiconographicevidencethatichiwindeedmaymeanheron.Alsonotetheother-Vwnouns,matawandwayaw.
17Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:TurtlePlumeriaFlower.
18Thecompositenounakultunturtlestonemayhaveevolvedintoaktun,inYucatecMayathewordforcave.AkultunmayevenhavehadthismeaningatQuirigua.
21
16

..akach

..akal
..ake

..aktaj-

n.

n.
n.

ivd.

turkeyhen

lagoon,swamp

Ake(polityname)

todance

tu-CHABti-ya-AKAB-li>tuchab[il]tiyakabil

inhiscreation,inhisdarknessTIKT.ILintel3:D3-E4
see:chab,-il,ti,tu,y-
2a-CHAB[AKAB]-li>achab[il]a[w]akabil

yourcreation,yourdarkness PALScribe:C1
see:a-,aw-,akab,-il
ni-aAKAB-li>ni[w]akabilmydarkness
TIKMundoPerdidoVase
see:-il,ni-
Dresden46C
ma-AKAB-ba-si>ma[]akab[i]snodarkness
ma-AKAB-si>ma[]akab[i]snodarkness
Paris04B
see:-is,ma
a-ka-cha>akachturkeyhen

NMPStela15
a-AKACH?>akach

K2010
a-ka chV?>akach

SiteQGlyphPanel
AKACH>akach

SiteQGlyphPanel
see:kutz,ulum
a-ka-la>akallagoon,swamp

COLSiteQGlyphPanel
[a]ke>ake[]
KUH-[[a]ke]AJAW>kuh[ul]ake[]ajaw

god-likeAkekingBPKStela1:Ma
see:ajaw,kuhul
alsosee:toke,yoke
ti-aka-ta>tiakta[j]todance

ETZStela18:A2-B2
AK-ta-ja>aktajdances

COLSiteRLintel4:B2
a[AK]ta-ja>aktajdances

YAXLintel2:K1
AJ/a-AK-ta-ja>aktajdances

YAXStela9:A2
see:-aj
i-AK-TAJ-ja>i-aktajthendances

DPLHS4StepI:I2
see:-aj,i-
i-AK-TAJti-cha-bi>aktajtichab

thendanceswiththeanteater COLSiteQPanel2
see:-aj,chab,i-,ti
22

..al

..al-

..-al(1)

..-al(2)

..alaw

..alay

n.

tv.

suf.

suf.

n.

adv.

childofmother

ya-la>yalthechild(ofmother)

COLD.OaksPan.:B11

ya-la>yal

K0679

YAL>yal

Dresden23C-319

ya-YAL-la>yal

TIKMT43:A7

ya-YAL[la]>yal

TIKMT217:K

ya-YAL>yal

CAYAlt.4Supports

see:y-
tosay(something)
YAL-ji-ya>yaljiyitwassaid

K8076

K8885IncisedShell

ya-la-[ji]ya>yaljiyitwassaid

ya-la-[ji]ya>yaljiyitwassaid

TIKVase(K8008)

see:-aj,iy,y-
locativesuffixwiththemeaningplace(ofabundance)of.Examples:

BAK-la>bak[a]lplaceofabundanceofcascadesofwater

see:bakal

KAN-la>kan[a]lplaceofabundanceofserpents

see:kanal

KUH-TE-la>kuhte[a]lplaceofabundanceofzapotetrees

see:kuhteal

alsosee:-il,-nal,o
anominalizingsuffixthatderivesnounsfromintransitives.Examples:

yu-xu?-luna-ja-la>yuxulnajalthecarving

see:uxulnajal

yu-xu?-lu-wa-ja-la>yuxulwajalthecarving

see:uxulwajal
ballcourt

a-la-wa>alawballcourt

Dresden41A-1

ALAW?-la>alaw

CHNYULLintel1:D3

see:jalab,jalaw
here

a-la-ya>alayhere

K8123

ThetexttoDresden23C-3providesgoodevidencethatthemainsignofthechildofmothercollocationisYAL.Inthisexamplenoya-iswritten;basedontheothertextsin
thissequence(whichhaveya-AT-na>yat[a]n),athirdpersonprevocalicpossessivepronounshouldbepresent.FurthersupportthatthissignisindeedYALcomesfromthe
spellingYAL-ji-yaforyaljiyitwassaidonK8076(seeentryforal-)andaspellingAJ-YAL-niatYaxchilan(seeentryyalain).
23

19

..amal

..amu.a(..amua)

..an-

..anab

..anab.chahom

n.

cn.

iv.

n.

cn.

toad

AmuA(toponym)

torun

title(unknownmeaning)

compositetitle

a-ya>a[la]y

a[la]-LAY-ya>alay

a-la-LAY-ya>alay

AJ/a-LAY-ya>alay

aLAY-ya>alay

a-LAY-[la]ya>alay

see:lay
a-ma-la>amaltoad

a-ma>ama[l]

see:ajmuch
AJ-a-mu-a>ajamu[]a[]personfromAmuA
see:a,aj
a-nita>antarunsto

see:ta
AJ/a-nati>antirunsto

see:ti
a-na-bi>anab

ya-na-bi-li>yan(a)biltheanab

ya-na-bi-li>yan(a)biltheanab
ya-a-na-bi-li>yan(a)biltheanab

see:-il,y-
ya-na-ba-tzi-li>yanabtziltheanabtzil

see:-tzil,y-
cho-koa-na-bi>chokanabyounganab

see:chok
a[cha]-na-[bi]ho-ma>anabchahom

K913020
K1211
K3067
K496121
K5838
COLLCCeltFragment
K0531,K2041
K1181
COLPanel:A7b
YaleltzemenCaveText
CPNStructure11Panels
PNGPanel3
YAXLintel46:H3a
CPNAltarFragment
COLPomoyPan.:C4,F522
YAXStela31
K8889
BPKPanel5:G1

Thisis,atpresentauniquespellingoftheInitialSignindedicatorytextsonMayaceramics.Thespellinga-yaseemstobeanabbreviationofa-la-ya,whichisthesyllabic
substitutionofthecommona-MAIN.SIGN-ya.Suchanabbreviationisasrareaschu-jaandchujaaretospellchu[h]kaj(seeentrychuk).
21TheInitialSigninthededicatorytextonK4961openswithT12AJ,whichintheLateClassicacrophonicallywasreducedtoaandemployedassuchinthistext.
22Thisparticularspellingseemstoindicateapreconsonantalglottalstop(*yanabil),whichinallotheranabspellingsisunderrepresentedorabbreviated.However,thisspelling
simplymayindicatethata-na-bihadbecomeafixedorpatternedspellingthatopenedwithavoweltowhichya-wasprefixedinapossessivecontext(compareyo-OTOTand
ya-AJAWspellings,spellingsthatdonotleadtopreconsonantalstops)and-liwaspostfixed;thusnopreconsonantalstopwasintended.
24
20

..anay.te

..anul

..at

..at-(1)

..at-(2)(or:ati-)

..-at

..atan

..atej

..atejaj(?)

cn.

n.

n.

tv.

tv.

pr.

n.

n.

cn.

AnayTe(toponym)

incarnate,embodied

penis

toaccompany

tobathe

you

companion,wife

companion

companion-person

a-na-bicha-ho-ma>anabchahom

LACPanel1:D2-C3
see:anab,chahom
a-na-yi-TEAJAW-wa>anayteajawAnayTekingTNAMon.p6
see:ajaw
u-[BAH]hi-lia-nu>ubahilanu[l]

theimage/selfincarnate NARStela24:E3-D4
u-[BAH]hi-lia-AN>ubahilan[ul]

XLMCol.5:A1
u-[BAH]hi-liAN>ubahilan[ul]

XLMCrn.1III:B

K0954
u-ba-hi-lia-nu>ubahilanu[l]
u-BAH[AN]-na?>ubah[il]an(oran[ul?])

K1304
see:bah,-il,u-
AT-ta>atpenis
AT-ti>atpenis
see:ach
ya-TE-
ya-ti-
ya-ti-ji>yatijtheybathe

TNAMon.134:Ap10
see:y-
u-MAM-ta>umam[a]thisgrandfatheryou(are) CPNStr.26-subBench
see:mam,u-
AJ/a-AT-na>at[a]ncompanion,wife

TIKGroup6D-VShell
ya-AT-na>yatanthecompanion

K2794
ya-AT-na>yatanthecompanion(wife)

Dresden19B-3
Dresden19B-1
ya-AT-na[li]>yatanilthecompanion(wife)
see:at-,-Vn,-il
ya-TE-je>yatejthecompanion

TZBMon.5:B223
see:at-,y-
ya-TE-AJ>yate[j]ajthecompanion-person
TZBMon.14:Bp324
see:-aj,at-,y-

Therootofthiswordmaybebasedontheverbat-toaccompany.AtDzibanchespecificallyemployedtorefertothedepictedcaptives.
Asolution,albeitittentative,istointerpretthefinalAJasrepresentingtheEarlyClassic-ajpersonmarker.

23
24

25

..atot

..aw-(1)

..aw-(2)

n.

pr.

pr.

house(inthesenseofhome)ya-ATOT-ti>yatot[il]thehouse

OXKLintel2:B3

ya-ATOT-ti>yatot[il]thehouse

OXKPalacioChichLnt.

ya-ATOT-ti>yatot[il]thehouse

RAZTomb6MuralText

see:-il,y-

alsosee:otoch,otot

YAX-JAL-laNAHu-KABAya-ATOT-ti>

yaxjalnahukabayatot[il]YaxJalNahisthenameofthehouse

RAZTomb6MuralText

see:kaba,u,yaxjalnah
you(secondpersonprevocalicpronoun)

a-wi>aw-you

a-wi-[chi]NAL>awichnalyouarewith

K8008

a-[chi]NAL-la>a[w]ichnalyouarewith

K4996

see:ichnal
your(secondpersonprevocalicpossessivepronoun)

a-wi->aw-your

see:a-

n.

image,self

B
..bah(1)

BAH-hi-ja>bah[a]jimage,self

see:-aj
BAH-si>bah[i]simage,self

see:-is
-[BAH]hi>bahimage,self
-ba-hi>bah

a-ba>aba[hil]yourimage/self
a-ba>aba[hil]yourimage/self

u-[BAH]hi-li>ubahiltheimage/self
u-BAH-li>ubah[i]ltheimage/self
u-[BAH]hi>ubah[il]theimage/self

TAMHS3StepIII:E1

K1440

PALScribe:B1b
K5110
YAXStela11Back:G1
YAXLintel17:D1
NARStela2:A1

26

Figure1:SomeExamplesofClassicMayaSpellings(photographscourtesyJustinKerr,nottobereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission)

a)K0505:ba-TUN-nuforbatun

c)K1505:ku-huforkuh

b)K0530:utzi-ma-lija-yiforutzima[i]ljay

d)K1552:2ba-kaforba[h]kabe)K1645:cha-ho-maTAKforchahomtak

27

..bah(2)

..bah(3)

Figure7e

n.

adj.

head

head,top,first

u-BAH-hi>ubah[il]theimage/self
u-BAH-hi>ubah[il]theimage/self
u-ba-li>uba[hi]ltheimage/self

u-ba-hi>ubah[il]theimage/self

see:a-,-il,u-
tu-[BAH]hi>tubah[il]onhishead
see:-il,tu
tu-u-BAH>tubah[il]ontohimself
tu-BAH>tubah[il]ontohimself

see:-il,tu-
tu-[ba]hi>tubah[il]

BAH>bahhead,top,first
[BAH]hi>bah
ba>ba[h]
BAHAJAW-wa>bahajawfirstking
ba-AJAW-wa>ba[h]ajawfirstking
see:ajaw
ba-che-bu>ba[h]chebfirstofthebrush
see:cheb
ba-cho-ko>ba[h]chokfirstofthechok
see:chok
BAH-ka-ba>bahkabfirstoftheworld
BAH-ka-ba>bahkabfirstoftheworld
ba-ka-BAH/ba>ba[h]kabfirstoftheworld
ba-ka-KAB>ba[h]kabfirstoftheworld
ba-ka-ba>ba[h]kabfirstoftheworld

NARStela21:A325
CHNHPGPillar4:C126
EKBMT1:A127
K4542,UXMAlt.10:A1,C

PALTCTablet:P828
PALTabl.Slaves:F2

PALGroupXVIPanel29

K5453
CHNYULLintel1:H7

K8885,PNGStela12:X2

PALTFCTablet:G3

NARStela24:E18
BPKStela1:O1
MQLStela7:E2b
K2774,K7146
YAXLintel25:F4b

InthisexampleT136formerlyjiisemployedforhi,assuch/j/hadfullymergedwith/h/.
AlsointhisexampleT136formerlyjiisemployedforhi,assuch/j/hadfullymergedwith/h/.
27InthisinterpretationIdeviatefromAlfonsoLacadenasoriginalinterpretation(basomekindofobject/ballgameprotector),asthetextisclosetothedepictionofahuman
beingandassuchcaneasilybeadirectidentificationofthepersondepicted(ba[h]image,self),commoninMayaartofallperiods.
28Mostliterallytheentriestinbahilandtubahilcanbeinterpretedasonmyheadandonhishead,respectively.
29Varioustimesthesequencetu-[ba]hiisemployedinthetextonthispanel(a.k.a.theKanTokPanel)insteadoftheregulartu-[BAH]hi.
28
25
26

Figure1d

2ba-ka>ba[h]kabfirstoftheworld

BAH/ba-ka-bi>bahkabfirstoftheworld
IX[ba-ka-ba]>ixbakabladyfirstoftheworld
see:kab
ba-KELEM>ba[h]kelemfirststrongone

see:kelem
ba-pa-ka-la>ba[h]pakalfirstoftheshield
ba-PAKAL-la>ba[h]pakalfirstoftheshield
ba-PAKAL-la>ba[h]pakalfirstoftheshield
see:pakal
ba-po-ma>ba[h]pomfirstoftheincense

ba-po-ma>ba[h]pomfirstoftheincense

see:pom

[BAH]hi-sa-ja-la>bahsajalfirstsajal
ba-sa-ja-la>ba[h]sajalfirstsajal

see:sajal
BAH-TE>bahtefirstofthestaff(warrior)
ba-TE-e>ba[h]tefirstofthestaff(warrior)
see:te
ba-te-mu>ba[h]temfirstofthethrone

see:tem
ba-to-ka>ba[h]tokfirstoftheflint

ba-to-ka>ba[h]tokfirstoftheflint
see:tok
ba-to-xo>ba[h]toxfirstofthecasting

see:tox
BAH-TUN-ni>bahtunfirstofthestone

ba-TUN-ni>ba[h]tun
baTUN-ni>ba[h]tun

see:tun
ba-tza-ma>ba[h]tzamfirstofthethrone
u-ba-tza-ma>ba[h]tzamthefirstofthethrone

K1552
Dresden74A
COLPomoyPanel:D6
JolonielCave
BPKStr.1Rm.2Capt.23
CHNAkabDzibL.:F1b
DPLStela16:C4
BPKStr.1Rm.1Capt.34
K5388(KislakCollection)
YAXHS2StepX:C1
COLYAXAreaLnt.
YAXHS2St.VIII:G3
YAXLintel10:E7a2
PNGStela5:E2
BPKStr.1Rm.2Capt.39
TNAMon.154:A1
NMPStela15
XLMCol.5:A4,K7042
NKBCDXVesselRPN186
COLMermozVase(K9144)
COLSMBCeramicThrone
EKBStr.1MuralA:G1
29

..bah(4)

..-bah

..bah.kab

Figure1d

n.

suf.

cn.

see:tzam,u

ba-u-[xu?]lu>ba[h]uxulfirstofthesculpture

see:ajuxul,uxul

ba-wa-WAY[bi]>ba[h]way[i]bfirstofthewayib

ba-wa-WAY[bi]>ba[h]way[i]b

see:wayib

ba-YAL>ba[h]yalfirstofthechildren

see:al
pocketgopher

BAH>bahgopher

ba>ba[h]
suffixonasmallselectionofnouns,withthemeaning-thing

wi-ni-BAH>winbahportrait-thing

u-CELT-[BAH]hi-li>u-?-bahil

see:-il,u-
BahKab(title,possiblyhead/top/firstoftheworld)

BAH-ka-ba>bahkabfirstoftheworld

BAH-ka-ba>bahkab

ba-ka-BAH/ba>ba[h]kab

ba-ka-ba>ba[h]kab

2ba-ka>ba[h]kab

ba-ka>ba[h]ka[b]

BAH/ba-ka-bi>bahkab

ba-ka-KAB>ba[h]kab

ba-KAB>ba[h]kab

see:bah,kab

IX-ba-ka-ba>ixba[h]kabladybahkab

see:bakab,ix

alsosee:ixbahkab

PNGPanel3,Sec.Text
K4692
COLKAMLintel:B2,K1
TNAMon.69:F30

CPNStela4,Back:B8

NARStela24:E18
K384431

K1552
K1392
K2774,K7146
ETZStela5:A3
YAXLintel43:D4

There are several other candidates for bah head, first title, but of which the specific title itself remains undeciphered. At Palenque one can find ba-HEADBAND.HEAD
(TempleXVIII,FallenStuccoes),atChichenItzathereisthetitleba-hi-CAPPED.HEAD(TempleoftheInitialSeries,Lintel:F9E10,employingaformerjisign).
31AmostinterestingspellingasitemploysT501bainsideacartouche,muchlikeadaysigncartouche.
30
30

..bah.te

..baj-

..bajlaj.chan.kawil

..bak(1)

cn.

pv.

cn.

n.

warrior

tohammer

BajlajChanKawil

captive

OCH-KIN-niba-ka>ochkinba[h]ka[b]westbahkabK4463
see:ochkin
cho-ko-ba-ka-ba>chokba[h]kabyoungbahkab YAXStela7:pD5,K7149
cho-ko-ba-ka-ba>chokba[h]kab

TNA9.13.17.9.0Base
see:chok
KUH-ba-ka-ba>kuh[ul]ba[h]kabgod-likeba[h]kabCKLStelaFragment
see:kuhul
BAH-TE>bahtewarrior(lit.firstofthestaff)
YAXHS2St.VIII:G332
BAH-TE>bahte

K2803
ba-TE-e>ba[h]te

YAXLintel10:E7a2
see:bah,te
u-ba-TE>uba[h]tethebahte

CNHPanel1:A6
see:u
ba-la-ja>ba[j]lajhammers

NARStela24:D11
ba-la-ja>ba[j]lajhammers

DPLHS4StepI:N1
see:-l-aj
ba-la-jaCHAN-na-KAWIL>ba[j]lajchankawil
DPLHS4StepI:N1-M233
BAJ-CHAN-naKAWIL-la>baj[laj]chankawil
DPLHS4StepIII:B2-C1
BAJ-CHAN-na-KAWIL-la>baj[laj]chankawil
TNASmallJadeBead
BAJ-CHAN-KAWIL-la>baj[laj]chankawil
DPLStela17:D3
see:baj-,chan,kawil
ba-ki>bakcaptive

BPKStr.1Rm.2Capt.41
ba-ki>bakcaptive

YAXHS3Step3(Apron)
u-ba-ki>ubak[il]thecaptive

YAXLintel8:E1
u-BAK-ki>ubak[il]thecaptive

COLSMBVase(K2206)
see:-il,u-
u-BAK-ka>ubakthecaptive

CRCAlt.23:C3

This title may have survived into colonial Yucatec Maya as batel guerrero. Possibly Yucatec batel descended from Classic Maya *bahteil, which through a process of
progressivevowelharmonization(followedbysyncopation)simplybecamebatel.Ifcorrect,thismeansthatthesuggestionbyMichaelClossin1984(TheMayaGlyphBatel,
Warrior,in:MexiconVol.6,No.4,pp.50-52),thatthesetitlesreferredtowarriors(basedonthesamecolonialYucatecMayaentry),canbesubstantiated.
33Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:KawilWhoHammers(in?)theSky.
31
32

see:u-
AJ-ba-ki>ajbakpersonofone/acaptive
COLBMFA(K0558)
AJ-ba-ka>ajbakpersonofone/acaptive
NTNDrawing24:A7,B2
ya-ba-ki>ya[j]baktheajbak(of)

COLPNGAreaPanel
see:y-
AJ-2-BAK-ki>ajchabakpersonoftwocaptives AGTStela1:A14a
AJ-2-BAK-?>ajchabakpersonoftwocaptives SBLStela5:B1
see:aj,cha
AJ-3-BAK-ki>ajuxbakpersonofthreecaptives AGTSt.7:C1;TAMHS2
AJ-3-BAK>ajuxbakpersonofthreecpatives
PNGShellPlaque
AJ-3-ba-ki>ajuxbakpersonofthreecaptives
PNGShellPlaque
see:aj,ux
a-4-ba-ki>ajchanbakpersonoffourcaptives
COLSiteRLintel
AJ-4-na-ba-ki>ajkanbakpersonoffourcaptives EKBStr.1MuralA:U3b
see:aj,chan,kan
DPLMurcirlagosThrone
AJ-5-BAK>ajhobakpersonoffivecaptives
a-5-BAK>ajhobakpersonoffivecaptives
BPKStela2:F3
AJ-5-ba-ki>ajhobakpersonoffivecaptives
BPKStr.1Rm.2Capt.32
see:aj,ho
CAYStela2Sec.Text
AJ-6-BAK>ajwakbakpersonofsixcaptives
see:aj,wak
AJ-7-BAK>ajhukbakpersonofsevencaptives YAXLintel9:C4
AJ-7-BAK-ki>ajhukbakpersonofsevencaptives COLStendahlPan.:G7
a-7-BAK>a[j]hukbakpersonofsevencaptives YAXLintel58:A1
see:aj,huk
a-9-BAK>a[j]balunbakpersonofninecaptives TNAMon.175:E1
see:aj,balun
AJ-10-BAK>ajlajunbakpersonoftencaptives PNGStela12:F2
see:aj,lajun
AJ-14-BAK-ki>a[j]chanlajunbakpersonof14captivesCOLCanberraSt.:A12
see:aj,chanlajun
a-15-BAK>a[j]holajunbakpersonof15captives YAXHS5:85
32

..bak(2)

..bak(3)

..bak(4)

..bak-

..bakal

n.

n.

n.

tv.

n.

see:aj,holajun

AJ-WINAK-BAK>ajwinakbakpersonof20captivesYAXLintel1:A6

AJ-WINAK-kiBAK-ki>ajwinakbak

IXLAltar1:B4-A5

a-WINAK-BAK>ajwinakbak

YAXLintel21:D8

see:aj,winak
bone

BAK>bakbone

ba-ka>bakbone

u-BAK>ubak[il]thebone

COLCarvedFemur:E

u-ba-ki>ubak[il]thebone

TIKMT51B:C

see:-il,u-

EKBMT7Text2:A1

u-BAK-le>ubak[e]lthebone

see:-el,u-

u-bak-e-leBALAM-ma>ubakelbalam

thejaguarbone(of)YAXTombII,BonePin

see:bak,balam,-el,u-

ti-BAK-ke-la>tibakelon(the)bone

CMLPendant16A

see:-el,ti

IX-BAKe-le>ixbakelladyBakel

XLMJmb.8:pA2-pA3

see:-el,ix
cascadeofwater
BAK>bakcascadeofwater

see:bakal
heron

BAK>bakheron

alsosee:ichiw
tocapture

BAK-na-ja>baknajcaptured

TIKT.ILintel3:A6

see:-aj,-n-

BAK-wa-ja>bakwajcaptured

TIKT.IVLintel3:B5

see:-aj,-w-
Bakal(polityname/toponym)BAK-la>bakal

BAK>bak[al]

see:-al,bak

u-ti-yaBAK-la>utiybakalhappenedatBakal
MRLStela4Back:E7

see:ut-
33

..bakel.waywal

Figure4a

..bak.mutil

..bakul

..balam

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

KUH-[BAK-la]AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]bakalajaw

god-likeBakalking PALTI-WT:T10,T12

KUH-[BAK]AJAW>kuh[ul]bak[al]ajaw

god-likeBakalking TRTWoodenBox

[KUH][BAK-la]-AJAW>kuh[ul]bakalajaw

god-likeBakalking K4332

KUH-[BAK-la]-AJAW>kuh[ul]bakalajaw

god-likeBakalking CMLUrn26pendant15

KUH-[BAK]AJAW-wa?>kuh[ul]bak[al]ajaw

god-likeBakalking CMLBrick3:B4b34

see:ajaw,kuhul

IX-[BAK-la]AJAW>ixbak[a]lajawladyBakalkingTRTMon.6:G1

see:ajaw,ix
BakelWaywal(dynastictitle)BAK-le-wa-WAY-la>bak[e]lway[wa]l

PALTSTabletQ9

BAK-WAY-wa[la]>bak[el]waywal

PALTFCTablet:O3

BAK-le-WAY-la>bak[e]lway[wa]l

PALTabl.96:G3

BAK-le-WAY-wa-la>bak[e]lwaywal

PALTabl.96:I2

BAK-la-WAY-wa[la]>bak[e]lwaywal

PALT.XIV:D10

see:bak,-el,wayaw
boat-billedheron
BAK-mu-ti-la>bakmutil

boat-billedheron(lit.heron-bird)COLECBirdVessel35

see:bak,mut
youngman

ba-ku-la>bakulyoungman

K1442

ba-ku>baku[l]youngman

YAXLintel18:B5
jaguar

BALAM>balamjaguar

COLRandelStela:E1a

BALAM-ma>balam

YAXLintel30:G2b

TheBakalemblemglyphorparamounttitlewasemployedbykingsoftheroyalhousesofPalenque,Tortuguero,andComacalco.Thisemploymentmaybebasedona
geographicallydispersedroyalhouse,firstpresentatPalenque,thentoincorporateTortuguero,andinthefinalphasehavingmovedtoComacalco.
35ThisEarlyClassicceramicvesselisshapedasabird,thespeciesofwhichhasbeenidentifiedascormorant(exhibitedatLordsofCreation).However,Iidentifythebird
representedbythisvesselasaBoat-billedHeron.Thisspeciesofbird(notalwaysclassifiedasaheron)isknowntobeaformidablenighthunter(evenmoresothantheNight
Heron,awell-knownnighthunter).
34
34

cn.
..balam.ajaw

..balam.chil.kayul.kuk.max cn.

..balam.nen

cn.

..balun

num.

..balun.kawil

cn.

ba-la-ma>balam

COLRandelStela:J10

ba-la-ma>balam

BPKStr.1Rm.1Capt.20

ba-la-ma>balam

CAYStela1:Dp9

ba-la-ma>balam

NTNDrawing65:Q3

see:hix,hixbalam
BalamAjaw(anthroponym)BALAM-ma-AJAW-wa>balamajaw

TRTSarc.LidText

BALAM-AJAW-wa>balamajaw

TRTSarc.LidText

[BALAM]AJAW>balamajaw

TRTWoodenBox36

see:ajaw,balam
BalamChilKayulKukMax(anthroponym)

BALAM-chi-lika-yuKUKma-xi

>balamchilkayulkukmaxCOLRandelStela

ba-la-machi-lika-yu>balamchilkayul[kukmax] COLRandelStela37

see:balam,chilkayul,kuk,max
BalamNen(anthroponym)BALAM-NEN>balamnen

CPNAltarQEastSide

BALAM[NEN]>balamnen

CPNStr.10L-25Faade38

BALAM-ne-na>balamnen

CPNStelaESide

ba-la-ma-ne-na>balamnen

CPNStr.11Bench

see:balam,nen
nine

9>balunnine

[common]39

see:bolon
BalunKawil(Copanlocalgod)

9-KAWIL>balunkawil

CPNStela7Back:A9b

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:JaguarLord.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:JaguarBarracudaQuetzalMonkey.Iftheanimalnamechilkayuliscorrectlyanalyzedthisparticularindividualhasthelongest
stringofanimalnames.Interestingly,whennamedagainonthismonumentthenameisabbreviatedtosimplyBalamChilKayul.
38Thestridinglarger-than-lifesizejaguarwithround(probablyjade?)diskinlaysmaybeanemblematichieroglyphiccomposite.RecentlysuggestedbyDavidStuartatthe2008
Maya Meetings in Austin, I support this interpretation: BALAM (the striding jaguar figure) + NEN (the disk inlays). Better known are the larger-than-life size emblematic
hieroglyphiccompositesoftheanthroponymKinichYaxKukMoattheMargaritaandRosalilabuildinginsideStructure10L-16atCopan.
39InClassicMaya,thenumberninewasprobablypronouncedbalun.Ibasemyassessmentontheuseofthecephalomorphicvariantofnumber9whichisemployedinthetitle
AJ-tzi-9.Basedonregularu-tzi-baspellings,anacrophonicallyreducedvalueBALorbaismostlogical,andwhichisonlypossibleifninewaspronouncedbalun(Boot,in
prep.).
35
36
37

..balunte.kalneal

..balun.lajun

..balunte.witz

..balun.tzapal.kuh

..balun.yok.te.kuh

..ban
..batun

..batz

..batzul

Figure1a

Figure5e

cn.

num.

cn.

cn.

cn.

part.
n.

n.

n.

9-KAWIL-la>balunkawil

see:balun,kawil
BalunteKalneal(theonym)9-TE-KAL-ne-la>baluntekalne[a]l

9-KAL-ne-la>balun[te]kalne[a]l

9-ka-la-ne-la>balun[te]kalne[a]l

see:balun,-te
19>balunlajunnineteen

nineteen

9-LAJUN-na>balunlajun

BalunteWitz(toponym) 9-TE-wi-WITZ>baluntewitz

see:balun,-te,witz
BalunTzapalKuh(theonym)

9-tza-pa-la-KUH>baluntzapalkuh

see:-al,balun,kuh,tzap-
BalunYokTeKuh(theonym)

9-yo-koTE-eKUH>balunyoktekuh

9-[yo-OK-TE]KUH>balunyoktekuh

9-OK[TE]KUH>balun[y]oktekuh

9-[OK-TE]KUH>balun[y]oktekuh

9-OK-TE>balun[y]okte[kuh]

9-OK-TE>balun[y]okte[kuh]

see:balun,kuh,ok,te,y-
assuch,inthisway
ba-ni>banassuch

drinkmadeofarootorfruitofaplantofthesamename

ba-TUN-nu>batun(glyphonavessel)

howlermonkey

ba-tza>batzhowlermonkey

see:batzul
howlermonkey

ba-tzu>batzu[l]howlermonkey

BAH/ba-BATZUL?>batzulhowlermonkey

CPNStela13:E1
CMLUrn26Pendant10
YAXLintel42:F1
YAXStr.23Room2Tomb
[common]
CPNStructure11Panels
CPNStelaI:C3a

COLDAMVase(K2914)

EKBMT8
K9020
K1398
Dresden68A-3
Dresden60A-2,60B-2
TRTMon.6,SidePanel:G5
TIKMundoPerdidoVase
K050540
NTNDrawing70:A5
COLVase41
K507042

NoteforinstanceCholbajtunlafrutatiernadelrbolchapayandYucatecbatunsurazseconsumaenpocasdeescasezdealimentos(seeBoot,inprep.)
Onthelossofthe-ulsuffix,seenotefortheentryakturtleinthisvocabulary.NoteQeqchibatzuhljuguete.
42Thereseemstobeasubtlegraphicdifferenceintheportraitheadsofthehowlermonkeyandthespidermonkeyasthesignsenteredthewritingsystem(Boot,inprep.).
40
41

36

..bay(1)
..bay(2)
..bay(3)

..bih(1)

..bih(2)
..bih.tun

..bital

..bix-

adj.
adv.
adv.

n.

n.
cn.

n.

iv.

10-ba-tzu>lajunbatzu[l]10Batzul

CKLStelaFragment43

see:batz
fat

ba-ya>bayfat
thus

ba-ya>baythus

K1250
where

ba-ya>baywhere

K1398

ba-yani-bu-ku>baynibukwhere(are)myclothes?K1398

see:buk,ni-
road

bi-hi>bihroad

bi>bi[h]

ta-bi-hi>tabihon(the)road

Dresden41C-1

see:ta

SAK-[bi]hi>sakbihcauseway

COBCausewayStones
CPNHSStep6,29

4-TE-SAK[bi]>chantesakbihfourcauseways

see:chan,-te
lineofwriting

bi>bi[h]lineofwriting

K1196
pavement,whitewashedroad(orwall)

bi-TUN-ni>bi[h]tunpavement

CHNCaracolFrag.12

bi-TUN-ni>bi[h]tunpavement

K0635

[bi]TUN-ni>bi[h]tunpavement

NARAltar2:A3,D4

bi-TUN-ni>bi[h]tunpavement

NARAltar2:E4

bi-tu-nu>bi[h]tunpavement

COLPr.CollectionPlate44

see:bih,tun
Bital(toponym)

PUL[yi]bi-TAL>puluybitalburntBital

NARStela13:G16

PUL[yi]-bi-TAL-la>puluybitalburntBital
NARStela22:F18

see:pul-

COLLCVessel
togo

bi-xi>bixgo(es)

[bi]BIX-ya>bix[i]ywent

DPLHS4StepIII:K2

Thiscollocationmayspellanominalderivedfromadayname,thus10Batzulor10Monkey.NoteotherdaynamenominalphraseChanAjaw(seeajaw).
In the case of K0635, Naranjo Altar 2, and the Holmul Plate the item bih tun may be directly associated with the ballgame and thus bih tun may refer to the paved or
whitewashed alley or walls of a ballcourt. In colonial Itzaj the cognate item betun (*behtun) referred to the stuccoed, whitewashed surface of the pages of native screenfold
books.Alternatively,DavidStuart(onhisweblog,December7,2007)suggestedthatthejatz-bihtuneventmaybeaninauguraleventfortheopeningofroadsorcauseways.
37

43
44

..-bix

..bob

..bob.tok

..bolon

..bolon.lajun

..bub(1)

..bub(2)

..bubul

n.

n.

cn.

num.

num.

n.

n.

adj.

unitoffiveorseven

coyote(?)

BobTok(anthroponym)

nine

nineteen

cylinder;column

conch

cylindrical;large,round

see:-iy
[bi]BIX-na>bix[a]ngoes

see:-Vn
xa-[bi]BIX-na?>xa[]bix[a]nagaingoes
see:xa,-Vn
[bi]BIX-ni-ya>bix[a]niywent

see:-iy
5-[bi]xi-ya>hobixiyfiveunits

5-[bi]BIX-ya>hobix[i]y

see:ho

7-[bi]xi-ya>hukbixiysevenunits
see:huk
bo-bo>bobcoyote(?)

bo>bob
KAN-bo-bo>kanbobyellowcoyote
bo-bo-TOK>bobtok

bo-boto-ka>bobtok

see:bob,tok
9>bolonnine(Yucatecan)

see:balun
9>bolonnineteen(Yucatecan)

see:balun
2bu>bubcylinder;column
bu-ba>bubcylinder;column

KAN-na-bu-ba>kanbub

see:kan
2bu-lu>bubulcylindrical;large,round

COLSiteQPanel2

K5113

COLSiteQPanel2

COLStendahlPan.:D8
YAXLintel29:A5

PALTabl.96:L1

IXZStela4:A4b
EKBStr.1MuralC
K2573
MQLStela5:B3
MQLStela6:B5-A645

[commoncodices]46

[commoncodices]

COLSmallECColumn
PALTFCTablet:R

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:CoyoteFlint.However,itispossiblethatbobmeansflowerinthesecontexts(assuchthequery);ifso,thisnominalBobTok
maybeparaphrasedasFlowerFlint.
46The numeral bolon may simply be restricted to the Maya screenfold books, which all may originate from the northern Maya lowlands where Yucatecan Maya was and is
spoken.OtherchangesbetweenClassicMayaandYucatecanMayaincludechavs.ka(ka),uxvs.ox(o-xo),hukvs.wuk,buluchvs.buluk([]-lu-ku).
38
45

..bubul.ha(..bubulha)

..buk

..buk.tun

..bukutz

..bukal

..bul

..buluch

..buluk

..but-

..butz

..butzaj.sak.chikul

cn.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

num.

num.

tv.

n.

cn.

see:bub,-Vl
BubulHa(toponym)
AJ-2bu-lu-HA>ajbubulhapersonfromBubulHaPNGPanel2:K2-L2

AJ-bu-lu-HA>ajbubulha

COLChicagoArtInstitute

see:aj,ha,bubul
clothes

ni-bu-ku>nibukmyclothes

K1398

see:ni-
BukTun(toponym)
bu-ku-[TUN-ni]AJAW>buktunajawBukTunkingYAXLintel46:G4

see:ajaw
foodstuff(?)

bu-ku-tzu>bukutzfoodstuff(?)

Dresden66B-2

bu-ku-tzi-KAB-ba>bukutzkabfoodstuffofhoneyDresden68A-3

see:kab

bu-ku-tzi-[2]ka-wa>bukutzkakawfoodstuffofcacaoACAVessel(inMRdY)

see:kakaw
Bukal(toponym)
bu[ka]AJAW-wa>buka[l]ajawBukalking
ALCStela1:B347

bu[ka]AJAW>buka[l]ajawBukalking
XULStela21:pE4

see:ajaw,-al
bean

bu-la>bulbean

ka-bu-la>kabulourbeans

COLDAMVase(K2914)

see:ka-
eleven

11>bulucheleven

see:buluk
eleven(Yucatecan)
[]-lu-ku>[bu]lukeleven

Dresden19A-3

see:buluch
tofill

u-bu-tu-wa>ubutuwhefills

PALPal.Tablet:N11

see:u--Vw
smoke

BUTZ?-tzi->butzsmoke

KAK-ka-BUTZ?-tzi>kakbutzfire(&)smoke K5645

see:kak
ButzajSakChikul(anthroponym)

Alternatively,thespellingbu-kamayleadtotheitembuka[],inwhichthecommonendingawatermaybepresent.Note,forinstance,thespellingsi-tza-aandi-tza
whichbothleadtoitza.
39

47

num.

adv.
n.

n.

n.

n.

cn.

n.

bu-tza[ja]-SAK-chi[ku]>butzajsakchiku[l]
see:butz,sakchikul

PALT.XVII:B648

CH
..cha

..cha
..chab(1)

..chab(2)
..chach
..chahuk

..chahuk.nah

..chak(1)

two

2>chatwo

see:ka

2-bi-ji>chabijtwodayslater

again

2>chaagain

earth

cha-bi>chabearth

see:kab
anteater

cha-bi>chabanteater

basket

cha-chi>chachbasket

lightning

cha-hu-ku>chahuklightning

see:chahuknah
ChahukNah(buildingname)cha-hu-ku-NAH>chahuknah

see:chahuk,nah
Chak(raindeity)
CHAK-ki>chak

CHAK-ki>chak

CHAK-ki-i>chak(i)

cha-ki>chak

CHAK-cha>chakcha[k]redChak

see:chak

IK-cha-ki>ikchakblackChak

see:ik

KAN-cha-ki>kanchakyellowChak

KAN-cha>kancha[k]

see:kan

SAK-cha>sakcha[k]whiteChak

see:sak

TRTWoodenBox
PNGStela12:D13a
COLMdEMStela

COLSiteQPanel2
COLDAMVase(K2914)
PNGThr.1Sup.2:D4

PNGThr.1Sup.2:D4

Dresden03A3
Dresden36B-2,37B-1,2,3
Dresden33C-2
NARStela6:A5b
Dresden39B-2

Dresden43A-1

Dresden43A-2
Dresden38B-3

Dresden38-B-2

Tentative paraphrase of this anthroponym: Smoking Lark. Alternatively, and preferred by many epigraphers, the anthroponym Butzaj Chik could be Smoking White
Coati,butasIhavesuggestedelsewheresakchikulmaybeacompositenoun(sakwhiteandchikulbird)referringtoaspecificbirdspecies,thelark.AlsonoteYucatecMaya
chiko.
40
48

..chak(2)

..chak(3)
..chak(4)

..chakat

..chak.balam

..chak.chel

..chak.chok

n.

n.
adj.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

lightning(?)

red

great

Chakat(3rdmonth)

puma

ChakChel(femaledeity)

ChakChok(title)

YAX-cha-ki>yaxchakblue/greenChak

YAX-cha>yaxcha[k]

see:yax
cha-ki>chaklightning
u-CHAK-ki-li>uchakilthelightning

u-CHAK-ki-li>uchakilthelightning
u-CHAK>uchak[il]thelightning

u-cha-ki-li>uchakilthelightning

u-cha-ki>uchak[il]thelightning

see:-il,u-
CHAK>chakred
CHAK>chakgreat
CHAK-cho-ko>chakchokgreatyouth
see:chok
tu-8-TECHAK-a-AT>tuwaxaktechakat

ontheeighthofChakat
see:-te,tu,waxak
CHUM[mu]-CHAK-AT-ta>chumchakat

seatingofChakat
see:chum
3-CHAK-AT-ta>uxchakat3Chakat

see:ux

6-CHAK-ta>wakchak[a]t6Chakat
see:wak
alsosee:ikat
CHAK-BALAM-ma>chakbalampuma

see:koj
CHAK-che-le>chakchelChakChel

CHAK-che>chakche[l]ChakChe(l)

see:chak,chel
CHAK-cho-ko>chakchokgreatyouth

Dresden34A
Dresden44A-3

K1304,K7750Side4
EKBStr.1MuralA:U1
K8660
CMLIncisedBrick5
K8622

EKBCapstone6

NARAltar2:D3
COLPULConchShell
Dresden47C

ALSVase
Dresden69
Dresden39B-1
XLMCol.3:A3a
41

..chak.chok.kelem

..chak.chok.winik

..chak.ek

..chak.ha(..chakha)

..chak.haal

..chak.hail

..chakjal.te

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

CHAK-CHOK?-ko>chakchok

K887149

CHAK-CHOK>chakchok

K6631

see:chak,chok
ChakChokKelem(title) CHAK-cho-koKELEM>chakchokkelem

greatyouthstrongone K4387

CHAK-CHOK-koKELEM>chakchokkelem
K8966
K6055

CHAK-cho-koKELEM-ma>chakchokkelem

CHAK-cho[ko]KELEM>chakchokkelem

K6551

CHAK-cho-koke-le>chakchokkele[m]

K6659

see:chak,chok,kelem

alsosee:chokkelem
ChakChokWinik(title) CHAK-cho[ko]wi-WINIK-ki>chakchokwinik

greatyouthperson COLSMBCarvedVase

see:chak,chok,winik
Venus(planet)

CHAK-EK>chakekVenus(lit.GreatStar)
Dresden46B-1

see:chak,ek
ChakHa(toponym)
AJ-CHAK-HA>ajchakhapersonfromChakHaALSPanel1:A4,D4

see:aj

CHAK-HA-aAJAW-wa>chakhaajaw

ChakHaking BPKStr.1Rm.1:Capt.1

see:ajaw,chak,ha

IX-CHAK-HA-aAJAW-wa>ixchakhaajaw

ladyChakHaking TAMHS3StepIV

see:ajaw,chak,ha,ix
greatrain

CHAK-HA-la>chakha[a]lgreatrain

Dresden39B-3

see:chakhail,chak,haal
greatrain

CHAK-HA-li>chakha[i]lgreatrain

Dresden66B-2

see:chakhaal,chak,hail
ChakjalTe(anthroponym)CHAK-ja[la]-TE>chakjalte

YAXStela3:pC6b50

ThecollocationiswrittenCHAK-?-koonthisvessel.BasedonthefrequentchakchoktitleonChocholastyleceramicstherearetwopossibilities,eithertheunknownsignis
CHOKorthesignischo.Atpresent,Ipreferthefirstoption(Boot,inprep.).
42

49

..chaklib

cn.

..chak.sijom

cn.

..chak.te

cn.

..chaktzih

cn.

..chak.ukab.jolom

cn.

..chakupakalkinichkanjoychitam

cn.

..chakwaj

cn.

..chakxiwte

cn.

..chal.a(..chala)

n.

see:chak,-jal,te
Chaklib(anthroponym?) CHAK-li-bi>chaklib

TNAMon.27:B2

see:eklib,jamlib
ChakSijom(12thmonth) 9-CHAK-SIJOM-ma>balunchaksijom9ChakSijomPALThrone1:Na

see:balun,chak,sijom

9-LAJUN-naCHAK-SIJOM-ma>balunlajunchaksijom

19ChakSijomCPNStructure11Panels

see:balunlajun,chak,sijom
ChakTe(title)

cha?-CHAK-ki-TE>chakte

DPLTetrapodPlate51

see:chak,te

alsosee:kalomte
greatfoodstuff(?)
CHAK-tzi>chaktzi[h]

Dresden30B-3

see:chak,tzih
ChakUkabJolom(anthroponym)

CHAK-u-KAB?JOL?-mi>chakukabjol[o]m
PNGStela12:U1-2

see:chak,jolom,kab,u-

ChakUpakalKinichKanJoyChitam(anthroponym)

CHAK-u-pa-ka-laKINICH-[KIN]chi-niKAN-na-JOY[CHITAM]ma>

chakupakalkinichkanjoychitam

COLNotreDamePanel52

see:chak,chitam,joy,pakal,kan,kinich,u-
greatbread

CHAK-WAJ>chakwaj

Dresden32A-3

see:chak,waj
ChakXiwte(fromNhuatl:[Chak]Xiuhtecuhtli)
Dresden49C

CHAK-xi-wi-te-i>chakxiwteChakXiwte

see:chakadj.
ChalA(toponym)
cha-la-[a]AJAW>chalaajawChalAking
K5515

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:RedBecomesTheTree.
Thisparticularspelling,uniqueatpresent,seemstoindicatethatthecommonKalomTetitlemayindeedrefertoaspecificmanifestationofChak.
52 This is apparently the full (accession) name of a Palenque king normally referred to in hieroglyphic texts as Kinich Kan Joy Chitam. Tentative paraphrase of this
anthroponym:RedistheShieldoftheSunGod(Kinich),PreciousTiedorEmbracedPeccary.
43
50
51

..chalam
..cham-

..chamay

..chan(1)

..chan(2)

..chan(3)

..chan(4)

..chan.ajaw

n.
iv.

n.

n.

n.

n.

adv.

cn.

see:a,ajaw
jawbone

cha-la-ma>chalamjawbone

COLNotreDamePanel
todie

cha?-CHAM-mi>chamdies

EMLPanel1:A5

CHAM-mi>chamdies

K4692

CHAM-ya>cham[i]ydied

TIKAlt.5:12

see:-iy
death(?)

CHAM-ya>cham[a]ydeath(?)

K0771,K0791,K202353

CHAM>cham[ay]

K1197,K3924

see:cham-
four

4>chanfour

[common]

CHAN-na>chan

K0791

SUN.GOD>chan

NTNDRawing82:D2a

see:kan
serpent

CHAN-na>chanserpent

CHAN>chan

see:kan

ti-CHAN-naCHAN-na>tichanchan

with(the)skyserpent COLSiteRL.4:C3-D1
sky

CHAN-na>chansky

CHAN>chan
after;since

CHAN>chanafter;since

CHAN-13-AJAW>chanuxlajunajawafter13AjawPALTIET:M7

see:ajaw,uxlajun
ChanAjaw(anthroponym)4-AJAW>chanajaw4Ajaw

COLPomoyPanel:C2

4-AJAW>chanajaw4Ajaw

PALT.XIXBench-S:U154

see:ajaw,chan

Thepossiblenounchamaydeath(?)occursinthenameofseveralwayawcharacters.NotethecolonialYucatecMayaexpressionschamaybakandsakchamaybaklamuerta
pintada;esqueleto,suggestingasinistersidetothewayawthathavechamayaspartoftheirname(alsonotethatmanyofthesechamaycharacterspaintedonMayaceramics
actuallyareskeletal).
54Tworareexamplesoftwodifferentindividualswhoarenamedafteratzolkinor260-daycalendardate,inthiscasebothas4Ajaw,probablytheirdateofbirth.Tobenamed
afteryourdayofbirthwasacommonphenomenoninancientMesoamericaandthedaynameaswellasthecoefficientprovidedcluestoapersonslifeorientation.
44
53

Figure2:SomeExamplesofClassicMayaSpellings(photographscourtesyMesowebPhotoDatabase,nottobereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission)

a)CopanStelaB:MO-wi-WITZformowitz

b)CopanStructure11Panels:tu-ku-nufortukun

c)CopanStructure9N-82C-1stBench:CHAN-na
d)DosPilasHieroglyphicStairway4:KUH[MUT]
YOPAT-tiforchanyopat(partofnominalphrase)
AJAWforkuh[ul]mut[al]ajaw
45

..chanal

..chanal.chak.bay.kanul

..chanal.ikatz

..chanal.kuh

..chan.chen

adj.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

celestial;ofthesky
[CHAN-na]NAL-la>chanalcelestial

[CHAN]NAL-la>chanal

YAXLintel14:C3

CHAN-NAL-la?>chanal

CPNStela10:E4b

CHAN-na-la>chanal

CHAN-na>chana[l]

CHAN>chan[al]

see:chan,-Vl

alsosee:kabal
ChanalChakBayKanul(nameofcelestialserpent)

CHAN-NALCHAK-ba-yaka-KAN-nu>chanalchakbaykanu[l]

CPNStela10:E4F4,

CPNStela13:D10E10

CHAN-NALCHAK-ka-[ba]KAN-ya>chanalchakbaykan[ul]

TIKStela26:zB3

[CHAN]NAL-laCHAK-ba-ya-ka-KAN>chanalchakbaykan[ul]

YAXLintel14:D4

see:bay,chak,kanul
ChanalIkatz

[CHAN-na]NALi-ka-tzi>chanalikatzcelestialbundle

PALTI-CT:B6-A7

[CHAN]NAL-nai-ka-tzi>chanalikatz

COLLCVessel

see:chanal,ikatz

alsosee:kabalikatz
ChanalKuh

[CHAN-na]NAL-laKUH>chanalkuhcelestialgodK7750Side2

[CHAN-na]NAL-KUH>chanalkuhcelestialgod COLLCVessel

CHAN-na-laKUH>chanalkuhcelestialgod
COLECMask,Back:A6B6

CHAN-na-KUH>chan[a]lkuhcelestialgod
PALTI-WT:J10

[CHAN-la]KUH-na>chanalkuh

CPNStela12:D1

[[CHAN]KUH]NAL>chanalkuhcelestialgod
CPNStela2EastSide:A8

[CHAN]KUH>chan[al]kuhcelestialgod
TIKStela31:A14

see:chanal,kuh

alsosee:kabalkuh
community,town,city
CHAN-CHEN>chanchencommunity
46

..chanikchan

..chanil

..chan.itzam.tun

..chan.kab.chen

..chan.te

..chan.te.chuwen

..chanul(1)
..chanul(2)

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.
n.

CHAN-naCHEN>chanchencommunity

CHAN-CHEN-na>chanchencommunity

see:chan,chen,chankabchen
ChanIkChan(nameofwayaw)

CHAN-IKCHAN-na>chanikchanfourwindskyCOLMPVVessel
4IK[CHAN]>chanikchan

NARAltar1:I155

see:chan,ik
publicceremony
ti-CHAN-na-li>tichanilin(the)publicceremony YAXLintel1:F1

see:ti

tu-CHAN-li>tuchanilinthepublicceremony
COLStendahlStela

see:tu
ItzamTun(theonym)
4-ITZAM-TUN-ni>chanitzamtun

LTILintel4:G1,H1

4-[ITZAM]TUN-ni>chanitzamtun

PMTPanel1(2x)

see:itzamtun

alsosee:oxitzamtun
community,town,city
CHAN-KABCHEN-na>chankabchencommunityTIKStela31:F26-F27

see:chan,chen,kab,chanchen
ChanTe(treespecies)
CHAN-TE>chante

PNGStela2656

see:te
ChanTeChuwen
4-TECHUWEN?-na>chantechuwen

COLLCVase

see:chan,chuwen,te
animal

cha-nu-la>chanulanimal

PALT.XIXBench-S:C1
cha-nu>chanu[l]guardian,custodian
guardian,custodian

CHAN-nu>chanu[l]

u-cha-nu>uchanu[l]theguardian

COLIncisedShell

u-cha-nu>uchanu[l]theguardian

K1092,LTILintel1:F157

u-cha-nu>uchanu[l]theguardian

K8889

InthisexampleaT561skysign(CHAN)issurroundedby4(CHAN)T503IKsignstoarriveatchanikchan.
InCholandChortichantereferstoatreespecies;noteinYucatecMayatherelatedentrykante.
57ThesetwoexamplesemploythesignT135c-d,whichhasbeendecipheredassyllabiccha.However,themannerinwhichthesignisemployedinothercontextsissuggestive
ofthefactthatitmaybeasignthatalsooperatesasCHANinsteadofcha.NotethatT115yoalsooperatesasYOP,assuggestedfirstbyDavidStuart.
47
55
56

..chan.wintik

..chan.xob.te.chak

..chapat

..chatan

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

u-CHAN-nu>uchanu[l]theguardian

YAXStela11Back:E2

u-CHAN>uchan[ul?]theguardian

YAXLintel1:A7

u-CHAN-na>uchan[ul?]theguardian

IXZStela4:A4a58

u-CHAN-nu>uchanu[l]theguardian

NTNDrawing52:A5

u-CHAN-na>uchan[ul?]theguardian

MQLStela6:B1b

u-cha?-CHAN-na>uchan[ul?]theguardian
IXZPanel1:XI,159

u-4>uchan[ul?]theguardian

YAXHS5Step37,152

see:u-

ni-CHAN-nu>nichanu[l]myguardian

CPNT22,BaseText

see:ni-
ChanWintik(toponym) 4-wi-ti-ki>chanwi[n]tik

CPNAltarG:C1a

see:uxwintik

AJ-4?-wi-ti-ki>ajwi[n]tikPersonfromChanWintikCPNAltarL
ChanXobTeChak(theonym)

4-xo-bo-TE-cha-ki>chanxobtechak

CMLUrn26Pendant26

see:chak,chan,xobte
centipede

CHAPAT>chapatcentipede

CHAPAT-tu>chapat(or:chapat[ul])

CPNAltartoStela13

CHAPAT-ti>chapat

CPNBrownWareVessel

cha?-pa-tu>chapat

RAZTomb19Vessel

Kerr1256

cha-pa-ta>chapat

see:wak
Chatan(toponym/polity) chaTAN-nawi-WINIK>chatanwinikChatanmanTIKStr.51-141Pan:A1-2

see:winik

KUHchaTAN-WINIK>kuh[ul]chatanwinik
K1285

KUH-cha-TAN-WINIK-ki>kuh[ul]chata[n]winik K8504

KUHcha-TAN-nawi-WINIK-ki>kuh[ul]chata[n]winik

K6619

KUHcha-ta-wi-WINIK-ki>kuh[ul]chata[n]winik K1335

ThesignforCHANisaserpenthead(chanserpent).
ThesignforCHANintheNajTunichandthisIxtutzexampleistheskysign(chansky).Thespellingsadditionallymayindicatethelossofthefinal-ulsuffix.

58
59

48

..chay

..che(1)

..che(2)

..che-

n.

n.

adv.

iv

fish

tree

so,thus,assuch

tosay,totell

KUHcha-TAN-nawi-WINIK>kuh[ul]chatanwinikCLKStr.XX,CeramicSherd
KUH-cha-TAN-WINIK>kuh[ul]chatanwinik
CLKStr.XX,CeramicSherd
KUH-cha-TAN-WINIK>kuh[ul]chatanwinik

god-likeChatanman CLKColumnasSubstr.
see:kuhul,kuhulwinik,winik
KUH-cha-TAN-WINIK [KAL]ma[TE]>kuh[ul]chatanwinikkal[o]mte

godlikeChatanmanKalomte K3248
see:kalomte,kuhul,winik
cha-TAN-na [KAL]ma[TE]>chatankal[o]mte

ChatanKalomteK1586
see:kalomte
cha-TAN-na AJAW>chatanajawChatanKing
COLLCVessel
see:ajaw
cha-ya>chayfish
see:kay
alsosee:popolchay
u-che-e>uchethetree

Madrid042C-1
see:u-
alsosee:te
che>che[]so,thus,assuch
che-ta-KIN-niche-ta-HAB-ba>che[]takinche[]tahab

assuchontheday,assuchintheyear K8017
see:hab,kin,ta
che-ta-KIN-niche-ti-HAB-li>che[]takinche[]tihabil

assuchontheday,assuchintheyearXLMCol.1,RightSide:B4
see:hab,kin,ta,ti
che-e-na>cheensayI

CPNStela34
see:-en
che-e-natu-ba-ki>cheentubak[il]sayIonhisboneTIKMT167:Ap6-pA7
see:bak,-il,tu
che-he-nati-yu-lu-xu?>chehentiyu[xul]
49

..chebul(..cheb)Figure6d

..chek-

..chel

..chich

..chih(1)

..chih(2)

n.

tv.

n.
n.

n.

n.

sayIinhiscarvingSBLTabl.9:AAA1b60

see:ti,uxul,y-
brushpen,quillpen(writingimplement)
cheebu>chebu[l]brushpenn,quillpen
K778661

che-bu>che[]bu[l]

K4022,COLChocholaplate

ba-che-bu>ba[h]che[]bu[l]firstofthebrushpen PNGStela12Sec.Text

see:bah
toclear(something)
che-ka-ja>che[h]kajclearedis

CRCStela6:C23

see:-[h]--aj
rainbow(?)

che-le>chelrainbow(?)

Dresden62
prognostication

tu-chi-chi>tuchich(with)intheprognostication
Dresden04A-1

see:tu

u-chi-chi>uchichtheprognostication

Dresden04C-1

see:u-
deer

u-chi-hi>uchih[il]thedeer

TBIStela1:B

chi-hi>chihdeer

K0927,K5722

see:chij,kej

alsosee:may,sipul,u-
pulque

[chi]hi>chihpulque(glyphonvesselatacourt) K0732
chi>chi[h](glyphonvesselincourtscene)
K0717

AJ-chi-hi>ajchihpersonforpulque

K1092

yu-[ki]bitachi>yukib[il]tachi[h]

thedrink-instrumentforpulqueTIKMT219:G-I

see:-il,ta,ukib,y-

ti-UK[chi]hi>tiukchihtodrinkpulque
CPNAltarU:I2-J2

see:ti,uk-

Chehenisprobablyaphonologicalvariantofcheenastheyappearinthesamequotativecontext.Albeittentative,chehenprobablyevolvedthroughaphonologicalprocess
(perhapsaprocessofepenthesis,toeasepronunciation)inwhichtheintermediateglottalstop//incheenbecameaspirated,thus/h/.
61Michael Coe provides an intriguing case that Maya scribes indeed employed feather quill pens. His observations are not only based on the dictionary entries for cheb as
plumaparaescibirorplumaopndolaconqueseescribe,butmorespecificallyonthewritingandpaintingimplementsasdepictedinMayaiconography.Otherpensmay
havebeenmadeofreed,asalsosuggestedbyCoe.TothisIaddbamboo,whichisnativetotheregion;notethatcheb/chepisrecordedasbambooin,forinstance,Chol.
50
60

..chihil

..chij(1)

..chij(2)

..chij.chan

..chijil

n.

n.

cn.

n.

venison

deer

Chij(7thdayname)

ChijChan(7thdayname)

venison

yu-UK-ji-[chi]hi>yuk[u]jchihhedrinkspulque CPNAltar
see:uk-,y-
ya-ka-wa[chi]hi>yakawchihhereceivespulque COLSiteQPanel/K9127
see:ak-,-Vw,y-
chi-hi-li>chihilvenison
taSAK-chi-hi-liWE>tasakchihilwe

forwhitevenisonfoodCOLNMAPlate(K5460)
see:chij,sak,ta,we
alsosee:chijil
chi-ji>chijdeer

COLVessel62,K5062
CHIJ-ji>chijdeer

COLIncisedShell
CHIJ>chijdeer

COLVessel
chi>chi[j]deer

Madrid091A-4
see:chih,kej
alsosee:may,sipul
ya-la-ji-yati-chi-ji>yaljiytichij

itwassaidto(the)deer COLCMAIncisedShell
see:al-,ti
1-CHIJ>junchij1Deer

COLGlyphPanel9:A1
4-CHIJ>chanchij4Deer

COLGlyphPanel5:C263
9-chi>balunchi[j]7Deer

PALT.96:H1
see:balun,chan,jun
chiCHAN?>chi[j]chanDeerSerpent
10chiCHAN?>lajunchi[j]chan10DeerSerpent KJUStela10:H5-H6
see:chan,chij,lajun
CHIJji-li>chijilvenison
taSAK-kiCHIJji-liWAJ-ji>tasakchijilwaj

The collocation chi-ji can be found next to the depiction of a dancing anthropomorphic deer within the visual narrative on this vessel, currently in an Australian private
collection.Proto-Mayan:*kehj,Proto-Cholan:*chij.
63ThetwoexamplesontheSiteQpanelsprovidetheheadofadeerastheheadvariantforthedaysignwithinadaysigncartouche.MostprobablyChijDeerwasthe
seventhClassicMayadayname,whichwouldexplaintheuseoftheT673chisigninallotherexamplesasanabbreviatedspellingforchij(orLateClassicchih).
51
62

..chijlam

..chikab

..chikaj

..chik

..chikin(1)

..chikin(2)

..chikin.tun

..chik.nab(orchikulnab)

cn.

n.

n.

n.

n.
n.

cn.

cn.

ritualinterpreter

rattle-holder

Chikaj(treespecies)

coati

ear

Chikin(6thmonth)

ring-stone(lit.ear-stone)

ChikNab(toponym)

forwhitevenisonbread COLGardiner(K6080)
see:chij,sak,ta,waj
alsosee:chihil
chi-jila-ma>chijlamritualinterpreter

K1728
see:chilan
u-chika-ba>uchikabtherattle-holder

COLPrivatecoll.
see:u-
ti-chi-ka-ja>tichikajin(the)chikaj

Dresden33C-2
see:ti
CHIK>chikcoati
chi-ku>chik
chi-ki?>chiki[n]ear
LAJUN-na-CHIK-ni>lajunchikin10Chikin
TNAMon.141:A5
18-CHIK-ni>waxaklajunchikin18Chikin
Dresden61
see:chik,lajun,waxaklajun
u-chi-ki?-TUN-ni>uchiki[n]tun[il]thering-stone OXKBallcourtRing:K64
see:chikin,-il,tun,u-
[chi-ku]NAB>chiknab

CLKUnnumberedFrag.
see:chik,nab
AJ-[chi[ku]]na-bi>ajchiknab

CLKPlate

NARHS1Bl.VI:L3b
AJ-[chi[ku]]NAB>ajchiknab
AJ-chi-kuna-bi>ajchiknabpersonfromChikNabTNAMon.153:A1-A2
see:aj
chi-ku-NABAJAW>chiknabajawChikNabking CLKStela114
see:ajaw,chik,nab
[chi-ku]NAB[KUH]a-AJAW-wa>chiknabkuhulajaw

ChikNabgod-likeking QRGStelaI:D5
see:ajaw,chik,nab,kuhul
u-ti-ya[chi[ku]]NAB>utiychiknab

ThemonumentwascheckedinpersoninSeptember2005atthePalacioCantn/MuseoRegionaldeYucataninMrida.Theputativeki?signmayactuallybeali.Ifso,the
transcriptionmaybeu-chi-li-TUN-ni,possiblyforuchi[i]ltun[il]themouth-stone(chimouth),alsoanaptdescriptionofaballcourtringstone.
52

64

..chikin

..chikinkalomte

..chilan

..chil.kayul(orchiilkayul)
..chit

..chitin

..chitam

..chiwoj

n.

cn.

n.

cn.
n.

n.
n.

n.

happensatChikNab DPLPanel7:B6

see:ut-
west

chi-KIN-ni>chikinwest

Dresden22B-3

chi[KIN]-ni>chikinwest

Dresden46C

chi-KIN>chikinwest

Madrid051C

see:ochkin

Dresden43A-1

ti-chi-KIN>tichikinin(the)west

see:ti
WestKalomTe(title)
chi[KIN]-niKALOM-TE>chikinkalomte
YAXStela11Back:F5

chi-KIN-niKALOM-TE>chikinkalomte
K6437

chi-KIN-ni[KAL]ma>chikinkalom[te]

TIKVase(K7999)65

see:chikin,kalomte

alsosee:ochkinkalomte
ritualinterpreter
chi-la-ni>chilanritualinterpreter

COLSMBSmallFlask

see:chijlam
barracuda

chi-li-ka-yu>chilkayu[l]barracuda

COLRandelStela66
nounofunknownmeaningchi-ti>chit

CHIT-ti>chit

CHIT>chit

u-CHIT-tiCHAB>uchituchab

PUSStelaE:Fp8b67

u-chi-tiCHAB-ba>uchit[u]chab

TAMHS3StepVI

u-CHIT-tiCHAB>uchit[u]chab

MQLStela6:B1a

see:chab,u-
oven;sweathbath
chi-ti-ni>chitinoven
peccary

CHITAM-ma>chitampeccary

CHITAM>chitam
tarantula

chi-wo-jo>chiwojtarantula

PNGStela12:R2

Thevesselcontainstwonarrativepanels.InthesecondpanelthehandoftheelevatedparamounttouchestheKINsign.Themostlogicalhandsigninthiscontextischi(and
hishandevenseemstogestureorportraythatsign)aschikinkalomteisaknownLateClassictitle.
66NotecolonialYucatecMayachikaypicuda,pez.
67OntheleftsidealargeusignbracketstheverticallyorganizedspellingCHIT-ti-CHAB,perhapsindicativeofthefactthatbothchitandchabopenwithu-.
53
65

..cho
..cho.pa

..choch
..chok-

..chok.chaj

..chuch

?
cn.

n.
tv.

cn.

n.

chi-wo>chiwo[j]

PNGPanel2:B1
wordofunknownmeaningcho>cho(?)
ChoPa(toponym)
cho-[pa-AJ/a]AJAW>cho[]paajaw

(titleofacaptiveatYaxchilan)YAXHS5:17068

see:ajaw,cho,pa
intestines(?)

cho-cho>chochintestines(?)
tocast(something)
u-cho-ko-wa>uchokowhecasts

DPLStela8:D5

[]-cho-ko-wa>[u]chokowhecasts

PMTH.Panel1:A3

u-CHOK-wa>uchok[o]whecasts

SBLTabl.3:R1a

u-CHOK-ko-wa>uchokowhecasts

SBLStela10:B3

u-CHOK-wi>uchokowhecasts

NARAlt.1:K9

see:u--Vw

TIKStela21:B11a

[i]CHOK-wa>i-chokowthencasts

see:i-,-Vw

CHOK-wa>chok[o]wcasts

ARPStela2:C3

see:-Vw

CHOK-wi>chokowcasts

COLECIncisedCelt

see:-Vw

cho-ka-ja>cho[h]kajcastedis

XKBMonument1

QRGStelaF:C9a

cho-ka-ja>cho[h]kajcastedis

see:-[h]--aj
castingincense

u-CHOKcha-ji?-li>uchokchajil

thecastingincense NMPStela1:C3-A4

u-CHOK-cha-ji>uchokchaj[il]

BPKStela1:F3

u-CHOK-cha-ji>uchokchaj[il]

PALT.XIXBench-S:B4

u-CHOK-ko-cha-ji>uchokchaj[il]

CPNTemple22AText

see:chok-,chaj,-il,u-

u-CHOK-cha-ja>uchokchaj

CRCStela17:C5a

see:chok-,chaj,u-
frame

u-chu-chu>uchuchtheframe

Madrid102B-1

Placenamesdoendinpa,noteforinstancetheCholplacenamesAktePaArroyodePalmarandPuyPaArroyodeCaracoles.

68

54

..chuk-

..chukyah

..chum

tv.

n.

n.

tocapture

capture

seating

see:u-
u-chu[ku]wa>uchukuwhecaptures

u-chu[ku]wa>uchukuw

see:u--Vw
chu-ka-ja>chu[h]kaj>capturedis

chu[ku]-ja>chu[h]kajcapturedis

chu[ku]-ka-ja>chu[h]kaj>capturedis

chu-ka>chu[h]ka[j]capturedis

chu-ja>chu[[h]ka]jcapturedis

chuja>chu[[h]a]jcapturedis

chu>chu[[h]kaj]capturedis

chu-ka-ji>chu[h]kajcapturedis

see:-[h]--aj
[i]chu-ka-ja>i-chu[h]kajtheniscaptured
see:-[h]--aj,i-
chu-ku-[ji]ya>chu[]kjiycapturedwas

chu[ku]-ji-ya>chu[]kjiycapturedwas

see:-jiy
u-chu[ku]-ya>uchukya[h]thecapture

see:chuk-,u-,-yah
CHUM[mu]>chumseating
CHUM[mu]-[KAN]JAL-wa>chumkanjal[a]w

seatingofKanJalaw
CHUM[YAX-KIN-ni]-mu>chumyaxkin

seatingofYaxKin

PNGThr.1Sup.1:B1a
K199169
YAXLintel41:C1
LTILintel1:A2
YAXHS3St.Ithr:D1b
CNHPanel1:A3,
YAXL.16:A2
Madrid041A-1
K2352
K2352
K050370
PALHS:E7
YAXHS3St.III:D10b
CKNThr.2Side:K
YAXLintel46:F9

CMLStoneBrick71
CPNStr.9N-82Fragment

Thisverbalexpressionseemstorefertothehuntersinthescene.However,itispossible(althoughthistextwouldbecompletelymisplacedwithinthescene)thatitrefersto
GodDridingthepeccary(ifassuch,thetranscriptionmayhavebeenu-ku[chu]-wa>ukuchuwhecarries.
70This spelling occurs in the text on a stamped vessel that depicts an extensive battle scene. The double column text opens with the date 4 Etznab 1 Sotz (perhaps at
9.17.14.6.18,orMarch25,AD78552years),followedbytheClassicMayawarexpression(stillundeciphered).AtA5,afteraDistanceNumberandanewtzolkindate,the
spellingchu-ka-jicanbefound.
71Thisisthedatethatepigrapherswouldtransliterateas0Pop,whichtheMayaseemtohaveenvisionedasthedayonwhichthenewmonthwasputinplaceorseated.
55
69

..chum-

..chumib

..chum.tun

..chun-

pv.

n.

cn.

iv.

tosit

seat

stone-seating

tosit

see:kanjalaw,yaxkin
CHUM>chu[h]msits

see:-[h]-
i-CHUM-ja>i-chu[h]m[a]jthensits

see:-[h]--aj
CHUM-[ji]ya>chu[h]mjiysat

CHUM[mu]-[ji]ya>chu[]mjiysat

see:-[h]--aj,-iy
CHUM[mu]-la-ja>chumlajsits

CHUM[mu]-[la]ja>chumlajsits

CHUM[la]-ji>chumlajsits

CHUM[mu]-la>chumla[j]sits

see:-l-aj
CHUM-la-ji-ya>chumlajiysat

see:-iy,-l-aj
CHUM-wa-ni>chumwansits

CHUM[mu]-wa-ni-ya>chumwaniysat
see:-iy,-w-an
CHUM[mu]-li-ya>chum(u)liysitting(longago)
see:-iy,-Vl
CHUM[mu]-ni>chumunsits

see:-Vn
CHUM-ni-ya>chumniysat

see:-niy
CHUM[mu][bi]>chumibseat

see:chum-,-ib
CHUM-mu-TUN-ni>chumtunstone-seating
CHUM[mu]-TUN-ni>chumtunstone-seating
CHUM[TUN]-ni>chumtunstone-seating
see:chum-,tun
chu-ni-yatiAJAW-li>chuniytiajawli[l]

COLD.OaksPectoral
TIKHombre:C8
PMTStela7:B9a
TNATSMReliefPlate
TIKStela21:B10
PALTabl.96:F3
BPKPanel5:E5a
CRCBCM4:C2
TIKT.ILintel3:F9

CNKThr.2Top:A2
PALTI-WT:R8,T7
COLAlbasterSherd
CPNStructure11Panels
CPNGroup10KBench
PMTPanel1:K4
CNKThr.2Side:C
PALThrone1:Nb

56

..chuwen

..chuy

n.

tv.

artist,artisan

toweave

satinajaw-shipCPNStela2,West:A1a72
see:ajawlil,-iy,ti
alsosee:chum-
CHUWEN>chuwenartist,artisan
CHUWEN-na>chuwen
CHUWEN-ne>chuwen

NARStela8:E2b73
4-TECHUWEN-ne>chantechuwenChanteChuwenCOLLCVessel
see:chan,te
u-chu-yu>uchuyu[w][s]heweaves

Dresden01B-1
u-chu-wa>uchu[yu]w[s]heweaves

Dresden01C-2
see:u--Vw

n.

tv.

creation

tocreate

u-CHAB[ba]-liya-AKAB-li>uchab[i]lyakabil

thecreation,thedrankness
ti-cha-CHAB-ti-AKAB-li>tichab[il]ti[y]akab[i]l

in(her)creation,in(her)darkness
tu-CHABti-ya-AKAB-li>tuchabtiyakabil

inhiscreation,inhisdarkness
see:akab,-il,ti,tu,y-
2a-CHAB[AKAB]-li>achaba[w]akabil

yourcreation,yourdarkness
see:a-,aw-,akab,-il
ma-CHAB-bu?-si>ma[]chab[i]snocreation
see:-is,ma
u-si-jiu-cha-ba>usij[il]uchab

thegift,thecreation
u-cha?-ba-wa>uchabawhecreates

u-CHAB-wa>uchab[a]whecreates

CH
..chab

..chab-

CPNStelaI:C5
YAXStela33:C1
TIKT.ILintel3:D3-E4

PALScribe:C1
Dresden46C

COL(Houston1983:107)
CPNVase(K4655)
Dresden30C-2,31C-1,&c

Basedonavisualinspectionofthecastofthisstela(onexhibitatthePeabodyMuseum,June2008),Isuspectthatthechusignisinfixedwithamu.Ifso,thecollocationreads
chu[mu]-ni-yaandthusisparalleltothespellingCHUM-ni-yaasfoundintheCopanStructure11Panels.Onlyinspectionoftheoriginalmonumentcanconfirmmysuspicion.
73EarlyClassicspellingsofthistitleseemtobepostfixedwithvariantsofthesyllabicsign-ma,e.g.,K5458andK8042.Thusoriginallythisitemmayhavebeen*chuwem.
57
72

..chah

..chahom

..chaj(1)

..chaj(2)

..chajil

..chajom

..chajul

..chak-

Figure1e

n.

n.

n.

adj.

n.

n.

n.

tv.

see:u--Vw
incense(?)

cha-hi>chahincense(?)

cha-ha>chahincense(?)

smoke-maker/incense-caster(title)

cha-ho-ma>chajom

cha-[ho]ma>chahom

see:chah,-om

cha-ho-maTAK>chajomtak

see:-tak

alsosee:chajom
incense(?)

cha-ji>chajincense(?)

cha-je>chajincense(?)

cha-ja>chajincense(?)

bitter

ti-cha-jau-lu>tichajulforbitteratole

see:ti,ul
chajcontainer

u-cha-ji-lu>uchajilu[l?]thechajcontainer

see:chaj,u-
smoke-maker/incense-caster(title)

cha-jo-ma>chajom

cha-jo-ma>chahom

cha-jo-ma>chajom

cha-jo>chajo[m]

alsosee:chahom
Chajul(toponym)
cha-ju?AJAW-wa>chaju[l]ajawChajulking

see:ajaw
toaxe,tocut,todecapitate cha-ka-ja>cha[h]kajdecapitatedis

CHOAltar4:D1
CRCAltar12:G3
CPNStela1074
YAXLintel34:A8
K1645

TIKStela21:B11b
XKBMonument1
CRCStela17:C5a
K3199
K5810

K145375
YAXLintel3:J2
CHNMonjasLintel4:21a
K0635
COLBMFA(K0558)76
PALTI-ET:M8

Notetheemploymentofthefullversionof-ma.
Ihaveprovidedaseparateentryforthespellingcha-jo-ma,asitemploysa(former?)josigninsteadoftheregularhosign.Eitherthejosignshadmergedwithhosigns(/j/>
/h/)andallhadbecomesimplyho,orchajomexistednexttochahom.Invariousentriesandnotesinthisvocabularythismergercanbeobservedandisdiscussedinsomedetail.
76This toponym Chajul, if correctly identified, may be the Classic Maya rendition or approximation of the name of the town of Chajul in the department of El Quiche in
Guatemala.TheFentonVase,fromthesameschoolasK0558,wasobtainedattheendofthe19thcenturyasagiftbyMr.FleischmanninNebaj,acommunitytothewestof
present-dayChajul(Boot,inprep.).
58
74
75

..chak.ol

..chak.te

..cham-

..chamak

..chat

..chen(1)

Figure7d

cn.

cn.

tv.

n.

n.

n.

ChakOl(title)

woodenframe

toreceive

fox

dwarf

spring,well;cave

CHAK-ja>cha[h]kajdecapitatedis

NARStela12:B15b
see:-[h]--aj
CHAK-ka-jau-KAB>cha[h]kajukab

cutisthehand/armTNAStuccoMural
see:kab,u-
CHAK-ka-u-BAH>cha[h]ka[j]ubahcutistheheadPALT.XIXBench-S:E3
see:bah,u-
i-CHAK-ka-ja>i-cha[h]kajtheniscut

TRTMon.6:B1
see:-[h]--aj,i-
CHAK-OL-la>chakoldecapitator(?)

CHNT4LLintel2:G7

CHNAkabDzibLnt.:A4
CHAK-OL-la>chakol
see:chak-,ol
u-CHAK-OL-li>uchakol[i]lthedecapitator(?) K8749
see:chak-,-il,ol,u-
CHAK-TE>chaktewoodenframe

K0791
see:chak-,te
u-CHAM-wa>ucham[a]whereceives

[common]
see:u--Vw
ni-CHAM-wa>nicham[a]wIreceive

K1398
see:ni-
ti-cha-ma>tichamtoreceive

PSDLintel2:C2
see:ti
CHAM[KAWIL]-wi>chamawkawilreceiveskawilPRUStela30Frag.:pAq2
see:kawil,-Vw
cha-CHAMAK>chamakfox

TIKMarcador:H3
cha-ma>chama[k]

COLPalenqueWarPanel

YAXHS2StepVII:W1
cha-ti>chatdwarf
see:masul,nol
CHEN-na>chenspring,well;cave
CHEN>chen
tu-CHEN-na>tucheninthespring,well;cave
PALTFCTablet:M15
see:tu
59

Figure3:SomeExamplesofClassicMayaSpellings(photographscourtesyMesowebPhotoDatabase,nottobereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission)

a)CaracolStela1:tza-pa-jafortza[h]paj

c)YaxchilanHier.Stairway2:7-CHAPAT

[TZIKIN]for[u]hukchapattzikin

b)CaracolStela1:u-1-TAN-naforujuntan

d)PalenqueTabletofthe96Glyphs:TZUTZ-yi

fortzutz[u]y
60

..chen(2)

..choh

..chok(1)

..chok(2)

n.

n.

adj.

n.

workshop(?)

rat

young,unripe,emergent

youth

u-CHEN-na-la>uchenaltheworkshop(?)
K6100
u-CHEN-na>uchena[l]theworkshop(?)
K4387,K4909
see:-al,u-
CHOH>chohrat

COLLCVase

TNAStuccoMural
cho>cho[h]rat
cho-ko>chokyoung,unripe,emergent
u-[cho[ko]]KABA>uchokkabatheyoungnameYAXLintel29:C3
u-[CHOK[ko]]KABA>uchokkaba

CPNStela5EastAltar:H1b

PMTH.Panel2:C3
u-[CHOK-ko]KABA>uchokkaba
u-[cho]KABA>ucho[k]kaba

CRNPanel2:B777
see:kaba,u-
[cho]AJAW-ko>chokajawyoungking
Dresden20B-2
see:ajaw
cho-ko-ba-ka-ba>chokba[h]kabyoungbahkab
YAXStela7:pD5
see:bah>ba[h]kab
cho-ko[sa]ja-la>choksajalyoungsajal

COLRandelStela
see:sajal
cho-ko>chokyouth

Dresden23A-2
CHOK>chok

K0772,K6631
cho-ko-TAK-ki>choktakyouths

NARStela13:G6
OXKBallcourtRing:pW
cho-ko-ta-ki>choktakyouths

see:-tak
4-CHOK-ko-TAK>chanchoktakfouryouths
PALGroupIIVessel
4-CHOK[ko]-TAK>chanchoktakfouryouths
CPNStela6:B8b
see:chan,-tak
4-TE-CHOK[ko]-TAK>chantechoktak
fourcountedyouths CPNStelaI:C2b

see:chan,-tak,-te

Aninterestingspelling,inwhichtheregular-koforcho-koisabbreviated.Thisabbreviated,however,maybeduetothefactthatthewordchokisfollowedbyawordthat
openswithastrongerconsonant,namely/k-/inkaba.Thisisaphonologicalprocesscommontoallspokenlanguages,referredtoaselision,possiblyherefoundpreservedin
Mayahieroglyphicwriting.
61
77

..chok.kelem

cn.

ChokKelem(title)

n.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

n.

pv.

point,edge

EWitz(toponym)

step,stairway

step,stairway

messenger

point,edge

toplace,toenter,toinsert

4-ti-ki-li-cho-ko-TAK-ki>chantikilchoktak

four-countedyouths PALT.XVIIIShell
see:chan,-tak,-tikil
cho-koKELEM>chokkelemyouthstrongone
K6395,K6436,K6618
see:chok,kelem
alsosee:chakchokkelem

E
..e

..e.witz

..eb

..ebul

..ebet

..eh

..ek-

Figure4b

e>e[]point,edge
see:eh
e-wi-tzia-AJAW-wa>e[]witzajawEWitzking UXMAlt.10:B3-A4
e-wi-tzi-AJAW-wa>e[]witzajawEWitzking UXMAlt.10:D-E
see:e,witz
EB>ebstep,stairway

DPLHS4StepII:J2
ye-ba-li?>yebal[il]thestep/stairway

YAXHS2StepVIII:R2
ye-ba>yeba[l]thestep/stairway

EKBStr.1H.Serpent-E
ye-ba>yeba[l]thestep/stairway

DPLHS4StepII:K2
see:-al,y-
e-bu>ebulstep/stairway

NARHS1Bl.VII:P2a
EB[bu]>ebstep,stairway

CPNHSStep44

CPNStructure11Panels
EB-bu>ebstep,stairway
e-EB[bu]>ebstep,stairway

CPNHSStep44
ye-bu-li>yebul[il]thestep/stairway

CPNHSStep
ye-bu>yebu[lil]thestep/stairway

NARHS1Bl.XI:W1
see:-il,y-
ye-be?-ta>yebetthemessenger

BPKStr.1Rm.1:Capt.1
ye-be?-ta>yebetthemessenger

K5453
see:y-
7-ye>hukye[h]sevenarethepoints

K1184
see:huk,e
i-e-ke-wa-ni>i-ekwanthenplaces,enters,inserts TRTMon.6:F11
see:i-,-w-an
62

..ekatz

..eklib

..ek

..ek.balam(1)

..ek.balam(2)

..el-

..-el

..elkin

n.

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

iv.

suf.

cn.

e-ke-wa-ni-ya>ekwaniyplaced,entered,inserted TRTMon.6:J2

see:-iy,-w-an
cargo,bundle

e-ka-tzi>ekatzcargo,bundle

XLMJamb6:A5

see:ikatz,ikitz
panel(?)

e[ke]-li-bi>eklib

COLSaenzPanel:H8

see:ek-,-ib

alsosee:chaklib,jamlib
star

EK>ekstar

[e]ke>ek

eke>ek
EkBalam(toponym)
ta?-EK-BAH/ba-la-ma>taekbalamatEkBalamEKBStr.1MuralA:E178

see:balam,ek,ta
EkBalam(toponym/polity)KUH-[[EK]BALAM]AJAW-wa>

kuhulekbalamajawgod-likeEkBalamking
TNATSMStuccoGlyph

see:ajaw,kuhul
toburn

EL-le->el-toburn

EL-le>elburns

CPNStela15

i-EL-le>i-elthenburns

COLSaenzPanel:G5

see:i-
nominalizing(?)suffixonacertainclassofverbs.Examples:

a-je-la>ajeldawn

see:aj-

ti-mije-la>timijelappeasement

see:tim-
east

EL-KIN-ni>elkineast

YAXLintel30:F3

see:el-,kin

Perhapsthisisahypercorrectspellingforbahlam(themostprobableClassicMayapronunciationofthiswordforjaguar),asBAH-la-ma(insteadofsimplyba-la-ma,see
entriesforbalam).IftheidentificationofEkBalamasatoponymiscorrect,thearchaeologicalsiteknownasEkBalamsincetheConquest(ca.1550),mayhavebeenknownby
thesamenamealreadyintheninthcenturyAD.TheRelacinGeogrficadeEkBalam,inexplainingtheoriginofthenameofthesite,identifiesEkBalamasthefounderof
thesite,havingarrivedfromafar.Asnotedbeforeme,atToninaastuccoglyphhasbeenfoundthatcontainsthespellingkuhulekbalamajaw,anindicationthatatsometime
indeedEkBalammayhavebeenatoponyminChiapasoraspecialtitleoftheToninanobility(inthisvocabularytobefoundinthenextseparateentry).TothisIconnect
ToninaMonument83,onwhichaSakTzikingismentioned,partofwhosenameisEkBalam(notincludedinthisvocabulary).
63
78

..elkin.wak.a(..elkina)

..em-(1)

..em-(2)

..emach

..emal

..-en

..et.kaba

..-ey

cn.

iv.

pv.

n.

n.

pr.

cn.

suf.

alsosee:lakin
ElkinWakA(toponym) EL-KIN-wa-ka-a>elkinwaka

TIKT.IVLintel3:A5

see:elkin,waka
todescend

EM[ye]>emeydescended

TIK.T.IVLintel2:B4a

EM-ye>em[e]ydescended

K7821

see:-ey

EM-ta-CHAN-na>emtachandescendsfrom(the)skyPALTCTablet:D7

see:chan,ta

EM-CHAN-na>emchandescends(fromthe)sky K1226

see:chan

Dresden20B-3

EM-e-mi>emdescends

e-mi-ya>emiydescended

Paris17B

see:-iy
todescend

e-ma-wa-ni-ya>emwaniydescended

PALTFCInc.Burner:Ap5

see:-iy,-wan

TRTMon.6:H10
raccoon

EM-ma-cha>emachraccoon

EM-ma>ema[ch]

COLCDXVessel
descent

ye-ma-la>yemalthedescent

PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco

see:y-

ye-ma9-OK-TE>yema[l]balun[y]okte[kuh]

thedescentofBalunYokTeKuh TRTMon.6:K5

see:balunyoktekuh,y-
I(absolutivepronoun)
-ke-na>-en

a-wi-na-ke-na>awinakenyourservantIam

see:winak

-he-na>-en

che-he-na>chehensayI

see:che-
etkaba(title?)

ye-ta-KABA[a]-li>yetkaba[i]l

BPKStela2:D6

ye-te-ka[ba]-li>yetkaba[i]l

PNGBurial5Shell

see:-il,y-
phonologicallyreduceddeicticenclitic-ejeythatplacesverbalexpressionsinthepast.
64

Examples:

EM-ye>em[e]ydescendd
see:em-
HUL-ye>hul[e]yarrived
see:hul-

..-[h]-

..-[h]--aj(1)

..-[h]--aj(2)

..ha

..ha

..haal

..haat

infix

suf.

suf.

pr.

n.

n.

pr.

infixthatderivesanintransitivepositional.Example:

CHUM>chu[h]msits

see:chum-
bipartitesuffixthatderivesanintransitivepositional.Duetoconsonantclustering,theinfixed-[h]-
phonologicallychangesto-[]-.Examples:

i-CHUM-ja>i-chu[h]m[a]j

see:i-

CHUM[mu]-ji-ya>chu[]mjiy

see:-iy
bipartitesuffixthatderivespassivesderivedfromCVCtransitives;theinfixisreconstructedandnot
guardedbyaspellingprinciple.Ifconsonantclusteringoccursthe-[h]-changesto-[]-.Examples:

chu-ka-ja>chu[h]kaj

see:-aj,chuk-

chu[ku]ji-ya>chu[]kjiy

see:-jiy,chuk-
he,she,it(independentpronoun)

ha-AJ/a>hahe;she;it

CRCBCM3:C4

see:hain,hin
water;bodyofwater
ta-HA>tahainwater

Dresden40B-1

see:a
rain

HA-la>haalrain

Dresden55B-2

see:chakhaal

alsosee:chakhail,hail

PNGPanel3Sec.Text
you(independentpronoun)ha-ata>haatyou

ha[ta]>ha[a]tyou

K1398Sec.Text,K5113

ta-ha-ta>taha[a]ttoyou

COLIncisedShell,K1440

65

..ha.hix

..hain

..hail

..haob

..ha.kin.xok

..hab

..habtal

cn.

pr.

n.

pr.

cn.

n.

n.

see:ta
HaHix(nominalphrase) HA-hi[HIX]>hahixWaterJaguar

see:ha,hix
he,sheit(independentpronoun)

ha[i]>hai[n]he;she;it

ha-i>hai[n]he;she;it

see:ha,hin
rain

HA-li>ha[i]lrain

see:chakhail

alsosee:chakhaal,haal
they(independentpronoun)ha-o-ba>haobthey

hao-ba>haob

ha-o-bo>haob

see:ha,-ob

ha-obiAJ-uxu?-lu>haobajuxul

they(are)sculptors

see:ajuxul,ha(in),-ob

HaKinXok(anthroponym)HA-KIN-XOK-ki>hakinxok

HA-KIN-XOK>hakinxok

see:ha,kin,xok
year

ti-HAB-li>tihabilin(the)year

see:-il,ti

2-TE-HAB-ba>chatehab2(counted)years

see:cha,-te

1-HAB[bi]-ya>junhabiyoneyear

5-HAB-[bi]ya>hohabiyfiveyears

see:ho,jun
servant(?)

HAB-ta>habta[l]servant(?)

HAB[bi]-ta>habta[l]
HAB-ta-la>habtal

K0791

NARStela35:C7
CPNStelaI:C3b,CPNHS
Dresden66B-2

CPNStelaA:C2a,C10a
CPNAltarA:H3G4
CPNStructure11Panels

PNGPanel3Sec.Text
PNGThr.1Sup.1:A3
PNGThr.1Sup.1:C5b79
Dresden73B-5
CPNStructure11Panels
NARStela22:E20
CRCStela6:C10

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:WaterSunShark.

79

66

..hab.te

..haj
..ham-

..he

..hich

..hil-

..hin

cn.

n.
tv.

n.

n.

tv.

pr.

a-7-HAB-ta>a[j]hukhabta[l]personof7servants COLMaegliCircularAltar

see:aj,huk

AJ-9-HAB-ta-la>ajbalunhabtalpersonof9servantsSBLStela12:B7

AJ-9-HAB[bi]-ta>ajbalunhabta[l]

SBLStela9:C3

AJ-9-HAB-ta>ajbalunhabta[l]

SBLStela10:B4

a-9-HAB-ta>a[j]balunhabta[l]

AGTStela19:B5

see:aj,balun
HabTe(treespecies)
HAB-TE>habte

see:te
sign(?)

haja>hajsign(?)

K1670
tountie

ha-ma-li-ya>ham(a)liyuntied

PALPal.Tablet:I15,N13

see:-iy,-Vl
day(indistancenumbers) he>he[]day

7-he-na>hukhe[e]nsevendays

NARStela35:F780

8-he-wa>waxakhe[e]weightdays

CPNStelaI:D681

see:huk,waxak
surface(?)

hi-chi>hichsurface(?)

[common]

yi-chi-ya>yichiythesurface

K6998,K8740,K8930

yi-chi-ya>yichiy

MLCStr.1MuralText

see:-iy,y-

TRTMon.8Sarc.LidText
torest

u-hi-liOK>uhili[w?]okheleg-rests

see:ok,u--Vw

hi-lio-ke>hili[w?]okleg-rests

CPNAlt.Q:C2-D2

see:ok,-Vw
he,she,it(independentpronoun;LateClassicinnovation)

hi-na>hinhe,she,it

K1398,K1440:B4

hi-ni>hinhe,she,it

K4113

hi-naka-AJAW>hink(a)-ajawhe(is)ourking KHNPlate

NoteTzotzilchabhethedaybeforeyesterday,chabhetikeveryotherday.
InthisexampletheCopansculptoremployedararevariantfornumbereight,theregularbar-and-doteightplacedwithinacornhuskwithfoliage(T86:611).Perhapsthe
scribeincludedareferencetotheMaizeGod(thefoliage),astheMaizeGodisthegodofnumber8.
67
80
81

..hix(1)

..hix(2)

..hix.balam

..hix.witz

..hixil(1)

..hixil(2)

..ho

Figure7c

n.

n.

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

num.

see:ajaw,ka-

hi>hi[n]he,she,it

see:ha,hain

ta-hi-na>tahinasforhim

see:ta
jaguar

hi-HIX>hixjaguar

see:balam,hixbalam
Hix(14thday)

HIX>hix

HIX>[h]ix

jaguar

hi[HIX]BALAM>hixbalamjaguar

see:balam,hix
HixWitz(toponym/polity) HIX-WITZ>hixwitz

see:hix,witz

[HIX]WITZ-AJAW>hixwitzajawHixWitzking

[HIX]WITZ[AJAW-wa]>hixwitzajaw

HIX-WITZa-AJAW-wa>hixwitzajaw

IX-HIXwi-[tzi]AJAW>ixhixwitzajaw

ladyHixWitzking

IX-HIXwi-tzi-AJAW-wa>ixhixwitzajaw

ladyHixWitzking

see:ajaw,ix

AJ-HIX-WITZ>ajhixwitzpersonfromHixWitz

see:aj
Hixil(toponym)

[HIX-li]AJAW>hix[i]lajawHixilking

see:ajaw,hix,-il
Hixil(toponym)

hi[HIX]-liAJAW>hix[i]lajawHixilking

see:ajaw,hix,-il
five

5>hofive

ho-ho-ho>hofive

PNGPanel3,Sec.Text
K1398TextPanel
LACPanel1:J3b
NARStela22:F17
LandaFol.28r

DPLHS2WestStep5:F2
YAXHS3St.Vthr:D7b
K1387
K3844
YAXLintel17:H1
YAXLintel43:D1-D282
YAXStela7:pD4b
TIKIncisedBone
CMLUrn26Spine3

CPNStelaE:A483

In the two spellingsat Yaxchilan(Lintels 17 &43)the sign HIX is placed within a day sign cartouche ashix was also the name of the fourteenth day in the ClassicMaya
calendar,aswellasinmanyoftheMayacalendarsthatsurvivedintotheColonialperiod,evenuptothepresentday(hix~ixjaguar).
68
82

..ho.itzam.tun

..ho.janab.nal.chen

..ho.janab.witz

..ho.kal

..ho.kal.hix.balam

..ho.lajun

..ho.pik

..ho.tun

cn.

cn.

cn.

num.

cn.

num.

num.

cn.

u-5-tu-TUN>uhotunthefifthtun

PNGStela3:F4

see:tun,u-
HoItzamTun(theonym) 5-ITZAM-TUN>hoitzamtun

Dresden12C2

see:ho,itzamtun
HoJanabNalChen(toponym)

5-[JANAB]NALCHEN>hojanabnalchen
COLECVessel:A1-B1

see:chen,ho,janab,nal
HoJanabWitz(buildingname)

5-JANAB-WITZ>hojanabwitz

PNGPanel3:U6

see:ho,janab,witz
100

5-ka-la>hokal100

NARStela32:A1b

see:ho,kal
HoKalHixBalam(anthroponym)

o-kahi[HIX]BALAM>[h]o[]ka[l]hixbalam
K235284

see:hixbalam,hokal
fifteen

15>holajunfifteen

[common]

5-LAJUN-na>holajunfifteen

CHNMonjasLintel6:3

HO-LAJUN-na>holajunfifteen

CHNMonjasLintel4:385

15-na>holajunfifteen

OXPStela17:B386
40,000

5-PIKka-wa>hopik[ka]kaw40,000cacao(beans) BPKStr.1Rm.1Capt.18

see:ho,kakaw,pik
fivetunperiod(5x360days)5-TUN-ni>hotun

see:ho,tun

u-NAH-5-TUN-ni-li>unahhotunilthefirstfivetun

CPNAltartoStelaI:C

u-NAH-5-TUN-ni>unahhotun[il]thefirstfivetunCNCPanel3:A2

see:-il,u-

Thisexample,firstidentifiedbyLindaSchelein1989(CopanNote53),providesthreesyllabicsignsT672ho,tosimplyspellhofive.Thisexampleisuniqueinthecorpus.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:OneHundredaretheJaguars.Theo-kaspellingforoka[l]seemstotargethokalonehundred.
85Thenumeralfifteenholajunemployedhereconsistsofthepairedheadvariantsforthenumbersfive(HO)andten(LAJUN),suffixedby-na.
86Rareexampleinwhichthecommonthreebar15issubfixedwithaphoneticcomplement-na.AlsonoteOxpemulStela10foranothersubfix-na.
69
83
84

..huh

..huj

..huj.waj

..huk

..huk.ha.nal(..hukhanal)

..huk.ik.kanal

..huk.lajun

..huk.sipul

n.

n.

cn.

num.
cn.

cn.

num.
cn.

NAH-5-TUN-ni>nahhotunfirstfivetun
MQLStela3:G4b

see:nah

u-5-tu-TUNti-AJAW[le]>uhotun[il]tiajawle[l]

thefivetuninkingship PNGStela3:F4b-F5a

u-WI-5-TUN-ni-li>uwi[il]hotunilthelastfivetun

CPNStela4:B6

u-wi-5-TUN-ni>uwi[il]hotunilthelastfivetun CPNEastAltartoSt.5

see:-il,u-,wiil

WI-5-TUN-ni>wi[il]hotunlastfivetun
QRGStelaD:C22b1

seewiil
iguana

UH>[h]uhiguana

see:huj
iguana

HUJ>hujiguana

see:huh

hu>hu[j]
Dresden67B-2
iguanabread

hu-WAJ-wa>hu[j]wajiguanabread(offering)

see:huj,waj
seven

7>hukseven
HukHaNal(mythologicaltoponym)

7-[HA]NAL>hukhanalSevenWaterPlace
K1202

see:ha,huk,nal
HukIkKanal(toponym/buildingname?)

7-[IK[KAN]]NAL>hukikkanal

7BlackBenchPlace TIKStela31:E1787

see:huk,ik,kan,nal
seventeen

17>huklajunseventeen
HukSipul(theonym)
7-si-pu>huksipu[l]

Dresden13C-1

ThesamecompositenounoccursatXculocsBuildingoftheSculpturedColumns,buttheT580-likesignissuffixedwith-na(inthistextthecompositenounoperatesmost
probablyasthepropernameofthebuilding;ChristianPrager,personalcommunication,May2007).WasthereanalterationinthevalueoftheT580likesign?Oristhe-nasign
partofafullversionofthemainsignT580?ThreeChochola-Maxcanuceramicvessels(K4684,K8939,andathirdvesselinaprivatecollection)containtheabbreviatedreference
7-T580varintheirdedicatorytexts,probablyanindicationthatthesevesselscanberelatedtothesiteofXculoc.
70

87

..huk.tzuk

..hul-

..hulel

..hul.ol

Figure4d

cn.

iv.

n.

cn.

HukTzuk(regionaltitle)

toarrive

arrival(?)

HulOl(18thmonth)

see:huk,sipul
7-tzu-ku>huktzuk

TIKAltar8:B2
7-tzu[ku]>huktzuk

NARStela13:G7
see:huk,tzuk
alsosee:kantzuk,uxlajuntzuk
HUL-ye>hul[e]yarrived

TIKMarcador:B7
see:-ey
hu-le-na>hulenarriveI

PMTPanel2Fragment
see:-en
HUL-li>hularrives

NARStela29:F8
HUL-li>hularrives

DPLHS4StepII:F1
hu-li-3>hulobtheyarrive

NTNDrawing52:A4
see:-ob
HUL-li-ya>huliyarrived

YAXLintel29:D1
see:-iy
HUL-ya>hul[i]yarrived

CPNStelaI:B6b88
i-HUL-liMUT-la>i-hulmutalthenarrives(at)MutalTIKT.IV,Lnt.3:E1
i-hu-li>i-hularrives

NARStela29:G17
see:i-
hu-li-ya>huliyarrived

PALTCTablet:A11
see:-iy

CPNAltarF
hu-le-li-ji-ya>hulelijiyarrived
see:-ijiy
a-hu?-le-li-ya>ahuleliyyourarrival

K8885IncisedShell
see:a-,-iy
4-HUL-OL>chanhulol4HulOl

CPNStela3West:A14
8-HUL-OL>waxakhulol8HulOl

TNAMon.151:B1
18-HUL-OL>waxaklajunhulol18HulOl
CPNStr.12Rev.Stand89

Thisspellingemploysararesign(T271)withthevalueHUL;thejasignisanintegralpartoftheHULcompound,asisalsothecasewiththeT713bhandsignvariantofHUL
(thecommonone).
71

88

..hun(1)
..hun(2)

..hun(3)

..hun.tan

n.
n.

n.

cn.

paper,bark

book

headband;headdress,hat

cherishedone

see:chan,waxak,waxaklajun
alsosee:jaw,kumkuh
HUN>hunpaper,bark
HUN-na>hunbook

AJ-HUN>ajhunpersonofbooks
see:aj
HUN-na>hunheadband
HUN>hun
hu-na>hun
HUN-TAN-na>huntancherishedone
see:juntan

part.
suf.

n.
n.

then

i->i-then

[common]92
suffix(placeof;instrumental)thatderivesaninstrumentalnounfromanintransitive
verbstem.Examples:
u-ki-bi>ukibvessel(lit.drink-place/instrument)

see:uk-

WE-i-bi>weibdish(lit.eat-place/instrument)

see:we-
armadillo

i-ba-cha>armadillo

Dresden21B-3
Ibil(toponym)

KUH-i-bi-liWINIK-ki>kuh[ul]ibilwinik

god-likeIbilperson NTNDrawing29:A18-A19

KUH-i[bi]-liAJ/a-ja-wa>kuh[ul]ibilajaw

god-likeIbilking K4372

DPLStela8:B690
K6020(secondarytext)

COLRandelStela:F3b91

I
..i-
..-ib

..ibach
..ibil

Figure5c

ThesetwospellingsofthemonthHulOlincludeasuperfixthatisemployedforthevalueHULintheSupplementarySeriesonCPNStelaIatB6b(seehul-andseenote88).A
panelofputativeToninaoriginintheRobeyCollectionprovidesthelateClassicspellinghu-OL,employingaformerjusign.Perhapsthisisanabbreviatedspellingforhu[l]ol.
90ThisexampleemploysaspellingSCREENFOLD.BOOK-na,whichconfirmsthathunmeantbookinClassicMaya.However,intheDosPilasexamplehunactuallyrefersto
headband;headdress,hat.
91This spelling is an indication that the merger of /j/ with /h/ was nearing completion. Instead of employing 1 or JUN one the scribe employed the sign HUN. This may
indicatethatbythistimejunonehadbecomehunoneandthuscouldbesubstitutedbyhunknot;bark;paper;book.
92Avariantspelling(T237var)forthesoundi-employsahawkpluckingtheeyeofacanine-likeanimal(ihawk)insteadofthecommonT679.Asnotthewordhawkis
intended,butsimplythesoundi-,theglosshawkisnolongerincludedinthevocabulary.Thewordiisonomatopoeticinorigin,asitreferstothesoundthehawkmakes.
72
89

..ichan

..ichil

..ichil-
..ichiw

..ichiw.bak

..ichkil
..ich.naik

..ichnal

..ichak

..-ijiy

n.

prep.

iv.
n.

cn.

iv.
part.

cop.

n.

suf.

see:ajaw,kuhul
mothersbrother
yi-cha-ni>yichan[il]themothersbrother
YAXLintel58:C1

see:-il,y-

a-wi-CHAN-na>awichanyourmothersbrother PMTPanel2Fragment

see:aw-
in,within

i-chi-la11-TUN-ni>ichilbuluktun[il]

in(the)eleventhtun
CHNMonjasL.4A:D1

see:buluk,-il,tun
tobathe(oneself)
i-chi-li>ichilbathes[herself]

Madrid063A-1
heron(?)

i-chi-wa>ichiwheron

PALTCLeftPanel

see:akulichiw

alsosee:bak,ichiwbak
heron(?)

[i]chi-BAK>ichi[w?]bakheron(?)

PAL.T.XIXSouth:R1

see:bak,ichiw
tobathe

i-chi-ki>ichki[l]bathes

Madrid093C-1
hopefully

i-china-i-ki>ichnaikhopefully

PALTIW-T:A10-B10

i-chi-ki>ich[na]ik

PALTIW-T:D2

SBLTabl.2:L2a
with(inthepresenceof) yi-[chi]NAL-la>yichnalheiswith

yi-[chi]NAL>yichnalheiswith

COLPanel:A8b

yi-chi-NAL>yichnalheiswith

BPKStr.1Rm.1:N1a

yi-chi-NAL>yichnalheiswith

CPNAltar41

COLSimojovelShell

yi-chi-na-la>yichnalheiswith

see:y-

a-wi-[chi]NAL>awichnalyouarewith

K8008

see:aw-
claw

yi-cha-ki>yichak[il]theclaw

PNGPanel2:K1

yi-cha-ki>yichak[il]theclaw

COLMdEMStela(sec.text)

see:-il,y-

ICHAK-ki-BALAM-ma>[y]ichak[il]balam
SBLTabl.4:U1

yi-cha-ki-BALAM>yichak[il]balam

AGTStela2:F1

see:-il,y-
deicticencliticthatappearsonverbalexpressionssetinthepast;probablydescendedfrom*-ejey.
73

..-ik

..ikatz

..ikim

..ikitz

..ik(1)
..ik(2)

..ik.a (..ika)

suf.

n.

n.
n.

n.
adj.

cn.

Examples:

honorificsuffix

cargo,bundle

owl

cargo,bundle

wind

black

IkA(toponym)

u-[KAB]ji-ji-ya>ukabjijiyhesupervised,oversaw(it)
see:kab-
u-ti-ji-ya>utijiyhappened,occurred
see:ut-
alsosee:-ey,-iy
IX-ki>ix[i]klady
see:ix
alsosee:-tzil
i-ka-tzi>ikatzcargo,bundle

XLMCol.6:A3
see:ekatz,ikitz
yi-ka-tzi>yikatz[il]thecargo,bundle

PALT.XIIJadeBlock
yi-ka-tzi>yikatz[il]thecargo,bundle

PNGStr.J-5Burial5Jade
see:-il,y-
i-ki>iki[m]owl

Madrid095C-2
i-ki-tzi>ikitzcargo,bundle

PNGThr.1,Sup.1:B1a
i-ki-tzi>ikitzcargo,bundle

JNTPanel:Bp3
see:ekatz,ikatz
IK>ikwind

[common]93
IK>ikblack

[common]
IK-chi-ji>ikchijIkChij(personalname)
YAXHS2StepVII:S2
see:chij
MTLStela194
u-tiya-IK-a>utiyikahappenedatIkA
see:a,ik,ut-
a-IK-a>a[j]ika[]personfromIkA

YAXStela21:pH8
a-IK-a>a[j]ika[]personfromIkA

K229595
see:aj

Although during the Classic and Postclassic period the words for wind and black were phonologically similar (both close to ik), they were derived from different
prototypicalforms,ProtoMayan*ikwindandWesternMayan*ihqblack(ProtoMayan*ehkor*ejk).ThesignsT503IKWINDandT580IKBLACKneversubstitute
foreachother.Ineedtoaddthat,atthepresenttime,IamresearchingthepossibilitythatT503outsidethedaycartoucheactuallymayhavehadthevalueHUXWIND.
94TheT503IKispostfixedwithT12,whichseemstooperateasa,derivedacrophonicallyfromAJ.Comparetoothertoponymsthatendina,e.g.,itza,waka.
95ThescribeemployedT228varatoopenthecollocationfortheagentiveajandT12AJ,acrophonicallyhavingbecomea,infinalpositiontoderive-a.
74
93

..ikat

..ik.bul.(chan)

..ik.chan

..ik.chij

..ik.kab

..ik.kuh

..ik.sijom

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

IK-aAJAW-wa>ikaajawIkAking
K1546

see:ajaw

KUH-[IK-a]AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]ikaajaw
ALRAltar3

KUH-[IK]AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]ik[a]ajaw

god-likeIkAking K1728

see:ajaw,kuhul
Ikat(2ndmonth)
18-IK[ta]>waxaklajunik[a]t18Ikat

Dresden47C

16-IK-ta>waklajunik[a]t16Ikat

Dresden62

tu-HO[LAJUN]-na-IK-ta-wo-i>tuholajunik[a]two[il]

onthefifteenthof15Ikat/15Woil CHNMonjasL.4:3-496

see:holajun,waklajun,waxaklajun

alsosee:chakat,wo,woh
IkBul(Chan)(nom.phrase)IK-bu-lu>ikbul(chan?)

K0533,K8889

see:ik,bul

alsosee:yaxbulchan
blacksky

IK-CHAN-na>ikchanblacksky

Dresden74A

see:chan,ik
IkChij(nominalphase) IK-chi-ji>ikchijBlackDeer

YAXHS2StepVII:S2

see:chij,ik
blackearth

IK-KAB>ikkab(orikab)blackearth

Dresden74A

see:ik,kab
IkKuh(winddeity)
IK-KUH>ikkuhwindgod

K1440:Z5,K5113Side2:A1

IK-KUH>ikkuhwindgod

YAXHS2StepX:A2

see:ik,kuh
IkSijom(9thmonth)
1-IK-SIJOM-ma>juniksijom1IkSijom
YAXLintel30:F2

1-IK-SIJOM-ma>juniksijom1IkSijom
CHNCasaCol.HB:29
CPNPeccarySkull:B1

8-[IK]SIJOM>waxakiksijom8IkSijom

see:ik,jun,sijom

i-ki-SIJOM-ma>ik[]sijom

LandaFol.43v97

ThistextandfourothersatLasMonjasemploybothnamesforthesamemonthposition,theoldfashionIkatandtheinnovativeWo(orWoil;noteemploymentofWoh,
orWohil,ononeoftheCodex-styledynasticvessels{K6751]).
75
96

..ik.te

..ik.tun

..ik.wolok

..-il(1)

..-il(2)

..-il(3)

..il-

cn.

cn.

cn.

suf.

suf.

suf.

tv.

IkTe(treespecies)

IkTun(toponym)

IkWolok(toponym)

possessivesuffix

locativesuffix

agentivesuffix

tosee,towitness

IK-TE>iktetreespecies(blacktree)

see:ik,te
AJ-IK-TUN-ni>ajiktunpersonfromIkTun
AJ-IK-TUN>ajiktun

AJ-IK-TUN-nu>ajiktun

see:aj,ik(2),tun
AJ-IKwo-lo?-ko>ajikwolok

personfromIkWolok
see:aj,ik
-Ci-li>-il
-Ci-la>-il
-li>-[i]l
-li>-[i]lplaceof;location
see:-al,-nal,o
-ni-li>-il
see:-aj
alsosee:aj,-Vm
yi-IL-wa>yiliwhesees,witnesses

yi-li-wa>yiliwhesees,witnesses
see:y--Vw
i-li-ki>iliksee!

see:-Vk
IL-ja>i[h]l[a]j>seen,witnessedis

IL-la-AJ>i[h]laj

IL-AJ>i[h]laj
IL-AJ-ji>i[h]laj

Dresden31C-298
COLPolychromeVase
K5453
AGTBurial6Vessel

TAMHS3StepIII99

IXZStela4:B5a
CHNMonjasL.5A:A1
K1398TextPanel
MQLStela3:G3b
SBLStela10:B7
SBLStela8:A5a
PRUStela15,LeftSide

Althoughthisspellingdoesnotcontainthefinalglottalizedconsonantasinik,itdoesindicatethattheClassicMayapronunciationofthelogographicsignforblackwasik
asitisspecificallyspelledi-ki.
98NoteCholiikterbol(decscaranegra).
99ApanelofunknownprovenanceprovidesthespellingAJ-YAX-wo-lo-?.Althoughthefinalsigniseroded,thisagentiveexpressionmayprovideanotherexampleofwolok(as
inajyaxwolok).AlsoseeYaxchilanHS5,Stone116fortheagentiveexpressiona-SAK-wo-lo-?(notecolorassociationik,sak,oryaxwithinthisexpression).Theprecisemeaning
ofwolokisunknown,butitmaybebasedonwol-toencircle(notecolonialYucatecwowolokcosaredondayesfrica).
76
97

..in-

..ip

..-is

..it-(orita-)

pr.

n.

suf.

tvd.

i-la-ja>i[h]laj

IL-li-a-ja>i[h]laj

see:-[h]--aj

IL-ni>il[a]nbecomestobeseen,witnessed

ha[i]-IL-ni-ya>haiil(a)niyhesees,witnesses

see:hai,-niy

ma-a-IL-a-ji>mai[h]lajisnotseen,witnessed

see:-aj,ma

yi-IL-AJ>yi[h]lajitisseen,witnessed

yi-la-ji>yi[h]laj

see:-[h]--aj,y-
I(firstpersonpreconsonantalpronoun)

i-ne>in-I

see:ni-
strength

i-pi>ipstrength

i-pi>ip
absolutivesuffixonacategoryofnouns,includingbodyparts.Examples:

ka[ba]-si>kab[i]shand

see:kab

o-la-si>ol[i]sheart

see:ol
toaccompany

yi-ta-ji>yitajheisaccompanied

yi-ta-ji>yitajheisaccompanied

yi[ta]ji>yitajheisaccompanied

yi[ta]ji>yitajheisaccompanied

yi-ta-je>yitajheisaccompanied

yi-ta-je>yitajheisaccompanied

yi-ta-ja>yitajheisaccompanied

yi-ta>yita[j]heisaccompanied

see:-aj,y-

yi-ta-ji-ya>yitajiyhewasaccompanied

see:-aj,-iy,y-

NTNDrawing65:H4
NTNDrawing66:B1
CMLStoneUrn
PMTH.Panel8:Bp4
TRTWoodenBox
NARStela13:D12
CPNStructure11Panels

LandaFol.45r
PALT.XIVTablet:A6
CPNStelaA:E6

SBLTabl.2:L1a
CHNT4LLintel2:G1,G4
CPNAltartoStelaI:K1a
CPNStela6Back:B7b
CHNMonjasL.2:17
CHNT4LLintel1:G4
NMPStela2:J1-I2
NARStela13:D5
CLMStela52
77

..itz.a(..itza)

..itzam

..itzam.at

..itzam.nah

..itzam.tun

..itzim.nah

..itza.ho

n.

n.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

ItzA(toponym)
KUH-[[i]tza]AJAW>kuh[ul]itza[]ajaw

god-likeItzAking

[[i]tza-a]AJAW>itzaajawItzAking

see:ajaw,kuhul

AJ[i?]tza-a>ajitzapersonfromItzA

see:aj
Itzam(partofthenamesofseveraloldgods)

i-ITZAM>itzam

ITZAM-ma>itzam
ItzamAt(theonym)
ITZAM-AT>itzamat

ITZAM-AT-ti>itzamat

see:at,itzam
ItzamNah(theonym)
ITZAM-na>itzamna[h]

i-ITZAM>itzam[nah]

ITZAM-ma>itzam[nah]

see:itzam,nah

alsosee:itzimnah
ItzamTun(theonym)
ITZAM-TUN-ni>itzamtun

[ITZAM]TUN-ni>itzamtun

see:itzam,tun

alsosee:chanitzamtun,hoitzamtun
ItzimNah(creatordeity) ITZAM[tzi]-na>itzamna[h]

see:itzamnah
ItzaHo(toponym)
i-tza-a5-AJAW>itzahoajaw

MTLStela1
COLSMBECVessel
CHNCaracolPan.:M2-N2

Madrid080B1100
COLMqBVase/K1560
K1398
XLMColumn3:A2a
Madrid080B-1
COLHaubergStela:E1

LTILintel4:G1,H1
PMTPanel1(2x)

Madrid110B-2101
COBStela4:T2

The etymology of the word itzam is not wellknown (note the awkward itz+a+am proposal by Barrera Vsquez). I propose that itzam descends from *itzmam, in which,
throughaprocessofelision,theconsonantclustertzm(finaltzisstrongerthaninitialm)mergedandbecamesimplytz(thusitzmam>itz[m]am>itzam).Itzwouldthusbe
anadjectivethatmodifiesthenounmam(itzenchanted;nounitzdew,liquid[fromheaven]).Itzqualifiesthekindofmamoldgod(i.e.,grandfather)intendedandsetsit
apartfromothermamoldgods.
101TheseexamplesmayspellonlypartofthenameofthePostclassiccreatorgod,basedonthenameasknownfromcolonialYucatecsources.Albeittentative,intheClassic
period the name of the supreme creator god may have been Itzam Nah Yax Kokaj Mut, which I base on the Palenque Temple XIX Bench spellings YAX-NAH[hi]
ITZAM[KOKAJ.MUT?]ji(SouthSide:C7-D7)andYAX-[[ITZAM]KOKAJ.MUT]NAH(Southside:V1).TheBocabulariodeMayathan(ca.1670)containstheentryhunitzan
na.Yaxcocahmut(originalspelling)asthenameoftheYdoloq[ue]decianserdeeste,referringtotheimageoftheYdolomaiornamedColopVuichKin(originalspelling).
78
100

..itzat

..itzin

..itzin.winik

..ix

..ix.ajaw

..ix.aj.kuhun

..ix.bah.kab

..ix.bakel

..ix.chilan

..ix.kalom.te

n.

n.

cn.

ag.

cn.

ag.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

sage

youngerbrother

youngerbrotherperson

lady

ladyking

ladyworshipper

Ladyfirst-of-the-world

IxBakel(anthroponym)

LadyInterpreter

LadyKalomTe

see:ajaw
i-tza-ti>itzatsage

K1256
[i]tza-ti>itzatsage

XLMJmb.3:B5
[i]tza-ti>itzatsage

TIKMundoPerdidoVase
[i]tza-ta>itzatsage

K0633

XLMCol.4:A5a
[i]tza>itza[t]sage
yi-tzi-na>yitzintheyoungerbrother

CRCStela6:C22
yi-tzi-ni>yitzin

NTNDrawing29:B2
see:y-
i-tzi-WINIK>itzi[n]winikyoungerbrotherpersonPALPal.Tablet:L14
see:itzin,winik
i-xi>ixlady

BPKPanel4:G2
i-IX>ix

CHNAkabDzibL.:G2a
IX>ix

K4996
i-IX[AJAW]>ixajawladyking
IX[AJAW]>ixajawladyking

COLLCPomoyPanel
see:ajaw,ix
IX-aKUH-na>ixajkuhunladyworshipper
YAXLintel32:K1-K2
IX-AJ-KUH-HUN>ixajkuhunladyworshipperYAXLintel53:G2
see:ajkuhun,ix
IX-ba-ka-ba>ixbakabladyfirst-of-the-world
YAXLintel43:D4
see:bakab,ix
IX-BAKe-le>ixbakel

XLMJmb.8:Ap2-3102
see:bak-,-el,ix
IXchi-la-ni>ixchilanladyinterpreter

COLSMBSmallFlask
see:chilan,ix
IX-KALOM-TE>ixkalomteladyKalomte
YAXLintel24:G4
IXKALOM-TE>ixkalomte

K5976
IX[KALOM]>ixkalom[te]

YAXLintel32:K3
see:ix,kalomte

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:LadyBone.

102

79

..ix.mab.lum

..ix.men.ajaw

..ix.sajal

..ix.sak.biyan

..ix.sak.kuk

..ix.te.tun.kaywak

..ix.uh

..ix.wayib

..ix.yax.jal

..ix.yax.pach.kuk

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

IxMabLum(anthroponym)IXma-balu-ma>ixmablum

see:ix,lum,mab
IxMenAjaw(title?)
IX-[me?-na]AJAW-wa>ixmenajaw

see:ajaw,ix,men
ixsajal(titleofsomesort) IX-sa-ja>ixsaja[l]ladysajal

IX-sa-ja-la>ixsajal

see:ix,sajal

IxSakBiyan(anthroponym)IX-SAK-bi-ya-ni>ixsakbiyan

see:ix,sak
IxSakKuk(anthroponym)IX-SAK-KUK>ixsakkuk

IX-SAK-ku>ixsakku[k]

see:ix,kuk,sak
IxTeTunKaywak(anthroponym)

IX-[TE]TUN-nika-ya-wa-ka>ixtuntekaywak

see:ix,kaywak,te,tun
IxUh(moondeity)
IX-UH>ixuh

see:uh
IxWayib(title)

IX-WAY[bi]>ixway[i]bladyWayib

see:ix,wayib

alsosee:bah>bahwayib
IxYaxJal(anthroponym) IX-YAX-ja[la]>ixyaxjal

see:ix,jal,yax
IxYaxPachKuk(anthroponym)

YAX-IXpa-chi-KUK>ixyaxpachkuk

XLMPanel4:B1
CHNMonjasL.3A:C2103
YAXLintel14:F3
YAXStela7:pC8
YAXLintel56:J1104
PALSarc.SideN-1
PALSarc.LidSide:54b105

TIKAlt.5:5-6,13-14106
NARStela24:D4
K5164

YAXLintel14:C1

MQLStela11:B5b107

Iftranscribedcorrectly(T781:23>me?-na),thisistheparamounttitleofthemotherofIxKayam(duetothegreatvariationinhernamenotyetincludedinthevocabulary),
themotherofKakUpakalKinichKawilatChichenItza(thushismaternalgrandmother).Tentativeparaphraseofthisparamounttitle:LadyMasterorArtificerKing.
104YaxchilanLintel11providesthespellingYAX-bi-ya-niforyaxbiyan;NajTunichDrawing29twiceprovidesKAN-na-bi-ya-ni.Whileitisstillunknownwhatbiyanmeans,
inallthreeinstancesitisprecededwithacoloradjective,kanyellow,sakwhite.oryaxgreen;blue.AsimilarscenarioispresentinregardtotheentryAjIkWolok.
105Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:LadyResplendent/Pure/WhiteQuetzal.
106Tentative paraphrase of this anthroponym: Lady Tree Stone Kaywak. TE is infixed into TUN, without having control on the correct reading order, I suggest this is the
intendedorder.ThisIbaseonthefactthattetunisanorderofnounsknownfromthetoponymUxTeTunandthepostfixed-ni.
107Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:LadyGreenFeatheredorCoatedQuetzal.
80
103

..ix.yol.ik.nal

..ixik

..ixim

..ixim.te

..-iy(1)

..-iy(2)

..iyuwal

cn.

ag.

n.

cn.

suf.

suf.

part.

see:ix,kuk,pach,yax
IxYolIkNal(anthroponym)

IXyo-OL-la[IK]NAL-la>ixyoliknal

PALGroupXVIPanel

IX-OL-la[IK]NAL-la>ix[y]oliknal

PALSacr.SideW-2108

see:ix,ik,ol,nal,y-
lady

IX-ki>ix[i]klady

YAXLintel32:I1

IX-ki>ix[i]klady

ElCayoAltar4Support109

see:-ik,ix
corn,maize

i-xi?-ma>corn,maize

see:ajixim
IximTe(treespecies)
i-IXIM?TE>iximte

K0791,K9115

IXIM-TE>iximte

K1371,K5976,K5978

see:ixim,te
possessivesuffix(?)
yi-chi-ya>yichiythesurface

see:hich

a-wu?-le-li-ya>awuleliyyourarrival

see:hulel
phonologicallyreduceddeicticenclitic-ijiythatplacesaverbalexpressioninthepast.
Examples:

chu[ku]-[ji]ya>chu[]kjiycapturedwas

see:chuk-

u-ti-ya>utiyhappened,occurred

see:ut-

alsosee:-ijiy
thennow(progressiveaspectmarker)

i-yu-wa-la>iyuwalthennow

CPNStelaJ(multipleexs.)

i-yu-wa-la>iyuwal

JNTPanel:Ap3a

see:i-

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:LadyHeart/CenteroftheWindPlace.
ItranscribetheT1003femaleheadasIX,whichinthisexampleispostfixedwith-ki,toleadtoix[i]k.Alternatively,ixokispossible.Atthesametime,allT1003femaleheads
ininitialpositionthatmarkaladysnameortitlemaybeixik~ixokinsteadofsimplyix.
81
108
109

J
..jach

..jach.bak

..jal

..-jal

..jalab

..jalaw

..jamlib

..janab

n.

cn.

n.

suf.

n.

n.

cn.

n.

incisedobject

tu-ja-chi>tujach[il]ontheincisedobject
CHNCenoteBoneFrag.

see:-il,tu

u-ja-chi>ujach[il]theincisedobject

CPNPeccarySkull

u-ja-chi>ujach[il]theincisedobject

COLPULConchShell

see:-il,u-

u-ja-cha>ujachtheincisedobject

TPXIncisedBone

see:u-
inciserbone

u-ja-chiBAK-ki>ujachbak[il]theinciserbone
DBCStr.42IncisedBone

see:bak,-il,u-
reed

JAL-la<jalreed

JAL>jal

ja-la>jal

see:akan
reducedsuffix-ajthatderivesaninchoativeplus-alwiththemeaningbecomes.Examples:

CHAK-ja[la]-TE>chakjalteTreethatbecomesRed

see:chakjalte

KAN-ja-lamu-ku-yi>kanjalmukuyDovethatbecomesYellow

see:kanjalmukuy
ballcourt

JALAB?[bi]>jalabballcourt

CHNT4LLintel1:C8

see:alaw,jalaw
ballcourt

ja-JALAW?>jalawballcourt

UXMHier.Step1:I1

see:alaw,jalab
Jamlib(toponym?)
AJ-ja-ma-li-bi>ajjamlibpersonfromJamlib
YAXLintel23:J1110

see:aj

alsosee:chaklib,eklib
cornflower(??)

JANAB>janabcornflower(??)

ja-na-bi>janab

Thistoponymmayderiveitsterminallocativesuffixthroughthesuffix-ib,muchlikethelocativesuffix-nib(<*-Vn-ib).The-lib(<*-Vl-ib)suffixmaybepresentonallthree
examplescited,chaklib,eklib,andjamlib,thelastoneofwhichistheonlyoneexplicitlyprefixedwiththegeneralagentiveajcommontotitlesoforigin.
82
110

..janab.pakal

..janab.ti.o

..jas-

..jasaw.chan

..jasaw.chan.kawil

..jatz-

..jatzom

..jatzom.kuh

cn.

cn.

tv.

cn.

cn.

tv.

n.

cn.

JanabPakal(anthroponym)ja-na-bipa-ka-la>janabpakal

JANAB-pa-ka-la>janabpakal

see:janab,pakal

JanabTiO(anthroponym)JANAB-TIO>janabtio

[JANAB]TIO>janabtio

JANAB-TIO-o>janabtio

see:janab,o,ti
verbofunknownmeaningja-sa->jas-

see:jasawchan,jasawchankawil
dance-object

tija-sa-waCHAN-na>tijasawchan

with(the)dance-object

see:chan,jas-,ti,-Vw
JasawChanKawil(anthroponym)

ja-sa-wa-[CHAN]KAWIL-la>jasawchankawil

see:-aw,chan,jas-,kawil
tohit,tostrike

ja-tza>jatz-tohit,tostrike

ja-tza-yiu-JOL[lo]>jayzayujolo[m?]

hit,strikenthehead

see:jolom,u-,-Vy

ja-tza-lau-KAK>jatzalukakhitthefire

see:kak,u-,-Vl

ja-tza-jau-[bi]TUN-ni>ja[h]tzajubi[h]tun[il]

strikenisthewhitewashedroad

ja-tzau-[bi]TUN-ni>ja[h]tza[j]ubi[h]tun[il]

ja-tzau-bi-TUN-ni>ja[h]tza[j]ubi[h]tun[il]

see:-aj,bihtun,-[h],-il
Striker(title)

ja-tzo?>jatzo[m]striker

ja-tzo?-ma>jatzom

see:jatz-,-om

alsosee:jatzomkuh

JatzomKuh(anthroponym)ja-tzo?-maku>jatzomku[h]

JATZ?KUH>jatz[om]kuh

PALSarc.SideW-1
PALSarc.LidSide:40
K1387,K8722/8837
COLBallgamePanel
K5646

YAXLintel9:B1-B2

TIKT.IVLintel3:H8

COLNYColl.Stela
IZTPanel2,Frag.III

NARAltar2:B2-A3
NARAltar2:C4-D4
NARAltar2:F3-E4
YAXLintel49:C5

TIKMarcador:E3
TIKMarcador:C3
83

..jaw

..jawan.te

..jay

..jay.ukib

..jel-

..-jib

n.

cn.

n.

cn.

tv.

suf.

[JATZ?]maKUH>jatz[o]mkuh

TIKMarcador:E9-F9111

see:jatzom,kuh
Jaw(18thmonth)
8-ja-wa>waxakjaw8Jaw

COLFordGalleryPanel

12-ja-wa>lajchajaw12Jaw

K0791RimTextCR

13-ja-wa>uxlajunjaw13Jaw

CPN0282

see:lajcha,uxlajun,waxak

alsosee:hulol,kumkuh
(openmouth)plate
u-ja-wa-TE>ujawa[n]tetheplate

K1609,K3636

uja-wa-TE>ujawa[n]te

K4669

see:u-
claybowl

u-ja-yi>ujay[il]theclaybowl

K0954

u-ja>uja[yil?]

K3115

see:-il,u-

u-ja-ya>ujaytheclaybowl

K1398,K4997,K5838

see:u-

ja-yiu-KABA-bayu-ki-bi>jayukabayukib

claybowlisthenameofthevessel UAXECVessel

see:kaba,u-,ukib,y-
claybowl&drink-instrument(couplet)

uja-yiyu-kibi>ujayyukib[il]

theclaybowl,thedrink-instrument K4551,K5466
tochange;toadorn
u-je-le-wa>ujelewhechanges/adorns

PALTFCTablet:E6

see:u--Vw

JEL-[la]ja>je[h]lajchanged/adornedis

QRGStelaC:B6a

JEL-ja>je[h]l[a]jchanged/adornedis

QRGStelaF:B16b

see:-[h]--aj
JEL-[ji]ya>je[]ljiychanged/adornedwas
PALTCTablet:C6b

see:-jiy
instrumentalsuffixderivedfromafullform-aj-ib,inwhich-ajderivesanintransitivestem.
Example:

ya-ja-laji[bi]>yajal(a)jib

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:OwlThatWillStrike.

111

84

..-jiy

..jinaj

..joch-

..joch.kak.aj

..jol-

..jol

..jol.kuh

suf.

n.

tv.

cn.

tv.
n.

cn.

see:-ib
phonologicallyreducedsuffix-[h]--aj,inwhich-ajisthethematicsuffixofpassivesand-iythereduced
deicticclitic(-ijiy).Example:chu[ku]-[ji]ya>chu[]kjiy

see:chuk-

alsosee:-aj,-iy
sprout

JINAJ?-ji>jinajsprout

PALT.XIXBench-S:T2

JINAJ?-ji>jinajsprout

COLKAMLintel
todrill,toperforate
u-jo-cho-wa>ujochowhedrills

ITZStela17:H3

see:u--Vw

Dresden06B-2

u-jo-cha>ujocha[j][s]hedrills

see:u-,-aj

jo-cha>jo[h]cha[j]drilledis

ITZStela17:K2a

see:-[h]--aj

jo-cho-[ji]ya>jochjiydrilledwas

YAXLintel29:D4

see:-jiy

jo-cho>jocho[w]drills

Dresden05B-2

see:-Vw

jo-cho-bi-ya>joch(o)biydrilledwas

CHNCasaCol.HB:13

see:-iy,-Vb

jo-cho-li>jocholdrills

EKBColumn1:E2

see:-Vl
jochkakaj(title)
jo-cho-KAK-AJ>jochkakajdrill-fireperson PALT.XIXBench-S:E6

see:-aj,joch-,kak

alsosee:kuhaj,pomaj
to(newly)open(?)
jo-lo->jol-to(newly)open(?)
head

jo-lo>jolhead

Dresden08B-2

a-JOL>ajolyourhead

K1398(spokentext)

see:a-
head-god

u-JOL-KUH-li>ujolkuh[i]lthehead-god
PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco

see:-il,jol,kuh,u-

tu-JOL-KUH-li>tujolkuh[i]lfor/withthehead-god

PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco
85

..jolom

..jolom.tzikin

..jom-

..jop-

..joy-(1)

..joy-(2)

..joyel

..joy.kan

..jub

..jub-

n.
cn.

tv.

pv.
tv.

tv.

n.

cn.

n.

tv.

see:-il,jol,kuh,tu

u-nu-kuJOLKUH>unuku[ch?]jolkuh[il]
CHNYULLintel1:H4-H5

see:-il,jol,kuh,nukuch
head,skull

JOL-ma>jol[o]mhead,skull
JolomTzikin(anthroponym)JOL-maTZIKIN-na>jol[o]mtzikin

COLBMFentonVase112

JOLTZIKIN-na>jol[om]tzikin

COLSMBVase(K2206)

JOL-ma?tzi?-na>jol[o]mtzi[ki]n

K1392

see:jolom,tzikin
todestroy(?)

jo-mo-yi>jomoydestroys(?)

CPNStela11:B1

see:-Vy
tofill

jo-po>jop-
totrap

JOY-jaKAWIL>jo[h]y[a]jkawiltrappedwasKawilDresden67A-3

see:-[h]--aj

alsosee:kawil
YAXSt.11FrontBasePanel
tocomeout,todebute
jo-JOY[ja]tia-AJAW[le]>jo[h]yajtiajawle[l]

JOY[ja]ti-AJAW-le-le>jo[h]y[a]jtiajawlel

iscomingoutinking-ship PNGThr.1Sup.2:B3

see:ajawlel,-[h]--aj,ti
CPNAltarF

[jo]JOY-ji-ji-ya>joyjijiywascomingout

see:-ijiy
debute

ti-jo[JOY]-ye-la>tijoyelindebute(asruler)
YAXLintel26:T1

see:joy,ti
JoyKan(toponym)
ka?-[JOY[KAN]]AJAW>joykanajawJoyKanKingCMLClayWallTablet

[JOY[KAN]]AJAW-wa>joykanajaw

TRTMon.6:D5

see:ajaw
shell

u-ju-ba>ujubtheshell

PNGSmallShellPlaque

see:u-

NARStela22:F13,
tobringdown

ju-bu-yi>jubuybringsdown

ju-bu-yi>jubuybringsdown

TIKT.ILintel3:A4

Tentativedeciphermentofthisanthroponym;bothJolomandTzikinarewell-knownfamilynamesinHighlandGuatemala.TheFentonVase(nowinTheBritishMuseum)
camefromNebaj,althoughitspreciselocationoforiginisstillunknown.Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:Skull/HeadEagle(Boot,inprep.).
86

112

..juch

..jukub

..jukub.bak

..jul

..jul-

..jul.bak

..jun

..jun.ajaw

n.

n.

cn.

n.

iv.

cn.

num.

cn.

ju-bu-yi>jubuybringsdown

DPLHS4StepIV:F1

see:-Vy

ju-bu-yi-ya>jubuyiybroughtdown

DPLStela1

see:-iy
shell

u-ju-chi>ujuch[il]theshell

COLSimojovelShell

COLCMAIncisedShell

u-ju-chi>ujuch[il]theshell

see:-il,u-
canoe

JUKUB?>jukubcanoe

TIKMT38a:H1

ju-ku-bi>jukub

PNGPanel2:A3

ju-ku-bi>jukub

CMLUrn26Spine11:A3
canoebone

u-JUKUB?-BAK>ujukubbakthecanoebone
TIKMT38a:H1

see:bak,jukub,u-
spear,javelin

ju-lu>julspear,javelin

u-JUL>ujulthespear,javelin

Dresden46B

see:u-
toperforate,tospear
u-JUL[lu]-waCHIJ-ji>ujuluwchijhespearsdeer COLIncisedShell

see:chij,u--Vw

JUL-la?-ja>ju[h]lajspearedis

K0595SecondaryText

see:-[h]--aj
perforatorbone

ju-lu-BAKu-ba-ki>julbakubak[il]>

perforatorbone(is)thebone TIKMT42b:A7-A8

see:bak,jul-
one

1>junone

[common]

T329>jun

K4340113

T329>jun

PALT.XIXBench-S:B2,C1
JunAjaw(nameofsupernatural)

1-AJAW-wa>junajaw1Ajaw

K0868

1-AJAW>junajaw1Ajaw

K1004

T329depictsthethumb(mostclearlyathumbisdepictedinthespelling1-HAB-yainthePALT.XXIBenchtextatH8).Theuseofthethumbfor1iscommontoseveral
fingernumeralsystems,butitisnotuniversal(notevenontheAmericancontinent).Inotherpartsoftheworldthecountingstartswiththeindexfinger(e.g.,Chinesefinger
numeralcount)orwiththepinkyfinger(severalMedievalEuropeanfingernumeralsystems).
87

113

..jun.tan

Figure3b

..jun.tzak.tok

..jun.witzil.chak

..jus-

cn.

cn.

cn.

tv.

1-AJAW>junajaw1Ajaw

see:ajaw,jun
cherishedone

u-1-TAN-na>ujuntanthecherishedone

u-1-TAN-na>ujuntanthecherishedone

u-1-TAN>ujuntanthecherishedone

u-1-ta-na>ujuntanthecherishedone

see:huntan

u-[BAH]hiu-1-TAN-na>ubah[il]ujuntan

theimage,thecherishedone

see:bah,-il,u-
JunTzakTok

1-TZAK-TOK>juntzaktok

1-TZAK-TOK>juntzaktok

1-TZAK-TOK>juntzaktok

see:jun,tok,tzak
JunWitzilChak(anthroponymofsculptor)

1-WITZ-li-CHAK-ki>junwitz[i]lchak

see:chak,jun,-Vl,witz
toplaster(?)

ju-su-wa>jusuwplasters

see:-Vw

K1892
PNGStela3:C7114
CRCStela1
PALSarc.LidSide:54a
COLHouston1983:107

MQLStela11:B5a
MQLStela5:B1115
MQLStela6:B4b
MSJStela1:pAp3

YAXLintel45:D2-D3
AGTStela1:A8a

K
..ka-

..ka(1)

..ka(2)
..ka(3)

pr.

num.

adv.
adv.

our

two

again(lit.second)
then

ka->kaour
hi-naka-AJAW>hink[a]-ajawhe(is)ourking
see:ajaw
2>katwo
ka>ka

see:cha
2>kaagain

ka>ka[]then

KHNPlate

CHNCasaCol.HB:44
PNGStela12

Thecompositenounjuntancherishedonenotonlyispartofakinshiptermtorefertothechildofmother,butalsoreferstosupranaturalentitiesmadeandformed
by/forthekings.NotetheuniquesignforuintheCaracolStela1example(illustrated),employinganeyesign(UT>acrophonicreduction>u).
115Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:OneConjuringofFlint.ThesamenameidentifiesdifferentindividualsatMachaquilaandMotuldeSanJos.
88
114

..ka.kal

..kab(1)

..kab(2)

..kab(3)

..kab-

..kabal

..kabal.ikatz

num.

n.

n.

n.

tv.

adj.

cn.

forty

earth;territory;world

bee

honey

tosupervise,tooversee

terrestial;oftheearth

KabalIkatz

ka-KUH-le-wi-ya>ka[]kuhlewiy

thenwasworshipped(longago)CHNMonjasL.4A:C2
see:kuh-
2-ka-la>kakal40

NARStela32:Y2
see:ka,kal

[common]
KAB>kabearth;territory;world
ka-KAB>kabearth

K2774,K7146
ka-ba>kabearth

K4931:A5a
ka-bi>kabearth

Dresden74A116
see:chab
KUH-ka-ba13-ka?-ba?>kuh[ul]kabuxlajunkab

godliketerritories(arethe)thirteenterritoriesALRAltar3,Top
see:kuhul,uxlajun
u-KAB-ba>ukabthebee

Madrid103C-1
see:u-
u-KAB-ba>ukabthehoney

Madrid104C-1
see:u-
u-KAB-bi>ukab[il]thehoney

Madrid110C-3
see:-il,u-
u-[KAB]ji-ya>ukabjiyhesupervised,oversaw(it)PALCreationStone
u-KAB-[ji]ya>ukabjiyhesupervised,oversaw(it)TIKAlt.5:19
see:-jiy,u-
KAB-la>kabalterrestial;oftheearth
KAB>kab[al]
ka-ba-la>kabal
see:kab,-Vl
alsosee:chanal
KAB-lai-ka-tzi>kanalikatzterrestialbundle
PALTI-CT:B7-A8
see:ikatz,kabal

Thisspellingka-biispartofthespellingBAH-ka-biforbahkab.OnK1201onecanfindanotherexampleofka-bi,possiblyforkabearthaswell(althoughthecontext,in
whichthisspellingoccurs,isstillopaque).
89

116

..kabal.kuh

..kab.chen

..kach-

..kakatunal
..kakaw

cn.

cn.

tv.

cn.
n.

KabalKuh

community,town,city

tocollect(tobundleup)

Kakatunal(foreigndeity)
cacao

KAB-la-KUH>kab[a]lkuhterrestialgod
[KAB]KUH-la>kab[a]lkuhterrestialgod
[KAB]KUH>kab[al]kuhterrestialgod

KABKUH>kab[al]kuhterrestrialgod
see:kabal,kuh
2u-KAB-CHEN>ukabuchentheearth,thewell
see:u-
alsosee:chanchen,chankabchen
ka-cha-jiu-sa-ya-HUN>ka[h]chajusayhun

collectedarethebookcovers(?)
see:-[h]--aj
alsosee:hun,say,u-
ka-ka-tu-na-la>k-akatunalOurAkatunal
ka-ka-wa>kakawcacao

2
ka-wa>kakaw

[2]ka-wa>kakaw
ka-ka>kaka[w]

kawa>[ka]kaw

ka[wa]>[ka]kaw

ka>ka[kaw]

u-ka-ka-wa>ukakawthecacao

see:u

taka-wa>ta[ka]kawforcacao
see:ta
ta-IXIM?TE-e-leka-ka-wa>

taiximteel[ka]kawforiximtecacao
taIXIM?TE-le-laka-wa>

PALTI-WT:I11,K7750
CPNStela2,EastSide:B8
TIKStela31:B14
COLECMask,Back:C1D1
CPNStela49:Ap1

AGTStela1:A7a

Dresden47C117
Dresden10B-1
ACAMRdYVessel
K0518
K6618
K4477:Cb
K5721
Madrid095A2
K8426

K5978

Tentativeinterpretation,ascurrentlypreferredbythepresentauthor:k->kaour,akatunalnameofforeigndeity(asyetunidentified).Althoughspeculative,Iwouldlike
toaddthatperhapsthedeitynameAkatunalisacorruptionofthedeitynameTonacatecuhtliLordofOurSustenance,inwhichthepartstonandacahavebeenswitched(and
perhapstheprefixedk-ourisintentionallyadded).AlsonotethatwhentheMayascribereferredtotheMexicodeityTlahuizcalpantecuhtli,onlyta-wi-si-ka-lawaswritten,
againunderrepresentingthefinalpart-tecuhtli.
90
117

taiximte[e]l[ka]kawforiximtecacaoCOLSMBVase(K1371)118
taIXIM?TE-leka-ka-wa>

taiximte[e]lkakawforiximtecacao K5976
ta-IXIM?TE-lika-wa>

taiximte[i]l[ka]kawforiximtecacaoK6436
ta-IXIM?TElika-wa>

taiximte[i]l[ka]kawforiximtecacaoK7224
IXIM?-TE-leka-wa>iximte[e]l[ka]kaw

(for)iximtecacaoK7149
IXIM?TE-ka>iximte[el]ka[kaw]

(for)iximtecacaoBedran,Burial2Vessel2
see:-el,iximte,ta,yutal
tayu-TALi-IXIM?TE-leka-ka-wa>
tayutaliximteelkakawforfoodofiximtecacaoK0791
TE-e-leka-wa>teel[ka]kawwild(?)cacao
K3744,K5241119
see:-el,te
titzi-hiTE-leka-ka-wa>titzihi[l]te[e]lkakaw

forfreshwild(?)cacao K1728120
ti[tzi]hiTE-leka-wa>titzihi[l]te[e]l[ka]kaw

forfreshwild(?)cacao UAXStr.A-1Tomb1Vessel
ta[tzi]hiTEkawa>tatzihi[l]te[el][ka]kaw

forfreshwild(?)cacao K6618
ta[tzi]hi-laTE-leka>tatzihilte[e]l[ka]ka[w]

forfreshwild(?)cacao K9099
ta-tzika-wa>tatzi[hil][ka]kawforfreshcacao
TIKMT5:D-E
see:ta,tzihil

ThespellingTE-le-laleadstotheending-teel,inwhich-laservestostressthefinal-landultimatelymayprovideevidencethat-leinthisandotherexamplesindeedhasto
bereadas-[e]l).AlsoseeK4546forsamespelling.SupportforthisinterpretationcanbefoundintheTE-e-lespelling(K5978).
119Perhapsteelmeanswild(moreliterally,fromtheforest),incontrasttotheothercultivatedvariantsofcacao.Alternatively,asalsohasbeennotedbyotherepigraphers,
inChontalMayateelkkwisthewordforthegogo(orguoguo)tree,whichcarriesasweetfruitcomparabletorealcacao.InChontalMayatekkwistheglossforthecacao
treeitself.Asyetanotheralternative,Isuggestthatteelkakawsimplymaybeanabbreviationorunderspellingofiximteelkakaw.
120Inthespellingtzi-hithescribeemployedT136,aformerjisign.ThesamescribealsoemployedT60.1042hainacontextinwhichT181jawasnormallyemployed.
91
118

..kakawal

..kal
..kalal

adj.

n.
n.

chocolaty

mouth,opening
drunkeness

ti-tzi-hilika-wa>titzihil[ka]kawforfreshcacao
see:tzihil,ti
tayuta-lasa-laka-wa>

tayutalsa[i]lkakawforfoodofsailcacao
see:sail,ta,yutal
ta-yu-taKAN-naka-wa>tayuta[l]kan[ka]kaw

forfoodofripecacao
see:kan,ta,yutal
sa-laka-wa>sa[i]lkakawsailcacao

see:sail
ta-ko-xo-mamu-luka-2ka-wa>takoxommulkakaw

forkoxommulcacao
2
ta-wi-ti-ki ka-ka-wa>tiwi[n]tikkakaw

forwintikcacao
see:ti,wintik
ti-a-chakaka-wa>tiachkakawfornewcacao
see:ach,ti
tza[2]ka-wa>tza[]kakaw(for)sweetcacao
see:tza
OCH-chi-yau-ka-ka-wa>ochiyukakaw

fedthecacao
see:och-,u-
ka-wa-la>[ka]kawalchocolaty

see:kakaw,-Vl
ka-la>kalmouth,opening
u-ka-la-la?>ukala[l]thedrunkeness

see:u-
ti-ka-la>tikala[l]indrunkeness

K4542

K6813

K0625
TIKMT3:B-C

RAZTomb19Vessel15121
RAZTomb19Vessel15
K8713
TIKMT4:B-C122

Dresden10B-1,2
K2777

K0732
PNGPanel3:O2

Both texts on the Ro Azul vase contain ahyper correct spelling for kakaw. The doubler in these spellings maysimply be identified asa residue of afixed or patterned
spelling2ka-watowhichkawasprefixed.
122Theitemtzaisanadjectivewiththemeaningsweet.HoweverInoteherethatTzaisalsoatoponym,whichwouldfollowsomeoftheothertoponymickakawreferences.
92
121

..kal.kej.tok

..kalom.te

..kalom.telel

..kan(1)

..kan(2)

cn.

cn.

cn.

num.

n.

KalKejTok(toponym)

KalomTe(title)

kalomte-ship

four

serpent

see:ti
ka-la-kejo-to-TOK>kalkejtok

CHNYULLintel1:G1-H1
see:kal,kej,tok
ka-lo-ma-TE>kalomte

CPNStela19
KALOM-TE>kalomte

YAXLintel33:I5
ka-KALOM-TE>kalomte

SBLStela12:B8
ka-[KAL]ma-TE>kalomte

SBLStela13:D1b
ka-[KAL]ma-TE>kalomte

MQLStela3:E1
alsosee:chakte
YAX-[KAL]ma-TE>yaxkalomte

K2784
YAX-ka-KALOM-TE>yaxkalomte

SBLStela1:B1
AJ-YAX-KAL-TE>ajyaxkal[om]te

AGTStela7:D1

ZPTAltar1:J
AJ-YAX-KAL[TE]-ma>ajyaxkal[om]te
see:aj,te,yax
IX-KALOM-TE>ixkalomteladyKalomte
YAXLintel24:G4
IXKALOM-TE>ixkalomte

K5976
IX[KALOM]>ixkalom[te]

YAXLintel32:K3
see:ix
ti-KALOM-TE-le>tikalomtele[l]inkalomte-ship TIKStela21:A11
see:kalomte,-lel,ti
4>kanfour
ka-na>kan

EKBStr.1MuralA:P1123
4-na>kan

EKBStr.1MuralA:U3b
KAN>kan
see:chan
KAN-na>kanserpent
ka-KAN>kan
ka-na>kan

CHNT4LLintel1:B8124

Whilethespellingka-nasubstitutesfor4,itispossiblethatanothermeaningthankanfourisintended(i.e.,kanfour,serpent,sky).Atpresentallspellingsofthe
nameUkitKanLekulTokemploy4(onebeingtheSunGodheadvariantfor4),withtheexceptionoftheoneimportantspellingthatincludeska-na.
93
123

..kanal

..kan.balam

..kan.ek

n.

cn.

cn.

see:chan

alsosee:kanul
Kanal(toponym)
AJ-ka-KAN-la>ajkan[a]lpersonfromKanal

see:aj

ka-KAN[AJAW]-la>kanalajawKanalking

ka-[KAN]AJAW-la>kanalajawKanalking

ka-KAN[AJAW]>kan[al]ajawKanalking

see:ajaw,-al,kan

KUH-ka-[KAN]AJAW>kuh[ul]kan[al]ajaw

god-likeKanalking

KUH[ka]-KAN-laAJAW>kuh[ul]kanalajaw

god-likeKanalking

KUH-KAN-naAJAW-wa>kuh[ul]kana[l]ajaw

god-likeKanalking

see:ajaw,-al,kan,kuhul
KanBalam(anthroponym) ka-KAN[BALAM]>kanbalam

ka-KAN[BALAM]ma>kanbalam

see:balam,kan
KanEk(anthroponym) 4-[e]ke>kanek

4-eke>kanek

KAN-naeke>kanek

KAN-naeke>kanek

KAN-EK>kanek

DPLPanel19:Q2
NARHS1VI:N2b
CRCStela19:K1
NARStela25:A10

SBLStela10:B9
PBXStela3:G8-H8
CLKStr.IIsub,Tomb4,
Plate:MN
PALPal.Tablet:D10
EMLPanel1:B2125
SBLStela10:A10
K4387
K4909,K8732126
EKBStr.1MuralA:I1127
CHNGBCS.Building

Thisinterpretationofthespellingka-naforkanserpentisstilltentative.ThisspellingoccursinanominalphraseofadeityatChichenItza(notincludedinthisvocabulary
aspartofthenominalphraseremainspoorlyunderstood).
125Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:SerpentJaguar.Asinthespellingofthisnameneverthenumberfour(kan4)ortheSkySign(kansky;heaven)areused,
paraphrasesasFourJaguarorSky/HeavenJaguararelesslikely.
126ThespellingonK4909ispainted,theexampleonK8732iscarved.TheKANsignemployedistheskysign(kansky).
127TheKANsignemployedhereisaserpenthead(kanserpent).Asatpresentaspelling*ka-nahasnotbeenidentifiedinthiscontext,itispossiblethatintheLateClassic
periodthisnominalphrasewasactuallypronouncedChanekinsteadofKanekandthatonlyaftertheemergenceoftheItzajlanguage(ca.10th11thcenturyA.D.)thenominal
phrasebecameKanek.Tentativeparaphraseofthisnominalphrase:SerpentStar.
94
124

..kan.tzuk

..kanul

..kasew

..kay

..kayawak

..kayom

..kay.waj

..kej

..kelem

cn.

n.

n.

n.

cn.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

KanTzuk(title?)

serpent

Kasew(5thmonth)

fish

propernameofbeltcelt

fisher

fishbread

deer

strongone

see:ek,kan
4-tzu-ku>kantzukfourpartitions

see:kan,tzuk
alsosee:huktzuk,uxlajuntzuk
ka-KAN-nu>kanu[l]serpent

see:kan
alsosee:nahkanul
8-ka-se-wa>waxakkasew8Kasew

13-ka-se-wa>uxlajunkasew13Kasew

see:uxlajun,waxak
alsosee:kusew
ka-ya>kayfish
KAY>kay

see:chay
uka-yawa-ka>ukayawakthekayawak

u-ka-ya-wa>ukayawa[k]thekayawak

see:u-
KIN-ni-lika-yo-ma>kinilkayomdayfisher
a-ka[ba]ka-yo-ma>akabkayomnightfisher
see:akab,kin
ka-ya-WAJ-wa>kaywajfishbread(offering)
see:kay,waj
ke-ji>kejdeer

see:chih,chij
alsosee:may,sipul
KELEM-ma>kelemstrongone

CHNYULLintel1:B5

K4547

YAXLintel1:A2
YAXStela12:D1

Dresden40C-1,44A-2
COLLCCeltFragment128
COLIncisedCelt(K0199)
PALCreationStone
PALCreationStone
Dresden67B-3
CHNYULLintel1:G1-H1

XLMCol.5:A3b129

The reconstructed entry in this version of the vocabulary is kayawak. The spelling u-ka-ya-wa is most intriguing as it may hint, albeit tentatively, at a root shape kayaw
(comparetoichiw,mataw),ofstillunknownmeaning(relatedtokayfish?).Thesuffix-ak(or-Vk)maybehonorificinorigin.Kayawakwasprobablyabbreviatedtokaywak,due
toaprocessofsyncopation.
129Recentresearch(August2008)byNikolaiGrubeshowsthatthehumanhandisanintegralpartofthelogogram;itisnotaseparateprefixedphoneticcomplementke.For
this,thesyllabicsignke,anothersign,wasused(notcatalogedbyThompson),whichisemployedinthespellingske-le-maandke-lecitedhere.
95
128

..kis-
..kisin

..kit

..kit.pa

..ko

..kohaw

..kob
..kob-

tv.
n.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

adj.
tv.

KELEM-ma>kelemstrongone

ke-le-ma>kelemstrongone

ke-le>kele[m]strongone

tofart

ki-si>kis-tofart

Kisin(deathdeity)
ki-si-ni>kisinKisin

see:kis-,-Vn
patron,boss,father
ki-ti>kitpatron,boss,father

u-ki-ti>ukit

u-ki-ta>ukit

see:u-
KitPa(nominalphrase) ki-tipa-a>kitpa

ki-ti-PA-a>kitpa

see:kit,pa
place(afterNhuat[l]:-co)KAN-ko>kankoBenchPlace

see:kan

alsosee:-al,-il,nal
helmet,headdress(possiblyafterNhuat[l]:cua:(i)-tli)

ko-o-ha-wa>kohawhelmet,headdress

ko-ha-wa>ko[]haw

KOHAW-wa>kohaw

u-KOHAW-wa>ukohawthehelmet,headdress

u-ko-o-ha-wa>ukohawthehelmet,headdress

u-ko-ha-wa>uko[]haw

see:u-
ashen-grey

ko-ba->kobashen-grey

tocreate

u-ko-ba-wa>ukobowhecreates

u-ko-ba-wa>ukobowhecreates

u-ko-bo>ukobo[w]hecreates

see:u--Vw

K8740:H
K5509Lid:M,K4477:D
K1775,K4964
Madrid085C-1
Madrid085C-1

COLDAMVase(K2914)
XLMLintel4:D1-E1
XLMPanel7:C2
UAXStela14:Cp2b130

PNGPanel2:X4-W5
COLPNGAreaPanel
PALTI-CT:D9
PALTI-CT:C6
COLSiteQGlyphPanel11
COLPNGAreaPanel

PALTabl.96:K6a
AGTSkullFragment:E1
PALT.XVIIIJambs

TentativeidentificationbyStephenHouston,presentedatthe2006TexasMayaMeetingsinAustin,ofthesuffixas-koasplace,basedontheNhuat[l]item-coplace.As
suchapossibleearlyNhuat[l]loanwordintoMaya(seeforinstancekoskat[l],kohaw,kot).
96
130

..kob.a(..koba)

..koj

..koj.aj.kan.max

..koj-

..kok(1)

..kok(2)

..kok-

..kok.mut

..koknom

..kokom

..kok.witz

..kol.ajaw

cn.

n.

cn.

iv.

n.

n.
tv.
cn.

ag.

n.

cn.

cn.

KobA(toponym)

puma

KojAjKanMax

togodown

turtle

trogon(?)

toguard

harpyeagle

guardian

guardian

KokWitz(toponym)

KolAjaw(19thmonth)

ko-ba-a>koba[]

see:-a,kob
a-jako-ba-a>ajkobapersonfromKobA
see:aj
KOJ-ji>kojpuma

KOJ>koj

ko>koj

see:chakbalam

KOJAJ-KAN-nama-xi>kojajkanmax
see:aj,koj,kanmax
i-ko-jo-yi>i-kojoythengoesdown

see:i-,-Vy
ko-ko>kokturtle

KOK>kokturtle

ko-ko>koktrogon

ko-ko>kok-

2ko-mu-tu>kokmutharpyeagle
see:mut
ko-ko-no-ma>koknomguardian

ko-ko-no[ma]>koknomguardian

see:kok-,-nom
ko-ko-ma>kokomguardian
KUH-lu-ko-ko-ma>kokomgod-likeguardian
see:kok-,kuhul,-Vm
ti-[ko-ko]WITZ>tikokwitzatKokWitz
see:kok,ti,witz
3-[ko-lo]AJAW>uxkolajaw

3-[ko-lo]AJAW>uxkolajaw

see:ux
alsosee:uwayhab

COBGroupDPanelC
ETZStela19:D10-D11
PNGStela7:B10b
CHNYULLintel1:G2
CHNYULLintel2:E8
COLMAmStela:A2-A4
NTNDrawing88:G6
Madrid088C-2
Madrid017A(4x)
CPNHSStep
COLECMask,Back
CPNStructure11Panels
CPNAltarJ

CHNAkabDzibLintel:E2
CPNHSStep
CRCStela14:A7
COLPlate131

Bothdatesareactually9Ajaw3KolAjaw(Wayeb)andrefertothe9.6.0.0.0periodendinginA.D.554.

131

97

..kolol.te

..koskat
..kot(1)

..kot(2)

..koxom.mul

..koxop

..koy

..kuch

..kuch-

..kuh

..kuk.nal

cn.

n.
n.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

tv.

n.

cn.

KololTe(toponym)

jewel(Nh.cozcat[l])
wall

eagle(?)(Nh.cuauhtli)

KoxomMul(toponym)

Koxop(toponym)

Koy(familyname)

burden,cargo

tocarry

owl

KukNal(toponym)

AJ-ko-2lo-TE>ajkololtepersonfromKololTe
see:aj
ko-sa-ka>koska[t]jewel

u-ko-to>ukotthewall

see:u-
chi[ku]NAB-ko-to>chiknabkotChikNabwall
see:chiknab
ko-to>koteagle
see:tzikin
ko-to-ka-ba-AJAW>kotkabajawKotKabking
see:ajaw,kab
ko-xo-mamu-lu>koxommul

see:mul
ko-xo-pa-AJAW-wa>koxopajawKoxopking
see:ajaw
ko-yi>koy

see:ukitkoy
u-ku-chu>ukuchtheburden

see:u-
ku-cha-ja>ku[h]chajcarriedis

see:-[h]--aj
KUH>kuhowl
ku>ku[h]
see:kuy
UH-ti-ya[ku]NAL-la>u[h]tiyku[k]nal

happened(at)KukNal

TNAMon.149:G,O132
TIKStela31:L2133
TNAStuccoInscription
CLMN.Acr.Gr.A,Mural

CMLUrn26Pendant14134
RAZTomb19Vessel15
CPNStr.9N-82Bench
CHNCenoteVessel135
Dresden16B-2
K2794,K8927

TIKStela31:C11-D11

OneofthehillsclosetothearchaeologicalsiteofToninawasstillnamedKololTeintheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury.IncolonialYucatecMayakololchemeanssetoo
palizadaocercaocorralhechodepalosomaderos.
133ApossibleearlyNhuat[l]loanwordcozcat[l]intotheTikalinscription.Thescribeabbreviatedthespellingtoko-sa-ka,underrepresentingthefinal-t[l]sound.
134Verytentativeidentificationonmypartofkotaseagle;ifcorrect,kotisderivedfromNhuat[l]cuauhtlieagle(seeBoot,inpress).KotKabAjawwouldthusmeanEagle
LandKing.
135KoyisthefamilynameofoneofthefoundersofIzamal(i.e.,KitAjKoy),accordingtotheRelacinGeogrficadeIzamal(A.D.1579).
98
132

..kukul

..-kul

..kum.kuh

..kun

..kusew

..kutz

..kuy

n.

n.cl.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

n.

see:-nal,ut-

KUH-2[ku]AJAW-la>kuh[ul]kuk[n]alajaw

god-likeKukNalking TIKStela31:E11136

see:ajaw,kuhul,-nal

UH[ti]-ya2ku-laCHAN-KABCHEN-na>

u[h]tiykuk[n]alchankabchenhappenedatKukNalcommunity

TIKStela31:F26-F27

see:chankabchen,ut-
beetle,insect

ku-ku-la>kukulinsect,bug

K1815

see:kaktikukul
numeralclassifierforheapsofstone(incalendricalcontext)

-ku-lu>-kul

7-ku-lu-TUN-ni>huk-kultunsevenheapsoftun PALT.XIXBench-W:A2

see:tun,huk
KumKuh(18thmonth) ku-KUH>ku[m]kuh

LandaFol.38r

see:hulol,jaw
platform

u-ku-nu-li>ukun[i]ltheplatform

PALTI-CT:N8

see:-il,u-
Kusew(5thmonth,variant)12-ku-se-wa>lajchakusew12Tzek

ITZStela4:A2

see:lajcha

alsosee:kasew
turkey

ku-tzu>kutzturkey

Dresden17C-3

see:akach,ulum
owl

ku-yu>kuyowl

Madrid095C-2

ku-yu>kuy

K1211,K3500

see:kuh

tv.

toextinguish

K
..ka-

i-KA-yi-u-[T533]SAK-IK-li>i-ka[a]yu[?][u]sakikil

Two smalldots, servingasa doubler can be observed on top ofthe KUH sign. As doublers canfloatwithina collocation, andthus can bedetached from the sign being
doubled,whatwouldbethedoubledsigninthiscollocation?Thethirdexampleascitedhereprovidestheanswer,itisthekusyllabicsignthatisdoubled.
99

136

..kab

..kaba

Figure5b

n.

n.

hand,arm

name

thenextinguishesthe(?),thewhitebreath
CPNHSStep61137
KA-yi[T533]-SAK[IK]>ka[a]y[u-?][u]sakikil

extinguishesthe(?),thewhitebreath
CPNAltar2Fragment
KA-yi-u-T533-kiSAK-IK-li>ka[a]yu[?][u]sakikil

extinguishesthe(?),thewhitebreath
COLMNAHAltar:G-I
KA-yiu-SAK-IK-li>ka[a]yusakikil

extinguishesthewhitebreath

COLSiteQPanel
see:i-,-il,ik,sak,u-,-Vy
[i]a[ka]-yi-yau-[T533]SAK-IK-li>i-kaayiyu[?][u]sakikil

thenextinguishedthe(?),thewhitebreath TNAKelenHixAltar
see:i-,-il,ik,-iy,sak,u-,-Vy
ka[ba]-si>kab[i]shand,arm
see:-is
KAB>kabhand,arm
ka-ba>kab
tu-ka-ba>tukabwiththe/hishand

CHNYULLintel1:E4
tu-u-ka[ba]>tukabwiththe/hishand

PALTI-WT:P11
see:tu
ta-ka-ba>takabwith(the)hand

COLPattersonPanel
see:ta
u-KABA-ba-a>ukabathename

NARHS1XII:Z2
u-KABA[ba]-a>ukabathename

CPNStelaFEast
u-KABA-ba>ukabathename

CHNT4lLintel1:D1,E8

XLMLintel1:K1,O1
[]-KABA-a>[u]kabathename
u-KABA[a]>ukabathename

AMLPanel2:A5a
u-KABA[a]>ukabathename

CPNStelaA:B4a
[u]KABA-a>ukabathename

XLMCol.1,LeftSide:B4
[u]KABA-AJ/a>ukabathename

K2998

The sign T533 remains without decipherment. T533 has proven to bea veryarduoussignin decipherment, for which the following values, each withsupport, have been
proposed:NIK,NAK,NUK,MOK(amoprefix;alsoinsideapossiblemosign),andBOK(aboprefix).IamcurrentlyexploringthevalueYAK(basedonaya-T533example,
yakstrength).Onwhichmostepigraphersagree,thewordisprobablyCVCinstructure,openswithaconsonant,andendsin-k,basedonthefrequentlypresentpostfix-ki.
100
137

Figure4c

..kabal

..kab.chan.te

..kabis.hix

..kab.te

138

adj.

cn.

cn.

cn.

u-[u]KABA-a>ukabathename

CPNStelaA:A8b

u-KABA>ukabathename

CPNXukpiStep:C

u-ka-ba-a>ukabathename

DBNStela1:Bp3

u-ka-ba-AJ/a>ukabathename

K0635138

u-ka-ba>ukaba[]thename

CHNCasaCol.HB:9

see:u-

u[cho-ko]KABA-a>uchokkabatheyoungnameQRGStelaEEast:C8

u-[cho]KABA>ucho[k]kabatheyoungname DPLHS2StepII:G1

see:chok,u-

u-KUH-KABA>ukuh[ul]kabathegod-likenameCPNStelaE:A12a

u-KUH-KABA>ukuh[ul]kaba

QRGStelaDEast:C18b

u-KUHKABA[a]-AJ/a>ukuh[ul]kaba
QRGStelaFEast:C10b-D10

see:kuhul
hand-like

[ka]ba-la>kabalhand-like

see:-Vl

IX-[ka]ba-la-XOK-ki>ixkabalxokIxKabalXok YAXLintel25:R2-S2

see:ix,xok
KabChanTe(anthroponym)

ka[ba]-CHAN-TE>kabchante

COLPanel:pB8a

ka-ba-CHAN-TE>kabchante

PNGStela26Sec.Text

KAB-CHAN-TE>kabchante

COLRandelStela:J12

see:chante,kab
KabisHix(anthroponym) ka[ba]-si-HIX>kab[i]shix

TIKMT48:A7139

see:hix,kabis
KabTe(title)

KAB-TE>kabte

XULStela5:F2

KUH?-KAB-TE>kuh[ul]kabte

XULStela25:B2

KUH?-ka[ba]-TE>kuh[ul]kabte

XULStela3:Cp4a

see:kab,kuhul,te

In the sequence [u]KABA-AJ/a on K2998 and u-ka-ba-AJ/a on K0635, the scribe employed T12 AJ/a. These are excellent examples that through a Late Classic
innovationscribesacrophonicallyderivedasyllabicsignafromT12AJ.
139Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:HandJaguar.
101

..kak

..kakaj

..kakal.jul

..kak.joplaj.chan.kawil

..kak.jolow.chan.yopat

..kak.nab

n.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

fire

2ka-si>kak[i]sfire

RAZShellPlaque

see:-is

KAK>kakfire

KAK-ka>kak

CHNMonjasLintel7:F2

ka-KAK>kak

CHNT2LLintel1:F1

ka-ka>kak

CHNCasaCol.HB:14

YAXLintel29:C5140

u-KAK>ukakthefire

see:u-
Kakaj(title)

KAK-AJ>kakajfireperson

PALT.XIV:D8b

see:-aj,kak
fierylance

ti-KAK-la-ju-lu>tikakaljul

with(the)fierylanceYAXLINTEL24:D1

see:-al,jul,kak,ti
KakJoplajChanKawil(anthroponym)

KAK-jo-pola-ja-CHAN-naKAWIL>

kakjoplajchankawil CPNAltartoStelaN

KAKjo[po]-laja-CHAN-naKAWIL-la>

kakjoplajchankawil CPNHSStep41141

see:chan,jop-,-l-aj,kak,kawil
KakJolowChanYopat(anthroponym)

KAK-jo[lo]-woCHAN-naYOPAT-AT-ti>

kakjolowchanyopatQRGStr.1B-1Hier.Step

KAK-[CHAN]jo[lo]-woYOPAT-AT-ti>

kakjolowchanyopatQRGStr.1B-1Hier.Step142

see:chan,jol-,kak,yopat
sea,ocean

KAK-NAB>kaknabsea,ocean

PALTI-WT:P12b

OtherepigraphershavesuggestedthatthesignsubfixedtoKAKisa-lisign.However,thesigndoesnotlooklikeanyoftheknown-lisignsandItakeittobepartofthe
KAKlogogram.Ihaveyettoidentifyapossessedfireconstructionwithanunequivocallypresentsuborpostfix-li.Thenounkakmaythushavebelongedtoaclassofnouns
thattakes-(nopossessivesuffix)whenpossessed.
141Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:KawilWhoFillstheSkywithFire.
142Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YopatWhoNewlyOpenstheSkywithFire.
102
140

..kak.nal

..kak.ne.tzutzih

..kak.uti.ha.kawil

..kak.ti.kukul

..kak.ti.kuy

..kak.ti.witz.kawil

..kak.tiliw.chan.chak

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

TI-KAK-NAB>tikaknabedge(ofthe)sea
PALT.XIV:WaterBorder

see:ti

alsosee:palaw
KakNal(toponym)
KAK-na-la-AJAW>kaknalajawKakNalking UXMBSc.1:K

UXMCst.2:J-K

KAK-NAL-AJAW>kaknalajaw

see:ajaw,kak,nal
KakNeTzutzih(nominalphraseofwayaw)

KAK-netzu-tzi>kakne[]tzutzi[h]

K4116143

see:kak,ne,tzutzih
KakUtiHaKawil(anthroponym)

KAK-u-TIHA-KAWIL>kakutihakawil
CPNAltarK:O2-P2

see:ha,kak,kawil,ti,u-
KakTiKukul(nominalphraseoffirefly)

KAK-TIku-ku-la>kaktikukul

K1815

see:kukul,kak,ti
KakTiKuy(anthroponym)

KAK-TI-ku-yu>kaktikuy

YAXLINTEL45:C3144

see:kuy,kak,ti
KakTiWitzKawil(anthroponym)

KAK-TIWITZ-tziKAWIL>kaktiwitzkawil CPNHSStep145

see:kak,kawil,ti,witz-
KakTiliwChanChak(anthroponym)

KAK-ti-li-wiCHAN-na-CHAK>kaktiliwchanchak

NARStela13:H10-G11

KAK-TIL-wiCHAN-na-CHAK>kaktil[i]wchanchak

NARStela21:A9-A10146

see:chak,chan,kak,til-

Tentativeparaphraseofthiswayawname:FireTailCoati.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:FireMouthOwl/RaptorialBird.
145Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:FireMouthWaterSprayingKawil
146Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:ChakWhoBurnstheSkywithFire.
143
144

103

..kak.tiliw.chan.yopat

..kak.upakal.kinich.kawil

..kak.witz

..kak.yol.kinich

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

KakTiliwChanYopat(anthroponym)

KAK-ti-liwi-CHAN-naYOPAT-ti>

kaktiliwchanyopat
QRGAltarM:D2-D3

KAK-ti-li-wiCHAN-na-YOP-AT-ti>

kaktiliwchanyopat
QRGStelaI:D3b-C4

KAK-TIL-li-wiCHAN-na-YOP-AT-ti>

kaktiliwchanyopat
QRGStelaJ:E7-F7

KAK-ti-li-wiCHAN-naYOPAT>

kaktiliwchanyopat
QRGStelaJ:H6-H7147

see:chan,kak,til-,yopat
KakUpakalKinichKawil(anthroponym)

ka-kupa-ka-laKINICHKAWIL-wi>

kakupakalkinichkawil CHNYULLnt.2:C1-D2148

ka-ku-paka-la[KIN]chi-niKAWIL-la>

kakupakalkinichkawil CHNT4LLnt.4:D4-C6

ka-ku-pa-kala-[KIN]chi-ni>kakupakalkinich CHNYULLnt.1:C4-D4

KAK-ku-PAKAL-laKAWIL-la>kakupakalkawil CHNCaracolPanel:C6-D6

ka-ku-pa-ka-la>kakupakal

CHNCasaCol.HB:22b-23a

ka-ku-pa-ka-lakawi-la>kakupakalkawil
CHNMonjasL.5A:B-C

see:kak,kawil,kinich,pakal,u-
KakWitz(toponym)
KAK-WITZ>kakwitzFireMountain

TIKStela31:F17

see:kak,witz
KakYolKinich(anthroponym)

KAK-yo-OL[KIN]chi-ni-KINICH>kakyolkinichCOLSMBPlate149

KAK-OL-laKIN[chi]-ni>kak[y]olkinich
K4669

KAK-OL-la>kak[y]ol

K7786

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YopatWhoBurnstheSkywithFire.
ThisisthefullnominalphraseforKakUpakalasexpressedintheinscriptionsatChichenItza.ThusarecentsuggestionthatKakUpakalKawilishisfullnameisincorrect.
MostcommonlyhisnominalphrasewasabbreviatedtoKakUpakal.Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:FireistheShieldofKinichKawil.Thatthepartkinichcan
beabbreviatedcanalsobeobservedintheanthroponymKakYolKinich.
149Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:FireistheHeartofKinich.Notethatthepartkinichcanbeabbreviated.SeeKakUpakalKinichKawil.
104
147
148

..kal(1)

..kal(2)

..kal-(2)

..kal-(3)

..kal-(4)

..kal

num.

n.

tv.

pv.

tv.

n.

twenty

enclosure,room

tobind,totie

tobind,totie(?)

toenclose,tocontain

enclosure,room

see:kak,kinich,ol,y-
ka-la>kaltwenty

NARStela32:A1b,Y2
see:winak
u-ka-li>ukal[il]theenclosure,room

CHNT4LLintel1:A6
u-kali>ukal[il]

COLMAmJamb
u-ka-le>ukale[l]

EKBStr.1Vlt.10Capstone
see:-il,u-
u-KAL[TUN]-ni-wa>ukal[a]wtunhebindsstoneNARStela32:W8
u-KAL[TUN-ni]-wa>ukal[a]wtunhebindsstoneSBLStela8:A2
u-KAL[TUN]-wa>ukal[a]wtunhebindsstone CPNStela15
see:tun,u--Vw
KAL-la-ja>ka[h]lajboundis,tiedis

PALPal.Tablet:U4
see:-[h]--aj
KAL-ji-ya[SAK-HUN]tu-[BAH]hi>

ka[]ljiysakhuntubah[il]

tiedis(the)whiteheadbandonhishead
PALPal.Tablet:R5-Q6
see:bah,-jiy,-il,sakhun,tu
KAL-wi-TUN>kal[a]wtunbindsstone
NARStela23:G19
see:tun,-Vw
KAL-ni-ya>kalniybound,tied

PALTFCTablet:P3
see:-niy
KAL-wa-ni-yi>kalwaniybound,tied

CPNStr.11EastDoor,

Panel:C3
see:-iy,-wan
KAL-la-ja>ka[h]lajenclosedis

COLHolmulPlate
ka-la-ja>ka[h]lajenclosedis

XLMCol.1,LeftSide:B1
ka-la-ja>ka[h]lajenclosedis

COLCarvedCer.Vessel
see:-[h]--aj
ka-la-jau-wo-jo-li>ka[h]lajuwojol[il]

enclosedaretheglyphsCHNMonjasL.7:A1b-B1
see:-[h]--aj,-il,u-,wojol
u-ka-li>ukal[il]theenclosure/room

XLMJmb.1:A5
105

..kal.tun

..kam-

..kan(1)

..kan(2)

..kan(3)

..kan(4)

..kanasiy

n.

tv.

n.

adj.

adj.

n.

n.

see:-il,u-
binding-stone

u-KAL[TUN-ni]-li>ukaltunilthebinding-stone MQLStela2:A2

u-KAL[TUN]ni>ukaltun[il]thebinding-stone MQLStela7:D1150

u-KAL[TUN-ni]>ukaltun[il]thebinding-stone PALT.XIXBench-W:D1

see:-il,kal-,tun,u-

u-NAH-KAL[TUN-ni]>unahkaltun[il]

thefirstbinding-stone PALT.XIXBench-S:O3

see:-il,nah,u-

u-YAX-KAL[TUN-ni]>uyaxkaltun[il]

thefirstbinding-stone PNGAltar2,Support3

u-YAX-KAL[TUN-ni]>uyaxkaltun[il]

thefirstbinding-stone TNA9.14.12.9.0Stela

see:-il,u-,yax
toreceive

ka-ma>kama[w?]receives

PALT.XIXBench-W:F2b

see:-Vw

u-KAM?-ma-wa>ukamawhereceives

PALT.XIXBench-S:P3

see:u--Vw

alsosee:cham-
yellow

KAN-na>kanyellow

KAN>kan
precious

KAN-na>kanprecious

KAN>kan
ripe

KAN-na>kanripe

KAN>kan
bench,seat;extended(flat)surface

KAN-na>kanbench

KAN>kan
Kanasiy(17thmonth)
5-TE-[KAN]a-ya>hotekana[si]y5Kanasiy NARStela32:Y4

see:ho,-te

5-[KAN]a-si>hokanasi[y]5Kanasiy

NARAlt.1:E1

Notetherarehandsignvariant(flat,butwiththefingersbentinwards)employedhereinsteadoftheregularT713aKALflathand.

150

106

..kanat

..kan.bah.choh

..kan.bob.tok

..kan.chu

..kanil

..kan.jalab

n.

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

see:ho

7-TE-[KAN]a-si-ya>huktekanasiy7Kanasiy PALBodega208:G4

see:huk,-te
kanat(nounofunknownmeaning)

KAN-na-ta>kanat

CHNT1LLintel:G1

see:kan,-Vt
KanBahChoh(anthroponym)

KAN-na-bacho>kanba[h]cho[h]

TNAStuccoMural151

KAN-na-BAHCHOH>kanbahchoh

COLLCVase

KAN-naBAH>kanbah[choh]

K2023

see:bah,choh,kan
KanBobTok(anthroponym)

EKBStr.1MuralC

KAN-2bo-TOK>kanbobtok

KAN-na-bo-bo-TOK>kanbobtok

EKBMT4152

see:bob,kan,tok
somekindofobject
KAN-na-chu>kanchu[]

u-KAN-na-chu>ukanchu[]theobject

EKBMT2

see:kan,u-

alsosee:kantu
Kanil(anthroponym)
KAN-ni-la>kanil

COLBMFentonVase

KAN-ni-la>kanil

COLBMFA(K0558)

ka-ni>kani[l]

K0593

KAN-ni>kani[l]

K0593
KanJalab(18thmonth) 5-WI-[KAN]JAL-bu>holajunkanjal[a]b15Pop TRTWoodenBox153

see:holajun,wiil

13-[KAN]JAL-bu>uxlajunkanjal[a]b13Pop
CNKPanel2:B1154

see:uxlajun

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YellowGopherRat.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YellowCoyoteFlint.
153Theexpressionhowiilcanbeinterpretedasfivetolast.Asthemonthhas20days,indeed15Pop(orfivetolast)isthecorrectcorrelateinthistext.
154Arareexampleofthismonthname,spelledwithaskull,theeyeofwhichisKAN,andtheweavingpatternforJALtotherightoftheeye.
151
152

107

..kan.jalaw

..kanjal.mukuy

..kan.jal.nah

..kan.kin

..kan.max
..kan.mo.balam(1)

..kan.mo.balam(2)

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.
cn.

cn.

alsosee:kanjalaw,pop
KanJalaw(18thmonth) CHUM[mu]-[KAN]JAL-wa>chumkanjal[a]w

seatingofKanJalaw

see:chum

3-[KAN]JAL-wa>uxkanjal[a]w3KanJalaw

see:ux

tu-10-[KAN]JAL-wa>tulajunkanjal[a]w

onthetenthofKanJalaw

see:lajun,tu

alsosee:kanjalab,pop
KanjalMukuy(anthroponym)

KAN-ja-lamu-ku-yi>kanjalmukuy

see:-jal,kan,mukuy
KanJalNah(buildingname)

NAH[KAN-naja-la]>kanjalnah

NAH-[[KAN]JAL-la]>kanjalnah

NAH-[[KAN]JAL]>kanjalnah

NAH-[[KAN-na]JAL]>kanjalnah

see:jal,kan,nah

alsosee:yaxjalnah
KanKin(14thmonth)
ta-1-TE-KAN-KIN-ni>tajuntekankin

onthefirstofKanKin

see:jun,-te,ta

alsosee:uniw
kinkajou

KAN-na-ma-xi>kanmaxkinkajou

KanMoBalam(anthroponym)
KAN-naMO-oBALAM-ma>kanmobalam

see:balam,kan,mo
KanMoBalam(anthroponym)

CMLStoneBrick
PALT.XIIJadeBlock

CHNYULLintel2:G2-H2

K5509155

TRTMon.6:I3-J3
PALTFCTablet:C14
PALT.XXIBench:G10
CPNStructure11Panels

XLMPanel3:A14

COLIncisedShell
SBLTabl.5:BB1b-CC2156

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:DovethatbecomesYellow.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YellowMacawJaguar.

155
156

108

..kan.te(1)

..kan.te(2)

..kan.teal

..kan.te.nal

..kan.tu

..kan.tun

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

[KAN]MO-BALAM>kanmobalam

PALOlvidadoPierD:A7157

see:balam,kan,mo
KanTe(treespecies)
KAN-TE>kantesycamore/palodealiso
Dresden31C-3

see:kan,te
seat,office

KAN-TE>kanteseat,office

see:kan,te
KanTeal(toponym)
AJ-KAN-na-TE-la>ajkante[a]l

personfromKanTeal
COLMRBAPanel:A5b

see:aj,-al,kante

UH[ti]-yaKAN-TE-laCHAN-CHEN>

u[h]tiykante[a]lchanchen

happenedatKanTealcommunityTIKStela31:D16-C17158

see:-al,chanchen,kante,ut-

alsosee:kuhteal,tzibteal
placeofseats,offices
KAN-TE-NAL>kantenal

Dresden48C

see:kante,-nal
KanTu(toponym/polity)KAN-natu>kantu[]

see:kanchu

KUH-KAN-tu-ma-ki>kuh[ul]kantu[]mak
CRCStela3:D13a,D18a159

KUH-KAN-natu-ma-ki>kuh[ul]kantu[]mak
K8342

KUH-KAN-tu-ma[ki]>kuh[ul]kantu[]mak
CRCBCM3:F3

see:mak,kan,kuhul
extendedsurfacestone KAN-na-TUN-ni>kantunextendedsurfacestoneTNAMon.95:E-F

KAN-na-TUN-ni>kantunextendedsurfacestoneDPLHS4StepII:I2

see:kan,tun

yu-xu?[lu]KAN-TUN-ni-li>yuxulkantunil

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YellowMacawJaguar.
Through a process of progressive vowel assimilation Kan Teal may evolve to Kan Teel (compare to Chol chaklunte zapotillo and chaklunteel arboleda de madera
coloradaorbakteelbosquedeloshuesos).However,Inotethat-teal,indicatingalargeamountoftrees(grove,wood),canbetheClassicMayaprecursortoChol-teolas
inkkteollugardndehaymuchasmatasdecacateandsutzteolarboledadeliquidmbar.Alsoseekuhtealandtzibteal.
159Althoughtentative,theitemkanchuasfoundatEkBalammaybeavariantoftheitemkantu.AtCaracolthisitemcanbefoundattheheartoftheEmblemGlyphor
paramounttitle.Alsokantumayrefertosomekindofobject.ColonialYucatecMayahastoascubiertaocobertura,whileCholhastoascaa(onlyifu>o).
109
157
158

..kan.uh

..kan.usij

..kan.witz.nal

..kan.witz.nah.kan

..kas-

..kat-

..kawil(1)

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

tv.

tv.

n.

thecarvedextendedsurfacestoneTNAMon.95:E-F

see:-il,uxul,y-

i-u-xu?[lu]-yiKAN-na-TUN-ni>i-uxuluykantun

thencarved(the)extendedsurfacestoneEMLPanel1:D1-C2

see:i-,kan,tun,uxul-
propernameofjewel
KAN-UH>kanuhprecious(?)jewel

COLBMShellPendant

see:kan,uh
KanUsij(toponym)
AJ-KAN-nau-si-ja>ajkanusij

personfromKanUsijYAXStela20Front:A6

a-KAN-nau-si-ja>a[j]kanusij

personfromKanUsijYAXLnt.46:G3-F4

see:aj,kan,usij
KanWitzNal(toponym) [KAN]WITZNAL[AJAW]-wa>kanwitznalajaw
KanWitzNalking COLDeletailleVessel

[[KAN]WITZ]NALAJAW>kanwitznalajaw

KanWitzNalking COLIncisedCelt

KAN-wi-[WITZ]NAL-laa-AJAW>

kanwitznalajawKanWitzNalking K1698

see:ajaw,kan,nal,witz
KanWitzNahKan(WaterLilyMonster)

KAN-naWITZ-NAH-KAN-na>kanwitznahkan SBLStela9:C1-B2

see:kan,kan,nah,witz-
tobreak,tosplit(intwo) ka-sa-ja>ka[h]sajbrokenis,splitis(intwo)
Madrid041A-2

see:-[h]--aj

ka-sa-ya>kasaybreaks,splits(intwo)

PUSStelaD:F12

see:-Vy

i-ka-sa-ya>i-kasaythenbreaks,splits(intwo) PUSStelaD:D11

see:i-,-Vy
towantto

mai-neka-ti>ma[]inkat(i)

notIwantto(Idontwantto)LandaFol.45r

see:in-,ma

YAXLintel25:L2
Kawil(theonym)
KAWIL-la>kawilKawil
110

..kawil(2)

..kawil.ajan

..kax
..kay

..kay-
..kayab

..kayam

..kayom

cn.

cn.

n.
n.

iv.
n.

ag.

ag.

kawil(representation)

KawilAjan(theonym)

forest

song

tosing

Kayab(17thmonth)

singer

singer

KAWIL-wi-la>kawil

CHNMonjasL.6:13
KAWIL-wi-la>kawil

KABCodzPopPlatform
KAWIL-wi>kawil

CHNYULLintel2:D2
ka-wi-la>kawil

CHNCasaCol.HB:8
KAWIL-li>kawil

CRCBCM4:C3
KAWIL>kawil

LACPanel1:M3
u-KAWIL[wi]-la[li]>ukawil[i]ltherepresentationYAXLintel25:B1b
see:-il,u-
KAWILa-ja-na>kawilajan

QRGAltarP:U1160
KAWIL-AJAN>kawilajan

Dresden26C
see:ajan,ajankawil,kawil
ka-xa>kaxforest

TRTWoodenBox
KAY>kaysong
14-tu-TUN-niKAY-li>kanlajuntunkay[i]l

fourteenthtunsong EKBStr.1Rm.22Mural
see:-il,kanlajun,kay,tun
KAY>kay-
ka-ba>ka[ya]b

LandaFol.37v
see:kanasiy

CHNT1LLintel1:H1161
ka-ya-ma>kayamsinger
see:kay-,-Vm
alsosee:kayom
IX-ka-ya-ma>ixkayamladysinger

CHNLasMonjasL.3:13a
see:ix
kayo-ma>kayomsinger

COLPearlmanShell
see:kay-,-Vm
alsosee:kayam
KAY-ma>kay[o]msinger

K8008rimtext
KAY>kay[om]singer

K8457rimtext

Thiscollocationopenswithami-sign.AtpresentIamnotsureifthemi-signmodifiesand/orextendstheKawilAjantheonymandassuchithasnotbeenincludedhere.
Vowelharmonypresentinthe-Vmagentivesuffixprobablyduetoaprocessofprogressivevowelassimilation.
111

160
161

..kih

..kikul(?)

..kik

..kin(1)

..kin(2)

..kin(3)

..kin.a(..kina)

n.
n.

n.

n.

adj.
n.

cn.

see:kay-,-Vm
periodofsevendays
ki-hi-ya>kihiyperiodofsevendayselapsed
propernameofobjectsofstoneandbone

u-ki?-ku>ukikultheobject

u-ki?-ku>ukikul

u-ki?-kuBAK-ki>ukiku[l]bak[il]

see:bak,-il,u-
blood

u-KIK?-le>ukik[e]ltheblood

see:-el,u-
sun

KIN-ni>kinsun

KIN>kinsun
hot

KIN>kinhot
day

u-KIN-ni>ukin[il]theday

see:-il,u-

10-KIN-ni>lajunkin10days

9-MULUKKIN-ni>balunmulukkin

9Muluk(isthe)day

ti-9BENKIN-ni>tibalunkin

on9Ben(the)day

13-BEN-ni>uxlajunben[ki]n

13Ben(isthe)day

ta-KIN-ni>takinon(the)day

see:ta
KinA(toponym)
KIN-ni-a>kina[]

see:a,kin

CHAK[ka]-KIN-ni-a>chakkina[]axesKinA

see:chak-

AJ-KIN-ni-a>ajkina[]personfromKinA

AJ-KIN-ni-a>ajkina[]personfromKinA

see:aj

IX-AJKIN-ni-a>ixajkina[]

ladypersonfromKinA

CPNStelaI:B6a
TNASmallJadeBead
DBCBoneFan
PNGBoneFan
PALT.XIXBench-S:E5

CHNT4LLintel2:E5
YAXLintel29:B4
XLMPanel2:A8
CHNHier.Jambs-W:A1-C1
CHNWaterTroughL.:A1
NARStela24:A2b

PALTabl.Slaves:G3
COLKAMLintel
PALT.XXIEastAlfarda

COLRandelStela
112

..kinchil(1)

..kinchil.kab

..kin.ha.nal(..kinhanal)

..kinich

n.

cn.

cn.

n.

see:ix
Kinchil(mythologicaltoponym)

u-ti-yaKIN-nichi-li?>utiykinchil

happenedlongago(at)Kinchil

see:-il,kinich,ut-

AJ[KIN]chi-li>ajkinchilpersonfromKinchil

see:aj
KinchilKab(toponym) [KIN]chi-li-KAB>kinchilkab

[KIN]chi-ni?-KAB>kinchi[l]kab

see:-il,kab,kinich

KinHaNal(toponym) KIN-ni[HA]NAL>kinhanal

[[KIN]HA]NAL>kinhanal

see:ha,kin,nal
Kinich(theonym)
KINICH>kinich

KINICH-[KIN]chi-ni>kinich

KINICH-ni-chi>kinich

KINICH-chi>kinich

KIN[ni-chi]>kinich

KIN[chi]-ni>kinich

KIN-ni-chi>kinich

KIN-ni-chi>kinich

KIN-ni-chi>kinich

KIN-nichi>kinich

KIN-chi>kin[i]ch

[KIN]chi>kin[i]ch

KIN-ni>kini[ch]

KIN>kin[ich]

see:kin,-Vch

K7750Side2TextPanel
K0633(=K0777)
NARStela22:E16
NARStela22:H12
DPLStela8:H6162
DPLStela15:F3
[common]
CPNStela10:E9
PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco
K0533,K3844,NTNDr.29
COLLCPomoyPanel:F7
K1837,K4669
COLMNAHLintel163
COLBMFentonVase
NMPStela15
COLDAMVase(K2914)
K2295
COLCarvedFemur:C,G
TIKHombredeTikal
K6437

Alternatively,thetransliterationmaybeKinalHa,dependingonthefactwheretheNAListobeplacedinthereadingorder(commonlylast,asinthevocabularyentry).
Thislintelofunknownprovenance,guardedinthebodegaattheMuseoNacionaldeAntropologaeHistoriainMxicoDF,seemstooriginatefromOxkintok(possiblyeven
StructureCA-7orthePalacioChich).
113

162
163

..kinich.ajaw

..kinich.akul.mo.nab

..kinich.baknal.chak

..kinich.balam

..kinich.chapat.balam

..kinich.janab.pakal

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

KinichAjaw(theonym) [KIN]AJAW>kin[ich]ajaw

COLSMBECVessel

[KIN]AJAW-wa>kin[ich]ajaw

Dresden49C164

see:ajaw,kinich
KinichAkulMoNab(anthroponym)

KINICH-a-ku-laMO-na-bi>kinichakulmonab PALTabl.96:I6-J6

KINICH-a-ku-laMO-NAB>kinichakulmonab PALOrator:D1-D2

KINICH-AK-la-[MO]NAB>kinichakulmonab PALOrator:D1-D2

see:akul,kinich,mo,nab

alsosee:yajawtekinichakulmonab
KinichBaknalChak(anthroponym)

KINICH-[BAK]NALCHAK-ki>kinichbaknalchak TNAMon.161:N-O

KINICH-[BAK-ki]NALCHAK-ki>kinichbaknalchak

TNAMon.p49

KINICH-[BAK[CHAK]]NAL>kinichbaknalchak TNAMon.134:Ap7

see:bak,chak,kinich,nal

PRUStela33:pAq2b
KinichBalam(anthroponym)KINICH-BALAM-ma>kinichbalam

see:balam,kinich
KinichChapatBalam(anthroponym)

KINICH-CHAPAT-BALAM-ma>kinichchapatbalam

TNAMisc.StuccoGlyphs

see:balam,chapat,kinich
KinichJanabPakal(anthroponym)

[KIN]-ni-KINICHja-na-bipa-ka-la>

kinichjanabpakal
PALPal.Talbet:G6-G7

[KIN]KINICHja-na-bipa-ka-la>

kinichjanabpakal
PALPal.Talbet:J12-J13

[KIN]KINICHja[na-bi]-pa-ka-la>

kinichjanabpakal
PALPal.Talbet:J12-J13

ForalongtimeIwonderedwhythetheonymKinichAjawdidnotoccurintheMayascreenfoldbooks.Basedonthedifferent(completeandabbreviated)waysinwhich
kinichcanbespelled,andspecificallytheClassicspellingsofkinichajawinthetitle[U]hukChapatTzikinKinichAjaw,Iproposetoreadthecodicalspelling[KIN]AJAWfor
thisdeityaskin[ich]ajaw.AssuchIsupportLounsburys1973ideathatGodGwasKinichAjaw.
114
164

..kinich.jun.pik.tok

..kinich.kan.balam

..kinich.kan.joy.chitam

..kinich.kan.tok.mo

..kinich.kuk.nah

..kinich.lamaw.ek(1)

..kinich.lamaw.ek(2)

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

KINICH-JANAB-PAKAL-la>

kinichjanabpakal

[KIN]chi-niJANABpa-ka-la>

kinichjanabpakal

see:janab,kinich,pakal

alsosee:yajawtekinichjanabpakal
KinichJunPikTok(anthroponym)

[KIN]chi-ni-1pi-ki-TOK>kinichjunpiktok

[KIN]chi-ni-1pi-ki-TOK>kinichjunpiktok

see:jun,kinich,pik,tok
KinichKanBalam(anthroponym)

[KIN]KINICHka-KAN[BALAM]-ma>

kinichkanbalam

see:balam,kan,kinich
KinichKanJoyChitam(anthroponym)

[KIN]KINICH-KAN-na-JOY[CHITAM]-ma>

kinichkanjoychitam

see:chitam,joy,kan,kinich

alsosee:chakupakalkinichkinichkanjoychitam
KinichKanTokMo(anthroponym)

KINICH-KANto-ko-mo-o>kinichkantokmo

see:kan,kinich,mo,tok
KinichKukNah(buildingname)

[KIN]chi-niKUK-NAH>kinichkuknah

[KIN]KINICHKUK-na>kinichkukna[h]

see:nah,kinich,kuk
KinichLamawEk(anthroponym)

KIN[chi]-nila-ma-waEK>kinichlamawek

KINICH-LAM-EK>kinichlam[aw]ek

see:ek,kinich,lam-
KinichLamawEk(anthroponym)

KINICH-LAMEK>kinichlam[aw]ek

COLD.OaksPan.:T1
COLSimijovelShell

CHNHLKLintel:G4-G5
CHNCasaCol.HB:56

PALPal.Tablet:K9-L9

COLD.OaksPanel:G1-H1

CMLUrn26Pendant15

PALTSTablet:N9-O9
PALTFCTablet:L7-M7

K7720
K5022

COLSAMA(K3054)
115

..kinich.pa.witz

..kinich.yax.kuk.mo

..kinich.yax.kuk.mo.nal

..kinil

..kin.mo

..kin.tun

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

see:ek,kinich,lam-
KinichPaWitz(toponym)KINICH-pa-a-WITZ>kinichpawitz

DPLHS2EastStep5:F2

KINICH-[PA]WITZ>kinichpawitz

AGTStela1:D10

KINICH-wi-[PA]WITZ>kinichpawitz

AGTStela7:F2

see:kinich,pa,witz
KinichYaxKukMo(anthroponym)

KINICH-YAX-KUK[MO]>kinichyaxkukmo
CPNAlt.Q:B5165

ya-KINICH-YAX-KUK[MO]>kinichyaxkukmo CPNAltarB:D1

KINICH-YAX-ku[mo-o]>kinichyaxku[k]mo
CPNStelaESides

KINICHYAX-ku[MO]>kinichyaxku[k]mo
CPNStela19NorthSide
CPNWestCourtBlock

[]-[YAX]KUK[MO]>[kinich]yaxkukmo

see:kinich,kuk,mo,yax

alsosee:kukmoajaw
KinichYaxKukMoNal(buildingname)

i-PAT-la-jaKINICHYAX-[KUK[MO]]NAL>

ipatlajkinichyaxkukmonal

thenheshapesKinichYaxKukMoNal
CPNAltarA

see:kinichyaxkukmo,nal,pat-
priest

KIN-ni-li>kinilpriest

K6437166

KIN-ni-li>kinil

CHNT4LLintel3A:E2b

see:-il,kin

alsosee:ajkin
KinMo(polity)
KIN-[MO]AJAW>kinmoajawKinMoking YAXLintel3:F2

see:ajaw,kin,mo
drought

KIN-TUN>kintundrought

Dresden71

KIN-TUN-ni>kintundrought

Dresden72

ThewallsoftheMargaritaandRosalilabuildingswithinStructure10L-16atCopanareilluminatedwithlargestuccopanelsthatcontainthelargeemblematichieroglyphic
versionsoftheanthroponymKinichYaxKukMo(seeforinstancetheDecember1997NationalGeographicMagazineforillustrations).
166Thisinterpretationistentative,buttheagentivekinilpriestseemstoconsistofkinday;sun;todivineandtheagentivesuffix-il,forexamplefoundinBachajonTzeltal
(e.g.,ihkatzilcarrier[orburden-person]),colonialTzendal(e.g.,mulawilsinner[or,sin-person],Aravocabulary),andearly20thcenturyYucatecMaya(e.g.,sakiilperson
fromValladolid).AthirdspellingKIN-ni-liappearsinthepartiallyerodedtextofCopanStelaF(East:B4),butthecontextisunclear.
116
165

..kin.tun.habil

..kob

..koj

..kojob

..kowil

..kub-

..kuch

..kuh
Figure1c

..kuh-

cn.

n.

n.

n.

adj.
tv.

n.

n.

tv.

yearofdrought

hearth,hearthstone

mask

heath,hearthstone

lame,cripple

todeposit,tooffer

vulture

god

toworship

see:kin,tun
KIN-TUN-HAB-li>kintunhabilyearofdrought Dresden71
HAB-liKIN-TUN-ni>kintun[hab[i]l](?)
Dresden72
see:hab,-il,kin,tun
ko-ba>kobhearth,hearthstone

PALTCTablet:D6a
see:kojob
u-ko-jo>ukojthemask

COLSiteRLintel
see:u-
ko-jo-ba>kojobhearth,hearthstone

YAXHS5Stone16:81
ko-jo-ba>kojob

CPNStr.30Altar
see:kob
ko-WI>kowi[l]lame,cripple(prognostication) Dresden66B-1
ku-ba-ja>ku[h]baj>depositedis

TIKAlt.5:15
see:-[h]--aj
ku-chi>kuchvulture

Dresden13C-2
see:us,usij
KUH>god

[common]
ku-hu>kuhgod

YAXLintel37:D7a,K1505

Madrid073A1167
KUH-hi>kuhgod
a-KUH-li>akuhilyourgod

CPNPapagayoStep
see:a-,-il
u-KUH-li>ukuhilthegod

PNGPanel2:I2
u-KUH-li>ukuhilthegod

PALTI-ET:P4
see:-il,u-
COLHaubergStela
tu-KUH-li>tukuh[i]lfor/with(?)thegod
see:-il,tu-
KUH-na>kuhunworships
KUH-HUN>kuhun

ThisspellingKUH-hiemploysT136forhi,whichactuallyisaformersignforji.Atthetimeoftheconquest,YucatecMayastilldistinguished/h/from/j/,asforinstance
indicatedinthelate16thcenturyMotuldictionary.Thusaformerjisignwasemployedashi,thoughthelanguagecommunitythatemployedthesignhadnotyetlostthe/h//j/
distinction.
117
167

..kuh.aj

..kuh.huk.yeh.tok

..kuh.nah

..kuh.te

..kuh.teal

..kuhul

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

adj.

see:-Vn

ka-KUH-le-wi-ya>ka[]kuhlewiythenworshippedCHNMonjasL.4A:C2

see:-iy,ka

wa-KUH-le-wa-ki>wakuhlewkithenworshippedCHNMonjasL.1A:B1

see:-ki,wa
godperson

KUH-AJ>kuhajgodperson

COLECMask

see:-aj,kuh
KuhHukYehTok(theonym)

KUH7-yeto-ka>kuhhukye[h]tok

K1184168

see:eh,huk,kuh,tok,y-
temple(lit.godhouse)
KUH-NAH>kuhnahtemple

see:kuh,nah

yo-OTOTKUH-NAH-li>yototkuhnah[i]l

thehometemple K8009

see:-il,otot,y-
zapotetree

KUH-TE>kuhtezapotetree

see:kuh,te
KuhTeal(toponym)
KUH-TE-la>kuhtealZapoteTreePlace
YAXLintel10:A4b

see:-al,kuhte

alsosee:kanteal,tzibteal
god-like(godly)
KUH-HUL>kuhulgod-like

SBLStela8:A5a

KUH-[HUL]lu>kuhulgod-like

CRCStela17:A4a169

KUHHUL[lu]>kuhulgod-like

CPNAltarT:A3-B3

KUH-lu>kuh[u]lgod-like

IXZStela4:B4

KUH-u-lu>kuhulgod-like

CHNYULL.1:C2,C6170

KUH>kuh[ul]god-like

[common]

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:GodSevenarethePointsoftheFlint.Alternatively,thepart-yehcanbeinterpretedasanumeralclassifierforflints,thusGod
SevenaretheFlints.Ithastobenotedthatthisvesselhasbeenheavilypaintedover,whichmayaffectthecorrectnessofthepresentinterpretationofthistheonym.
169This spelling actually employs a former JUL SPEAR/PIERCE sign, which in this Terminal Classic context at Caracol must function as HUL. This former JUL sign is also
employedatCopaninaspellingforkuhul(e.g.,CPNTemple22AAltar:F2a).
170ThespellingatYulamayactuallybetranscribedasKU-u-luforkuul,asinLatePostclassicYucatecMayathefinal-hhadevolvedinto-.
118
168

..kuhul.ajaw

..kuhulix[ik]

..kuhul.winik

..kuk

..kuk.mo

..kuk.mo.ajaw

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

see:kuh,-Vl

u-KUH-hu-lu-tza-ku>ukuhultzaku[l]

thegod-likeconjuring YAXLintel25:E1171

see:tzakul,u-

KUH-[PA]CHAN-na-AJAW>kuh[ul]pachanajaw

god-likeYaxchilanking YAXLintel1:I1

see:ajaw,pachan
KuhulAjaw(title)
KUH-lu-AJAW-wa>kuh[u]lajawgod-likeking CHNMonjasL.5A:C

KUHa-AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]ajaw

CHNTISLnt.:H2-I2

KUH-AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]ajaw

CHNT1LLnt.:E1

KUH-AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]ajaw

QRGStelaI:D5b

KUHAJAW-wa>kuh[ul]ajaw

CPNRoAmarilloAltar1

see:ajaw,kuhul
KuhulIx[ik](title)
KUH-IX>kuh[ul]ix[ik]god-likelady

[common]

KUH-lu-IX-ki>kuh[u]lix[i]k

CHNMonjasLintel3:15

KUH-lu-IX>kuh[u]lix[ik]

CHNAkabDzibL.:H2b

see:ix,ixik,kuhul
KuhulWinik(title)
KUH-WINIK-ki>kuh[ul]winikgod-likeman
COLMermozVase(3x)

see:kuhul,winik
quetzal

KUK>kukquetzal

PALSarc.SideN-1

KUK-ku>kukquetzal

K8732

Dresden16C-2

ku-ku>kukquetzal
2

COLECShellGorget

ku>kukquetzal

ku>ku[k]quetzal

PALSarc.LidSide:54b
KukMo(anthroponym) kuMO>ku[k]mo

TIKHombre:E2-F2172

see:mo,kuk
KukMoAjaw(anthroponym)

[KUK[MO]-o]AJAW>ku[k]mo

CPNAltarQ:A3173

ThisexampleatYaxchilanemploysaformerjusignforhu.AlsotheinscriptionoftheReviewingStandatCopansStructure12seemstoprovideaspellingKUH-hu-lu
whichemploysaformerjusign.
172Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:QuetzalMacaw.
119
171

..kulis

..kutzil

..kux-

..kuxan

n.

n.

tv.

n.

tv.
cn.

num.

see:mo,kuk

alsosee:kinichyaxkukmo
penis

ku-li-si>kulispenis

see:-is
tobacco

KUH/ku-tzi-li>kutziltobacco

ku-tzi-li>kutzil

ku>ku[tzil]

see:may
tobite

ku-xa-ja>ku[h]xajbittenis

see:-[h]--aj

ku-xa-ji>ku[]xjiybittenis

see:-jiy
Kuxan(partoftheonyms) KUXAN?-na>kuxan

ku-KUXAN?>kuxan

see:kux

K1398(spokentext)

Dresden15A-3174
Madrid96B-3
Madrid96B-2

NARHS1VI:L2b

TNAF.1:A1175

YAXLintel1:A3b
CAYAltar4:F1b

L
..lab-
..lab.te.hix

..lajun

tofasten(onastick)
la-ba->lab-
LabTeHix(nominalphraseofwayaw)

la-ba-TEHIX>labtehixstick-fastenedjaguar

see:hix,lab-,te
ten

10>lajunten

LAJUN-na>lajun

COLMPV(K3395)176
[common]
TNAMon.141:A5a

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:QuetzalMacawKing.Thiswasthepre-accessionnameofKinichYaxKukMo,founderandfirstdynastatCopan.
This spelling employs the sign KUH, but through a Late Classic (or perhaps even an innovative Postclassic) acrophonic process it is reduced simply ku, as the Madrid
Codexexamplemakesclear,employingT604ku.InthetextforDresden15A-2onecanfindthespellingtzi-KUH;Isuspectthatthescribereversedtheorder,whichmayhave
beenku-tzi(noteanotherreversal,yu-kuforku-yu>kuyinthetextforDresden07C-2).
175Asthefourthandfinalu-shapedelementofjiisslightlylargerthantheothersitispossiblethatthesuffixisactually-[ji]yaandthusku[]xjiybittenwasisspelled.Ihave
onlyadrawingavailableofthemonument,nophotograph,tocheckthisimportantdetail.
176Lab (e.g., Chorti; compare to Yucatec lob) means evil, not good and possibly a play on words is presented here, Stick-fastened Jaguar is written (and shown in the
accompanyingpictureonK3395,a.k.a.theCastilloBowl,ajaguarfastenedtoastickhand-heldbyacrouchinghumanbeing)butitmaybeinterpretedasEvilStickJaguar.
120
173
174

Figure4:SomeExamplesofClassicMayaSpellings(photographscourtesyMesowebPhotoDatabase,nottobereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission)

a)PalenqueTabletofthe96Glyphs:BAK-le-

wa-WAY-wa[la]forbakelwaywal

b)DosPilasHier.Stairway4:KAN-na-TUN-ni

EBforkantuneb

c)DosPilasHier.Stairway4:u-[cho]KABA

forucho[k]kaba

d)DosPilasHier.Stairway4:HUL-liforhul
121

..lak(1)

..lak(2)

..lakam(1)

..lakam(2)

..lakam(3)

..lakam.ha(..lakamha)

..lakam.tun(1)

n.

n.

n.
n.

adj.

cn.

cn.

plate

brick

banner

lakam(title)

big,great,wide

LakamHa(toponym)

LakamTun(toponym)

Tnn>lajun

CPNStela3East:A13177
u-la-ka>ulaktheplate

CLKStr.IITmb.4Plate
u[la]ka>ulaktheplate

COLGardiner(K6080)
ulaka>ulaktheplate

COLMPV(K3444)
see:u-
u-la-ka>ulakthebrick

CMLBrick2:A5
see:u-
la-LAKAM-ma>lakambanner

COLDAMVase(K2914)
LAKAM-ma>lakam

K4996,K5763
la-ka-ma>lakam

K5445

COLPolychromePlate
u-la-kama>ulakamthelakam
3-LAKAM-ma>uxlakamthreelakams

K4996
see:ux
LAKAM>lakambig,great,wide
LAKAM-ma>lakam
la-ka-ma>lakam
alsosee:lakamtun
LAKAM-HACHAN-na-CHEN-na>

lakamhachanchenLakamHacommunity PALTSTablet:O14-N15
see:chanchen,ha,lakam
AJ-LAKAMHA>ajlakamha

personfromLakamHaBPKLintel4:B1-C1
see:aj
LAKAM-ma-[TUN-ni]AJAW>lakamtunajaw

LakamTunKing ITZStela17:K3
see:ajaw,lakam,tun
a-LAKAM[TUN]ni>a[j]lakamtun

personfromLakamTun COLSiteQPanelA:A3
see:aj

ThisuniquehieroglyphichandsigninthetextofCopanStela3hasnotbeencatalogedbyThompson(nn,nonumber).Twoflathandsaredepictedtowritethenumber
10,withthethumbofonehandtouchingthefingersoftheotherhand.
122

177

..lakam.tun(2)

..lakin

..lam-

..latzil

..lay

..-l-aj

cn.

n.

tv.

n.

adv.

suf.

stela(greatstone)
LAKAM-TUN-ni>lakamtun

see:lakam,tun

u-LAKAM-TUN-ni-li>ulakamtunil

u-LAKAM-TUN-ni-li>ulakamtunil

u-LAKAM[TUN]-ni-li>ulakamtunil

u-LAKAM[TUN]-li>ulakamtun[i]l

u-LAKAMTUN-ni-li>ulakamtunil

u-la-ka-ma-TUN-ni>ulakamtun[il]

see:-il,u-
east

la-KIN-ni>lakineast

la-KIN-ni>lakin

la-ni>la[ki]n

see:elkin

ti-la-KIN>tilakinin(the)east

see:ti
todiminish,toexpire
la-ma->lam-todiminish,toexpire

see:kinichlamawek
la-tzi-la>latzilstack
stack

la-tzi>latz[il]

see:ajlatzil
here

LAY-ya>layhere

la-LAY>lay

see:alay
asuffixthatderivesanintransitivepositionalverb.Examples:

CHUM[mu]-la-ja>chumlaj(s/he)sits

see:chum-

PAT-la-ja>patlaj(s/he)shapes,forms

see:pat-

TIKStela12:D3

CPNStelaI:A9
TIKSt.12:D3&St.26:zB2
CPNStela3East:B26
PRUStela32:A3
TNAMon.30:A5-A6
CPNStelaA:C8

Dresden22B-1
Madrid006B178
Madrid

Dresden42A-1

K1335,K8009
K5197

ThisexampleintheCodexMadridemploystheregularT533signforlainsteadofT534invertedajaw.ThismaybeseenasaspecifictraitofsomeoftheCodexMadrid
scribes, but note that examples of the T502 sign for ma in Classic hieroglyphic texts actually present a similar case in which inversion of the infixed T533/534 sign is not
diacriticaltotheactualpronunciationofthesign.
123
178


..-lat

n.

..le

..-lel

..-lib

..-lil

..luk

n.

suf.

suf.

suf.

n.

alsosee:-w-an
days/yearslater;completedu-5-la-tauholatthefivedayslater

PNGStela1:J3

see:ho,u-

u-13-HABla-ta>u-uxlajunhablatthethirteenyear(s)completed

CPNAltarU,Top:A2B2

see:hab,u-,uxlajun
noose

u-le-e>ulethenoose

Madrid091A-3

see:u-
-ship

-le-le>-lel-ship

-2le>-lel

-le>-le[l]

see:-lil

JOY[ja]ti-AJAW-le-le>jo[h]y[a]jtiajawlel

encircledisinking-shipPNGThr.1Sup.2:B3

see:ajaw,joy-,ti
locative(?)suffix
-li-bi>-lib(<*-Vl-ib)

see:-ib,-nib

CHAK-li-bi>chaklib

e[ke]li-bi>eklib

AJ-ja-ma-li-bi>ajjamlibpersonfromJamlib

see:aj
-ship

-li>-li[l]ship

see:-lel

ta-AJAW[li]>tiajawli[l]inkingship

CRCStela6:A15

see:ajaw,ti

ta-ya-ja-wa-KAK-li>tayajawkakli[l]

inyajawkak-ship PALGroupIVInc.Burner

see:ta,yajawkak

ta-AJKUH-na-li>taajkuhunli[l]inajkuhun-shipTNATSMReliefPlate

see:ajkuhun,ta
stucco

u-lu-ku>ulukthestucco

PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco

see:u-
124

..lum

n.

adv.

n.

tv.

adv.

prep.

n.

n.

n.

tv.

earth;soil

lu-ma>lumearth

M
..ma

..mab

..mach-

..machaj

..mal

..mak(1)
..mak(2)

..mak(3)

..mak-(1)

no,not

cache(?)

tograsp,totake

no,not

within

person

Mak(13thmonth)

capstone(cover-stone)

tocover,tocloseup

ma-a>mano,not

TRTWoodenBox
ma[a]>ma

PALTI-ET:Q4
ma>ma[]

PALTI-ET:O10,P11
see:machaj
ma-ba>mabcache(?)

CHNT4LLintel2:F4
ma-bi>mabcache(?)

CPNAltarG:C1b
ma-cha-ja>ma[h]chajtakenis

K1398
see:-[h]--aj
ma-cha-ja>machajno,not

PALTI-ET:M3
see:ma
ma-la>malwithin
hu-lima-laYOTOT-ti>hulmalyotot[il]

arrivedwithinthehouse CHNYULL.1:A7-A8179
see:-il,hul-,otot,y-
ma-ki>makperson
1-ma-ka>junmak1Mak

Dresden49B
tu-4-TE-maka>tukantemakonthefourthofMakCHNYULL.2:A2-B2a
5-ma-kahomak5Mak

NARStela1:A2
13-MAK-ka>uxlajunmak13Mak

PALT.XIXBench-S:J5b
15-ma-MAK>holajunmak15Mak

YAXLintel24:B1
see:chan,ho,holajun,jun,uxlajun
ma-MAK>mak

LandaFol.35v
ma-ka>makcapstone

CHNUnkn.TombCapst.
see:mak-
u-ma-ka-wa>umakawhecovers

MQLStela5:A3
see:u--Vw

Thetranscriptionhu-liistentative,asthisspellingemploysaClassicjusign.However,asattheendoftheClassic/j/cametobemergedwith/h/thereisachancethatthe
syllablejuhadevolvedintohu.Ifso,thismayapplytoothersignsandsigncombinationsatChichenItza.NoteforinstanceattheHighPriestsGrave(probablydatingtoA.D.
998)thespellingu-BAH-hi,employingaformerjisign.Intriguingly,YucatecMayahadnotyetlostthedistinction.
125

179

..mak-(2)

..mak-

..makan.witz

..mam(1)

..mam(2)

..masal

tv.

tv.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

tobetroth

toeat(softfood-stuffs)

MakanWitz(toponym)

grandfather

grandson

Masal(toponym)

ma-ka-ja>ma[h]kaj>coveredis

CRNStela1Frag.180
ma-ka-ja>ma[h]kaj>coveredis

BCNStr.4,Capstone
ma-ka-ja>ma[h]kajcoveredis

EKBStr.1Vlt.1Capstone
see:-[h]--aj
ma-ka-ja>ma[h]kaj>bethrothedis

PNGStela1:F2
see:-[h]--aj
ma-MAK-ji-ya>ma[]kjiybethrothedwas
PNGStela8:B19
see:-jiy
u-ma-kawa-WAJ-ji>umaka[w]wajheeatsbreadDresden13B-1
see:u-,waj
hu-lima-ka-nawi-tzi>hulmakanwitz

arrives(at)MakanWitz COLCancuenPanel2
see:hul-,witz
ma[MAM]>mamgrandfather

CPNAltarK:L1b

PALSarc.LidSide:11a
u-ma-ma>umamthegrandfather
u-ma-ma>umamthegrandfather

Dresden26A-1
see:u-
u-MAM-ta>umam[a]tthegrandfatheryouare CPNPapagayoStep
see:-at,u-
a-MAM>amamyourgrandfather

PNGPanel3Sec.Text
see:a-
ni-MAM>nimammygrandfather

K1398TextPanel
see:ni-
u-MAM>umamthegrandson

TIKIncisedBoneMT28a
u-MAM>umamthegrandson

PALKanTokPanel:G8
see:u-
ma-[su]AJAW-la>masalajawMasalking
TIKStela10:G10
ma[su]-la-AJAW-wa>masalajawMasalking
CLKNo.591-1

ma-[su]AJAW-wa>mas[al]ajawMasalking
TIKAltar5:21

ThisLaCoronaexamplereferstotheclosureorcoveringupofthesameobjectasintheexamplesatMachaquilaandEkBalamcitedhere.Themainsignoftheobjectisthe
T769GAPING.MAWSlogogramforWAY(thesamesignisemployedintheWAY-ya-HABandWAY-HABcollocations),postfixedby-yainseveralcases.
126
180

..masil

..masul

..mat

..matal(ormat[awi]l)

..matan

..mataw

..matawil

n.

n.

n.

n.

n.

n.

n.

see:-al,ajaw,mas
Masil(toponym?)
AJ-ma-si-la>ajmasilpersonfromMasil
COLMAmCenserStand

see:aj,-il
goblin

ma-su>masu[l]dwarf

DPLStela15:G2

see:chat,nol
merganserduck(?)
MAT>matduck

PAL[common]181

ma-ta>mat

see:mataw
Matal(toponym/polityname)MAT-la>matal

see:-al,mat

alsosee:matawil

KUH-[MAT-la]AJAW>kuh[ul]mat[a]lajaw

god-likeMatalkingPALPalaceTablet:N12

see:ajaw,kuhul
gift

ma-ta-na>matangift

Madrid040B-2
ma-ta>mata[n]gift

Madrid040C-3

merganserduck(?)
ma-ta-wi>matawduck

see:mat
Matawil(toponym)
ma-ta-wi-la>matawil

PALTCTablet:D17

ma-ta-wi-li>matawil

K0792

COLYAXAreaPanel

ma-ta-wi>matawi[l]

ma-MAT-wi-la>mat[a]wil

PALT.XIXBench-S:L1

see:-il,mataw

u-ti-yama-ta-wi-la>utiymatawil

happenedatMatawil PALT.XVIIIJmb.:D14-C15

KUH-ma-ta-wi-laa-AJAW-wa>

Inpreviousresearchmathasbeeninterpretedascormorant.Linguistically,thishasnotmuchsupportandpossiblymatreferstoaspeciesofmigratoryducks(e.g.,Chontal
mat,patillo)(NickHopkins,personalcommunication,June26,2007;alsoseeStuart2005:21-22).Theheadofthebirddepictedintheglyphicsign(T793a)doesnotsupporta
cormorantidentification(asthatbirdspecieshasaverylongthinbeak),buttheheadofamerganserduckseemsplausible.Merganserduckshaverowsofsmallteethsofish
thathavebeencaughtdonotfalloutoftheirbeak.BasedonthematawilplacenameIsuggestthatmatisareductionofmatawmerganserduck(notei-chi-wa>ichiwheron,
butalsoWAY-ya-wa>wayawfamiliar,spiritcompanion).Seematawil.
127
181

..matun

n.

..matun.a(or:ma[k]tun.a)(..matuna)

cn.

..matz

n.

..max

n.

..maxam

n.

..may(1)

n.

nosebead(?)

MatunA(or:MaktunA)

wiseman

spidermonkey

Maxam(toponym)

tobacco

kuhulmatawilajawgod-likeMatawilking
see:ajaw,kuhul
ma-ta-la-AJAW-wa>

mata[wi]lajawMatawilking
see:ajaw
ma-TUN-ni>matunnosebead

PALTFCTablet:C11-D11

PALT.XVIII:RearWall182
XLMColumn4:A3bb183

AJ-ma-TUN-a>ma[k?]tunapersonfromMa[k]tunA

BPKStela1IncisedText184
see:a,aj,mak,tun
ma-tza>matzwiseman

XLMCol.4:A4
see:miyatz
ma-xi>maxspidermoney

COLRandelStela:E2b
ma-xi>max

K1203,K1211
maxi>max

K1181
u-tima-xa-ma>utmaxamhappens(at)Maxam NARAlt.1:D7-C8
u-ti-yama-xa-ma>utiymaxam

happened(at)MaxamNARStela8:B8
see:-iy,ut-
K0635
AJ-ma-xa-ma>ajmaxampersonfromMaxam
see:aj
MAY-ya>maytobacco

COLCDX-styleFlask
ma-ya>may

COLSMBSmallBottle
ma-yi>may
see:ajmay
alsosee:kutzil

Albeittentative,basedonthepossiblereductionofmatawtomatmerganserduck,matawilplaceofthematawmayhaveevolvedtomatalplaceofthemat(from*matil,
withprogressivevowelassimilation)orplaceof(abundanceof)themat.Seematal.
183AtXcalumkintheitemmatunisemployedaspartofanominalphrase,thefirstpartofwhichremainswithoutdecipherment.
184Thespellingma-TUNmayleadtoma[k]tun,inwhich,duetoaprocessofelision,the-k-wasdropped.Ifcorrect,Maktunisadescriptivetoponymasmaktunmeansledge.
IntheearlyColonialperiodthepeopleofAcalanwerereferredtoasthemaktunwinikobMaktunpeople.Perhaps,andonlyperhaps,theprobableMaktunatYaxchilanrefers
tothatarea(anareatothewestofYaxchilan).
128
182

..may(2)

..mayij

..mayij.bak

..mayuy

..mayuy.ti.sutz

..men

..met

..mijin

..mim

..mis-

..miyatz

..mo

n.

n.

cn.

n.
cn.

n.

n.
n.

n.

iv.

n.

n.

deer

gift

gift-bone

mist

MayuyTiSutz

master,artificer

crown;nest

childoffather

maternalgrandmother

tosweep

wiseman

macaw

MAY-ya>maydeer
ma-ya>maydeer

PNGThr.1:B1
see:chih,chij,kej,sipul
u-ma-yi-ji>umayij[il]thegift

TRTWoodenBox

PALPal.Tablet:G14
u?-MAY-yi-ji>umayij[il]thegift
u-MAY-ji>umay[i]j[il]thegift

CMLUrn26Pendant17,18
see:-il,u-
u-BAH-hiti-MAY-yi-ji>ubah[il]timayij

theimagewith(the)gift YAXStela33Back:A1-B1
see:bah,-il,u-
u-MAY-yaji?ba-ki>umay[i]jbak[il]thegift-bone YAXTombII,BonePin
see:bak,-il,mayij,u-
ma-yu-yu>mayuy

NARStela18:E10
ma-yu-yuTI-SUTZ>mayuytisutz

COLKAMLintel
see:mayuy,sutz,ti
me?-na>menmaster,artificer
see:ixikmenajaw

K8885IncisedShell
me?-te>metcrown;nest
MIJIN?-na>mijinchildoffather
mi-MIJIN?>mijin

K7750
u-MIJIN?-na>umijin

COLHolmulPlate
DPLPanel6:A7
u-?-ki[MIJIN?]-na>u-?mijinthe(?)childoffather
see:u-
u-mi-mi>umimthematernalgrandmother
CHNMonjasL.7A:B2b
see:u-
mi-siKAB>miskabsweeps(the)earth

Madrid111C-2
see:kab
mi-ya-tzi>miyatzwiseman

K1457
see:matz
MO>momacaw
MO-o>momacaw
mo-o>momacaw
129

..mo.witz

..moo

..mok
..mol

..molol

..molow

Figure2a

cn.

n.

n.
n.

n.

n.

MoWitz(toponym)

macaw

knot(?)

Mol(8thmonth)

Molol(8thmonth)

Molow(8thmonth)

see:moo
AK-MO>ak[ul]moAkulMo

YAXLintel10:B3b
AK-[ku]lu-MO-o>akulmoAkulMo
YAXLintel10:C3b-D3a
a-ku-MO>aku[l]moAkulMo

YAXLintel10:F8b
see:akul
KINICH-AK-la-[MO]NAB>kinichakulmonab

KinichAkulMoNab(III)PALT.XIXBench-S:N7
see:akul,kinich,nab
MO-wi-WITZ>mowitzMacawMountain
CPNStelaB,Back
mo-o-wi-tzi>mowitz

CPNStructure11Bench
see:mo,witz
[MO[WITZ]]AJAW-wa>mowitzajaw

CPNStructure11Panels
mo-o-[WITZ]AJAW>mowitzajaw

MacawMountainking CPNTemple21A
u-BAHMO-WITZAJAW-wa>ubah[il]mowitzajaw

itistheimageofMacawMountainking CPNStelaB
see:ajaw,bah,u-
mo-o-o>moomacaw

Dresden16C-3
see:mo

K2286
mo-ko>mokknot(?)
13-[mo]lo>uxlajunmol13Mol

Dresden47B
see:uxlajun
14-TE-[mo]lo>chanlajuntemol14Mol

CPNAltarG
see:chanlajun,-te

LandaFol.43r
[mo]lo>mol
see:molol,molow
12-mo[lo]-la>lajchamolol12Molol

K1344,1371,1372
see:lajcha
alsosee:mol,molow
YAXStela18Back:A3
19-mo[lo]-wa>balunlajunmolow19Molow
see:balunlajun
alsosee:mol,molol
130

..mon.pan

..muk-

..mukil

..muknal

..mukuy

..mul

..mut(1)

..mut(2)

..mutal

cn.

tv.

n.

n.

n.

n.

n.

n.

n.

MonPan(toponym)

tobury

tomb,burial

tomb,burialplace

dove,pigeon

hill

bird

omen,message

Mutal(toponym)

[mo]nopa-na>monpan

NTNDrawing29:A4-A5
[mo]no-pa-na>monpan

NTNDrawing28:A4
mo-nopa-na>monpan

NTNDrawing25:A4-A5

NTNDrawing66:D1
mo[no]pa-na>monpan
mu-ka-ja>mu[h]kajburiedis

PNGPanel3:V5
mu-ku-ja>mu[h]kajburiedis

CAYPanel1:C13
see:-[h]--aj
CPNHSStep
u-[mu]ku-li>umuk[i]lthetomb,burialplace
u-MUK-li>umuk[i]lthetomb/burialplace
COLStendahlPan.:F6
see:-il,muk-,u-
tu-MUK-li>tumuk[i]linthetomb/burialplace
COLStendahlPan.:F6
see:-il,muk-,tu-
u-[MUK]NAL-la>umuknalthetomb/burialplace SBLTabl.5:DD1a
see:muk-,-nal,u-
mu-ku-yi>mukuydove,pigeon

CLKNo.541-12,K5509
see:ulum
mu-lu>mulhill

RAZTomb19Vessel15
mu-lu>mulhill

CHNT4LLintel3A:B2b
mu-tu>mutbird

COLECMask,Back
mu-tu>mut

COLSMBECVessel185
mu-MUT-ti>mutbird

YAXThrone1
MUT-ti>mutbird

XLMCol.3:A6a
ti-mu>*mu-ti>mutbird

Madrid095C1

u-mu-ti>umut[il](is)theomen

Dresden18B-1,2,3
see:-il,u-
alsosee:muwak
AJ-mu-MUT-la>ajmutalpersonfromMutal
SBLStela6:A5b186
AJ-MUT>ajmut[al]personfromMutal
NARStela22:G2

ThetextonthisEarlyClassicvesselinthecollectionoftheEthnologicalMuseuminBerlininlargepartiseroded.Thespellingmu-tumayrefertoanotherwordmutthanthe
oneforbirdasthecontextinwhichitappearsisambiguous.
186Inpronunciation,throughaprocessofprogressivevowelassimilation,MutalmayhaveevolvedtoMutul.
131
185

..muwak

..muwan(1)

..muwan(2)

..muy
..muyal

n.

n.

n.

n.
n.

announcement

sparrow-hawk

Muwan(15thmonth)

smallknibblinganimal
cloud

see:aj,-al,mut
KUH-mu-[MUT]AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]mut[al]ajaw

god-likeMutalkingAMLPanel2:A9
see:ajaw,kuhul
u-mu-wa>umuwa[k]theannouncement
Dresden17C-3

Dresden16A1,16C-1,2,3
u-mu-ka>umu[wa]k
see:u-
alsosee:mut
MUWAN-ni>muwansparrow-hawk
MUWAN-wa-ni>muwan

K5515
MUWAN-wa-ne>muwan

NTNDRawing65:F5b
mu-wa-ni>muwan
4-MUWAN-ni>chanmuwan4Muwan

TRTMon.6:C13
7-MUWAN-na>hukmuwan4Muwan

CRCBCM3:D3
18-MUWAN-wa-ni>waxaklajunmuwan18MuwanTRTMon.6:F1
Dresden46C
18-mu-wa-ni>waxaklajunmuwan18Muwan
19-mu-wa-ni>balunlajunmuwan19Muwan
QRGAltarP:W1a1
see:balunlajun,chan,huk,waxaklajun
MUWAN-ni>muwan

LandaFol.36v

Dresden18C-2
mu-yu>muysmallknibblinganimal
MUYAL-ya-la>muyalcloud

NARStela2:D18,K2085
MUYAL-ya>muyalcloud

NARStela13:G9
MUYAL-li>muyalcloud

COLSMBStoneTorso
mu-MUYAL-li>muyalcloud

COLCampecheVase

suf.

n.

asuffixthatderivesacertainclassofpassivesfromCVCandCVCVtransitives.Examples:

BAK-na-ja>baknaj

see:-aj,bak-

yu-[ku]no-ma>yuknom

see:-Vm,yuk-
house(structure)
ti-na-i>tinain(the)house

Paris17B

N
..-n-

..na

132

..na-

..nab(1)

..nab(2)

..nab-

..nabaj-

tv.

n.

tv.

inch.

see:nah,ti
toreveal(something)
na-wa-ja>na[]wajrevealedis

PNGStela1:K5

see:-aj,-w-

na-wa-jau-BAK-kiti-ya-AJAW>na[]wajubak[il]tiyajaw

revealedisthecaptivetotheking COLKAMLintel

see:ajaw,bak,-il,ti,u-,y-
pool,bodyofwater
NAB>nabpool,bodyofwater

NAH/na-bi>nab

na-bi>nab

alsosee:chiknab
hand-span(certainhand-basedmeasurementofgameball)

NAB-ba>nabhand-span

na-ba>nab

9-NAB-ba>balunnabninehand-span

YAXHS2StepIV

9-na-ba>balunnabninehand-span

AMLPnl.2:A5b,K3842187

see:balun

11-NAB-ba>buluchnabelevenhand-span
CNCBCM1

see:buluch

12-NAB-ba>lajchanabtwelvehand-span
YAXHS2StepX

12-na-ba>lajchanabtwelvehand-span

COLBallgamePanel2

see:lajcha

14-NAB-ba>chanlajunnabfourteenhand-span COLRMVVase(K2912)

14-na-ba>chanlajunnabfourteenhand-span
COLBallgamePanel

see:chanlajun
topaint,toanoint
NAB->nab-topaint,toanoint

see:usaknaban,uyaxnaban
tobecomeapool
NAB[ja]u-KIK?-le>nabajukik[e]l

bloodbecomesapool DPLHS2WestStep4

NAB-ja-KIK?>nabaj[u]kik[el]

bloodbecomesapool TRTMon.6:C6

Thisexampleemploystheheadvariant(alsoreferredtoasgodofnumbernine)fornumbernine,balun.

187

133

..nah(1)

..nah(2)

..nah(3)

..nah.kanul

..nak-

..nal(1)

..nal(2)

..naman

n.

ord.

adj.

cn.

tv.

n.

n.

n.

see:-aj,-el,kik,u-
house(structure)
u-NAH-hi>unah[il]thehouse

PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco

see:-il,u-

ti-na-hi>tinahin(the)house

Dresden33C-3

see:na,ti

NAH>nahhouse

NAH-hi>nah

PNGThr.1Sup.1:D3b
first

u-NAH-TAL-la>thefirstcounted

YAXLintel11:A1188

see:tal,u-

u-NAH-5-TUN-ni-li>unahhotunilthefirstfivetunCPNAltartoStelaI:C

see:ho,-il,tun,u-
great,big

NAH>nahgreat

K1256189

see:nahkanul,sakbaknahchapat
NahKanul(serpentname) NAH-ka-KAN-nu>nahkanu[l]greatserpent
K4547

see:nah,kanul
toconquer

u-na-ka-wa>unakawheconqueres

DPLHS2CenterStep3

see:u--Vw
person

-NAL>nalinhabitant

MUT-la-NAL-li>mutalnalMutalinhabitant
DPLHS4StepIII:E1

see:mutal
employedasalocativesuffixwiththemeaningplace

NAL-la>nalplace

NAL>nal

TIKStela31:G23190

alsosee:-al,-il,o
Naman(toponym)
na-MAN?-niAJAW>namanajawNamanking
COLVessel

see:ajaw

IX-na-[MAN?-ni]AJAW>ixiknamanajaw

Theordinalnumeralnahfirstcanbesubstitutedbyyaxfirst.Seeentrykaltunforexamples.
IidentifyClassicMayanahtomeangreat,biginthiscontext.Theoriginalitemwasnoh,butduetoaprocessofregressivevowelassimilationthevowelchangedfrom/o/to
/a/.Awell-knownmodernexamplecanbefoundinLacandonMaya,inwhichtheplacenameNajaisderivedfromnojgreatandjawater.
190FullformofthesignNALisemployedhere,includingthecornhusk(nalcornhusk,place).Maybetheitemnalplace,locationdescendsfrom*nah-ilhouse-place.
134
188
189

..namul
..neh

..nen

..ni-

..ni

..-nib

n.
n.

n.

pr.

n.

suf.

invisibility(eclipse?)
tail

mirror

my

nose,tip,point

locativesuffix

ladyNamanking
PNGStela3:D3
see:ajaw,ix
a-na-MAN?-ni>a[j]namanpersonfromNaman YAXHS5Step8,56
see:aj
na-mu>namu[l?]invisilibility

Dresden39C-1

NARStela13:G4-G5
IXu-neBALAM>ixune[h]balam
see:balam,ix,u-
NEN>nenmirror

CPNAltarQEastSide
ne-na>nen

CPNStelaESides
u-ne-na>unenthemirror

TPXMirrorBack:6
see:u-
ni->nimy
see:in-
ni-aAKAB-li>ni[w?]akb[i]lmydarkness,night TIKMundoPerdidoVase
see:akab,-il
ni-tu-pa>nitupmyearflare

TIKMundoPerdidoVase
see:tup
ni-KAB-na>nikab[a]nmyearth(?)

TIKMundoPerdidoVase
see:kab
ni-CHEN-na>nichenmywell

TIKMundoPerdidoVase
see:chen
ti-ni-BAH>tinibah(ortinbah)with/onmyhead K5113191
see:bah,ti
ni-i>ninose,tip,point

K5515
ni>ni[]
-ni-bi>-nib(<*-n-ib)
AJ-TAN-na-CHEN-na-?-ni-bi>ajtanchen[?]nib

personfromTanChen(?)PlaceYAXHS3St.IV:C4192

AlthoughthetextsonK5113,theRebirthVase,arequiteerodedorprovideaberrantspellings,thecollocationti-ni-BAHisclear.However,thespellingti-ni-BAHcanlead
totinibah,forafirstpersonpossessivepronounni-,ortotinbah(<tiinbah),withafirstpersonpossessivepronounin-.AtpresentIoptforni-.Thecontextinwhichthisspelling
occursisopaque;thevariousmeaningsofbah(head,top;first;self)maychangetheparaphraseaspresentedhere.
135
191

..nich(1)

..nich(2)

..nich.te

..nohol

..nol

..nuch-

..nuk
..nukuch

..num-

n.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

tv.

n.
adj.

tv.

flower

son(offather)(?)

plumeriaflower

south

dwarf

toputtogether

cover,skin,pelt
great

topass

see:aj,chen,tan
alsosee:-lib
NICH>nichflower
see:nichte
u-ni-chi>unichtheson(?)

see:u-
NICHTE>nichteplumeriaflower

see:nich
no[?]-lo>noholsouth

no[?]-la>nohol

no[jo?]>noho[l]

no[NOL?]>noldwarf

NOL?-le>nol

see:chat,masul
nu-chujo-lo>nuchu[w]jolputtogetherheads
see:jol,-Vw
nu-ku>nukcover,skin,pelt
nu-ku>nuku[ch?]great
KUH-lu-nu-ku-AJAW>kuh[ul]nuku[ch?]ajaw

god-likegreatking
see:ajaw,kuhul
nu-mu-lita-CHAN-na>numultachan

passesin(the)sky
see:chan,ta,-Vl

TRTMon.6:H1
K2730
NTNDrawing29:A10
K7224
COLBMFA(K0558)193
YAXHS2StepVII:X1
K5110194
Dresden08B-2

CHNMonjasL.4A:E1

PALThrone1:Da

Thiscomplextitleoforigincannotbereadinitsentirety(theunknownsignisthesameasthemainsignofthesecondYaxchilanEmblemGlyph),however,thefinal-nib
(whichprobablydescendsfrom*-Vn-ib)indicatesthatitreferstoaplace,locality(seeib).
193The spelling no[jo?] seems to employ the regular sign for jo, but which in the Late Classic may have shifted its reading to ho (as /j/ and /h/ merged in many Mayan
languages).Theactualidentification,thatthisspellingreferstonoholsouth,maybeconfirmedbyanotherexampleofthiscardinaldirectionthatmodifiesthesametitleon
K7224,inwhichnoholiswrittenno[?]-la(Boot,inprep.).
194The sign here interpreted as NOL?, after a suggestion by Christian Prager (personal communication, 2008), may have a different value. In March of 2009, through a
manuscriptsendbyemailtoagroupofepigraphers,YuriyPolyukhovichpresentedgoodevidencethatthissignmaybethesyllabogramso.Afterfurthertesting,andiffound
tobecorrectandproductive,themanyentrieswiththeputativesowillbeaddedtoafutureeditionofthisvocabulary.
136
192

..nun

..nun.ujol.chak(1)

..nun.ujol.chak(2)

..nun.yax.ahin

..nup-

..nupul

..nupul.balam

..nupul.balam.nal

n.

cn.

cn.

cn.

tv.

n.

cn.

cn.

nu-mu-lita-ka-ba>numultakab

passesover(the)earth PALThrone1:Ea

see:kab,ta,-Vl
intermediary;ritualspeakerNUN>nunintermediary

nu-na>nun

nu>nu[n]

jo-JOY[ja]ti-nu-na>jo[h]yajtinun

embraced/tiedisasritualspeaker TNAF34a:pA3-A4

see:joy-,ti
NunUjolChak

nu-naJOLCHAK-ki>nun[u]jolchak

DPLHS4StepV:F2-H2

DPLHS4StepIII:C2-D2

NUN-JOLCHAK-ki>nun[u]jolchak

see:chak,jol,nun,u-
NunUjolChak

nu-u-JOL[lo]CHAK>nu[n]ujolchak

PALTI-WT:L9-K10

COLMexicoCityStela

NUN?-JOLCHAK>nun[u]jolchak

see:chak,jol,nun,u-
NunYaxAhin

nu-YAX-AHIN>nu[n]yaxahin

TIKNT35:A5

see:ahin,nun,yax
tojointogether

nu-pa-ja>nu[h]pajjoinedtogetheris

BPKStela2:E5

see:-[h]--aj
counterpart

nu-pu-la>nupulcounterpart(i.e.,thatwhichisjoinedtogether)

nu>nu[pul]
NupulBalam(nominalphraseofwayaw)

ALSVase

nu-pu-laBALAM-ma>nupulbalam

see:balam,nupul
NupulBalamNal
tu-nu-[BALAM-ma]NAL>tunu[pul?]balamnal

in/withtheNupulBalamNal(nameoflitter)TIKT.ILintel3:D2

see:balam,nal,nupul

n.

bird

O
..o(1)

O>obird
O-o>o
o-o>o

K1387
K5646
CHNGBCLTJCaption
137

..o(2)

..-ob

..och
..och-(1)

..och-(2)

..och-.bih

n.

suf.

iv.

iv.

iv.

place

o>o[]place

COLK2352,K0558195

see:yamayo

alsosee:-al,-il,nal
plural

-obi>-obplural

-o-ba>-ob

-o-bo>-ob

-o>-o[b]

-3>-ob196

OCH>ochrattlesnakestail
toenter

OCH-yo-OTOT>ochyototentersthehouse
Madrid103C-1

see:otot,y-

OCH-chi-ya>entered(longago)

NARStela30:F4

see:-iy

o-chi-yati-TE-e>ochiytite

enteredwith(theweaving)stickMadrid102D1,2

see:te,ti
tofeed

OCH>och-tofeed

OCH-ka-ka-wa>ochkakawfeedscacao

Dresden12A-2

see:kakaw

OCH-chi-yau-ka-ka-wa>ochiyukakaw

fedthecacao Dresden10B-1,2

see:-iy,kakaw,u-
enter-road(death-relatedverb)

i-OCH-bi>i-ochbi[h]thenentersroad

PALSarc.LidSide:7

see:bih,i-,och-

OCH-bi>ochbi[h]entersroad

PALSarc.LidSide:19a

see:bih,och-

AraresuffixindicativeoforsimplymeaningplaceinChol,e.g.,kajodescanso,kajoolugardedescanso(perhapsanabbreviationof-ol?Asin-teol,seenote158).
Inparticularcontextsinwhichapluralmaybeexpected,Mayascribesaddedthenumberthree(threedots)asapostfixtothecollocation.Thismayservetoindicateplural,as
suggestedbyDavidStuartsomeyearsago.Insupportofhissuggestion,notethatforinstanceEgyptianhieroglyphicwritingemployedthreeverticallines(thenumber3)added
toanounorverbtoindicateplural.
138

195
196

..och-.chen

..och-.ha

..och-.kak

..ochkin

..ochkinkalom.te

..och-.nah

iv.

iv.

iv.

cn.

cn.

iv.

OCH-bi-[ji]ya>ochbi[h]jiyenteredroad
PALBodega477:A6

see:bih,-jiy,och-
enter-cave/well(war-relatedverb)

u-BAH-hiti-OCH-CHEN>ubah[il]tiochchen

theimage/selftoenter-cave
NARStela21:A3-A4

see:bah,chen,-il,och,ti

OCH-CHEN-na>ochchenenterscave

TZBMon.3:A2197

OCH-CHEN-na>ochchen

TZBMon.6:A3198

OCH-u-CHEN-na>ochuchenentersthecave
TZBMon.5:B1

see:u-
enter-water(death-relatedverb?)

OCH-HA-a>ochhaenterswater

K1004199

OCH-HA>ochhaenterswater

COLECMaskBack

see:ha
enter-fire(dedicatoryverb)OCH-KAK>ochkakentersfire

YAXLintel26A:H2

OCH-chi-KAK>ochkak

YAXLintel30:J4

COLPNGAreaPanel

o-chi-KAK>ochkak

see:kak
west

OCH[KIN]-KIN-ni>ochkinwest

CPNStela19

see:chikin
WestKalomTe(title)
OCH-KIN-ni-ka-lo-ma-TE>ochkinkalomte
CPNStela19

OCH-KIN-ni[KAL]ma-TE>ochkinkalomte
CPNStelaE

see:kalomte,ochkin

alsosee:chikinkalomte

IX-OCH-KIN-niKALOM-TE>ixochkinkalomte YAXLintel23:M8b-N8a

see:ix,kalomte,ochkin
enter-house(dedicatoryverb)

i-OCH-NAH>i-ochnahthenentershouse
PALTCJamb:Ap4

ThesignemployedforOCHistherattlesnakestail(T207).
ThesignemployedforOCHistheclenchedfist(T221var).
199T12AJisemployedfora(throughaLateClassicacrophonicinnovationofthesignAJisreducedtoa).
197
198

139

..och.nal

..och-.witz

..ok(1)

..ok(2)

..okib(1)

..okib(2)

..ok.kawil

cn.

iv.

n.

n.

n.

n.

cn.

see:i-,nah

OCH-NAH>ochnahentershouse

see:nah
OchNal(toponym)
[OCH?]NAL-la>ochnal

See:nal,och
enter-mountain(death-relatedverb)

OCH[WITZ]>ochwitzentersmountain

i-OCH-WITZ>i-ochwitzthenentersmountain

see:och-,witz
dog

OK-ki>okdog

KIN-ni-ya-saOK-ki>kinyasok

OK>ok

see:sakuxok
foot,leg

o-ke>okfoot,leg

OK>ok

OK-ko>[y]ok(the)foot,leg

yo-OK>yokthefoot,leg

yo-ko>yokthefoot,leg

yo-OK-ki>yok[il]thefoot,leg

yo-OK-ki>yok[il]thefoot,leg

see:-il,y-
pedestal(?)

yo-ko-bi-li>yokbilthepedestal

see:-il,y-
Okib(nameortitle)
o-ki-bi>okib

OK-ki-bi>okib

OkKawil(anthroponym) o-keKAWIL>okkawil

see:kawil,ok

PALTCAlfardas:G1
K0927

COLECGlyphicPanel:F3
TIKStela31:C26

COLLCVase200

CPNAltarQ201
Dresden31B-4202
CPNStructure11Panel
TIKT.IVLintel3:C7b
COLRandelStela
PALT.XIXBench-W:A3
PALT.XIXBench-W:L1
PALT.XXIBenchEdge:32
CPNAltarQ:D2-C3

Thisspelling is found next to ananthropomorphicdog, providing evidence that the spelling OK-ki indeedleads to the gloss okdog(which is aloanword into Mayan
languagesfromMixe).
201Thespellingo-keismostinterestingasseemstoindicatethepossiblepresenceofapartitivesuffix-el,asin*yokel(iftheitemwouldhavebeenpossessed).
202Thecontextinwhichthisspellingoccursseemstocallforapossessivepronoun:WAL?-la-jaOK-ko>wa[]laj[y]okplaced(the)foot,leg.
140
200

..ok.te

..ol(1)

..ol(2)

cn.

n.

n.

OkTe(title)

heart

center

u-BAHta-OK[TE]>ubah[il]taokte

hisimage/selfasokte
PALTFCTablet:G1-G2
see:bah,ta,u-
u-5-TAL-laOK-TE>uhotalokte
PALTStablet:Q7-P8

thefifthcounted(inorder)okte
see:ho,-tal,u-
u-10-TAL-layo-OK-TE>ulajunyokte

thetenthcounted(inorder)oftheokte PALTCLeftPanel
ju-bu-yita-OK[TE]-le>jubuytaoktele[l]

camedowninokte-shipPALTSTablet:P16-O16
see:jub-,-lel,ta
KAL-ni-yata-OK[TE]-le>kalniytaoktele[l]

boundinokte-ship PALTSTablet:P3-O3
see:kal-,-lel,ta
yo-OK-TE-le>yoktele[l]theokte-ship
YAXLintel25:H2
see:y-
OL-si>ol[i]sheart
o-la-si>ol[i]s

COLYaleGalleryShell
see:-is
a-wo-la>awolyourheart

PALT.XVIII:RearWall
a-OL-la>a[w]olyourheart

PALTI-WT:B12
see:aw-
yo-OL-la>yolthe/hisheart

PALTI-WT:B7
see:y-
yo-OL-la[KIN]AJAW>yolkin[ich]ajaw

theheartofKinichAjawCOLMBARLCVessel
see:kinichajaw
uti-mije-laa-OL-la>utimijela[w]ol

(itis)theappeasementofyourheart PALTI-WT:A11-B12
see:aw-,timijel
yo-OL-laa-ku>yolaku[l]thecenter(ofthe)turtle PRUAltarofStela38
see:akul,y-
141

..ol.a(..ola)

..olis.kuh

..olom

..om

..on

..op
..otoch

..otot(1)

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

adj.

n.
n

n.

OlA(toponym)
AJ-o-la-a>ajolapersonfromOlA

see:a,aj
OlisKuh(theonym)
o-la-si-KUH>ol[i]skuh

o-la-siKUH>ol[i]skuh

o-OL-siku-hu>ol[i]skuh

o-OL-siKUH>ol[i]skuh

OL-si-KUH>ol[i]skuh

see:kuh,olis
Olom(partoftitularphrase)o-lo-mo>olom

o-lo-mo>olom

foam(?)

yo-ma>yomthefoam(?)

yo-maNAH/na-NAB-ba-li>yomnabil

thefoam(?)of(the)sea

see:-il,nab,y-
many

o-na>onmany

o-naTUL>ontulmanyrabbits

see:tul

ma-o-na>ma[]onnotmany

see:ma

mio-napa-ta>mi[h]onpata[n]notmuchtribute

see:mih,patan
parrot

o?-po>opparrot

house(inthesenseofhome)[yo]to-che>yotoche[l]thehouse

see:-el,y-

see:atot,otot

house(inthesenseofhome)o-to-ti>otothouse

OTOT>otot(partofanextenisivehousename)

alsosee:atot,otoch

yo-OTOT-ti>yotot[il]thehouse

COLBrusselsShell
COLStuccoGlyph
COLYUAGShells
YAXLintel37:A7b-B7a
PALPal.Tablet:E14-F14
COLLAPanel:pD4
UAXStela13:A5
COLCavesBranchesVase

CHNMonjasLnt.7A:E

K2026
K2026
K8076
K8885
XLMCol.4:A3a

CHNAkabDzibL.:C2b
CRNPanel1:S4b
YAXLintel56:H2

142

..otot(2)

..ox

..ox.itzam.tun

..ox.lajun

n.

num.

cn.

num.

yo-TOT>yotot[il]thehouse

CHNMonjasL.2:8a203

yo-TOT>yotot[il]thehouse

CHNMonjasAnnexLintel

yo-to-ti>yotot[il]thehouse

YAXLintel26A:I2

[yo]to-ti>yotot[il]thehouse

XLMJmb.8:Ap1

see:-il,y-

u-BAH-hiyo-OTOT-ti>ubah[il]yotot[il]

theimageofthehomeofCOLDAMVase(K2914)

see:bah,-il,u-
house(referringtosmallceramiccontainersandplatesinmetaphoricexpressions)

[yo]to-tima-ya>yotot[il]may

thecontainer(for)tobacco
COLSMBSmallFlask

yo-to-tiu-MAY-ya>yotot[il]umay

thecontainer(for)thetobacco COLCDX-styleVessel

see:-il,may,y-

yo-OTOTtiuKIN-ni-li>yotot[il]ukinil

thehouse(of)thesun K7185CDX-stylePlate

ulakayo-OTOT-tiu-KIN-ni-liu-CHAN-li>

ulakyotot[il]ukiniluchanil

theplate,thehouse(of)thesun,thesky
COLD.OaksSideArchive

see:chan,-il,kin,lak,u-,y-
three

o-xo>oxthree(Yucatecan)

Dresden09B

3>ox

[commoncodices]

see:ux
OxItzamTun(theonym) 3-ITZAM-TUN>oxitzamtun

Madrid72B1

see:itzamtun,ox

alsosee:chanitzamtun
thirteen

13>oxlajunthirteen

see:lajun,ox

alsosee:uxlajun

ThetwoexamplesatChichenItzaemployabirdsheadforthepart-totwithinthespellingforyotot.ThebirdsheadcanonlyrepresentthevalueTOT(basedontheo-to-ti
andyo-to-tispellingsatChichenItza),awordwhichhasthemeaninglark,robininYucatecMaya.Thisexplainsthebirdheadsignemployedinthesespellings.
143
203

..ox.lajun.ti.kuh

cn.

OxLajunTiKuh

13-KUH>oxlajun[ti]kuh
see:kuh,oxlajun,ti

Madrid101B-2204

n.

iv.
cn.

cn.

n.
adj.

pv.

n.
cn.

cn.

stream,creek,arroyo
pa-AJ/a

YAXHS5:170

pa-a>pa
tobreak

PA>pa
PaChan(toponym/polity)[PA]CHAN-naa-AJAWwa>pachanajaw

PaChanking YAXLintel47:D7-D8

KUH-[[PA]CHAN]AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]pachanajaw

God-likePaChanking YAXLintel1:I1

see:ajaw,chan,kuhul,pa-
PaChan(toponym/polity) [[PA]CHAN-na]AJAW>pachanajaw

PaChanking RAZECTombVessel

see:ajaw,chan,pa-
skin,hide;feathers
pa-chi>pachskin,hide;feathers
sour

pa-ja>pajsour

K8780

pa>pa[j]

K4387/8418,K5465

pa-ka-la-ja>paklajturnsover

COLD.Oaks(K4331)
toturnover

see:-l-aj
lintel

pa-ka-ba>pakablintel
lintel-edge

u-pa-ka-ba-ti-i-li>upakabtiilthelintel-edge
CHNMonjasLintel2:7

see:-il,pakab,ti,u-
lintel-stone

u-pa-ka-ba-TUN-ni-li>upakabtunilthelintel-stoneCHNMonjasLintel6:9

u-pa-ka-ba-TUN-ni>upakabtun[il]thelintel-stoneCHNMonjasLintel3:7-8

u-pa-baTUN-ni-li>upa[ka]btunilthelintel-stoneOXKLintel2:B2-A3

u-paka-buTUN-ni-li>upakabtunilthelintel-stoneCOLKansasCitypanel

u-pa-ka-bu-TUN-ni>upakabtun[il]thelintel-stoneCOLPoPanel:C3

see:-il,pakab,tun,u-

P
..pa

..pa-
..pa.chan(1)

..pa.chan(2)

..pach
..paj

..pak-

..pakab
..pakab.ti

..pakab.tun

Figure6a

Possible abbreviated codex variant of the theonym Ox Lajun Ti Kuh, a god mentioned in the Books of Chilam Balam and the Ritual of the Bakabs. As these are
ethnohistoricalsourcesinYucatecMaya,thenumberthirteenistransliteratedoxlajuninsteadofClassicMayauxlajun.
144

204

..pakax-

..pak-(1)

..pak-(2)

..pakaj

..palaw

..pam

..pan-

..pas-

iv.

tv.

tv.

n.

n.

n.

pv.

tv.

toreturn

toplant

toform,toshape

planting

ocean

tucan

todig(?)

toopen

pa-ka-xa>pakaxreturns

NTNDrawing65:B2
pa-ka-xi>pakaxreturns

NTNDrawing48:A1205
u-pa-kaKUH/ku-tzi-li>upaka[w]kutzil

heplantstobaccoDresden15A-3
see:u--Vw
alsosee:kutzil
u-pa-ka-wa>heshapes,forms

K0717,K8457
see:u--Vw
pa-ka-ja>pa[h]kajshaped,formedis

K7447
see:-[h]--aj
pa-ka-ji-yati-tzi-ku>pa[]kjiytitziku[l]

shaped,formedwaswithclay CPNAltarF
see:-jiy
u-pa-ka-ja>upakaj(itis)theplanting

Dresden15B-1,2,3,4
see:-aj,pak-,u-
PALAW?-wa>palawocean

PALT.XIXBench-S.:F4206
see:kaknab
pa-ma>pamtucan

COLChocholaVessel
pa-ma-HIX-hi>pamhixTucanJaguar

COLChocholaVessel
see:hix
pa-na-wa-ni>panwandigs

COLCaracasPan.:A12
see:-w-an
u-pa-sa-wa>upasawheopenes

CHNHLKLnt.:G7a
see:u--Vw
i-pa-sa-wi>i-pasawthenopens

OJOStela1:B11a
see:i-,-Vw

Itispossiblethatthesuffix-axmarksacertainkindof(medio)passivesorsimplyderivesanintransitivefromatransitiverootasCPNStelaJprovidesspellingswith-xaon
knownverbsasinma-ka-xa>makax(seemak-tv.),CHAM/KAM-xa>chamax/kamax(seecham-tv.,kam-tv.),andpu-ku-xa>pukux(seepuk-iv.)butalsoonverbsofwhich
themeaningisstillopaqueasinsa-ka-xa>sakax(sak-towhiten?).
206AlternativereadingsforthislogogramarePULAWandPOLAW,alsomeaningocean.Nocurrentlyknownspellingprovidesinformationontheopeningsyllable.This
reading,asfirstsuggestedbyLusLpes,thusremainsverytentative.
145
205

..pasil

..pas.tun

..pat(1)

..pat(2)

..pat-(1)

n.

cn.

n.

adv.

pv.

opening

openstone

back

after

toshape,toform

pa-sa-jau-BAK-liu-JOL>pa[h]sajubakilujol

openedarethebonesandskulls NARStela23:F18-F19
see:bak,-[h]--aj,-il,jol,u-
u-pa-si-li>upasiltheopening

YAXLintel23:B2
see:u-
PAS-TUN>openstone
u-PAS-TUN-li>theopenstone

K0207:P207
see:il,pas-,tun,u-
PAT>patback

PALT.XIXBench-S:F3,E4
pa-ti>pat

AGTStela2:C2a
pa-ta>pat

CPNStructure11Panels
CRCStela6:B7b
u-2-PAT-ti-li>uchapatilthesecondback
u-2-PAT-li>uchapat[i]lthesecondback
TNAMon.159:B2
see:cha,-il,u-
u-3-PAT-ti-li>u[h?]uxpatilthethirdback
CRCStela6:B8
see:-il,u-,ux
u-PAT-ta-ti-ji>upatijafter

CPNAltarU:J2
u-pa-ti-ji>upatijafter

COLSiteQPanel2
see:-il,pat,u-
PALThrone1:L
tu-u-pa-ti>tupati[j]after

see:-il,pat,tu
PAT-la-ja>patlajshapes,forms

TIKT.IVLintel3:H3
PAT-la-ja>patlajshapes,forms

CLMStela89RightSide

PALTSTablet:N14
PAT-[la]ja>patlajshapes,forms
see:-l-aj
i-PAT-la-jaKINICHYAX-[KUK[MO]]NAL>
ipatlajkinichyaxkukmonal

thenheshapesKinichYaxKukMoNal
CPNAltarA
see:i-,-l-aj,kinichyaxkukmonal

Atpresentauniquereferencetoastoneboxinadedicatorytextonastoneboxofunknownprovenance(butprovidingthenameofRuler6,KinichTunChapat,ofTonina),
firstillustratedinTheMayaScribeandHisWorld(No.7),writtenbyMichaelD.Coein1973,andpublishedbyTheGrolierClubofNewYork.
146
207

..pat-(2)

..patah

..patan

..pax

..paxil

tv.

n.

n.

n.

n.

toshape,toform

guayaba

tribute

Pax(16thmonth)

Paxil(16thmonth)

i-PAT-[la]jau-1-TAN-na>i-patlajujuntan

then(he)shapesthecherishedone PALTFCTablet:O16-N17
see:i-,juntan,-l-aj,u-
PAT-wa-ni>patwanshapes,forms

CPNAltarG:A2

pa-ta-wa-ni>patwanshapes,forms
pa-ta-wa-na>patwanshapes,forms
see:-w-an
u-pa-ta-wa>upatawheshapes,forms
see:u-,-Vw
PAT-tali-ya>pat[a]liyshaped

-iy,-Vl
i-PAT-ta-ni>i-patanthenshapes
i-PAT-ni>i-pat[a]nthenshapes

seei-,-Vn
i-PAT-ta-wi>i-patawthenshapes
see:i-,-Vw
pa-ta-ha>patahguayaba

pa-ta-ha>patah

u-pa-ta-na>upatanthetribute

see:u-
ni-pa-ta>nipata[n]mytribute

see:ni-
19-pa-xa>balunlajunpax19Pax

see:balunlajun
alsosee:paxil
12-pa-xi-la>lajchapaxil12Paxil
8-TE-[PA]xi-la>uxtepaxil3Paxil
18-[PA]xi>waxaklajunpaxi[l]18Paxil
19-[pa]xi>balunlajunpaxi[l]19Paxil
see:lajcha,-te,waxak,waxaklajun
alsosee:pax

COLCaracasPanel:A12
CPNStructure11Panels

CRCStela17:A2

TIKStr.51-141Pan:A3-B3

MicholRiverPlaque
CPNAltarS:I

QRGAltarM:A4

BPKStela1:J1
BPKStela2:E7
K4996

K1398

NTNDRawing65:G4

K1813
IXZStela4:B1
K1382
MCWAltar1

147

..pay

..pay-

..pay.kab

..pepem(?)

..pepem.tun

..pek-

..pet

..petaj-

..peten

..pib.nah

n.
iv.

cn.

n.

cn.

tv.

adj.
inch.

n.

cn.

opossum;skunk
toguide,tolead

PayKab(toponym?)

bridge,crossing

PepemTun(toponym)

toannounce

round

tobecomeround

lagoon,island

oven

pa-ya>payopossum;skunk

YAXLintel16:C1
pa-ya->pay-
a-pa-ya-la>a[j]payalguide

YAXStela18Back:A6

YAXHS3St.Ithr:C7
a-pa-ya>a[j]paya[l]guide
see:aj
IX-AJpa-ya-ka[ba]>ixajpaykab

ladypersonfromPayKab
PALTFCInc.Burner:pA9
see:aj,ix,kab,pay
2pe?>pepe[m?]bridge,crossing
pe?>pe[pem?]

PNGStela12:F3
2
pe?-[TUN-ni]AJAW-wa>pepe[m?]tunajaw

PepemTunking PNGThrone1:E1208
2pe?-e[TUN-ni]AJAW>pepe[m?]tunajaw
TNAMon.91:pD-pE
see:ajaw,pepem,tun
AJ-pe?-TUN-ni>ajpe[pem?]tun

personfromPepemTunPNGStela40:C11
see:aj

Dresden04A-1
pe?-ka-ja>pe[h]kajannouncedis
see:-[h]--aj
PET>petround
PET-ta-ja>petajbecomesround

OXKBallcourtRing:I
see:-aj
PET-ji-ya>petjiybecameround

PALTSTablet:C9
see:-iy
PET-ne>pet[e]nlagoon,island

COLCancuenPanel2
PET-ni>pet[e]nlagoon,island

NARStela23:E21b
IX[PET-ne]AJAW>ixpet[e]najawladyPetenkingYAXLintel27:D2a
see:ajaw,ix,ixajaw
u-pi-bi-NAH-li>upibnah[i]ltheoven

PALTFCAlfardas:G2

Thisisaverytentativeinterpretation(noteYucatecMayapepemchewoodenbridge,crossing);intranscriptionitdependsonthecorrectnessofthesyllabicvaluepeandin
transliterationitdependsonthecorrectnessofthereconstructionoffinal-minpepem.Thefactthatfinal-mwasnotspelledmaybeduetoelision.
148

208

..pik(1)

..pik(2)

..pip

..pip.a(..pipa)

..pipul

..-pis

..pitz-(1)

n.

num.

n.

n.

n.

n.cl.

tv.

u-pi-bi-NAH>upibnah[il]theoven

TRTMon.6

see:-il,u-

tu-pi-bi-NAH-li>tupibnah[i]lintheoven
PALTFCD.Head:C2

see:-il,tu-
time-period(baktun) u-10-PIK>ulajunpikthetenthpik

UAXStela13:A3

see:lajun,u-

9-pi-ki>balunpik9pik

CRCBCM4:A1

see:balun
8,000

3-PIK>uxpik24,000

K5453(onbundle)

5-PIK>hopik40,000

BPKStr.1Rm.1Capt.18

9-pi>balunpi[k]72,000

COLMAmCapst.(bundle)
2
birdofprey

pi>pipbirdofprey

see:pipul
PipA(toponym)
UH-ti-ya2pi-a>u[h]tiypipa[]happened(at)PipAPMTH.Panel5:C4-D4

see:a,pip

KUH-pi-[a]AJAW>kuh[ul]pi[p]a[]

god-likePipAking COLStendahlColl.Pan.

see:ajaw,kuhul

CHNMonjasLintel6:15b
birdofprey

pi-pu>pipu[l]birdofprey

see:pip
numericalclassifierfortime-periods

6-pi-TUN-ni>wakpi[s]tunsixthtun

Paris04B

tu-1-pi-si-TUN-ni>tujunpistun[il]inthefirsttun CHNCasaCol.HB:10-11

u-1-pi-TUN-ni>ujunpi[s]tun[il]thefirsttun
CHNAkabDzibLnt.:A1

see:-il,jun,tu

ti-WAL-la5-pitu-TUN-ni>tiwalhopistun

within(the)fifthtun
CHNYULLintel1:B2-B3

see:ho,ti,wal

4-pi-si-CHAK-SIJOM>chanpischaksijom4ChakSijomK1606

see:chaksijom,chan
toplayball

pi-tzi-ja>pi[h]tz[a]jball-playedis

NARHS1VII:O2a

see:-[h]--aj
149

..pitz-(2)

..pitzil

..pixom

..popo.a(..popoa)

pv.

n.

n
n.

toplayball

ballplayer

hat,headdress

PopoA(toponym)

pi-tzi-[ji]ya>pi[]tzjiyball-playedwas

see:-jiy
u-[ba]hita-pi-tzi>ubah[il]tapitz

theimagetoplayball
u-[ba]hita-pi-tzi>ubah[il]tapitz

theimagetoplayball
u-BAH-?ti-pi-tzi>ubah[il]tipitz

theimagetoplayball
see:bah,ta,ti,u-
pi-tzi-la-ja>pitzlajplaysball

see:-l-aj
pi-tzi-la>pitzilballplayer

pi-tzi-li>pitzilballplayer

see:-il,pitz-
alsosee:ajpitzil
ka-ba-lapi-tzi-la>kabalpitzil

see:kabal
lu-mi-lipi-tzi-la>lumilpitzil

see:lum
pi-xo-ma>pixomhat,headdress

po-a>po[po]aPopoA

see:a
[[po-po]a-o?]AJAW>popoajawPopoAking
see:ajaw

po-a-NAL>po[po]analPopoAinhabitant

YAXHS2St.VIII:A2209

TNAMon.172:D3-C4
K2803
SBLStela7:B4-B5
COLBallgamePanel3
COLBallgamePanel6
K7750,K8622

K7749
K7749
PALTI-CT:I6,M1,L4210
TNAMon.126:B3
TNAMon.106:Ap2211
CKNThr.2Side:L

Notethat-[h]-,whichnormallywouldbeinfixedintotherootoftheverb(passivestatus)isnotpresent,but-[]-duetothepresenceoftheconsonantcluster-htzj-in*pihtz-jiy.
The word pixom hat, headdress is probably a contraction of *pixjolom cover (pix) head (jolom) (note Tojolabal pix-olom sombrero). The item pix also occurs in the
spellingofatoponym5-[pi-xi]NALatCopan(Stela13:E4).However,aspixhasothermeaningsaswell(pixcover;tomato;wart)thisCopanectoponym,althoughinspelling
transparent,remainswithoutaprecisetranslationandisnotyetpartofthemainvocabulary.
211TheChontalPaxbolonpapersrefer,intheChontaltext,tothePowinikob.TheSpanishtranslationreferstothesepeopleasthePopo,asfirstdiscussedbyMaricelaAyala.,
whorelatedtheseethnonymstoTonina.Thespecificpo-po-ospellingonToninaMonument106mayindicatethatPopowastheClassicperiodnameandthatallotherpo-o
spellingsaresimplyabbreviations.
150
209
210

..pok-

..pokol.chebulFigure6d

..pom

..pom.aj

..pop(1)

..pop(2)

..pop.tun

tv.
cn.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

cn.

towash(something)
washingbasinforbrush

incense,copal

incense-person

mat

Pop(1stmonth)

PopTun(toponym)

see:nal
KUH[po]-[o]AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]po[poa]ajaw

god-likePopoAkingTNAMon.104:I212
KUH-[po-o]AJAW>kuh[ul]po[poa]ajaw
TNAMon.134:Bp8
KUH-[po]o-AJAW>kuh[ul]po[poa]ajaw
TNAMon.141:D5
see:ajaw,kuhul
po-ko>pok-towash
u-po-ko-loche-e-bu>upokolchebu[l]

thewashingbasinforbrush
K7786
see:chebul,pok-,u-
7-[po]mo-li>wukpom[i]lseven[times]incense
Madrid095A1
1-POM-li>junpom[i]lone[time]incense
Madrid095A2
10-[po]mo-li>lajunpom[i]lten[times]incense
Madrid095A3
1-POM-li>junpom[i]lone[time]incense
Madrid095A4
Dresden25A-2
9-[po]mo-li>bolonpom[i]l9[times]incense
9-POM-li>bolonpom[i]l9[times]incense
Dresden33A-1,34A1,35A1
7-[po]mo>wukpom[il]7[times]incense

Dresden26A-2
see:bolon,jun,lajun,wuk
po-ma>pomincense,copal

K5388
pomoja>pom[a]jincense-person

SBRStructure1Mural
see:-aj,pom
po-po>popmat

Dresden46C
po-po-locha-ya>popolchaymat-likefish
YAXHS3St.Ithr:E1-2

YAXHS3St.Ithr:D6
2po-locha-ya>popolchaymat-likefish
see:chay,popol
po-po>pop

LandaFol.39r
see:kanjalab,kanjalaw
po-po-TUN-ni>poptun

CLKNo.504-2213

Based on another emblem glyph (Motul de San Jos) I suggest that the Tonina Emblem Glyph abbreviates the final -a of Popo A (see the entry ika). Also note the
spellings[i]tza~[i]tza-aand3-WITZ-ainthecontextofparamounttitles.
151
212

..pop.tzam

..popol

..popol.chay

..popol.tzi

..puchil
..puj
..pujib

..pujil

..puk-

..pul-(1)

..pul-(2)

cn.

adj.

cn.

cn.

n.
n.
n.

n.

iv.

tv.

tv.

lordship

mat-like

mat-likefish

mat-likedog

Puchil(deathdeity)
bullrush,reed

pujib(meaningunknown)

Pujil(toponym)

toscatter(fire)

toburn

tothrow(?)

see:pop,tun
po-po-tza-ma>poptzamlordship

Dresden46C214
see:pop,tzam
po-po-lo>popolmat-like
2po-lo>popol
see:-Vl
po-po-locha-ya>popolchaymat-likefish
YAXHS3StepIthr.
see:chay,popol
2po-lo-tzi-i>popoltzimat-likedog

K8885IncisedShell
see:popol,tzi
pu-chi-li>puchilPuchil

Dresden48A
pu>pu[j]reed

COLBagacesDisk
pu-ji[bi]>pujib
see:-ib
AJ-ji-pu>ajpuj[il]personfromPujil

XLMMsc.5:Y1215
see:aj,-il,puj
PUK-KAK>pukkakscattersfire

NMPStela15:D3
PUK-kiu-KAK>pukukakscattersthefire
XnahebAhseEnilStela2
SCUStela9:C4
pu-PUKKAK>pukkakscattersfire

see:kak
PUL[yi]>puluyburns

NARStela13:H15
pu-lu-yi>puluy

PNGStela23back:E8
see:-Vy
i-pu-lu-yiu-chi-ti-ni-li>i-puluyuchitinil

thenburnstheovenPALTCTablet:O5-O6
see:chitin,i-,-il,u-,-Vy
pu-la-ja>pu[h]lajthrownis

CHNYULLintel1:B4

Whilepoptunliterallymeansmatstone,intheextinctCholtilanguagepoptunmeantslab.PopTunservedasatoponym,probablyjustasMakTun(literallycover
stone,referringtothestoneledgespresentinthelocalgeography)didinthelatePostclassicandearlyColonialperiodintheAcalanarea.
214Thediphrastickenningpoptzammat-throneseemstorefertolordship;matandthronecommonlyreferstolordshipinMesoamerica(Boot2000).
215IhavechangedthereadingordertoAJ-pu-ji,whileAJ-ji-puiswritten,thereasonforwhichisthat**jip[ul]isnotproductive.
152
213

..pul-

..pulal

..puw

..puw.a(..puwa)

..puy

tv.

n.

n.

cn.

n.

tohit,toslap

Pulal(toponym)

blowgun

PuwA(toponym)

conchshell(?)

n.

n.

n.

atole

Sail(toponym/polity)

earlier(today)

see:-[h]--aj
pu-lu-ji-ya>pu[]ljiythrownwas
see:-jiy
pu-lua-JOL>puluajolstrikeyourhead
see:a-,jol,-V
AJ-pu-lu-la>ajpulalpersonfromPulal
see:aj,-al
pu-wa>puwblowgun
1-pu-wa>junpuwoneblowgun(ner)
see:jun
pu-wa-a>puwa

see:a,puw
pu-yi>puyconchshell(?)
see:uchochyokpuy

CHNCasaCol.HB:30

K1398TextPanel

SBLTabl.9:BBB2216

K0793,K7727

TNAMon.98(?)

S
..sa

..sail

..samiy

sa>saatole

sa-laka-wa>sa[a]l[ka]kawatole-likecacao
see:kakaw,-Vl
sa-li>sa[i]lSail

see:il
AJ-sa-li>ajsa[i]l

see:aj
KUH[sa]AJAW-li>kuh[ul]sailajaw

god-likeSailking
KUH[sa]AJAW-li>kuh[ul]sailajaw

KUH-[sa-li]AJAW-wa>kuh[ul]sa[i]lajaw
see:ajaw,kuhul
sa-a-mi-ya>samiyearlier(today)

K8008(onsmallvessel)
TIKMT3:B-C
CRCStela3:F3b217
NARStela23:H14

NARStela23:H12-G13
NARStela26:pAp2
K4464(TheJauncyVase)
PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco

ThetoponymPulal(-alasalocativesuffix)mayhavebeenpronouncedPulul,duetoaprocessesofprogressivevowelassimilation.
ThetoponymSail(-ilasalocativesuffix)mayhavebeenpronouncedSaal,duetoaprocessofprogressivevowelassimilation.

216
217

153

..saj-

..sajal

..sajalel

..sajalil

..sak(1)

Figure7a

tv.

n.

n.

n.

adj.

tocollect(?)

sajal(titleofsomesort)

sajal-ship

sajal-ship

white

sa-mi-ya>sa[]miy

sa-ja>sa[h]ja[j]collectedis(?)

see:-[h]--aj
sa-ja-la>sajal

sa-ja[la]>sajal

AJ-sa-ja-la>ajsajal

see:aj
IX-sa-ja>ix[ik]saja[l]ladysajal

see:ix,ixsajal

ba-sa-ja-la>ba[h]sajalheadsajal
see:bah
cho-ko[sa]ja-la>choksajalyoungsajal

see:chok
u-sa-ja-la>usajalthesajal

u-sa[ja]-la>usajal

see:u-
i-JOY[ja]ta-sa-ja-le>i-jo[h]yajtasajale[l]

tiedinsajal-ship
see:i-,joy-,sajal,ta
ti-sa-ja[la]-li>tisajali[l]insajal-ship

ti-sa-ja-la-li>tisajali[l]insajal-ship

see:ti
SAK>sakwhite

SAK-ka>sak
SAK-ki>sak

PALPal.Tablet:Q10
COLMAmJamb:A8218
K7970,YAXLnt.3:F4219
PNGStela12:O2
K8871
YAXLintel14:F3
YAXLintel6:B7
COLRandelStela
YAXLintel16:B3
PNGStela8:Y13

COLTSMSherd220
CAYPanel1:F4221
COLD.OaksPan.1:H2b
[common]

Tomyknowledgethisistheonlymonumentwhichmayemploysa-jainverbalcontext(andthisisaverytentativeidentification):ha[i]sa-jaAJ-KUH>hai[n]sa[h]ja[j]aj
kuh[un]byhim(it)wascollected(?),AjKuhun.Theinterpretationofsaj-asaverbwiththemeaningtocollectistentative,butIbaseitonanearlycolonialYucatecMaya
entryajkajsajoblosqueandansolicitandoydanprisaaltributoocualquierobradecomunidad,estoes,solicitadores.MonumentinspectedonSeptember13,2007.
219BasedonthesameearlycolonialYucatecMayaentry(citedinthepreviousfootnote)Iinterpretthetitlesajalastributecollector.Asajalcanobtainotherpositionsatthe
royalcourt(e.g.,yajawkak,yajawte,ajaw,ajkuhun).
220Possiblysajalelisderivedfrom*sajal-lel(noteprocessofelision,astheconsecutiveliquids-l-l-willmerge),whichwouldprovidethesajaltitleandthesuffix-lelship.
221Possiblysajalilisderivedfrom*sajal-lil(noteprocessofelision,astheconsecutiveliquids-l-l-willmerge),whichwouldprovidethesajaltitleandthesuffix-lilship.
154
218

..sak(2)

..sak(3)

..sak.akul

..sak.bak.nah.chapat

..sak.bih

..sak.chikul(or:sakchik)

..sak.chuwen

..sak.ha(1) (..sakha)

..sak.ha(2) Figure5d

..sak.hun

adj.
adj.
cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

sa>sa[k]
pure,untainted

SAK>sakpure,untainted
resplendent

SAK>sakresplendent
galpagoturtle

SAK-a[ku]>sakaku[l]galpagoturtle

see:akul,sak
SakBakNahChapat(nominalphraseofwayaw)

SAK-ba-kana-hacha-pa-ta>sakbaknahchapat

SAK-BAK-NAHCHAPAT>sakbaknahchapat

see:bak,chapat,nah
causeway

SAK-[bi]hi>sakbihcauseway

4-TE-SAK[bi]>chantesakbihfourcauseways

see:bih,chan,sak,-te
lark

SAK-chi[ku]>sakchiku[l]lark

see:sak
SakChuwen(title)
SAK-CHUWEN>sakchuwen

SAK-CHUWEN-na>sakchuwen

SAK-CHUWEN-ne>sakchuwen

see:chuwen,sak
SakHa(toponym)
SAK-HA>sakhawhitewater

see:ha,sak

u-tiSAK-HA>utsakhahappens(at)SakHa

see:ut-
whitewater(adrink)
taSAK-HA>tasakhaforwhitewater

SAK-HA>sakhawhitewater

see:ha,sak,ta
whiteheadband

SAK-HUN>sakhunwhiteheadband

see:hun,sak

EKBColumn1:H1

K1256222
PALTSTablet:D3-C4
COBCausewayStones
CPNHSStep6,29
PALT.XVIIPanel223
NARStela13:E16
NARStela35:F6
K7750Side2
YAXLintel37:B3
NARStela23:G15-H15
K4995
COLLCVase

Thewordnahisspelledna-T683,inwhichT683isaformerjasign.Bythetimethisvesselwaspainted,therewasnomorecontrastbetween/j/and/h/andsignsformerly
containing/j/wereemployedtowritewordscontaining/h/.Tentativeparaphraseofthisnominalphrase:WhiteBoneGreatCentipede.
223ItisthespecificpairingofsakwhiteandchikulthatidentifiesthenameforthelarkinearlycolonialYucatecMaya(sakchik;anamewhichotherepigrapherswouldinterpret
aswhite[sak]coati[chik]).Interestingly,inmodernYucatecMayathisbirdisreferredtoaschiko,whichmayhintataresidualpresenceoftheClassic-ulsuffix.
155
222

Figure5:SomeExamplesofClassicMayaSpellings(photographscourtesyJustinKerr,notbereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission)

a)K1901:utzibaliforutzibal[il]

c)K4732:KUH-i[bi]-liAJ-ja-wafor
kuhulibilajaw

b)K2998:[u]KABA-AJ/aforukaba

d)K4995:ta-SAK-HAfortasakha e)K5070:BAH/ba-BATZUL?forbatzul

156

..sak.kay

..sak.lak.tun

..sak.muwan

..sak.nich.te

..sak.nuk.nah

..sak.okal

..sak.pach.kuk

..sak.sijom

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

SakKay(toponym)
SAK-[KAY-ya]AJAWorSAK-[ka-ya]AJAW>

sakkayajawSakKayking ZPTAltar1:V1224

see:ajaw,kay,sak
incensario

SAKla-ka-TUN-ni>saklaktunincensario
CPN244

SAKla-ka-TUN>saklaktun

CPN249

SAK-la-ka-TUN>saklaktun

CPN277,CPN884

CPN260,CPN1016

SAL-LAK[TUN]>saklaktun

u-SAK-la-ka-TUN-ni>usaklaktun[il]theincensarioCPN244
SakMuwan(anthroponym)SAK-MUWAN-ni>sakmuwan

K2784,K2803225

see:sakmuwan
SakNichTe(buildingname)AJ-SAK-NICHTE>ajsaknichte

K2730

see:aj,nichte,sak
SakNukNah(buildingname)

SAK-nu-ku-NAH>saknuknah

PALTabl.96:A8,C8,H5

see:nah,nuk,sak
SakOkal(anthroponym) SAK-o-ka>sakoka[l]

CLKStr.IITmb.4Earflare

SAK-o-ka>sakoka[l]

NTNDrawing29:A15

see:sak
SakPachKuk(anthroponym)

SAK-pa-chiKUK>sakpachkuk

PNGStela6:K2-K3226

see:kuk,pach,sak
SakSijom(11thmonth)
3-TE-SAK-SIJOM-ma>uxtesaksijom3SakSijomTNAMon.104:E

see:sak,sijom,-te,ux

4-SAK-ka-SIJOM>chantesaksijom4SakSijom NTNDRawing82:B1

see:chan,sak,sijom,-te

18-sa-SIJOM-ma>waxaklajunsa[k]sijom18SakSijomTNAMon.69:C

18-sa-SIJOM>waxaklajunsa[k]sijom18SakSijom QRGStelaE:D13b

ThereisnowayofestablishinginthisparticularcontextifthefishsignrepresentsthelogogramKAYorthesyllabogramka.Theresultremainsthesame.Alternatively,it
ispossiblethatthelogogramisCHAY;ifso,theparamounttitlewouldbereadSakChayAjaw.
225Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:White/ResplendentSparrow-Hawk.
226Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:WhiteFeatheredorCoatedQuetzal.
157
224

..sak.te

..sak.tel.huj

..sak.tzi

..sakun

..sakun.winik

..sakunal

..sak.ux.ok

..sak.wayis

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

SakTe(toponym)

whitecrestediguana

SakTzi(toponym)

olderbrother

olderbrother(person)

Sakunal(toponym)

SakUxOk

SakWayis(title)

see:sak,sijom,waxaklajun
8-SAK-SIJOM-mo>waxaksaksijom8SakSijom IXKStela5:P1
see:sak,sijom,waxak
SAK-SIJOM>saksijom

LandaFol.34v
SAK-[TE]AJAW>sakteajawSakTeking
PALTFCD.Head:H2
see:ajaw
SAK-te-leHUJ>saktelhuj

K8608
see:huj,sak,tel
SAK-[TZI]AJAW>saktziajawSakTziking COLPanel:pB8b
SAK-[TZI]AJAW>saktziajawSakTziking TNAMon.83
SAK-tzi-iAJAW>saktziajawSakTziking PNGStela26Sec.Text
see:ajaw,sak,tzi
sa-ku-na>sakunolderbrother

CRNPanel1:G3a
see:sakunwinik
sa-ku-WINIK-ki>saku[n]winikolderbrother
PALPal.Tablet:L7
sa-ku-wi-WINIK-ki>saku[n]winikolderbrother NTNDrawing65:E1
see:sakun,winik
SAK-[u]NAL>sakunal

OXKLintel13:B5227
SAK-[u]NAL>sakunal

OXKStr.C47WestL.:A6
see:nal,sak
SAK-3-OK-ki>sakuxok

K0791
SAK-3-OK>sakuxok

K0927
see:ok,sak,ux
SAK-wa-WAY-si>sakway[i]s

K5424228
SAK-WAY-si>sakway[i]s

COLPanelFragment
see:sak,wayis
IX-SAKWAY-ya-si>ixsakway[i]sladySakWayisK2777

Thisparticularspellingemploysamonkeyheadforthesyllabicsignu(anonomatopoeticderivedsign),providinggoodevidencethatsakunalisthecorrecttransliteration,
andnotsaktenalashasbeenproposedinprevious(andrecent)studiesbysomeepigraphers.
228SakWayisisprobablyatitlecomparabletoSakChuwen,atitleassociatedwiththeeliteofNaranjo.SakWayisisatitleassociatedwiththeeliteofChatan.Atsometimein
theEarlyClassicperiodthiselitewasprobablysubjecttotheKuhulAjawofCalakmul(seepaintedtextatStructureXX).
158
227

..sak.witzil.bah

..sas

..sat-

..say

..sayul

..sek

..sih

cn.

n.

tv.

n.

n.
n.

n.

..sijom

..sikab(1)
..sikab(2)

n.

n.
n.

see:ix,sak,wayis
SakWitzilBah(anthroponym)

SAK-WITZ-li-BAH>sakwitzilbah

ALCStela1:A3

SAK-WITZ[BAH]-li>sakwitzilbah

CRCStela3:D17,A20229

see:bah,sak,witz
stucco,plaster

u-sa-sa>sasthestucco,plaster

Madrid014A-1

see:u-
todestroy

sa-ta-yi>sat[a]ydestroys

PALTI-ET:O8,O9

see:-Vy
cover

sa-ya>saycover

u-sa-ya-HUN>usayhunthebook-cover(s)
AGTStela1:A7b

see:hun,u-
ant

sa-yu>sayu[l]

K0791
Sek(5thmonth)

19-se-ka>balunlajunsek19Sek

Dresden46

see:balunlajun

alsosee:kasew,kusew
gift

si-hi-ja>sih[a]jgift

TAMHS3StepIV:E1

see:-aj

u-si-hi>usihi[l?]thegift

ITZStela17:C1

see:-il,u-

u-si-hiu-chi-ti-CHAB-ba>usihi[l?]uchit[u]chab

thegift,the[?],thecreationMQLStela11:A6

see:chit,chab,-il,sihil,uu-si>usi[h]thegift

COLJMCRSlateDisk:A7

see:u-
flower

SIJOM-ma>sijomflower

SIJOM-mo>sijom

si-[jo?]mo>sijom

K5763
cane

si-ka-ba>sikabcane
Sikab(toponym?)
AJ-si-ka-ba>ajsikab

PALGroupIVInc.Burner

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:WhiteMountainPlaceGopher.

229

159

..sin-

..sinan

..sipul

..sitz

..siy-

..siyaj.kak

..siyaj.kin,chak(1)

..siyaj.kin.chak(2)

..sujuy

..sus-

..sutz

..sutzil

tv.

n.
n.

adj.
tv.

cn.

cn.

cn.

adj.
tv.

n.
n.

AJ-si-ka[ba]>ajsikab

see:aj,sikab
toextend

si-na-ja>si[h]najextendedis

see:-[h]--aj
scorpion

si-na-na>sinanscorpion

deer

si-pu>sipu[l?]deer

see:huksipul

alsosee:chih,chij,kej,may
swollen,flatuent
si-tzi>sitzswollen

tobeborn

SIY-ya-ja>si[h]yajbornis

see:-[h]--aj

SIY-ja-[ji]ya>si[]yjiybornwas

SIY-ya-ja-ji?-ya>si[]yajiybornwas

see:-jiy
SiyajKak

SIY-KAK>si[h]y[aj]kak

[SIY-ja]KAK>si[h]y[a]jkak

see:kak,siy-
SiyajKinChak(anthroponym)

SIY-ya-jaKIN-cha-ki>si[h]yajkinchak

see:chak,kin,siy-
SiyajKinChak(anthroponym)

SIY-yaKIN-ni-CHAK-ki>si[h]ya[j]kinchak

see:chak,kin,siy-
virgin,pure

su-ju-yu>sujuyvirgin

topeel

su-sa-jaba-ki>su[h]sajbakpeeledisbone

see:bak,-[h]--aj
bat

SUTZ>sutzbat

Sutzil(4thmonth)
17-su-tzi>huklajunsutzi[l]17Sutzil

PALGroupIVInc.Burner
Madrid102B-1
Dresden46B-2
Dresden13C-1

K0927,K2286
YAXLintel30:H1
TNAMon.134:Bp3
ALCStela1:B5

TIKStela31:E14
TIKMarcador:D4

PNGLintel1:pC1-pC2230

UCNStela4:D1a-D2
CHNMonjasL.1A:D2a
CPNStelaA:B7b-C7a
K1599,COLKAMLintel231
COLSLAMColumn

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:SunBornChak.
Thereadingofthebat-headlogographinthesetwo(andother)contextsisbasedonsomeofthespellingsforthefourthClassicMayamonthname,Sutzil,namelysu-tzi,suSUTZ,andSUTZ-tzi.
160

230
231

prep.

n.

n.

tv.

adj.

cn.

cn.

see:huklajun
tu-18-SUTZ-tzi>tuwaxaklajunsutzi[l]

onthe18thofSutzil CHNWaterTroughLnt.
see:tu,waxaklajun
19-su-SUTZ>balunlajunsutz[il]19Sutzil
COLTSMSherd
see:balunlajun
9-TE-SUTZ-la>baluntesutz[i]l9Sutzil
K0955
see:balun,-te
2-[TE]SUTZ>chatesutz[il]2Sutzil

K0508
see:cha,-te

T
..ta

,.taj(1)

..taj(2)

..taj-

..tajal

..tajal.chan.akul

..tajal.mo(1)

at,in,with,to

ta>taat,in,with,to

see:ti,tu

ta-u-CHEN-na>tauchenatthewell

see:chen,u-
pinetorch

TAJ>tajpinetorch
ta-ja>taj

obsidian

ta-ji>tajobsidian

tostrike,tosplit

ta-jo->taj-tostrike

see:tajom
torch-like(?)

ta-ja-la>tajaltorch-like

TAJ>taja[al]

ta>ta[jal]

see:taj-
TajalChanAkul(anthroponym)

TAJ-[CHAN]-AK-na>taj[al]chanak[ul]

TAJ-[CHAN]AK>taj[al]chanaku[ul]

TAJ-ja-CHANa-ku>taja[l]chanaku[l]

see:akul,chan,tajal
TajalMo(anthroponym) ta-ja-la-MO-o>tajalmo

ta-ja-MO-o>taja[l]mo

[common]

TIKStela39

CPNStela11:A3,K4655

COLCancuenPanel2
CNCPanel3
CNCBCM2

YAXStela21:pG5-pH5
YAXHS5:84
161

..tajal.mo(2)

..tajal.mo(3)

..tajal.tun

..tajom

..tajom.ukab.kak

..tajom.ukab.tun

..-tak

..tak-

..tal-

cn.

cn.

cn.

ag.

cn.

cn.

suf.

tv.

iv.

TAJ-mo-o>taj[al]mo

see:mo,tajal
TajalMo(anthroponym) ta-ja-laMO-o>tajalmo

ta-MO-o>ta[jal]mo

see:mo,tajal
TajalMo(anthroponym) TAJ-MO-o>taj[al]mo

see:mo,tajal
altar(?)stone

u-TAJ-TUN-ni>utaj[al]tun[il]thealtar(?)stone

see:-il,u-

IX-ta-ja-laTUN-ni>ixtajaltunladyTajalTun

see:ix
Tajom

ta-jo-ma>tajomStriker/Splitter

TAJ-jo-ma>tajom

ta[jo]mo>tajom

ta-jo[mo]>tajom

see:-om,taj-
TajomUkabKak(anthroponym)

TAJ-jo-mau-KAB-KAK>tajomukabkak

see:kab,kak,tajom,u-
TajomUkabTun(anthroponym)

ta[jo]moukabaTUN-ni>tajomukabtun

ta-jo[mo]u-KAB-TUN-ni>tajomukabtun

see:kab,tajom,tun,u-
pluralsuffixonanimateentities

-TAK-ki>-takplural

-TAK>-tak

-ta-ki>-tak

ta-ka>-tak
toplaster,tostucco
u-ta-ka>utaka[w]heplasters,stuccoes

see:u--Vw
tocome

ta-li>talcomes

ta-li-ya>taliycame

YAXHS5:152,St.7:pC4b
MQLStructure4Frag.V
MQLStructure4Frag.F
DPLHS2EastStep4:C2
DPLPanel18:G1
YAXLnt.23:J2-K1
NARHS1VII:P2b
K6751
PNGPanel2:T1
AlvaroObregonBox

K6751

PNGPanel2:T1-V1
AlvaroObregonBox

Madrid014A-1
CPNAltarQ:B4
CRNPanel1:D5,T1
162

..-tal

..talol

..tan(1)

..tan(2)

..tan(3)

..tap-

..tap-

..tawiskal

..tay-

..tayal.chan.kinich(1)

n.cl.

n.

n.

prep.

prep.

tv.

tv.

cn.

tv.
cn.

see:-iy
counted(inorder)
u-NAH-TAL-la>unahtalthefirstcounted(inorder)

YAXLintel11:A1

u-NAH-ta-la>unahtalthefirstcounted(inorder)PALT.XIV:C4

see:nah,u-
Talol(toponym/polity)
KUH-luTAL-loAJAW-wa>kuh[ul]tal[o]lajaw
EKBMT5:D5-D6

KUH-lu-TAL-lo-AJAW>kuh[ul]tal[o]lajaw

god-likeTalolking
CHNCasaCol.HB:56a

see:ajaw,kuhul

K0927
chest,belly,stomage
TAN-na>tanchest;belly,stomage

ta-na>tan

K1901,COLVase
amidst

TAN>tanamidst

TAN-HA-BAK-la>tanhabakal

amidstthewaterofBakalTRTMon.6:F2

see:bakal,ha
infrontof;before
TAN-na>taninfrontof;before

TAN-naCHEN-naLAKAM-HA-BAK-la>tanchenlakamha

infrontof/before(the)cave/wellofLakamHaPALT.XIXBenchS:P7P8

see:chen,lakamha
toextinguish

ta-pa-lau-KAK>tapalukakextinguishingthefireIXKStela2:A7-B7

see:-Vl,kak,u-,-Vl
torenew;torepaint
u-ta-pa-wa>utapawherenewes,repaints
PALT.96:K5

see:u-,-Vw
Tawiskal(fromNhuatl:Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli)

ta-wi-si-ka-la>tawiskalTawiskal

Dresden48C
toconsume,tofinish(?) ta-ye->taytoconsume,tofinish
TayalChanKinich(anthroponym)
DPLBurial30Plate232

ta-YAL[CHAN]-naKINICH>tayalchankinich

see:chan,kinich,tay-

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:KinichWhoConsumesTheSky.Deciphermentofthisexamplewasfirstdiscussedbytheauthor/compileratthe12thEMC
WorkshoponDosPilasandthePetexbatun(December2006,Malm,Sweden).Notealsothevariant(?)spelling,TayelChanKinich.
163
232

..tayal.chan.kinich(2)

..tayel.chan.kinich

..te(1)

..te(2)

..te(3)

..-te

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

n.cl.

alsosee:tayelchankinich
TayalChanKinich(anthroponym)

[TAJ]YAL-la-CHAN-KINICH>tayalchankinich

see:chan,kinich,tay-

[TAJ?]YAL-CHAN-KINICH>tayalchankinich

see:chan,kinich,tay-

alsosee:tayelchankinich
TayelChanKinich(anthroponym)

ta-ye-leCHAN-na-KINICH>tayelchankinich

ta-ye-le[CHAN-na]KINICH-ni>tayelchankinich

see:chan,kinich,tay-

alsosee:tayalchankinich
tree;staff

TE>tetree;staff

te-e>te

see:che

ti-TE-e>titewith(the)stick

(weaving)stick

see:ti

o-chi-yau-TE-e>ochiyuteenteredthestick

see:och-,u-
Te(nameofartisans)
TE>te

4-TECHUWEN>chantechuwen

see:chan,chuwen
(optional)numericalclassifierusedinnumericalandcalendricalcounts

-TE>-te

2-[TE]SUTZ>chatesutz[il]2Sutz(il)

see:cha,sutzil

5-TE-[KAN]a-ya>hotekana[si]y5Kanasiy

TIKHombre:C2-D2233
TIKStela31:M2

K4996,K8286234
K2573

Madrid102B-1,2;103D1,2
Madrid102D-1
COLLCVessel
COLLCVessel

K0508
NARStela32:Y4

BothexamplesofTayalChanKinichprecedethenameofNunYaxAhinandassucharepartofhismoreextensivenominalphrase.Seeentriesfortayelchankinich.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:KinichWhoConsumesTheSky(moreliterally:ConsumingSkyKinich).Apolychromecylindricalvessel,archaeologically
excavatedatElPeru(StructureM14-15,Burial21)in2007,alsomentionedtheanthroponymTayelChanKinich.ThisisperhapsthesameMotuldeSanJoskingasmentioned
onK4996andK8286.
164
233
234

..tek-

..tekaj

..tel

..tel.huh

..temul

..tet-

..ti

..ti.ho

tv.

n.

n.

cn.

n.

tv.

prep.

cn.

toplace

placement

crest

crestediguana

seat,throne

tochoose

at,on,in,with,to

TiHo(toponym)

5-[KAN]a-si>hokanasi[y]5Kanasiy

NARAlt.1:E1
see:ho,kanasiy
9-TEPIK>baluntepik9Baktun

CPNStela19:A3
see:balun,pik
u-[te]ke-wa>utekewheplaces

K4655
see:u--Vw
te-ka-jayo-OK>te[h]kajyokplacedishisfoot/legCOLD.OaksPan.:C3-D3
see:-[h]--aj,ok,y-
u-te-ka-ja>utekajtheplacement

Dresden08C-1
see:-aj,tek-,u-
te-le>telcrest
see:telhuh
TELHUH>telhuhcrestediguana
te-le-UH>tel[h]uhcrestediguana
see:huh,tel
alsosee:ajsaktelhuh
te-mu>temulseat,throne

PNGStela3:F3
see:tzam
utemu>utemultheseat,throne

K1524(onseat,throne)
u-te-bu>ute[m]u[l]theseat,throne

CLKColumnasSubstr.235
u-te-ma>utemtheseat,throne

SJSStr.C4Room2Bench
see:u-
te-ta-ja>te[h]tajchosenwas

CPNHier.StaiwayStep
see:-[h]--aj

[common]
ti>tiat,on,in,with,to
see:ta,tu
ti-[jo]AJAW>tiho[]ajawTiHoking

DBCStr.42IncisedBone
see:ajaw,ti

Thisuniquespellingu-te-buwasnevercorrectedbythescribe.InClassicMayawiring,thesignforbu(T21)wasprobablyderivedfromthesignformu(T19)byadding
circularelementstotheinnercurl,thediagnosticdifferencebetweenthetwosigns(assuggestedbyAlfonsoLacadenaatthe2005EuropeanMayaConference).Thescribewrote
thebusyllabicsign,whileheintendedtowritemu.
165
235

..ti(1)

..ti(2)
..ti.hab

..ti.hun

n.

n.
cn.

cn.

mouth,opening

edge,border,limit
tihab(endofmonth)

tihun(title)

ti-jo-i>tihoi[l]TiHoperson

K4333236
see:-il,ti
TI-si>ti[i]smouth,opening

K1440:E1
see:-is
-TI>timouth,opening
TI-i>ti

CPNAltar41
ti-i>ti

TRTMon.8:48
u-2-wa?-lati-i>ukawalti

thesecond(counted)opening CHNAkabDzib:B2-C1237
see:ka,u-,-wal
TI>tiedge,border,limit
ta-TI-HAB-ba>tatihab

TNATSMSherd
see:hab,ti,ta
ta-TI-HAB-baMUWAN>tatihabmuwan
TNAMon.168:A2
see:muwan
TI-HABmo[lo]-la>[ta]tihabmolol

PALTCTablet:C9-D9
see:molol
TI-HABYAX-KIN-ni>[ta]tihabyaxkin
YAXLintel9:A2-A3
see:yaxkin
TI-HABka-se-wa>[ta]tihabkasew

EKBCapstone14:A3-A4
see:kasew
TI-HAB-CHAK-SIJOM>[ta]tihabchaksijom
PNGMSS16:B1238
see:chaksijom
TI-HUN-na>tihunmouth-of-the-headband
YAXLintel48:D7
TI-hu-na>tihun

YAXLintel56:B2b
TI?-HUN-ne>tihun

DPLHS4StepI:E1

Thesignforjoisemployed,butintheLateClassic/j/and/h/merged.Perhapsthespellingwithjoactuallyindicatedawordwithho-(inthiscaseTiHo).
Although part of this phrase is but tentatively deciphered (-wa?-la, with T504 as wa?), the doorway in which the Akab Dzib lintel has been placed is indeed the second
openingordoorwaymeasuredfromtheoutside.Seetheentry-wal.
238Thetatihabat(the)mouth/edgeofyearexpressionforendofmonth,probablyinvolvingametaphorthatincludesthelocativetaat,timouth,edge,andhabyear,
hasarelativelywidegeographicdistribution.Whilemysearchhasnotbeenexhaustive,itcurrentlyincludescloseto20examplesfromsitesasEkBalam,Naranjo,Palenque,
PiedrasNegras,Tonina,Yaxchilan,andsomeunprovenancedceramics.
166
236
237

..tiob

..ti.pa

..ti.sak.hun

..-tikil

..til

..til-

pr.

cn.

cn.

n.cl.

n.

iv.

see:hun,ti

alsosee:tisakhun

u-TI-HUN-li>utihun[i]lthetihun

TNAFrag.88:Ap3

u-TI-HUN-li>utihun[i]l

TNATSMCelt

u-TI-HUN-li>utihun[i]l

COLRandelStela

see:-il,u-

u-TI-HUN-na>utihun[il]thetihun

COLBallgamePanel1

u-TI-HUN-na>utihun[il]

DPLStela5:N1

see:u-
they

ti-o>tio[b]they

Madrid109C-3

see:-ob,ti
TiPa(toponym)
u-ti-yaTI-pa-a>utiytipahappened(at)TiPa NARStela10:B4

see:pa,ti,ut-
TiSakHun(title)
TI-SAK-HUN-na>tisakhun

PMTPanel1:Sec.Text

TI-SAK-HUN-na>tisakhun

PALGroupXIVPanel

see:hun,sak,ti

alsosee:tihun
numericalcountforpeople-ti-ki-li>-tikil

4-ti-ki-li-cho-ko-TAK-ki>chantikilchoktak

four-countedyouthsPALT.XVIIIShell
tapir

TIL>tiltapir

ti-li>til
toburn

ti-li-liu-KAK>titilukakburningthefire
ITZStela17:B6-A7

MTLStela3

TIL-KAK>til[il][u]kakburningfire

see:kak,u-,-Vl

KAK-ti-li-wi>kaktiliwfireburns

NARStela13:H10239

KAK-TIL-li-wi>kaktiliwfireburns

COLPellingHolmulPlate

KAK-TIL-wi>kaktil[i]wfireburns

NARStela21:A9

see:kak,-Vw

These examples are part of three versions of the anthroponym Kak Tiliw Chan Chak (tentative paraphrase: Chak Who Burns the Sky with Fire), not included in this
versionofthevocabulary.
167
239

..tilal.hixal

..til.bak

..tim-

..timijel

..tis

..tiwol

..tiwol.chan.mat

cn.

cn.

tv.

n.

n.

n.(?)

cn.

TilalHixal(nominalphraseofwayaw)

ti-la-lahi?-HIX-la>tilalhix[a]l

K1442

ti-la>tila[l][hixal]

K1253

ti-li-HIX>til[al]hix[al]

K5070

ti-HIX>ti[lal]hix

K1743

see:hix,til
burningbone

TIL-BAKu-ba-ki>tilbakubak[il]

burningbone(is)theboneTIKMT42a:A4-A5

see:bak,til
toappease

u-ti-mi-wayo-OL-la>utimiwyol

heappeasestheheartPALTI-WT:A7-B7

see:ol,u--Vw,y-

ti-ma-jaa-wo-la>ti[h]majawol

appeasedisyourheartPALT.XVIII:RearWall

see:aw-,-[h]--aj,ol

ti-mi-jaa-OL-la>ti[h]m[a]ja[w]ol

appeasedisyourheartK2784

see:aw-,-[h]--aj,ol

TIM?-[ji]ya>ti[]mjiyappeasedwas

PALTI-WT:O9

see:-jiy
appeasement(?)

ti-mije-la>timijelappeasement(?)

see:tim-

uti-mije-laa-OL-la>utimijela[w]ol

(itis)theappeasementofyourheart PALTI-WT:A11-B12

see:aw-,ol,u-
bodywind

u-ti-si>utis[il]thebodywind

K4692

see:-il,u-

PALT.XIXTablet:J1
tiwol(unknownmeaning) TIWOL-la>tiwol

TIWOL>tiwol

ti-wo>tiwo[l]
TiwolChanMat

ti-wo-CHAN-nama-MAT>tiwo[l]chanmat
PALTabl.Slaves:I-J
168

..tojol

..tok
..tok.tan

..tok

..tokal

..toke

..tok.pakal

n.

n.
cn.

n.

n.

cn.

cn.

payment,tribute

burning

TokTan(toponym)

flint

Tokal(toponym?)

Toke(toponym?)

flint-and-shield

TIWOL-CHAN-ma-ta>tiwolchanmat
PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco240
TIWOL-CHAN-ma-ta>tiwolchanmat
PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco241
see:chan,mat,tiwol
u-to-jo-li>utojol[il]thepayment,tribute
JNTPanel:Bp5b
u-to-jo-li>utojol[il]thepayment,tribute
K1728
see:-il,u-

Dresden36A-2
u-to-ko>utoktheburning
u-ti-yato-ko-TAN-na>utiytoktan

happened(at)TokTanPALTSTablet:Q4-P5
see:ut-
KUH-[to-TAN]AJAW>kuh[ul]to[k]tanajaw

god-likeTokTankingPALTCTablet:Q9
see:ajaw,kuhul
ko-[to-TAN]AJAW>toktanajawTokTanking PALTFCTablet:E9
see:ajaw
to-ko-TAN-WINIK-ki>toktanwinikTokTanpersonPALPal.Tablet:D17
see:winik
TOK>tokflint
to-ka>tok

YAXLintel46:F8
to-ko>tok

Dresden25A
to-TOK>tok

Dresden58
AJ-to-ka-la>ajtokalpersonfromTokal
COLTaylorInscription
see:aj,-al,tok
AJ-TOK-ke>ajtoke[]personfromToke
CLKStela61
see:aj
alsosee:ake,yoke
u-TOK-PAKAL>utok[u]pakalhisflint,hisshieldNARStela23:G14
u-to-kau-PAKAL-la>utokupakal

DPLHS4StepIV:E2-F2

ThisexampleemploystheT561CHANskysign(chansky).TheTempleXIXLimeStonePanelhasaspellingTIWOL-la,buttheremainderofthenominalphraseTiwol
ChanMatislostduetotheincompletestateofthemonument.
241ThisexampleemploystheCHANfoursign(chanfour).
169
240

..tox

..tu

..tubal

..tukun

..tukun.witz

Figure2b

n.

prep.

n.

n.

cn.

u-to-ka-PAKAL>utok[u]pakal

YAXLintel25:C1

u-to-ka-u-pa-ka-la>utokupakal

YAXLintel45:C6

u-to-kau-pa-ka-la>utokupakal

DPLHS4StepV:E2-F2

YAXLintel46:F8

u-to-ka-pa-ka-la>utok[u]pakal

see:pakal,tok,u-

ti-to-ka-ti-pa-ka-la>titoktipakalwith(his)flint,

with(his)shieldYAXHS3St.Ithr:D8

see:pakal,ti,tok

tu-to-ka-tu-pa-ka-la>tutoktupakalwithhisflint,

withhisshield YAXHS3St.Ithr:D8

tu-TOK-tu-pa-ka-la>tutoktupakal

CPNHSStep61

see:pakal,tok,tu-
casting

to-xo>toxcasting

ba-to-xo>ba[h]toxfirstofthecasting

NMPStela15

see:bah
in,at,with,to(contractionoftheprepositiontiandthepronounu)

tu>tu(ti+u)in,at,with,tothe

[common]

see:ti,u-

alsosee:ta
Tubal(toponym)
PUL[yi]-tu-ba-la>puluytubalburntTubal
NARStela22:E16

see:pul-

IX-tu-ba-laa-AJAW-wa>ixtubalajaw

K7750Side2

IXtu-[ba]AJAW-wa>ixtuba[l]ajaw

ladyTubalking NARStela13:H5-G6

IX-tu[ba]AJAW-la>ixtuba[l]ajaw

ladyTubalking NARStela13:H

see:ajaw,ix
tukun(nounofunknownmeaning)

CPNStructure11Panels

tu-ku-nu>tukun
TukunWitz(toponym)
tu-ku-nu-wi-tzi>tukunwitz

CPNStructure11Bench

tu-ku-nuwi-[WITZ]AJAW>tukunwitzajaw

TukunWitzking CPNStructure11Panels
170

..tum-

..tumam

..tun(1)

..tun(2)

tv.

n.

n.

n.

see:ajaw,tukun,witz
toconsider,tocontemplateu-tu-mu>utumu[w]heconsiders

see:u--Vw
Tumam(titleofunknownmeaning)

tu-ma-ma>tumam

see:tum-,-Vm
stone

TUN-ni>tunstone

see:tunich

alsosee:kaltun,lakamtun,tajaltun

tu-TUN>tun

tu-TUN-ni>tun

TUN-nu>tun

tu-nu>tun

u-TUN-ni-li>utunilthestone

see:-il,u-

u-TUN-ni-le>utunel(?)thestone

see:-el,u-
time-period(360days)
5-tu-TUN>hotunfivetun

see:ho

10-TUN-ni>lajuntuntenthtun

see:lajun

13-TUN-ni>uxlajuntunthirteenthtun

see:uxlajun

u-6-tu-TUN>uwaktunstone

see:u-,wak

tu-1-pi-si-TUN-ni>tujunpistun[il]inthefirsttun

see:-il,jun,pis,tu

ta-u11-TUN-ni>taubuluktun[il]inthe11thtun

see:buluk,-il,ta,u-

Dresden04C-1

TIKMT56:H4

CRNPanel1:F3
ITZStela12:D1
CPNStela8242
PALTSTablet:Q15
PALPal.Tablet:G11
PNGStela12:A21a
CHNCasaCol.HB:10-11
COLMAmJamb:A6-B6

ThisspellingoccursinaroundedDistanceNumberof2.5(.0.0),connectinganearlierdatewithanewdate.NormallyinDistanceNumbersscribesemployhab,butthisscribe
employedtun.Bothtime-periodsortimeunitstunorhabinthecontextofthecountofdaysrefertoaperiodof360days.
171

242

..tunich

..tup

..tut-

..tutal

..tutum.yol.kinich

n.

n.

tv.

n.

cn.

stone

TUN-ni-chi>tunichstone

Dresden33C-3

see:tun
earflare

tu-pa-ja>tupajearflare

PALTI-TC:A9

see:-aj

u-tu-pa>utuptheearflare

CLKStr.IITmb.4Earflare

PALTI-CT:I8,K7,M3

u-tu-pa>utuptheearflare

see:u-

u-SAK-T533TUP-pu>usak[?]tupthewhite(?)earflareCOLRAZEarflare

see:sak,u-
tocover,torenovate(?) tu-ta-ja>tu[h]tajcoveredis(?)

BPKPanel5:L2

see:-[h]--aj

2tu-ji-ya>tu[]tjiycoveredwas(?)

BPKPanel5:L5

tu-ji-ya>tu[t]jiycoveredwas(?)

ALSPanel1:C4

see:-jiy
nounofunknownmeaningu-tu-ta-li>ututal[il]thetutal

PALTI-ET:O12,Q5243

u-tu-ta>ututa[lil]

Dresden34A

see:-il,u-
TutumYolKinich
tu-tu-mayo-OL-KINICH>tutumyolkinich
QRGStelaC:D7b-C8

see:kinich,ol,tut,y-

tv.

n.

toinaugurate

rabbit

T
..tab-

..tul

ta?-bama-ka>taba[y][u]mak

inaugurates(the)capstone
see:mak,-Vy
ta?-ba-yiu-wa-ya-bi-li>tabayuwaybil

inauguratestheshrine
see:-Vy,wayib
TUL>tulrabbit

o-naTUL>ontulmanyrabbits

CHNUnkn.TombCapst.

IKLLintel1:BC
K2026,K1398
K2026

During the intermediate workshop on Palenque at the 2009 Maya Meetings in Austin, on February 24, Barbara MacLeod suggested that tutal may descend from *tultal, a
compositenounwiththemeaningaccustomedplace;job;appointment(noteChortiturtar).
172

243

n.

adj.

tv.

n.

Tza(toponym)

sweet

toconjure

conjuring

see:on
tu-lu>tulrabbit

AJ-tza[a]>ajtzapersonfromTza

YAXLintel3:F1
see:aj
tza>tza[]sweet
see:kakaw
u-TZAK-wau-KAWIL[wi]-la[li]>utzakawukawil[il]

heconjuresthekawil YAXLintel25:B1a
u-TZAK>utzak[aw]heconjures

Dresden65A-3
see:u--Vw
TZAK-ja>tza[h]kaj>conjuredis

YAXLintel14:D2
see:-[h]--aj
TZAK-ka-ji>tza[h]kajconjuredis

CHNCasaCol.HB:20
see:-[h]--aj
i-TZAK-ja-KAWIL-la>i-tza[h]kajkawil

thenisconjuredkawil CPNStelaI:C1
see:-[h]--aj,kawil
TZAK-[ji]yaKAWIL-la>tza[]kjiykawil

conjuredwaskawil YAXLintel25:M1
see:-jiy,kawil
TZAK-wi-ya>tzakwiyconjured

CPNStela6:C5
TZAK-wi-ya>tzakwiyconjured

COLGlyphPanelC
see:-wiy
u-KUH-HUL-TZAK>ukuhultzak[ul]

thegod-likeconjuring ANLPanel:Bp1a
u-KUH-hu-lu-TZAK>ukuhultzak[ul]

thegod-likeconjuring YAXLintel42:E3-F3
u-KUH-hu-lu-tza-ku>ukuhultzaku[l]

COLVessel244

TZ
..tza(1)

..tza(2)

..tzak-

..tzakul

Thecollocationtu-lucanbefoundnexttothedepictionofarabbitwithinthevisualnarrativeonthisvessel,currentlyinanAustralianprivatecollection.

244

173

..tzihil

..tzik-

..-tzil

..tzima

..tziy

Figure1b

adj.

tv.

suff.

n.

n.(?)/adj.(?)

fresh(?)

tovenerate(?)

honorificsuffix

gourd

(unknownmeaning)

thegod-likeconjuring YAXLintel25:E1
u-KUH-lu-TZAK-ku>ukuhultzaku[l]

thegod-likeconjuring DCBStela1front:E4
u-KUH-TZAK>ukuh[ul]tzak[ul]

thegod-likeconjuring TIKT.ILintel3:C3
see:kuh,tzak-,u-,-Vl
[tzi]hi-la>tzihilfresh(?)

K9099
tzi-hili>tzihil

K4542
tzi-hi>tzihi[l]
tzi>tzi[hil]
see:kakaw
tzi-ka-ja>tzi[h]kajvenerated(?)is

CPNAltarH:M2
see:-[h]--aj
-tzi-li>-tzilhonorificsuffix
ya-na-ba-tzi-li>yanabtziltheanabtzil

YAXStela31245
see:anab
alsosee:-ik
tzi-ma>tzima[]gourd
u-tzi-ma-lija-yi>utzima[i]ljay[il]

thegourdclaybowlCOLSMBVase(K0530)
see:jay,-il,u-
tziya>tziy(?)
ta-tziya-TEka-wa>tatziyte[el]kakaw

for[?]teelkakaw COLMFAVase/K0558246
ta-tziya-TEka-wa>tatziyte[el]kakaw

for[?]teelkakaw COLSMBVase/K2206

ThehonorifictzilalsomaybefoundatTikalinaspellingta-KUH-OK-tzi(TempleIV,Lintel3:D6),perhapsfortakuh[ul]oktzil.ThesamespellingKUH-OK-tzicanbe
foundwithsomeregularityintheCodexDresden(e.g.53B1,54A5,54B2).
246ThemeaningoftheClassicMayawordtziy,spelledtziya,isstillunknown.Iliketonotethattziymaybeawordthatinmeaningisrelatedtotziynixtamal.TheseNebaj
stylevesselsprobablyallcamefromtheAltaVerapazregion(thefamousFentonVasewasoncethepropertyoftheparamountelderofNebaj,whopresentedthevesseltoMr.
Fleischmannatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury).NoteAchiandKiche,whichhavetzinixtamal,whileSakapultekohastzeynixtamal.Alternatively,itmaybethe
Highlandcounterpartoftzihil,fresh.
174
245

..tzuk

..tzul

..tzutz-

Figure3d

n.

n.

tv.

partition,province

dog

tocomplete

tzu[ku]
see:huktzuk,kantzuk,uxlajuntzuk
tzu-lu>tzuldog

see:ok,tzi
u-tzu-wa>utzutzuwhecompletes

u-TZUTZ-wa>utzutzuwhecompletes

u-TZUTZ-wi>utzutzuwhecompletes

see:u--Vw
TZUTZ-ja>tzu[h]tzajcompletedis

TZUTZ-tza-ja>tzu[h]tzajcompletedis

tzu-ja>tzutz[a]jcompletedis
tzu-tza-ja>tzu[h]tzajcompletedis

tzu-tza-ja>tzu[h]tzajcompletedis

see:-[h]--aj
i-tzutza-ja>i-tzu[h]tzajthencompletedis
see:-[h]--aj,i-
2tzu-ji-ya>tzu[]tzjiy>completedwas

tzu-[ji]ya>tzu[][tz]jiycompletedwas

see:-jiy
TZUTZ-jo-ma>tzu[]tzjomcompletedwillbe
TZUTZ-jo-ma>tzu[]tzjomcompletedwillbe
TZUTZ-[jo]mo>tzu[]tzjomcompletedwillbe
see:-j-,-om
TZUTZ-yi>tzutzuycompletes

see:-Vy
i-TZUTZ-yi>i-tzutzuythencompletes

see:i-,-Vy
TZUTZ-yi-ya>tzutzyiycompleted

see:-iy

Dresden07A-2
PALTI-WT:O3
TIKStela39:Bp7
NARAlt.1:I10
YAXLintel2:C1
LACStela7:B10
CAYAltar4:A2
PMTPanel1:I4
COLSLAMColumn
TNAMon.183:A2A3
PMTH.Panel5:D1
YAXLintel23:N2b
YAXLintel31:K4247
PALPal.HseCPr.D
NARAlt.1:K6-L7
PALTabl.96:H8
PALTabl.96:L3
TNAMon.151:A2

Notethat-[h]-,whichnormallywouldbeinfixedintotherootoftheverb(markingthisclassofpassives),isnotpresent.Itphonologicallychangedto-[]-,duetothepresence
oftheconsonantcluster-h-tz-j-in**tzuhtzjom.Thustzutzjominsteadof**tzuhtzjom.
175

247

..tzutzaj

..tzutzil

n.

n.

completion

completion

u-TZUTZ-ja15-WINAK.HAB>
utzutz[a]jholajunwinakhab

thecompletionofthe15thkatunCPNStela4WestSide
see:-aj,holajun,tzutz-,u-,winikhab
COLECCelt
u-TZUTZ-li>utzutz[i]l(itis)thecompletion
see:u-

tv.

tv.

n.

n.

todip

tza[ja[la]]-KAK>tzajalkakdippingfire
SCAStela1:C3a

see:kak,-Vl
tocount,toaccumulate;toputinorder

u-tza-ka-wa-TE>utzakawte
PNGStela12:D2a248

hecounts/accumulates/putsinorderstaffs

see:-aw,te,tzak-,u-

TZAK-ya-ja[listofgods,kuh]>tza[]k[ji]y[]

putinorderare...K2796&7750TextColumn

see:-[h]--aj

YAXStela12:B5
count,accumulation
u-TZAK-ka-AJ-ja>utzakajthecount

u-TZAK-ka-AJ>utzakajthecount

CPNTemple21AText

u-TZAK-ki-AJ>utzakajthecount

TNAMon.167a

u-TZAK-AJ-ja>utzakajthecount

SBLTabl.7:KK1
NARAlt.1:D9

u-TZAK-AJ>utzakajthecount

u-TZAK-a>utzaka[j]thecount

NTNDrawing65:G2

see:-aj,u-
counted(unit)(successor)u-TZAK-bu-ji>utzakbuj[il]thecounted(one) TIKStela31:A26,D7,C12

u-TZAK-bu-li>utzakbu[ji]l

CRCBCM3:B3

u-TZAK-bu-li>utzakbu[ji]l

NARAlt.1:E3249

TZ
..tzaj-

..tzak-

..tzakaj

..tzakbuj

Inthisexamplealistofcapturesfollows,suggestiveofthefactthattheparttemayrefertotheindividualcaptivesorprisoners.Perhapsutzakawtemaythusbetranslatedas
hecounts,accumulates,orputsinordercaptivesorprisoners.QuiriguaStelaI:D7mayprovideanothercontextinwhichtemayrefertoacaptive,inthephrasecho?-ma-ja
u-TEonadatesixdayspriortothedecapitationofCopanrulerWaxaklajunUbahKawil.
249Generallyreferredtoasthesuccessorglyph.Theitemtzakbujisaderivednounthatkeeps,whenprefixedwithanumeral,anordinalcountofsuccessivekingsandother
courtofficials.Thisordinalcountisinclusivetothefounderorfirstking(orothercourtofficialtitles,e.g.,sajal).
176
248

..tzam

..tzap-

Figure3a

n.

tv.

throne

toplant,tohoist,toerect

see:-il,u-
u-10-TZAK-ka-bu-li>ulajuntzakbu[ji]l

thetenthcounted(one)
see:-il,lajun,u-
18-tza-kabu-li[sa]ja>waxaklajuntzakbu[ji]lsaja[l]

(the)18thcountedsajal
see:-il,sajal,waxaklajun
tza-ma>tzamthrone

TZAM?-ma>tzam

see:temul
ba-hitza-ma>bahtzamfirstofthethrone
see:bah
u-tza-pa-wa>utzapawheplants

u-tza[pa]-wa-TUN-ni>utzapawutun[il]

heplantsthestone
see:-il,tun,u--Vw
tza[pa-ja]u-LAKAM[TUN]-li>

tza[h]pajulakamtun[i]lplantedisthestela

tza-pa-jau-LAKAM-TUN-ni-li>

tza[h]pajulakamtunilplantedisthestela
tza-pa-jau-LAKAM[TUN]-li>

tza[h]pajulakamtun[i]lplantedisthestela
tza-[pa]ja[]TUN-ni-li>tza[h]paj[]tunil

plantedis[](stone)
TZAPu-LAKAM-TUN-ni-li>

tza[h]p[aj]ulakamtunilplantedisthestela
see:-[h]--aj,-il,lakamtun,u-
tza[pa]-pa-ja>tza[h]pajplantedis

CPNStela10:H8

COLRandelStela:H4-I1
Dresden46C
TIKT.IVLintel3:B7b
COLSMBCeramicThrone
ITZStela12:A2
IXZStela4:A2250

CPNStela1:D3D4

TIKStela12:D2-D3
PRUStela35:B2-A3
CPNStelaCSouthSide
TIKStela39:zA2-zB2
CPNStelaC251

Asinglelargeusignbracketsbothtza[pa]waandTUN-ni;thisseemstobeavisualaidinestablishingthefactthatbothitemsopenwithu-.

250

177

..tzay-

..tzi

..tzib-

..tzibal

Figure6b

tv.

n.

iv.

n.

toburn

dog

towrite

writing

see:-[h]--aj
itza-pa-ja>i-tza[h]pajthenisplanted

TIKMarcador:F7bE8
i-tza-pa-ja>i-tza[h]pajthenisplanted

TIKStela12:D2
[i]tza-pa-ja>i-tza[h]pajthenisplanted
CPNAltartoStelaE:G2
see:-[h]--aj,i-
[i]tza-pa-jau-LAKAM[TUN]>i-tzapajulakamtun[il]

thenisplantedthelakamtun ARPStela2:C2-D2
tza-pa-ji-ya>tza[]pjiyplantedwas

CPNStelaA:B3a

QRGStelaI:C3a
tza[pa]-ji-ya>tza[]pjiy
see:-jiy
tza-ya-ja-KAK>tza[h]yajkakburntisfire
NTNDrawing88:D2
see:-[h]--aj,kak
TZI>tzidog

TNAMon.89:A1
tzi-i>tzi
see:ok,tzul
tzi-ba->tzib-towrite
tzi-bi>tzib-
tzi[bi]>tzib

K8660:B
-tzi-ba-li>tzibalwriting

[commononceramics]
tzi-ba-la>tzibal

PALT.XIXBench-S:E4a,

K2695
see:-al,tzib-
alsosee:tzibil
u-tzi-ba-li>utzibal[il]thewriting

COLBMFA(K0558)
u-tzi-ba-li>utzibal[il]

COLGardiner(K6080)

MLCMural1,Glyph15
u-tzi-ba-li>utzibal[il]
u-tzi-ba-li>utzibal[il]

COLSMBVase(K2206)252

Ithasbeensuggestedthatthesecondpasignwouldleadtoamediopassivesuffix-p-;however,basedonthecommonplacementofpaintotza(seeotherexamplesatCopan
andQuiriguacited),itcanbesuggestedthattza[pa]wasafossilized,fixed,orpatternedspelling(comparetochu[ku]ka-ja)towhichasecond,obsolete,-pawasadded.
252This Nebaj style vessel employs a unique sign for the syllable ba, namely a BALAM jaguar head which through a process of acrophony has been reduced to simply ba.
However,itispossiblethatthewriterintendedtoacrophonicallyreducethevaluetoBAL.
178
251

..tzibal.nah

..tzibil

..tzib.te

..tzib.teal

..tzikin(1)

..tzikin(2)

..tzikul

..tzul-

Figure5a

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

v.

utzi-ba-li>utzibal[il]

u-tzi-ba-li>utzibal[il]

utzibali>utzibal[il]

see:-il,u-
TzibalNah(buildingname)tzi-ba-la-NAH>tzibalnah

see:nah,tzibal
writing

u-tzi-bi>utzib[il]thewriting

see:u-,tzib-,-Vl

alsosee:tzibal

TzibTe(treespecies)
tzi-TE>tzi[b?]tepalodetinto

see:te,tzibteal
TzibTeal(toponym)
tzi-TE-la>tzi[b?]te[a]l(toponym)

see:-al,tzibte
raptorialbird(eagle?)
TZIKIN-na>tzikinraptorialbird

tzi-na>tzi[ki]n

TZIKIN>tzikin

see:kot

alsosee:jolomtzikin,uhukchapattzikinkinichajaw
Tzikin(15thdayname) 4-TZIKIN>chantzikin4Tzikin

10-TZIKIN>lajuntzikin10Tzikin

clay

tzi-ku>tziku[l]clay

titzi-ku>titziku[l]withclay

see:ti
toskin(?)

tzu-lu>tzul-toskin

ALSStr.A1,Vessel
DPLStela16:D2b
K1901,K4551253
K2695
Madrid023C-2

Dresden33C-1
YAXHS3Step1:B2b254
K2206,COLFentonVase
K1392

NARStela23:F17
TIKStela17:A4255
K2699(HokebHaVase)
CPNAltarF:A2b256

The scribe employs skull sign for the syllabic sign ba, as such derived through a process of acrophony from BAK skull, head. The employment of the skull sign is a
commonfeatureofthisstyleofceramics(pertainingtothegreaterElZotzareainthecentralPeten).
254Alternatively,theentrytzibtemaybesimplytzitepalodetinto;invariousHighlandMayalanguagesthenameforthistreeisrecordedastzite(forinstanceinQeqchi,
Kaqchikel,andTzutujil).ItisaprobableloanfromCholintotheselanguages.Theoriginaltermmayhavebeentzibtepainting/writingtree(thewoodismadeintoapulp
andboiledtoproduceadeepblackink).The-bmaybewaslostduetoaprocessofelision,asfinal-bisaweakconsonant,andtheopeningt-isastrongconsonant.
255BasedonthereadingofthebirdlogographicsignastzikinoutsidethedaysigncartoucheandthefactthatTzikinisthedaynameofthefifteenthdayinseveralHighland
MayacalendarsIincludethisentryTzikinfortheClassicMayafifteenthdayname.
256AtCopan(Structure18,EastNicheText)therepossiblyisanitemutzikol(u-tzi?-kolo),containingtheroottzikclayandasuffix-ol(whichmayhaveevolvedfrom-ul).
179
253

..tzul.bak

..tzunun

..tzutzih

Figure7b

cn.

n.

n.

skinningbone

hummingbird

coati

see:tzulbak
tzu-lu?-BAKu-ba-ki>tzulbakubak[il]>

skinningbone(is)theboneTIKMT42b:A1-A2
see:bak,tzul-
tzu-2nu>tzununhummingbird

K8008
tzu-nu>tzunu[n]

K2784,K8008
tzu-nu>tzunu[n]

TRTMon.8:45
tzu-nu>tzunu[n]

QRGStelaC:C10
tzu-tzi-hi>tzutzihcoati

K8076
K0927
tzu-tzi>tzutzi[h]

KAK-netzu-tzi>kakne[h]tzutzi[h]fire-tailedcoatiK0927
see:neh,kak

pr.
pr.
suf.

n.
tv.

he,she,it

u->u-he,she,it

[common]
his,hers,its;the
u->u-his,hers,its;the

[common]257
preconsonantalergativepronounandasuffixthatreduplicatestherootvowelonaclassofroot
roottransitives.Examples:u-chu[ku]-wa>uchukuw

see:chuk-

u-CHAM-wa>ucham[a]w

see:cham-

alsosee:y--Vw
tube(?)

yu-ba>yubthetube(?)

COLECLimestoneObj.258
tohear(?)

u-bu-[ji]ya>ubjiyheard

PALTILeftEarspool

see:-jiy

U
..u-(1)
..u-(1)
..u--Vw

..ub
..ub-

InthevocabularyIemploytheintranslatingthemajorityofcaseswhenthetransliterateditemcontainsthethirdpersonpossessivepronounu-.Forthevalueuthelargest
amountofdifferentsignsisemployed,andnumberscangoashighas45+.However,mostformsarederivedfromasmallgroupof5or6basicsignsforu,mostlyderived
through the acrophonic principle (e.g., UT eye, face, UH moon, UH jewel, HUJ? Xok-head) as well as onomatopoetically derived signs ( e.g., huuu or howling
soundtoexplainthehowlermonkeyhead,thehowlingdoghead,aswellasLandassecondu).
258Foundonasmall(ca.8inchhigh)limestoneobject,ofEarlyClassicmanufactureandwithoutprovenance(nowinaUSAprivatecollection).Thespellingyu-baemploysthe
ECversionBAHsign;ifindeedusedtotargetba,thiswouldbeaveryearlyexampleofthenormallyLateClassicacrophonicinnovationofcertainsigns(e.g.,AJ>a,BAH>
ba),orpossiblytheinherentfluidityofthesesigns(dependingoncontext,eitheremployedaslogogramorsyllabicsign;assuchnoteYOP~yo).
180
257

..ub.te

..uch

..uchak.naban

..uchoch.yok.puy

..uch

..uh(1)

..uh(2)

n.

n.

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

tributecloth

yu-buTE>yubtethetributecloth

K1728

see:y-

u-chu>uchopossum

COLLCVase

see:pay
UchakNaban(toponym?) u-CHAK-naba?-niWINIK-ki>uchaknabanwinik

UchakNabanpersonK0868259

see:chak,nab-,u-,winik

alsosee:usaknaban
UchochYokPuy(theonym)u-cho-choyo-kopu-yi?>uchochyokpuy

CHNT4LLintel3:F7-F8

cho-choyo-kopu-yi>[u]chochyokpuy

CHNT4LLintel3:B4-B5

see:choch,ok,puy,u-,y-
headlouse

yu-cha>yuchtheheadlouse

K1211

see:y-
moon

UH>uhmoon

NARStela24:D4

IX-UH>ixuhladymoon

see:ix
bead,jewel

u-ha-ja>uhajbead,jewel

PALTI-CT:B8

see:-aj

-UH>uhbead,jewel

yu-UH-li>yuh[i]lthebead,jewel

CHNCenoteJadePlaque

COLBMShellPendant

yu-UH-li>yuh[i]lthejewel

yu-UH>yuh[il]thejewel

JAIJadePlaque

yu-ha>yuh[il]thejewel

COLECShellGorget1

yu-ha>yuh[il]thejewel

COLECShellGorget2260

see:-il,y-

Thistranscriptionisverytentativeasitdependsonthecorrectidentificationoftheputativebasign.Comparetheentrywithanothertentativedecipherment,Usaknaban.
K0868ispaintedbythesamepainterasK3460(MintMuseumcollection)andbothrefertoactionstakingplaceon13Ik[ta]tihabYaxKin.
260TheEarlyClassicspellingyu-hamayindicatethatyuhwastheactualitemintended,withoutan-ilpossessivesuffix.InMayanlanguagesnounsbelongtodifferentclasses
and either obtain no suffix when possessed or obtain a possessive suffix, of which there are several possibilities (e.g., -il, but also -Vl, which reduplicates the root vowel).
Throughtimenounscanshiftclasses,thusperhapsintheEarlyClassicyuhwastheintendeditem(nopossessivesuffix,or-),andafteritshiftedclassasyuhilbecamethe
intendeditem.PossessednounconstructionsarecurrentlyresearchedinClassicMayaaswellasincolonialandpresentdayMayalanguages.
181
259

..uh.chapat

cn.
UhChapat(anthroponym) UH-CHAPAT>uhchapat

TNAMon.104:H261

see:chapat,uh
..uhuk.chapat.tzikin.kinich.ajaw

Figure3c
cn.
UhukChapatTzikinKinichAjaw(theonym)

[u]7-CHAPAT[TZIKIN][eroded]>

uhukchapattzikinkinichajawPALPalace,HouseD,PierF

7-CHAPAT[TZIKIN][[KIN]chi-ni]AJAW-wa>

[u]hukchapattzikinkinichajawBPKStr.1Rm.1In.Series

7-CHAPAT-tuTZIKIN-na[KIN-ni]AJAW-wa>

[u]hukchapattzikinkinichajawCPNAltartoStela13

7-CHAPAT[TZIKIN][KIN]AJAW-wa>

[u]hukchapattzikinkin[ich]ajawSCUStela1:B5b-A6a

7-CHAPATTZIKIN-na[KIN]AJAW-wa>

[u]hukchapattzikinkin[ich]ajawK6437

7-CHAPAT-TZIKIN[KIN]AJAW-wa>

[u]hukchapattzikinkin[ich]ajawK7224262

see:chapat,huk,kinichajaw,tzikin,u-
..uhuk.chapat.tzikin.kinich.ajaw.balunyoktekuh

cn.
UhukChapatTzikinKinichAjawBalunYokteKuh(theonym)

[u]7-CHAPAT[TZIKIN][KIN]AJAW-wa9-[OK]KUH-TE

[u]huk.chapat.tzikin.kinich.ajawbalun[y]oktekuhCOLLCVessel263

see:chapat,huk,kinichajaw,kuh,ok,te,tzikin,u-,y-
..uhuk.chapat.tzikin.kinich.ajaw.kinich.yax.kuk.mo

cn.
UhukChapatTzikinKinichAjawKinichYaxKukMo(anthroponym)
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:MoonCentipede.
The correctness of the inclusion of the u- pronoun in the name of this god is confirmed at the site of Sabana Piletas in Campeche. The Hieroglyphic Stairway inscription
includes a spelling of this theonym which opens with u 7, employing the Xok-head variant for u. I thank Carlos Pallan for showing me this example at the 12th EMC in
Geneva.
263UniquetheonymUhukChapatTzikinKinichAjawBalunYokteKuhidentifyingagodwhositsinfrontofthecreatorgod.Thefrontoftheheaddressofthisgodismarked
byakinsign,hehasalargegod-eyewithinnerscroll,aRomannose,andasingleT-shapedtooth.Heisdepictedinasideview.BalunYokteKuhisagodassociatedwith
transitionoftimeandplaceandwarfare(transitionofpower),whileinmydissertationIhavesuggestedthattheSunGodmanifestationnamedUhukChapatTzikinKinich
Ajawwasrelatedtowarfare.
182
261
262

..ukit.jol(om).akul

..ukit.kan.lekul.tok

..ukit.koy

..ukittok

..ukul

..uk-

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.

tv.

7-CHAPAT[TZIKIN][KINICH]-AJAW-waKINICHYAX-ku-MO>

[u]hukchapattzikinkinichajawkinichyaxku[k]mo CPNStela19NorthSide264

see:uhukchapattzikinkinichajaw,kinichyaxkukmo
UkitJol(om)Akul(anthroponym)

u-ki-tiJOL-lo-a-ku>ukitjol(om)akul

EKBStr.1MuralA:B3
EKBColumn1Text3

u-ki-tia-JOL[ku[lu?]]>ukitjol(om)akul

see:akul,jol,jolom,kit,u-
UkitKanLekulTok(anthroponym)

u-ki-ti4-le-kuto-TOK>ukitkanleku[l]tok
EKBStr.1W-Serpent

u-ki-ti4-le-ku>ukitkanleku[l]

EKBStr.1E-Serpent

u-ki-tika-na-le-ku>ukitkanleku[l]

EKBStr.1MuralA:O1-P1

see:kan,kit,lekul,tok,u-
UkitKoy

uki-tiko-yi>ukitkoy

CHNCenoteVessel

see:kit,koy,u-
UkitTok

u-ki-tito-TOK>ukittok

CPNAltarL

see:kit,tok,u-
Ukul(toponym)

a-u-ku-la>a[j]ukulpersonfromUkul

YAXLintel54:C2

a-u-ku>a[j]uku[l]personfromUkul

YAXLintel42:G3

AJ-u-ku>ajuku[l]personfromUkul

YAXLintel2:O2
todrink

u-UK-ni>ukundrinks(?)

PNGPanel3:P1

see:-Vn

DBCStr.42IncisedBone

u-ku-wi>ukuwdrinks

see:-Vw

i-UKSAK-sa[chi]hi>i-uksaksa[]chih

thendrinkssaksachihCPNAltarK:M2-N2

see:chih,i-,sa,sak
TIKMT56:8

xayu-UK-[ji]ya>xa[]yukjiyagaindrank

see:-jiy,xa

yu-UK-ji-[chi]hi>yuk[u]jchihhedrinkspulque CPNAltar

FullnominalphraseoftheCopankingcommonlyreferredassimplyKinichKukMo,althoughthisfullnominalphraseisgiventohimretrospectively,atthetimeofthe
eleventhsuccessor.Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:SevenCentipedeEagleKinichAjaw,KinichGreenQuetzalMacaw.
183

264

..ukib

..ukuw.chan.chak

..ul

n.

cn.

n.

see:chih,y-

ti-UK[chi]hi>tiukchihwhilstdrinkingpulque CPNAltarU,Sides:K2L2

see:chih,ti
vessel(lit.drink-instrument)u-ki-bi>ukibvessel

K0703,K6436

u-UK>uk[ib]vessel

K1339

yu-ki-bi-la>yukibilthevessel

K3026,K8042

yu-ki-bi-li>yukibilthevessel

COLNebaj-styleSherd

COLPattersonVase

yu-ki-bi-li>yukibilthevessel

yu-ki-bi>yukib[il]thevessel

K1371

yu-ki-bi>yukib[il]thevessel

K6642265

yu-ki-ba>yukibthevessel

K5514ECTripodVessel266

yu-UK[bi]>yuk[i]b[il]thevessel

K0635/0777,K1226

yu-UK>yuk[ib[il]]thevessel

TIKMT5:C

see:-ib,-il,uk-,y-
UkuwChanChak(anthroponym)

DBCStr.42IncisedBone

u-ku-wiCHANcha-ki>ukuwchanchak

u-ku-wiCHAN-naCHAK-ki>ukuwchanchak
DBCStela19:A1-A4267

see:chak,chan,uk-
atole

u-lu>ulatole

K2730,K5022,K9112

u-li>ul

K1670

see:ajul

tika-wa-lau-lu>ti[ka]kawalulforchocolatyatoleK2777

see:kakawal,ti

K1203,K6619

tau-lu>taulforatole

see:ta

tau-luka-wa>taul[ka]kawforatolecacao
COLDAM(K6617)

see:kakaw,ta

NotethevariantusedforyuontheEarlyClassiccarvedceramicvessel,whichcanbedescribedasT61:501var.
ThebodyofthisEarlyClassicvesselhastwolargecartouchescontainingdedicatorytexts.Onecartoucheopenswiththespellingyu-ki-bi,theotherwithyu-ki-ba.
267Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:ChakWhoDrinksintheSky.
265
266

184

Figure6:SomeExamplesofClassicMayaSpellings(photographscourtesyJustinKerr,nottobereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission)

a)K5465:tapaulufortapa[j]ul

b)K7147:utzibaliforutzibal[il]

c)K7459:ya-KIN-niforya[j]kind)K7786:u-po-ko-loche-e-buforupokolchebe)K7786:KUH-yo-tziAJAW-waor

kuh[ul]yotzi[l]ajaw

185

..ulal

..ulum

..unab.nal.kinich

..unen

..uniw(1)

..uniw(2)

n.

n.

cn.

n.

n.

n.

propernameofobject

turkey

UnabNalKinich(title)

child(offather)

avocado(?)

Uniw(14thmonth)

tapa-jaulu>tapajulforsouratole

tapa-ja>tapaj[ul]foursour(atole)

tapau-lu>tapa[j]ulforsouratole

tapaulu>tapa[j]ulforsouratole

see:paj,ta

ti-u-lu>tiulforatole
see:ti
ti-cha-jau-lu>tichajujforbitteratole

see:chaj,ti
yu-la-li>yulal[il]theulal

see:-il,y-
u-lu-mu>ulumturkey

see:akach,kutz
u-[NAB]NAL[[KIN]chi]>unabnalkin[i]ch
u-[NAB]NAL[[KIN]chi]-la>unabnalkin[i]ch
[NAB]NAL-la-KINICH>[u]nabnalkinich
see:kinich,nab,nal,u-

u-2ne>unenchild
2

yu- ne>yunenthechild
yu-ne>yune[n]thechild

see:y-
yu-ne-neta-ka>yunentakthechildren

see:-tak,y-
UN-wa>un[i]wavocado
UN-wi>un[i]w
u-ni-wa>uniw
1-TE-u-ni-wa>junteuniw1Uniw

see:jun,-te

13-UN-wa>uxlajunun[i]w13Uniw

COLBauerGalleryCup268
K8780
K4387/8418
K5465
K1547
K3199
COLJadePectoral
Dresden46B-1
DPLHS4StepI:L2
DPLStela17(onshield)
TIKStela22:B7
CMLUrn26Spine2
NAYStela1:C6
TIKStela31:M3,K0635
ICCWestQuadrangleLnt.

DPLStela8:I13
Dresden63

Basedonthespellingspa-jaforpajsourIcorrectNikolaiGrubesrecentsuggestiontointerpretpaaspa[h]sour.Idonote,however,thatintheLateClassicperiodthe
syllabicsignjamayhavebeenemployedtospellha(notecommonna-T683=ja-lavs.LateClassicna-T60:1035=ha-la).
186

268

..upakal.elkinich

..upakal.kinich

..us

..usak.naban

..usak.xok.nah

..usij

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

cn.

n.

3-UN-wi>uxun[i]w3Uniw

10-UN-ni-wa>lajununiw10Uniw

17-u-ni-wa>huklajununiw17Uniw

see:huklajun,lajun,ux,uxlajun

alsosee:kankin
UpakalElkinich(anthroponym)

u-pa-ka-laEL-KINICH>upakalelkinich

see:el-,pakal,kinich,u-
UpakalKinich(partofanthroponym)

u-PAKAL-laKINICH-chi>upakalkinich

see:kinich,pakal,u-
vulture

u-su>usvulture

see:kuch,usij
UsakNaban(buildingname?)

u-SAK-NAB-ba>usaknaba[n]UsakNaban

tu-SAK-NAB-ni>tusaknab[a]natUsakNaban

see:nab-,sak,tu-,u-

alsosee:uchaknaban
UsakXokNah(buildingname)

u-SAKxo-ko-NAH>usakxoknah

see:nah,sak,u-,xok
vulture

u-si-ja>usijvulture

see:kuch,us

AK-ta-jati-u-si?-MO-o>tiusi[j][ti]mo

dancewith(the)vulture,(withthe)macaw

see:aktaj-,mo,ti

PALSarc.LidSide:23
SBLTabl.5:CC1a
YAXHS3St.Ithr:D1

COLComayaguaHead

NTNDrawing29:A13-A14
COLLCVase269

CHNMonjasLintel3A:B1
CHNMonjasLintel4A:B

EKBStr.1Vlt.19Capstone
YAXStela20:A6b

COLSiteRLnt.5:A3-A4270

Thespellingu-suforusvultureispartofashortnominalphraseidentifyingananthropomorphicvulture,providingexcellentcontextualevidencetoidentifythetermus
asmeaningvultureinsteadofmosquito,ashasbeensuggestedbyotherepigraphers.
270Theverbalexpressionseemstoindicatethatoneindividualdancedwiththevultureandwiththemacaw.Assuchtheimagethataccompaniesthetextmayillustratethe
sameindividualtwice,butdressedslightlydifferent.Onthelefthedanceswithamacaw(mo)headinhisheaddress,ontherighthedanceswithavulture(usij)headinhis
headdress.
187
269

..usij.witz

..ut

..ut-

cn.

n.

iv.

UsijWitz(toponym)

face

tohappen,tooccur

u-[US?]WITZ>us[ij]witz

BPKPanel5:F6
see:usij,witz
AJ-[US?]WITZ>ajus[ij]witzpersonfromUsijWitz

BPKPanel5:I1
see:aj,usij,witz
u-si-wi-WITZAJAW>usi[j]witzajawUsijWitzking

BPKStr.1Rm.1Capt.22
see:ajaw,usij,witz
tu-CHAN-CHEN-u-[US?]WITZ>
tuchanchenus[ij]witzatthecommunityofUsijWitzBPKMisc.Stone1:D2
see:chanchen,tu

CPNStela11:B3,A4
u-UT-ti>utface
alsosee:wut
i-u-ti>i-utthenhappens

YAXLintel23:M5a
[i]u-ti>i-utthenhappens

CPNAltarQ:B6

IXKStela2:C8b
i-u-tu?>i-utthenhappens
see:i-
u-ti-ya>utiyhappened

YAXHS2St.VII:F6
u-ti-ya>utiyhappened

YAXHS3St.Ithr:C5b271
u-u-ti-ya>utiyhappened

CPNStelaN
UH-ti-ya>u[h]tiyhappened

CPNStelaCNorth:B5
UH-ti-ya>u[h]tiyhappened

TIKStela31:G5272
i-u-ti-ya>i-utiythenhappened

NTNDrawing65:G7
see:i-,-iy
u-ti-ji-ya>utijiyhappened

CPNAltarF
see:-ijiy

Notetherareskullvariantfor-yainu-ti-ya.MaybethissignforyaisderivedthroughaprocessofacrophonicreductionfromYAHpain;assuchtheskullwithremoved
lowerjawwasintroducedintoMayascript.
272ThisandotherspellingsthatemployUHmayindicatethattheearlyClassicandlateClassicverbut-wasactuallypronounceduht-(andthuswasahypercorrectspelling).If
so,thespellingsthatsimplyemployu-tidonotguardthepreconsonantal-h-;thespellingu-u-tiatCopanmayimplyaphonologicalreductionof-h-to--.Thus,ut-isbutan
approximation.
188
271

..utz
..utzil

..utz-

..uwayhab

..ux(1)

adj.
n.

tv.

cn.

num.

good

goodness

tosmell

Uwayhab(19thmonth)

three

u-to-ma>utomhappenwill

YAXLintel31:L3b
u-to-ma>utomhappenwill

NARStela35:F8
u-to[ma]>utomhappenwill

CPNReviewingStand(2x)
u-to-mo>utomhappenwill

CRCAltar13

CPNStelaA:C11
u-to>uto[m]happenwill
see:-om
u-tzi>utzgood

K7727
yu-tzi-li>yutzilhis/hergoodness

Dresden08A-2
see:y-
u-tzi-li>utzilgoodness

CHNMonjasL.2A:A1-A2
ma-tzi-li>ma[u]tzilnogoodness

Dresden04A-1
see:ma
u-tzua-wi-tzi>utzuawitzsmellyoursweat
K1398TextPanel
see:a-,-V,witz
EKBStr.1MuralB273
3-u-WAY-HAB>uxuwayhab3Uwayhab
4-TE-u-WAY-HAB>chanteuwayhab4Uwayhab CPNHSStep43
3-WAY-HAB>ux[u]wayhab3Uwayhab

NARAlt.1:H6
3-WAY-HAB-ba>ux[u]wayhab3Uwayhab
PALTFCTablet:D8
CAYStela3:B10
2-WAY-ya-HAB>cha[u]wayhab2Uwayhab
4-wa-WAY>chan[u]way[hab]4Uwayhab
K3201274
see:cha,chan,-te,ux
also:kolajaw
3>uxthree

[common]275

Duetothepresenceofthefinalglide-yinwayandtheinherentweakqualityoftheopeningglottalspiranth-inhabthemonthnamemayhavebeenpronounceduwayab.In
regardtotheprefixedpronounu-,notetheworkoffrayDiegodeLanda,whoinhisRelacindelascosasdeYucatan(actuallyalateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcentury
copy)referstothefinalperiodoffivedaysasVuayayaboruwayayab(LandaFol.38v).ThemonthnameprobablymeantThe(u-)SleeporRest(way)oftheYear(hab).The
openingpossessivepronounu-isoftenabbreviated(seeforinstanceuchochyokpuy,uhukchapattzikinkinichajaw,ukinichnabnal).
274This unique example employs T535 WAY as the main sign for the month name (independently identified by Christian Prager and Simon Martin), which provides good
evidencethattheGAPING.MAWSlogographindeedisreadWAYaswell.
275As I have noted in a previous contribution, the word for three may have been hux. This I based on the fact that the number three (as well as the number ux lajun
thirteen)inpossessivecontextsisprefixedwiththethirdpersonpreconsonantalpossessivepronounu-(e.g.,u-3-PAT-ti-li).Thereisatpresent,however,nodirecthistorical
linguisticbaseforthisassessment;assuch,theentryisuxthree..Additionally,notethatthegodofnumberthreeistheWindGod.Herethereisaplayonwords,*(h)ux
189
273

..ux(2)

..ux.ahal.ebul

..ux.hab.te

..ux.lajun

..ux.lajun.ajaw.tun

..ux.lajun.chanal.kuy

adj.

cn.

cn.

num.

cn.

cn.

see:ox
many,abundant
3>uxmany,abundant

3-WI>uxwiilmany/abundantmeals

Dresden02A

see:wiil

3-ka-bu-lu>uxka[]bulabundant(are)ourbeans COLDAMVase(K2914)

see:bul,ka
UxAhalEbul(toponym) 3-a-ha-lae-bu>uxahalebu[l]

NARHS1VII:O2b-P2a276

see:ahal,ebul,ux
UxHabTe(toponym)
3-[HAB-TE]AJAW>uxhabteajawUxHabTekingK2295,K5022

see:ajaw,habte,ux
thirteen

13>uxlajunthirteen

see:oxlajun
UxLajunAjawTun
13-AJAW-TUN-ni>uxlajunajawtun

13AjawStoneQRGStelaE:C11277

see:ajaw,tun,uxlajun
UxlajunChanalKuy(nominalphraseofnocturnalbird)

13-[CHAN]NALku-yu>uxlajunchanalkuy
Dresden10A-1

13-CHANyu-ku>uxlajunchan[al]kuy

Dresden07C-2

Dresden08B-3

13-[CHAN]KUY>uxlajunchan[al]kuy

13-CHAN>uxlajunchan[alkuy]

K1398278

meanswind,breath(noteforinstanceTzotzilhus,has(<*hux)breathheavily;breathingthroughnose,Qeqchiuxlaabaire,orKaqchikeluxlavapor).Outsidetheday
signcartouche,T503WINDmaybeHUXinsteadofIK.
276CopanStelaPSouthseemstoprovideaspelling3-a-ja-laa-AJAW-waforUxAjalAjaw.Ifcorrectlyidentified,inthelateClassicalsoT683varjahadevolvedtoha,as/j/
and/h/hadmerged.Butalsonotetheplatedesignationajaljib;weretheretwoverbstoawaken;towake-up,torise,aj-andah-?
277QuiriguasStelaEhasadedicatorydateof9.17.0.0.0,13Ajaw18Sak,whichexplainstheUxLajunAjawTunnameofthemonument:thisisthekatun13Ajawstone.Each
katun (*kaltun; Yucatec Maya name) or winakhab (probable Classic Maya name) is named after the last day of the period, which is always a day Ajaw, with a descending
coefficient:11,9,7,5,3,1,12,10,8,6,4,2,13.AccordingtotheColonialYucatecBooksofChilamBalamthekatuncountopenedwithakatunthatterminatedon11Ajaw,which
meansthat13Ajawisthefinalkatunperiod(andday!)ofaseriesof13katunsor256years.ThatmakestherecordingoftheUxLajunAjawTunnamethemoreinteresting,asit
marksthelastdayofa256yearcyclebasedontheelapseof13katunperiodsintheClassicMayatraditionofthesoutheasternMayaarea.TheStelaEtextopensandcloseswith
the katun 13 Ajaw date. Katun 11 Ajaw was the first katun in the katun cycle, as the first day of any katun 11 Ajaw was the day 1 Imix. As can be read in the surviving
manuscriptoftheworkbyfrayDiegodeLanda,theRelacindelascosasdeYucatan,1ImixwasthefirstdayoftheYucatecMayacalendar.Thusboththetzolkinandthe
katuncyclestartedwiththesameday,1Imix.
278TheexamplesonK1398andK5359providethenameofthebirdintheGodLheaddress.Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:ThirteenSkyPlaceorCelestialOwl.
190

..ux.lajun.tzuk

..ux.lakam.tun

..ux.te.kuh

..ux.te.tun

..ux.te.tun.chiknab

..uxul(1)

..uxul(2)

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.

adj.

13-kuyu-CHAN-na>uxlajunchan[al]kuy
K5359

see:chan,kuy,uxlajun
UxlajunTzuk(title)
13-tzu[ku]>uxlajuntzukthirteenpartitions
HRZStela4:B3,K7149

see:tzuk,uxlajun,

alsosee:huktzuk,kantzuk
UxLakamTun(toponym) AJ-3-LAKAM[TUN]ni>ajuxlakamtun

personfromUxLakamTunYAXStela18Back:D3

see:aj,lakamtun,ux
UxTeKuh(toponym) AJ-3-TE-KUH>ajuxtekuh

personfromUxTeKuhPALT.XIXBenchW:M1

see:aj,tekuh,ux

IX-AJ3-TE-KUH>ixajuxtekuh

ladypersonfromUxTeKuhPALT.XXIBench:B6-A7

see:aj,ix,kuh,te,ux
UxTeTun(toponym) u-ti-ya3-TE-TUN-ni>utiyuxtetun

happened(at)UxTeTunDPLStela9:F4

see:te,tun,ut-,ux
NARHS1VI:L3a

ta-3-TE-TUN-ni>tauxtetunatUxTeTun

see:ta,te,tun,ux
UxTeTunChikNab(toponym)

u-ti-ya3-TE-TUN-ni-[chi[ku]]NAB>utiyuxtetunchiknab

happened(at)UxTeTunChikNabCOLBallgamePanel

see:chiknab,ut-,uxtetun
carving

yu-xu?[lu]>yuxul[il]thecarving

[common]

yu-xu?li-li>yuxulilthecarving

COLMAmJamb

yu-xu?-lili>yuxulilthecarving

COLLCIncisedVessel

yu-xu?-lili>yuxulilthecarving

CHNAkabTzibLnt.:A2-B2

yu-xu?-li-li>yuxulilthecarving

CHNAkabTzibLnt.:D3b

EKBMT5:B1

yu-xu?[lu]-li>yuxul[il]thecarving

see:-il,y-
carved

yu-xu?-luKAN-na-TUN-ni-li>yuxulkantunil
191

..uxul-

..uxulnajal

..uxulwajal

..ux.wiil

..ux.wintik

ivd.(?)

n.

n.

cn.

cn.

tocarve

carving

carving

abundance

UxWintik(toponym)

thecarvedbenchstoneTNAMon.182:E-F279
yu-lu-xu?KAN-na-TUN-ni-li>yu[xul]kantunil

thecarvedbenchstoneTNAMon.95:E-F
see:-il,kantun,y-
yu-xu?-lu-liTUN-ni-li>yuxultunilthecarvedstoneITZLintel1:J2-J3
see:-il,tun,y-
OCH-KAKti-yu-luxu?-TUN-li>ochkaktiyu[xu]ltunil

fire-enteredthecarvedstone COLRandelStela
see:-il,och-kak,tun,y-
i-u-xu?[lu]-yi>i-uxuluythencarves

EMLPanel1:D1
see:i-,-Vy
u-xu?-la-ja>uxulajcarvedis

COLLCVessel
u-xu?[lu]-ja>uxul[a]jcarvedis

COLSaenzPanel:H7
see:-aj
COLMRdYVessel
yu-xu?-luna-ja-la>yuxulnajalthecarving
see:-aj,-al,-n-,uxul-,y-
yu-xu?-luwa-ja-la>yuxulnajalthecarving
CPNAltarZ
see:-aj,-al,uxul-,-w-,y-
3-WI>uxwi[il]abundance

Dresden02A
see:ux,wiil
3-wi-ni-ti-ki>uxwintik

CPNStela10:C10
3-wi-ti[ki]>uxwi[n]tik

CPNStructure11Panels
see:ux
alsosee:chanwintik
HUL-li3-wi-ti-ki>huluxwi[n]tik

arrived(at)UxwintikCPNAltarQ:C5-D5
see:hul-
AJ-3-wi-ti-ki>ajuxwi[n]tikpersonfromUxwintikCPNAltarL
see:aj
u-ti-ya-3-wi-ti-kiCHAN-na-CHEN-na>uxwi[n]tikchanchen

Mostprobablyuxulkantunwasacompositenoun,uxulcarved;carvingandkantunpreciousstone.Thusuxulkantunilcarvedpreciousstone.

279

192

..ux.witz.a(..uwitza)

cn.

UxWitzA

happened(at)UxWintikcommunityCPNStelaJEast
see:ut-
3-wi-ti-kiCHAN-na-CHEN-na-?>uxwi[n]tikchanchen

UxWintikcommunityCPNStr.12Rev.Stand280
see:chanchen
3-WITZ[tzi]-a>uxwitza[]

CRCStela3:H11
see:a,ux,witz

suf.

suf.

suf.

suf.

suf.

vowelharmonicsuffixthatderivesanimperative.Examples:

pu-lu>strike!

see:pul

u-tzu>utzusmell!

see:utz-

alsosee:-Vk
intensifyingsuffixoncertainadjectives.Examples:

KIN-ni-chi>kinichveryhot,sunny

see:kin,kinich

nu-ku>nuku[ch]verybig

see:nukuch
vowelharmonicsuffixthatderivesanimperative.Example:

i-li-ki>iliksee!

see:il-

alsosee:-V
qualitativeadjectivesuffixthatreduplicatestherootvowelofthenountowhichitissuffixed.
Examples:

KAB-la>kab[a]lterrestial(earth-like)

see:kabal

po-po-lo>popolmat-like

see:popol
suffixthatreduplicatestherootvowelandderivesaparticiple.Examples:

V
..-V

..Vch

..-Vk

..-Vl(1)

..-Vl(2)

ThereisasignafterCHEN-na,butunfortunatelyIamunabletoidentifythesigninthephotographthatIhaveavailable.Mypredictionisthatthefinalsignis-la.

280

193

..-Vm(1)

..-Vm(2)

..-Vn(1)

..-Vn(2)

..-Vn(3)

..-Vs

..-Vt

suf.

suf.

suf.

suf.

suf.

suf.

suf.

CHUM[mu]-li>chumulsitting

see:chum-

ta-pa-la>tapalextinguishing

see:tap-
suffixthatindicatesafutureaction,commonlyoftheshape-om.Examples:

u-to-ma>utomhappenwill

see:ut-

ja-tzo?-ma>jatzomstrikewill

see:jatz-

yu-[ku]no-ma>yuknomshakewill

see:yuk-
suffixthatderivesanagentiveexpressionfromaverb,mostcommonlyoftheshape-om.Examples:

ka-yo-ma>kayomfisher(personwhowillfish)

see:kayom

ka-ya-ma>kayamsinger(personwhowillsing)

see:kayam

kayo-ma>kayomsinger(personwhowillsing)

see:kayom
suffixthatderivesacertainclassofantipassives.Example:

IL-ni>il[a]n

see:il-
suffixthatderivesaninchoativefromnouns.Example:

a-AJAW-ni>ajaw[a]nbecomesking

see:ajawan-
suffixthatderivesanounfromaverbroot.Example:

ki-si-ni>kisinKisin(Farter)

see:kis-,kisin
suffixthatderivesacausative.Example:

a-je-se>ajesmakestorise

see:aj-
(commonlya)vowelharmonicnominalizingsuffixthatderivesanounfromanadjective.Examples:

cha-pa-ta>chapatcentipede
194

..-Vw(1)
..-Vw(2)

..-Vy(1)

..-Vy(2)

suf.
suf.

suf.

suf.

see:chapat

KAN-na-ta>kanat

see:kanat
seeu--Vwforthissuffixonactivetransitiveverbroots
suffixthatreduplicatestherootvowelandderivesacertainclassofpassives.Examples:

CHOK-wi>chok[o]w

see:chok-

CHAM-wa>cham[a]w

see:cham-

TZAK-wi-ya>tzakwiy(*tzakawiy)

see:tzak-

alsosee:-iy
suffixthatreduplicatestherootvowelandidentifiesacertainclassofintransitives.Example:

i-ko-jo-yi>i-kojoy

see:koj-
suffixthatreduplicatestherootvowelandidentifiesacertainclassofmediopassives.Examples:

ka-sa-ya>kasay

see:kas-

wo-lo-yi>woloy

see:wol-

suf.

suf.

asuffixthatderivesacertainclassofpassivesfromCVCandCVCVCtransitives.Examples:

BAK-wa-ja>bakwaj

see:-aj,bak-

na-wa-ja>na[]waj

see:-aj,na-
asuffixthatderivesanintransitivepositionalverb.Examples:

CHUM[mu]-wa-ni>chumwansits

see:chum-

PAT-wa-ni>patwanshapes,forms

see:pat-

W
..-w-

..-w-an

195

..wa

..wa-

..wak(1)

..wak(2)

..wak.a(..waka)

..wak.chan.kawil

pre.

pv.

num.

n.

cn.

cn.

alsosee:-l-aj
progressiveaspectmarker wa>wa[]then

wa-KUH-le-wa-ki>wakuhlewkithenwasworshippedCHNMonjasL.1A:B1

see:kuh-

wa-ya-ka-wa>wayakawthenhereceived
NARStela32:Y5

see:ak-

wa-ya-la-wa>wa[]yalawthenthrown

PNGPanel3Sec.Text

see:yal-
toputupright,toerect
WA?-la-jau-LAKAMTUN-ni-li>

wa[]lajulakamtunilputsuprightthestela
TNAMon.30:A4-A6281

see:-il,-l-aj,lakamtun,u-

WA?-ji-ya>wa[[h]]jiyputupright

PALTCTablet:A14

see:-[h]--aj,-iy

WA?-ji-ji-ya>wa[[h]]jijiyputupright

PALT.XIXBench-S:D2

see:-[h]--aj,-ijiy

wa-a-wa-ni>wawanputsupright

CPNStelaA,StelaH

wa-WA?-wa-ni>wawanputsupright

PALT.XXIBench,Edge

see:-w-an
six

6>waksix

[common]

WAK>waksix

PALTSTablet:D9a,K4679
centipede(?)

wa-ka>wakcentipede

see:chapat
WakA(toponym)
wa-ka-a>waka

PRUStela33

see:a,wak
PRUStela27,Front:A6

wa-[ka]AJAW>waka[]ajawWakAking

wa-[ka]AJAW>waka[]ajaw

PRUHier.Stairway

wa-[ka]AJAW>waka[]ajaw

PRUStela33,34

see:ajaw
WakChanKawil(anthroponym)

ThedeciphermentofthemainsignasWAisproblematicandstillverytentative;Ibasethistentativedeciphermentonthesyllabicspellingwa-a-wa-niasfoundatCopan.
ComparetoStuart2005:65,note17foranalternativeinterpretation.
196
281

..wak.kab.nal.winik

..wak.lajun
..wakab

..wal(1)

..wal(2)

..-wal

..walil

..wamaw.kawil

..wax

cn.

num.
n.

n.

prep.

n.cl.

n.

cn.

n.

WAK-CHAN-naKAWIL>wakchankawil
K8763

see:chan,kawil,wak
WakKabNalWinik(title) 6-KABNAL[WINIK]>wakkabnalwinik

WakKabPlacePersonCOLPrivatecollection282

6-KAB-NAL[WINIK-ki]>wakkabnalwinik
COLPr.CollectionPlate

6-[KAB]NAL>wakkabnal[winik]

K4464

see:kab,nal,wak,winik
sixteen

16>waklajunsixteen

[common]
YAXLintel16:A3
Wakab(toponym/polity) AJ-wa-ka[bi]>ajwakabHefromWakab

see:aj

wa-ka-[bi]AJAW>wakabajawWakabking
YAXLintel16:E1

see:ajaw
fan

wa-li>walfan

see:walil
in,within

ti-WAL-la>tiwalin,within

CHNMonjasAnn.Capst.2

see:ti

WAL-la>walin,within

CHNMonjasL.6:4b
numericalclassifierforthingsinside(?)

-wa?-la>-wal
AJ-wa-li>ajwali[l]personfromWalil

TNAMon.82:pC283
Walil(toponym)

see:aj,-il,wal
WamawKawil(anthroponym)

wamawiKAWIL>wamawkawil

QRGStelaI:C4

wamawiKAWIL>wamawkawil

COLBallgamePan.:D1C2

see:kawil
fox

wa-xi>waxfox

K0927,K1901284

Thistitle(thisexampleisfoundonarattleholderinaprivatecollection)referstohighrankedindividuals(includingthekuhulajaw)ofNaranjo.However,inmanyexamples
thistitleisabbreviatedtosimplyWakKabandtheadditionalpartsnalandwinikareomitted.K4464wasfoundatBuenavistadelCayo,Belize.OnNaranjoStela20(B4)and
Stela21(A13-A14)thescribe-sculptor(s)employ(s)avariantofthistitle,WakKabYokin,inwhichperhapsagainthepartNalWinikisabbreviated(orsubstitutedbyYokin).
283Thisisamostintriguingtoponym,asthetoponymWalilisknownamongHighlandMayaethnohistoryspecialists.WalilwasthetraditionalnameofAcasaguastlan,which
mayhavemeantPlaceoftheFan(VanAkkeren2000:89).IdonotsuggestthattheWalilmentionedatToninareferstothesamecity(anothertitleoforigininthistextisAj
KololTe,referringtothenameofafortifiedhillclosetoTonina),butIdosuggestthatthetoponymWalilasPlaceoftheFanhasaLateClassicancestryatleast.
197
282

..waxak

..waxak.lajun

..waxak.winak

..way

..way-(1)

..way-(2)

..wayaw

num.

num.

num.

n.

iv.

iv.

n.

wa-xa>wax

YAX-TAN-nawa-xi>yaxtanwax

CHAK-ta-nawa-xi>chaktanwax

see:chak,tan,yax
eight

8>waxakeight

MAIZE.GOD>waxak
eighteen

18>waxaklajuneighteen

8-LAJUN-na>waxaklajun

twenty-eight

8-WINAK-ki>waxakwinaktwenty-eight

see:winak,waxak
familiar,spiritcompanion WAY-ya-si>way[i]sfamiliar,spiritcompanion

see:-is

alsosee:sakwayis,wayaw

wa-WAY-ya>wayfamiliar

see:way-

alsosee:wayaw

CHAK-wa-WAY-ya>chakwayredfamiliar

IK-wa-WAY-ya>ikwayblackfamiliar

see:chak,ik
totransform

WAY-ya>way-totransform

WAY>way-
tosleep

WAY-ya>way-tosleep

WAY>way-
familiar,spiritcompanion WAY-ya-wa>wayawfamiliar

see:way-

alsosee:way

u-WAY-wa-la>uway(a)walthefamiliar

K9098
K0927
K9098
[common]
[common]
CPNStelaFEast
NARAltar2[reverse]
K2777,K5424

Dresden26A-1
Dresden28A-1

COLMPV(K3395)285

ThewordwaxfoxisaloanwordadoptedfromMixe(*wax).OnK1901theta-naspellingcanbeidentified,butnotthecolorprefix.
ThesespellingsseemtoindicatethatwayawwasaClassicMayaglossforfamiliar,spiritcompanion,probablybasedonthetransitiveverbway-totransformandarare
-Vwsuffix(possiblynominalizinginnature;alsonoteichiwandmataw).Inpossessedformittookavowelharmonic-Vlpossessivesuffixanditmayhavebeenpronounced
uwaywal.
198
284
285

Figure7:SomeExamplesofClassicMayaSpellings(photographscourtesyJustinKerr,nottobereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission)

a)K7970:sa-ja-laforsajal

b)K8076:tzu-tzi-hifortzutzih

c)K7970:[[HIX]WITZ]AJAWforhixwitzajaw d)K8749:u-CHAK-OL-liforuchakol[i]l
e)K8885:ba-che-buforba[h]che[]bul

199

..wayib(1)

wayib(2)

..we(1)

..we(2)

..weem

..weib

..weyah

..wi

n.

n.

n.

iv.

n.

n.

n.

n.

shrine

wayib(title)

food

toeat

fooddish

fooddish

meal,food

root

u-WAY-wa-la?>uway(a)walthefamiliar
PALT.XIVTablet:G3a
u-WAY-ya-wa>uwayawa[l]thefamiliar
K0771,K1811,K3395
see:u-,-al,way-
u-WAY-bi-li>uwaybiltheshrine

PNGPanel12:M1
u-WAY[bi]-li>uwaybil

CRNPanel1:C2,E4,R2b
u-wa-ya-bi-li>uwaybil

IKLLintel1:C
u-wa-WAY[bi]>uwayb[il]

CPNStr.22AStone:D1
see:-il,u-,way-
u-WAY[bi]-liKUH>uwaybilkuh

theshrine(ofthe)godCPNAltarN1
see:-il,kuh,u-
tu-WAY[bi]-li>tuwaybilattheshrine

TNAFrag.91:pD2
tu-WAY[bi]-li>tuwaybilattheshrine

YAXLintel10:
see:-il,tu-
wa-WAY-yabi>way[i]b

COLSiteQPanelA:A6-B6
see:-ib,way-
ba-wa-WAY[bi]>ba[h]way[i]bfirst(ofthe)wayib K4692

COLKAMLintel:B2,K1
ba-wa-WAY[bi]>ba[h]way[i]b
see:bah
WE>wefood

K5460
see:we-
WE>we-eat
see:weem,weib,weyah
uWE-ma>uwe[e]mthefooddish

K3067/5458
see:u-
ulakauWEibi>ulakuweib

COLNMAPlate(K5460)
u[la]kauWEi-bi>ulakuweib

theplate,thefooddish K6080
see:-ib,lak,u-,we-
u-WE-ya>uweya[h]themeal

YAXLintel35:D7
see:u-,we-,-yah
wi>wi[]root
200

..wiil(1)

..wiil(2)
..wi.te.nah

..winak(1)

..winak(2)

..winak.hab

..winak.lajun

..winbah

..winik(1)

..winik(2)

n.

adj.
cn.

n.

num.

n.

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

meal

3-WI>uxwi[il]manymeals

Dresden02A

see:ux
last

WI>wi[il]last
WiTeNah(housename) [wi-TE]NAH>wi[]tenah

TIKStela31:E15,F5

K1446

[TE]NAH-wi>wi[]tenah

see:nah,wi,te
servant

a-wi-na-ke-na>awinakenyourservantIam
PNGPanel3

see:a-,-en
twenty

WINAK-na-ki>winak20

Dresden61

WINAK-ki>winak20

Dresden73A-4,

WINAK-ki>winak20

YAXLintel1:G1

see:kal
time-period(katun)
wi-WINAK-HAB>winakhab

SBLStela10:A3

WINAK-HAB[bi]>winakhab

NMPStela14:A2

WINAK-HAB[bi]>winakhab

CRCBCM3:C2

see:hab,winak

[WINAK-HAB-ba]AJAW>winakhabajaw

(one)katunking TIKStela31:C19

2-WINAK-a-ja[HAB]-wa>chawinakhabajaw

twokatunking COLTaylorInscription

see:ajaw,cha
thirty

WINAK-ki-LAJUN-na>winaklajun30

XLMPanel2:A13

see:lajun,winak
portrait,image

u-wi-ni-BAH>uwinbahtheportrait,image
PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco

see:-bah,u-
person,man

wi-WINIK-ki>winikperson,man

WINIK-ki>winik

WINIK>winik

wi-ni-ki>winik

CHNHPGFrag.190

u-WIwi-WINIK-ki-li>uwi[il]winikilthelastmanK7749

see:-il,u-,wiil
time-period(20days)
wi-ni-ki>winik(unitof)twenty

CHNCasaCol.HB:37
201

..wintik

..wis-

..witz(1)

..witz(2)
..witzaj-

..witznal

..witz-

..wo

..woil

cn.

tv.

n.

n.
inch.

cn.

tv.

n.

n.

Wintik(toponym)
wi-ni-ti-ki>wintik

wi-ti-ki>wi[n]tik

RAZTomb19Vessel15
tocut

wi-sa>wi[h]sa[j]cutis

Madrid040A-2

see:-[h]--aj
mountain,hill

ta-wi-tzi>tawitzon(the)mountain,hill
Dresden66B-2

see:ta

tu-WITZ-li>tuwitz[i]lonthemountain,hill
TNAMon.106:pB2

see:-il,tu-

WITZ-ja-JOL>witz[a]j[u]jol[il]
sweat

wi-tzi>witzsweat

K1398TextPanel
tostack

WITZ-ja>witz[a]jtostack(lit.becomeamountain)

see:-aj

WITZ-u-JOL>witz[aj]ujol[il]

stackedaretheskulls NARAlt.1:G12

WITZ-ja-JOL>witz[a]j[u]jol[il]

stackedaretheskulls TRTMon.6:D6

see:-il,jol,u-

wi-tzijau-BAK-leu-JOL-li>witzajubakelujolil

stackedarethebones,theskullsCMLUrn26,

Spine6A:A3-A6

see:bak,-el,-il,jol,u-
WitzNal(toponym/polity)KUH-[[WITZ]NAL]AJAW>kuh[ul]witznalajaw

god-likeWitznalkingITNStela17:F9

see:ajaw,kuhul,nal,witz
tospraywater

WITZ>witzspraywater

wi-WITZ>witz

CPNStelaC

CPNHSStep

WITZ-tzi>witz
Wo(secondmonth)
wo>wo[]

LandaFol.39v

see:ikat,woil,wohil
Woil(secondmonth)
15-na-IK-ta-wo-i>holajunik[a]twoi[l]

15Ikat/15Woil CHNMonjasL.4:3-4

see:holajun
202

..wohil

..wojol

..wol-

..wuk

..wuk.lajun

..wut

n.

n.

tv.

num.

num.

n.

Wohil(secondmonth)

glyph,character

toencircle

seven

seventeen

eye,face

6-wo-hi>wakwohi[l]6Wohil

see:wak
also:ikat,wo,woil
[]-wo-jo-le>[u]wojole[l]theglyph(s)
u-wo-jo-le>uwojole[l]theglyph(s)
see:-el,u-
u-wo-jo-li-li>uwojoliltheglyph(s)
u-wo-jo-li>uwojol[il]theglyph(s)
see:-il,u-
wo-jo>wojo[l]glyph(s)

wo-jo>wojo[l]glyph(s)
u-wo-lo-wa>uwolowheencircles
see:u--Vw
wo-lo-yi>woloyencircles

see:-Vy
7>wukseven(Yucatecan)

see:huk
7>wuklajunseventeen(Yucatecan)
see:huklajun
wu?-WUT?>wuteye,face

wu?-WUT?>wut

adv.
n.
n.
n.
n.

again
north
youngman
fear,fright
stenge

xa>xa[]
xa-MAN-na>xamannorth
XIB-bi>xibyoungman
xi-bi>xibfear,fright
xi-ni-li>xinilstenge

K6751

XLMJmb.1:A3
COLLCIncisedVase

XLMCol.2:A2
XLMCol.3:A1

PMTT.96:L7b
PALTabl.96:L5b286
CPNHSStep

K0793

[commoncodices]

[commoncodices]

COLMPV(K3395)287
CMLUrn26Pendants1,9

TNAStuccoMural
Dresden63
Dresden22C-2,3

X
..xa
..xaman
..xib(1)
..xib(2)
..xinil

ThetabletsatPomonaandPalenqueterminateinverysimilarpassages,referringtothesculptingandcreationofthemonumentitself.Bothemploythespellingwo-jofor
wojo[l]glyphs,althoughtheitemtargetedmayhavebeenwoj.
287Therareaffix(T285var)mayrepresentthevaluewu;however,avaluehuisunderinvestigationbythepresentauthor(i.e.,hu?-HUT>huteye,face;fruit,hu?-T503=hu?HUX>huxwind,breath,KUH-hu?>kuhgod).
203
286

..xob.te

..xoh.te

..xok(1)

..xok(2)

..xok.nah

..xok.tun

..xu

..xul.witz

cn.

n.

n.

n.

cn.

cn.

n.

cn.

XobTe(treespecies?)

staff,cane

(ac)count

shark

XokNah(buildingname)

(ac)count-stone

leaf-cutterant

XulWitz(toponym)

xi-ni-liCHAM-ya>xinilcham[a]ystengedeath
K0927
see:chamay
xo-bo-TE>xobte
see:te
xo-TE>xo[h?]testaff,cane
see:te
u-CHAM-waxo[TE]>ucham[a]wxo[h]te

hereceives(the)staff,caneDPLStela8:A15-B15
see:cham-
AJ-xo-TE>ajxo[h]tepersonwithstaff,cane
K2774
see:aj
xo-ko>xok(ac)count
see:xoktun
XOK-ki>xokshark
XOK>xok
xo-ki>xok

PNGStela15front
IX-[ka]ba-la-XOK-ki>ixkabalxok(anthroponym) YAXLintel25:R2-S2
see:ix,kabal
xo-ko-NAH>xoknah

EKBCoverVault19:A8
see:nah,xok
xo-ko-TUN-ni>xoktun(ac)countstone

XKBMonument1
see:tun,xok
xu?>xu[]leaf-cutterant

K1211
see:ajchakxu
xu?-lu-[WITZ]AJAW>xulwitzajawXulWitzkingNTNDrawing68:A2
see:ajaw,witz

pr.

pr.

you(thirdpersonprevocalicergativepronoun)

ya-,ye-,yi-,yo-,yu->y-

see:u-
your(thirdpersonprevocalicpossessivepronoun)

Y
..y-(1)

..y-(2)

204

..y--Vw

..-yah

..yajaw.kak

..yajaw.te

suf.

suf.

cn.

cn.

ya-,ye-,yi-,yo-,yu->y-

see:u-
prevocalicergativepronounandasuffixthatreduplicatestherootvowelonaclassofroottransitives.
Examples:

ya-ka-wa>yakaw

see:ak-

yi-li-wa>yiliw

see:il-

alsosee:u--Vw
anominalizingsuffixontransitiveverbroots.Examples:

u-chu[ku]-ya>uchukya[h]thecapture

see:chukyah

u-WE-ya>uweya[h]themeal

see:weyah
YajawKak(LordofFire;title/courtposition)

ya-AJAW-KAK>yajawkakthelordoffire
TNAMon.140:pO

ya-AJAWKAK>yajawkak

PALN.GroupR.Stone

ya-AJAW[KAK]>yajawkak

PALTabl.Slaves:J1,

TNAMon.140:pOb

PALT.XIXStonePier

ya-ja-KAK>yaja[w]kak

ya-ja-waka-KAK>yajawkak

CHNT3LLintel1:E2-F1

ya-ja-waka-KAK>yajawkak

CHNT4LLintel1:G3-H3

see:ajaw,kak,y-

u-ya-ja-wa-KAK>uyajawkaktheyajawkak CMLUrn26,Spine15A

u-ya-ja-KAK>uyaja[w]kaktheyajawkak
PNGStela12:B18

see:u-

ta-ya-ja-wa-KAK-li>tayajawkakli[l]

inyajawkak-ship PALGroupIVInc.Burner

see:-lil,ta
YajawTe(LordoftheTree;title)

ya-AJAW[TE]-wa>yajawtethelordofthetree YAXLintel1:C10

ya-AJAW[TE]-wa>yajawte

PALBodega218:I

ya-AJAW[TE]>yajawte

YAXLintel35:B3b
205

..yajaw.te.kinich

cn.

..yajaw.te.kinich.akul.mo.nab

cn.

..yajaw.te.kinich.janab.pakalcn.

..yal-

tv.

ya-[ja]AJAWTE>yajawte

see:ajaw,te,y-

u-ya-AJAW[TE]>uyajawtetheyajawte

[u]ya-AJAW[TE]>uyajawte

ya-[u]AJAW[TE]>uyajawte

see:y-
YajawTeKinich(theonym)ya-AJAW-wa-TEKINICH>yajawtekinich

ya-AJAW[TE]-waKINICH>yajawtekinich

see:kinich,yajawte

YajawTeKinichAkulMoNab(anthroponym)

ya-AJAW-wa-TEKINICH-a-ku-laMO-NAB

>yajawtekinichakulmonab

ya-AJAW[TE]-KINICH[AK-laMO]NAB

>yajawtekinichakulmonab

see:akul,mo,nab,yajawtekinich

alsosee:kinichakulmonab
YajawTeKinichJanabPakal(anthroponym)

ya-AJAW[TE]KINICHJANAB-PAKAL-la>

yajawtekinichjanabpakal

see:janab,pakal,yajawtekinich

alsosee:kinichjanabpakal
tothrow

ya-la-ja>ya[h]lajthrownis

ya-la-ja>ya[h]lajthrownis

see:-[h]--aj,y-

ya-YAL-[ji]yatu-u-ka[ba]>ya[]ljiytukab

wasthrownwithhishand

see:-jiy,kab,tu,y-

ya-le-je>yalejthrownis

K1004
TIKStela31:P2
YAXLintel35:D2
YAXLintel35:D6a
PALTabl.96:I3
PALPalaceSlab:PI-pJ288

PALTabl.96:E4-E5
PALT.XIXBench-S:W3-X1

PALT.XXIBench:Q1-R1

YAXLintel10:A2b
AMLPanel2:A3

PALTI-WT:O11-P11
PALPal.HS:C2a1289

TentativeidentificationofthetheonymYajawTeKinich.IbasethisidentificationontheexistenceofvariousothermanifestationsofthedeityKinich.YajawTeKinichis
oftenabbreviatedinkingnamestosimplyKinich.
206
288

..yalain

..yamay.o

..yatik

..yax(1)

..yax(2)

..yax.a(..yaxa)

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

ord.

cn.

Yalain(toponym)

YamayO

flower

green

first

YaxA(toponym)

ya-YAL-wa>yalawthrows

K1003
ya-YAL[la]>yala[w]

K4118
ya-la>yala[w]

K0525,K4013
see:-Vw
AJ-ya-la-ni>ajyala[i]npersonfromYalain
YAXHS5Stone14,74290
AJ-YAL-ni>ajyal[ai]npersonfromYalain
YAXStela5:A3
see:aj
AJ-ya-MAY?-o>ajyamayo[]

personfromYamayOCOLK2352,K0558
see:aj,o
ya-ti-ki>yatikflower
5-ya-ti-ki>hoyatikfiveflower

K5855
5-ya-YATIK[ki]>hoyatikfiveflower

TPXMirrorBack:15
see:ho
YAX>yaxgreen
ya-YAX>yax

COLCMAPanel:Hp6
ya-xa>yax
see:yayax
YAX>yaxfirst
u-YAX-KAL[TUN-ni]>uyaxkaltun[il]

thefirstbinding-stone PNGAltar2,Support3
see:-il,kaltun,u-
YAX[a]>yaxa

TIKT.IVLintel3:B4
see:a,yax
KUHYAX-[a]AJAW>kuh[ul]yaxa[]ajaw

god-likeYaxAking
YXHStela6

Thespellingya-le-jemaybethebaseforanotyetidentified*ya-le-je-yafor*yalejey,inwhichfinal-eyisavariantof-iy(e.g.,comparehuleytohuliy).ThePalenquePalaceHS
spelling may have originated due to a process of regressive vowel assimilation: yalej < *yalejey < *yalajey (note existing spelling for yalajiy; infixes -[h]- and -[]- removed for
clarity).
290Although this is my tentative decipherment of this title of origin, if correctly analyzed, it would suggest that the toponym Yalain (it may even refer to an ancestor of a
communityknownbythesamenameintheearlyColonialperiod,YalainorAlain,occupiedbythehistoricItzainthecentralPeten)hasahistorictimedepthofatleast800
yearsmorethanpreviouslysuggested.NotetheuseoftheYALhandsigninthesecondexample,providinggoodevidencethatthishandsignwasYALinsteadofAL.
207
289

..yax.ajaw

..yax.akul.ha.yax.nial

..yax.bul.chan

..yax.haal.chak

..yax.jal.nah

..yax.kin

..yax.mutal

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

see:ajaw,kuhul

YAX-[a]AJAW>yaxa[]ajawYaxAking
NARStela23:F20

see:ajaw

u-ti-yaYAX[a]>utiyyaxa[]

happened(at)YaxA DPLHS2EastStep2:F2

YAX-aCHAN-CHEN>yaxachanchen

YaxAcommunity YXHStela3BaseRegister

see:chanchen
YaxAjaw(theonym)
YAX-AJAW-wa>yaxajaw

CRNPanel1:F4

see:ajaw,yax
YaxAkulHaYaxNial YAX-a-kula-HAYAX-ni-la>yaxakulhayaxni[a]lCAYAltar4,Sup.3:I3-J4

see:akul,ha,yaxnial
YaxBulChan(theonym) YAX-bu-lu-CHAN-na>yaxbulchan

CMLMT2,Urn26Pnt.3

see:bul,chan,yax

alsosee:ikbul
YaxHaalChak(theonym)YAX-HA-laCHAK>yaxha[a]lchak

PNGPanel2:J2-K1

YAX-HACHAK-ki>yaxha[al]chak

K1815,K4011

COLPolychromeVessel291

YAXHA-chaki>yaxha[al]chak

ya-YAX-HAlaCHAK-ki>yaxha[al]chak

YULLintel1Front:C1-D1

see:chak,haal,yax

RAZTomb6MuralText
YaxJalNah(buildingname)YAX-JAL-laNAH>yaxjalnah

see:jal,nah,yax

alsosee:kanjalnah
YaxKin(7thmonth)
13-YAX-KIN-ni>uxlajunyaxkin13Yaxkin
Dresden61
Dresden70

13-YAX-KIN>uxlajunyaxkin13Yaxkin

see:uxlajun
YaxMutal(toponym)
YAX-MUT-laCHAN-naCHEN>

yaxmut[a]lchanchen>YaxMutalcommunity
TIKStela39:Ap8-Bp8

YAX-MUT-CHAN-CHEN>
TIKStela39:Ap8-Bp8

yaxmut[al]chanchen>YaxMutalcommunity

ThisshortnominalphraseoftheaxewieldingYaxHaalChakemploysararecephalomorphicvariantforYAX.

291

208

..yax.nial

..yax.pasaj.chan.yopat

Figure2d

..yax.sijom

..yax.te

cn.

cn.

cn.

cn.

see:chanchen,mutal,yax
YaxNial(toponym)
YAX-ni-la>yaxni[a]l

CAYPanel1:C14

AJ-YAX-ni-la>ajyaxni[a]lpersonfromYaxNialCAYAltar4Sup.1:F3292

see:-al,ni,yax

alsosee:yaxakulhayaxnial
YaxPasajChanYopat(anthroponym)

YAX-pasa-jaCHAN-naYOP-AT-ta>

yaxpasajchanyopat K4655293

YAX-pasa-CHAN-naYOP-AT-ta>

yaxpasajchanyopat CPNStructure11

YAX-PASsa-jaCHAN-naYOPAT>

yaxpasajchanyopat CPNStr.12Rev.Stand

YAX-PASCHAN-naYOP-AT-ti>

yaxpas[aj]chanyopat CPNAltarU:A3-A4

YAX-PASCHAN-naYOPAT-ti>

yaxpas[aj]chanyopat CPNAltarQ:F3-F4

see:chan,pas-,yax,yopat
YaxSijom(10thmonth) tu-11-YAX-SIJOM-ma>tubulukyaxsijom

ontheeleventhofYaxSijom CHNT4LLintel4:A2-B2

see:buluk,sijom,tu,yax

11-ya-YAX-SIJOM-ma>bulukyaxsijom11YaxSijomCHNT4LLintel1:A2

see:buluk,sijom,yax

alsosee:buluch

16-YAX-SIJOM-ma>waklajunyaxsijom16YaxSijom

TNAMon.76:J

see:sijom,waklajun,yax
seibatree

ti-YAX-TE>tiyaxtein(the)seibatree

Dresden67B-1

see:ti

Due toa process of progressive vowelassimilation the toponymYax Nial may have beenpronouncedyaxniil (butsee note158on -teal). The full form of the YaxNial
toponymwasprobablyYaxAkulHaYaxNial(seeseparateentryinvocabulary).Themeaningofyaxniremainsunknown;itmayhavebeenaplantortreename.
293Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YopatoftheSkythatisFirstOpened.
209
292

..yaxun

..yaxun.balam(1)

..yaxun.balam(2)

..yaxun.balam(3)

..yax.ween.chan.kinich

..yayax

..yiban

..yip-

..yoke

n.

n.

n.

n.

cn.

adj.

n.
tv.

n.

YAX-te-e>yaxteseibatree

see:te,yax
lovelycotinga

ya-xu?-ni>yaxunlovelycotinga

ya-xu?-nu>yaxunlovelycotinga

ya-xu?>yaxu[n]lovelycotinga
YaxunBalam(anthroponym)

ya-YAXUN-BALAM>yaxunbalam

ya-xu?-niBALAM>yaxunbalam

see:balam,yaxun
YaxunBalam(anthroponym)

ya-xu?-nuBALAM-ma>yaxunbalam

see:balam,yaxun
YaxunBalam(anthroponym)

ya-YAXUNBALAM-ma>yaxunbalam

see:balam,yaxun
YaxWeenChanKinich(anthroponym)

YAX-WE-neCHAN-na-KINICH>

yaxwe[e]nchankinich

see:chan,kinich,we-,yax
verygreen

ya-YAX>yayaxverygreen

ya-YAX>yayaxverygreen

see:yax
Yiban(anthroponym)
yi-ba-na>yiban

tofill(?)

yi-piya-ja>yipyajfills(?)

yi-pi-ya>yipya[j]fills(?)

yi-piya-je-la>yipyajelfills(?)

Yoke(toponym/polityname)[yo-ke]AJAW-wa>yoke[]ajawYokeking

Paris11B
YAXLintel18:A4
NTNDrawing69:A1
Dresden17B-3
YAXLintel21:D7
YAXStela12:D4-C5

NTNDrawing69:A1-A2

K4996

K4572294
PALT.XIXBench-S:Z1a
CHNCasaCol.HB:7295
COLD.OaksVase(K4340)
YAXLintel47:A5-B5
NARStela20:B1
YAXLintel47:B8-C1
NTNDrawing82:H1

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:KinichWhoFirstEatstheSky.Thisnominalappearsonavarietyofceramics(e.g.,K2324,K4388,K4572,K8007),whichhavea
possiblegreaterXultunareaorigin.
295Intheseparticularspellingsya-YAXmayindicateareduplicationoftheopeningsoundya-;reduplicationindicatesintensification,i.e.,yaxgreen,yayaxverygreen.In
otherspellingexamplesitsimplymaybeconsideredaprefixedphoneticcomplementtothelogographYAX.
210
294

..yokib(1)
..yokib(2)

..yokman(1)

..yokman(2)

..yokin

..yop
..yop.te

..yopat

n.
n.

cn.

cn.

cn.

n.
cn.

n.

see:ajaw

alsosee:ake,toke
gourge,canyon

yo-ki-bi>yokibgourge
Yokib(toponym/polityname)KUH-yo-[ki[bi]]AJAW>kuh[ul]yokibajaw

god-likeYokibking PNGPanel3:Q12

see:ajaw,kuhul

u-ti-yayo-ki-bi-CHAN-CHEN>utiyyokibchanchen

happened(at)Yokibcommunity PNGAltar1:H2-I2

see:chanchen,ut-
pillar

yo-ko-MAN-na>yokmanpillar

yo-ko-MAN>yokman
Yokman(toponym)
yo-ko-[MAN-na]AJAW>yokmanajawYokmankingTIKT.IVLintel3:H6

yo-ko-[MAN]AJAW>yokmanajawYokmanking TIKStela5:D8

see:ajaw,yokman
Yokin(title)

yo-KIN-ni>yo[k]kinthebase(ofthe)sun(?)
COLD.OaksSlideArchive

yo-OK[KIN]>yokkin

[common]

[common]296

yo-OK[KIN]>yokkin

OK-KIN>[y]okkin

COLGuatemalaCity

KIN-ni>[yok]kin

UAXStr.A-1TombVessel

see:ok,kin,y-
leaf

YOP>yopleaf
YAXLintel18:C1
YopTe(toponym?)
AJ-YOP-TE>ajyoptepersonfromYopTe

see:aj,te,yop
Yopat(theonym)
YOPAT>yopat

[common]297

YOPAT-AT-ti>yopat

YOP/yo-AT-ta>yopat

ThesetwovariantsemploydifferentsignsforOK,namelyadoghead(okdog)andabathead(theoriginofwhichstilleludesme).Theitemyokkin,ifcorrectlydeduced,
perhapsisderivedfrom*y-ok-kinthe(y-)base/foot(-ok)ofthesun(kin).Thespellingyo-KIN-ni>yo[k]kincanbeexplainedthroughaprocessofelision.
297The theonym Yopat may havesurvived in Yucatec Maya into the early Colonial periodas yopat. The word yopatis glossedasmiter, headdress; crown.Asynonym to
yopatischo[]pat;bothnounsseemtohavepatformedobjectincommon,modifiedbyeitheryo-(ofunknownmeaningatpresent)orcho[]-(totieon).NotespellingsAJcho-pa-taandAJ-cho-wa-pa-taatSiteR(Lintel3)andYaxchilan(monumentinstorage)respectivelyforthetitleAjCho[w]patinasequenceoftitlesforYaxunBalamIV.
211
296

..yopat.balam(1)

..yopat.balam(2)

..yotzil

Figure6e

..yuch

..yuch.tun

..yuk-

..yuklaj.chan.kawil

cn.

cn.

n.

n.

cn.

pv.

cn.

YOP/yo-AT-ti>yopat

YOP/yo-AT>yopat

YOP/yo-po-AT>yopat

COLD.OaksECCelt:Bp8
YopatBalam(anthroponym;founderoftheYaxchilandynasty)

YOP/yo-ATBALAM>yopatbalam

YAXLintel11:A2
YopatBalam(anthroponym)YOPAT-tiBALAM-ma>yopatbalam

K5424

YOPAT-AT-tiBALAM>yopatbalam

K3433298,K5721,K7185

YOPAT-ti>yopat[balam]

K3472,K5567

see:balam,yopat
Yotzil(toponym/polity) yo-tzi>yotzi[l]

see:-il

KUH-yo-[YOTZ-tzi]AJAW>kuh[ul]yotzi[l]ajaw K4669

KUH-yo-tziAJAW-wa>kuh[ul]yotzi[l]ajaw

god-likeYotzilking K7786

see:ajaw,kuhul

AJ-YOTZ-o[tzi]>ajyotzi[l]personfromYotzil K8728

see:aj
knot(?)

yu-chi>yuchknot(inropeorcordtofixatesomething)

see:yuchtun
knot-stone(compositenounthatidentifiesarope-fixedstoneonject)

u-yu-chi-TUN-ni>uyuchtun[il]theknot-stone COLMdICStoneObject

see:-il,u-

alsosee:tun,yuch
toshake

yu-ku-[la]ja-KAB>yuklajkabshakesearth
PALT.XVIIIFallenStucco

see:kab,-l-aj

yu-ku-la>yukla[j?]shakes

Dresden60

see:-l-aj
YuklajChanKawil(anthroponym)

In a 2004 article, Lacadena and Wichmann transcribed this example as **to-bo-ti, but that transcription is in error. The spelling simply is a variant of Yopat Balam (a
comparablecalligraphicversioncanbefoundinthetextonaplatesoldatanauctionbySothebysin1999),ascanbeseenintheotherexamplescitedforthisvocabularyentry.
Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:YopatJaguar.
212

298

..yuknom

..yuknom.chen

..yuknom.kawil

..yuknom.yichakkak

ag.(?)

cn.

cn.

cn.

..yul

..yum

n.

n.

yu-ku-laCHAN-naKAWIL>yukla[j]chankawil
K3636299

see:chan,kawil,-l-aj,yuk-
Yuknom(partofseveralanthroponyms)

yu[ku?]-no-ma>yuknom

CHNCastilloJade

yu-[ku]no-ma>yuknom

CLKStr.IITmb.4Plate

yu-ku-no-ma>yuknom

COLSchaffhausenVase

yu-ku-no[ma]>yuknom

DPLPanel7:A3b

see:-n-,-Vm,yuk-
YuknomChen

yu-[ku]no-maCHEN-na>yuknomchen

DPLHS4StepIII:H2-I1

see:chen,yuknom
YuknomKawil

yu-[ku]no-maKAWIL>yuknomkawil

COLDAMVase(K2914)

see:kawil,yuknom
YuknomYichakKak
yu-ku-no[ma][[yi]ICHAK-ki]KAK

>yuknomyichakkak DPLPanel7:A3b

[yu[ku]no-ma[[yi]ICHAK-KAK>yuknomyichakkak

CRNPanel1:O4

yu[ku]no[ICHAK]-KAK>yukno[m][y]ichakkak ELPStela34

yu[ku]-ICHAK-KAK>yuk[nom][y]ichakkak
CLKStela115:A1

yu[ku]-[yi]ICHAK-ki-KAK>yuk[nom]yichakkakLCRHS2,BlockX

yu-[ku]no-ma[yi]ICHAK-KAK
>yuknomyichakkak CLKStr.IIsub,Tomb4,

Plate:IJ

see:ichak,kak,y-,yuknom

K4378
polishedobject

u-yu-lu-li>uyul[i]lthepolishedobject

u-yu-lu>uyul[il]thepolishedobject

K2295

see:-il,u-

u-yu-la>uyulthepolishedobject

K4477

see:u-
lord,patron

yu-ma>yumlord,patron

Paris07C

RAZTomb19Vessel15

u-yu?-mu>uyumthelord,patron

Tentativeparaphraseofthisanthroponym:KawilWhoShakestheSky.

299

213

..yutal

n.

food,fruit

see:u-
yu-ta-la>food;fruit
yu-TAL>yutal
see:kakaw
ta-yu-TAL>tayutalforfood
ta-yu-ta-la>tayutalforfood
ta-yu-ta>tayuta[l]

ta-yu-ta>tayuta[l]

see:ta
u-yu-ta-li>uyutal[il]thefood
see:-il,u-
u-yu-ta-la>uyutalthefood
u-yu-ta-la>uyutalthefood
see:u-

K0791
K1552
K4379
K4477

K1335

COLSMBCarvedVessel
COLGardiner(K6080)

214

Part2:TheEnglish-ClassicMayaVocabulary

accompany(v)
accumulate(v)
add(v)

after

again

already

amidst

ancestor

ant

appease(v)
arm

armadillo
arrive(v)

artisan

ashen-grey
at

atole

auditor

avocado

awaken(v)

it-
tzak-
tzak-
chan;pat
cha,ka
xa
tan
mam
sayul
tim-
kab
ibach
hul-,ul-
chuwen
kob
ta,ti,tu
sa,sakha,ul
kokom
uniw
ah-,aj-

back(n)
ballcourt
ballgame
ballplayer
ballplaying
banner
bark
barracuda
basket

pat
alaw,jalab,jalaw
pitz
pitzil
pitzil
lakam
hun
chilkayul
chach

215

bat

bathe(v)

beborn(v)
bead

bean

bee

beehive

beetle

before(infrontof)
being

belly

beloved

bench

benchstone
bethroth(v)
bind(v)

bird

birdofprey
bitter

black

blue

bone

book

boss

bowl(claybowl)
bowl(forwashing)
box

bread

break(v)

brick

bridge

brother(older)

sutz
at(i)-,ichki(l)-
siy-
uh,uhaj
bul
chab,kab
chab,kab
kukul
tan
ba,bah,bahah,bahis
tan
huntan,juntan
kan
kantun
mak-
kal-
chikul,mut
pip
chah
ik
yax
bak
hun
yum
jay
pokol
mab
waj
koj-,kas-
lak
pepem
sakunwinik
216

brother(younger)
brushpen
build(v)

bullrush

bundle

burden

burn(v)

burial

burialplace
bury(v)

itzinwinik
cheb
pat-
puj
ekatz,ikatz,ikitz
kuch
el-,pul-,tok-
mukil
muknal
muk-

cacao

cache

calabash

canoe

canyon

capstone

captive

capture(v)
capture(n)
carry(v)

carver(?)

carving

cattailreed
cave

center

centipede
change(v)
cherished
chest

child(offather)
child(ofmother)

kakaw
mab
lekul
jukub
yokib
mak
bak
bak-,chuk-
chukyah
kuch-
anab
uxul
puj
chen
tan
chapat,wak
jel-
huntan,juntan
tan
mijin,unen
al

217

child(ofparent)

choose(v)

claw

clay

clothes

cloud

collar

coati

come(v)

comedown(v)

comeout,debut(v)
companion

completion

conch-shell

conjure(v)

conquer(v)

copal

cotinga

count

counterpart

cover

cover(v)

create(v)

creation

creature

crocodile

crown

cut(v)

cylinder

cylindrical

ubahiluchab,usihiluchab,usihiluchituchab
pach-
ichak
tzikul
buk
muyal,tok
uh,uhaj
chik,tzutzih
tal-
tzay-
joy-
atan
kal
juch
chun-,tzak-
nak-
pom
yaxun
xok
nupul
mak
but-,mak-,tut-
chab-,kob-
chab
bakul
ahin
met
chak-
bub
bubul

dance(v)

aktaj-

218

dawn

day

decapitate(v)
deer

descend(v)
descend

deposit(v)
die(v)

dig(v)

diminish(v)
dish

dissipate(v)
dog

doorway

dove

dress(v)

drill(v)

drink(v)

drinkingvessel
drought

duck

dwarf

earflare

earlier(today)

earth

east

eat(v)

eat(bread-likefoods)(v)
eat(softfood)

eating-instrument
eight

ahal,pasaj
kin
chak-
chih,chij,kej,may,sipul
em-
emal
kub-
cham-
pan-
ka-
lak
ka-
ok,tzul,tzi
jol
mukuy,ukum
buk-
joch-
uk-
ukib
kintun
mat,mataw
chat,mas
tup,tupaj
samiy
chab,kab,lum
elkin,lakin
kux-
we-
mak-
weem,weib
waxak
219

eighteen

eleven

emergent

enclosure

end(v)

enter(v)

erect(v)

extend(aweave)(v)
extinguish(v)

waxaklajun
buluk
chok
kal
tzutz-
ek-,och-,ok-
wa-
sin-
tap-

face
familiar
familiar
fan
far
fat
father
fiery
fifteen
fill(v)
fire
fireplace
first
fish
fisherman
five
flatuent
flint
flower
foam
food
foot

wut
nupul
way,wayis,wayaw
wal
nach
bay
yum
kakal
holajun
yip-
kak,kakis
kaknal
bah,nah,yax
chay,kay
kayom
ho
tis
tok
sijom,yatik
om
we
ok

220

form(v)

four

fourteen

fox

frame(wooden)
fresh

pak-,pat-
chan,kan
chanlajun,kanlajun
chamak
chakte
tzihil

gift

give(v)

glyph

go(v)

goblin

god

good

goodness

gopher

gorge

grandfather(maternal)
grandmother(maternal)
grandson

grab(v)

grasp(v)

great

green

grind(v)

guardian

guide(v)

guide

mayij,sih,sihaj
ak-
wojol
bix-
chat,mas
kuh
utz
utzil
bah
yokib
mam
mim
mam
mach-,tzak-
cham-,kam-
chak,lakam,nah
yax
kux-
chanan
pay-
ajpay

hand
happen(v)
he

kab,kabis
ut-
u-(preconsonantal),y-(prevocalic)

221

head

headband
headdress
heart

helmet

her

here

heron

hill

his

hit(v)

hoist(v)

home(dwelling)
honey

house(structure)
howlermonkey
hummingbird
hunchback

bah,jol,jolom
hun
kohaw,pixom
ol,olis
kohaw
u-(preconsonantal),y-(prevocalic)
way
bak,ichiw
witz
u-(preconsonantal),y-(prevocalic)
koj-
pak-,tzap-
atot,otoch,otot
chab,kab
na,nah
batzul,batz
tzunun
chat,mas

iguana

image

in

incense

incensario
incised(object)
insert(v)

intermediary
intestines

invert(v)
island

it

in-(PostclassicYucatec),ni-(ClassicMaya),-en
huj
bah,bahaj,bahis
ichil,tan,ta,ti,tu
chah,chaj,pom
saklak,saklaktun
jach
ek-
nun
puch
pak-
peten
u-(preconsonantal),y-(prevocalic)

222

its

u-(preconsonantal),y-(prevocalic)

jaguar
javelin
jewel
join(v)

balam,hix,hixbalam
jul
kan
nup-

kiln
king
kingship
kinkajou
knot

chitin,pibnah
ajaw
ajawlil,ajawlel
kanmax
mok

lady

lagoon

lake

large

lark

last

later

leaf-cutterant
lid

liedown(v)
lightning

lineage

lintel

litter

learnedman
load

loom

lord

lordship

ix,ixik
akal
nab
nah
sakchikul
wiil
pat
xu
mak
ham-
chahuk
olom
pakab
chakte
itzat,matz,miyatz
ekatz,ikatz,ikitz,kuch
chuch
ajaw
ajawlil,ajawlel

223

macaw

makeround(v)
man

many

marsh

mask

mat

mayflower
meal

mountain
mouth

much

my

mo
pet-,wol-
winak,winik
balun,on,ux
akal
koh
pop
nichte
wiil
witz
kal,ti
on
ni-(ClassicMaya)

name

necklace

needle(forsowing)
nest

night

nine

nineteen

noose

nose

north

no,not

nothing(zero)

now

kaba
uh,uhaj
putz
met
akab
balun,bolon
balunlajun,bolonlajun
le
ni
xaman
ma,machaj,mih
mih
yuwal

obsidian
occur(v)
ocean
offer(v)

taj
ut-
kaknab,palaw
kub-

224

offering

offering(ofgrace)
omen

one

open(v)

opossum

our

oven

owl

paint(v)

painting

panel

paper

parrot

part

partition

partner

patron

pavement

payment

peccary

pedestal

peel(v)

penis

perforate(v)

perforator

periodoftwentydays
periodoftwentyyears
periodof400years
person

pigeon

mayih,mayij,sih
matan
mut
jun
ham-,pas-
pay,uch
ka-
chitin,pibnah
kuh,kuy
tzib-
tzibil,tzibal
eklib
hun
op
tzuk
tzuk
atan
kit,yum
bihtun
tojol
chitam
okib
sus-
ach,at
joch-,jul-
jul
winik,winal
winakhab
pik
-aj,mak,nal,winik
mukuy,ukum
225

pileup(v)

pillar

pine

place

place(ofabundanceof)
place(v)(1)

place(v)(2)

plant(v)

plaster

plaster(v)

plate

platform

playball(v)

plural

point

polish(v)

pool

pool(v)

portrait

precious

priest

privilege

prognostication

province

pulque

puma

pure
put(headstogether)(v)

witzaj-
yokman
taj
-il,-nal,-nib
-al
tek-
ek-
pak-,tzap-
luk,sas
tak-
lak,jawante
kun
pitzaj-
-ob,-tak
ni
yul-
nab
nabaj-
winbah
kan
ajkin
matan
chich
peten,tzuk
chih
koj,chakbalam
sak,sujuy
nuch-jol

quarter(room)

quetzal

quill/reed/bamboopen

kal,way
kuk
cheb
226

rabbit

rain

rainbow

raindeity
rat

receive(v)
red

renovate(v)
replace(v)
resplendent
rest(v)

reveal(v)
ring(ofstone)
ritualinterpreter
ritualspeaker
road

robin

room

root

roundobject
ruler

rulership

tul
chak,haal
chel
chak
choh
cham-,kam-
chak
tut-
jel-
sak
hil-
na-
chikintun
chijlam,chilan
nun
bih,sakbih
tot
kal,way
wi
wol
ajaw
ajawlil,ajawlel

sacred(god-like)
sage

say(v)

scatter(v)
scatter(fire)(v)
scorpion

sculpture
season

seat

kuhul
itzat,matz,miyatz
al-,che-
chok-
puk-
sinan
uxul
kin
chumib,kante,tzam
227

see(v)

seize(v)

self

servant

service

serpent

setup(v)
seven

seventeen
shape(v)

shake(v)

shark

she

shield

shoot(v)

shrine

sing(v)

singer

sit

six

sixteen

skirt

skull

sky

sleep(v)

smoke

soil

south

sparrow-hawk
spear(n)

spear(v)

spidermonkey

il-
bak-,chuk-
bah,bahaj,bahis
habtal,winak
patan
chan,kan,kanul
wa-
huk,wuk
huklajun,wuklajun
pat-
yuk-
xok
u-(preconsonantal),y-(prevocalic)
pakal
jul-
wayib
kay-
kayom
buch-,chum-
wak
waklajun
pik
bak,jol,jolom
chan,kan
way-
butz
lum
nohol
muwan
jul
jul-
max
228

spiritcompanion
split(v)

soot

spring(watersource)
stack

stack(v)

staircase

star

stela(big,greatstone)
stir(fire)(v)

stoke(v)

stomach

stone

stream

strongone

stucco

sun

supervise(v)

surface(forwriting)

way,wayis,wayaw
jatz-
abak,sabak,yabak
chen
latzil
tzak-
eb
ek
lakamtun
til-
jop-
tan
tun,tunich
pa
kelem
luk,sas
kin
kab-
jich

tail

take(v)

tapir

ten

terminate(v)
then

thirteen

three

throne

throw(v)
tie(v)

tie(traps)(v)

neh
cham-,kam-
til
lajun
tzutz-
ka
oxlajun,uxlajun
ox,ux
tem,tzam
chok-
kach-
joy-

229

tip

to

toad

tobacco

torch

transform(v)
trap(v)

tree

tribute

tributecloth
turkey

turnover(v)
turtle

twelve

twenty

two

ni
ta,ti,tu
ajmuch,amal
kutz
taj
way-
joy-
che,te
patan,tojol
ubte
akach,kutz,ulum
pak-
akul,ak
lajcha,lajka
winak
cha,ka

uncle
unripe
untie(v)

ichan
chok
ham-

venerate
vulture

tzik-
kuch,usij,us

wall
want(v)
wash(v)
water
weave(v)
weaving
well
west

kot
kat-
pok-
a,ha
chuy-,jal-
jalab
chen
chikin,ochkin
230

white

sak
wide

lakam
wife

atan
wiseman

itzat
with(1)

ta,ti,tu
with(2)(inthepresenceof)ichnal
within

ichil,mal,wal
work(together)(v)
et-
worship(v)

kuh-
wound(v)

jatz-
wrap(v)

kal-
wrapup(v)

wol-
write(v)

tzib-
writing

tzibil,tzibal
year
yellow
you
young
your
youth

hab
kan
a-(preconsonantal),aw-(prevocalic)
chok
a-(preconsonantal),aw-(prevocalic)
bakul,chok

zarigella
zopilote

uch
kuch,usij,us

231

AppendixA:Abbreviations,MonumentDesignations,andSiteCodes
Timeperiods
EC
LC
PrC

EarlyClassic
LateClassic
Preclassic

Codices
Dresden
DresdenCodex
Madrid
MadridCodex
Paris
ParisCodex

After each city name that designated one of the three codices, the number refers to the page number; the letter refers to the vertical section (top to
bottom),thesecondnumberreferstothesub-sectionwithinasection(organizedfromlefttoright)(e.g.,Dresden23C-3:DresdenCodex,Page23,Section
C,sub-section3).
MonumentDesignationsandBuildingterms
Alt.
BCM
Bl.
Capst.
Col.
Dr.
Fr.

Frag.
HS
Jmb.
L.

Lnt.
Misc.
Mon.
MT

Altar
BallcourtMarker
Block
Capstone
Column
Drawing
Fragment
Fragment
HieroglyphicStairway[St.=Step,onlyincombinationwithHS]
Jamb
Lintel
Lintel
Miscellaneous
Monument
MiscellaneousText(usedbyTheTikalProject,amongothers)
232

Pan.
Pnt.
Rm.
St.
Str.
Sup.
Tabl.
Thr.
thr.
Tmb.
Vlt.

Panel
Pendant
Room
Stela
Structure
Support
Tablet
Throne
thread
Tomb
Vault

Archaeologicalsiteswithinscriptionscitedinthisvocabulary
Thethreelettercodesemployedinthisvocabularyfollowthecodesasusedinalargevarietyofsources,butwhichinoriginstemfromtheCorpusof
MayaHieroglyphicInscriptionsProject,initiatedbyIanGrahamatthePeabodyMuseum,HarvardUniversity.Thislisthasbeenextendedatdifferent
occasions,whennewsiteshavebeendiscovered,orwhenknownsitesobtainedahieroglyphiccorpusthroughnewdiscoveries.FortwositesIcouldnot
findanexistingcode,KohunlichandPolBox,andforanothersite,SanBartolo,Ifindthechosencodenotlogical(SBT;seeMathewsandBiron.d.,Site
NamesandThree-letterCodes,URL:http://research.famsi.org/mdp/mdp_sitenames.php).Forthetwonewsitesthethreelettercodeshavebeendevised
bythepresentauthor,KHNandPBX,respectively.SBRisusedtorefertoSanBartolo.
*ACA
*AGT
*ALC
*ALR
*AML
*ANL
*ARP
*BCN
*BPK
*CAY
*CHN

Acanceh
Aguateca
LosAlacranes
AltardelosReyes
LaAmelia
Anonal
ArroyodePiedra
Becan
Bonampak
ElCayo

ChichenItza

CasaCol.
GBC

CasaColorada
GreatBallcourt

HB
LTJ

HieroglyphicBand
LowerTempleoftheJaguar
233

*CHO
*CKL
*CLK

*CML
*CNH
*CNK
*COB
*COL

Hier.Jambs

HLK

HPG

Monjas

T1L

T3L

T4L

TIS

YUL
ElChorro(aka.SanLucas)
Chinkultic
Calakmul

N.Acr.

Comacalco
Chinaha/Chinaja
Chinikiha
Coba
Collections

BM

BMFA

CDX-style

CMA

D.Oaks

DAM

Gardiner

JMCR

KAM

MAm

MBAR

MdEM

MdIC

S.Building
HieroglyphicJambs
W

Halakal(siteinCHNvicinity)
HighPriestsGrave
LasMonjasComplex
templeoftheOneLintel
TempleoftheThreeLintels
TempleoftheFourLintels
TempleoftheInitialSeries
Yula(siteinCHNvicinity)

SouthBuilding
WestJamb
EastJamb

NorthAcropolis

Structure1
GroupA

Str.1
Gr.A

TheBritishMuseum(London)
BostonMuseumofFineArts
Codex-style(vesselspaintedblack-on-white/cream)
ClevelandMuseumofArt
DumbartonOaks(Washington,D.C.)
DenverArtMuseum
GardinerMuseumofCeramicArt(Toronto,Canada)
JadeMuseum/MuseodelJade,CostaRica
KimbellArtMuseum(FortWorth,Texas)
Museomparo(Puebla)
MuseoBarbier-Mueller(Barcelona)
MuseodeEsculturaMaya(Campeche)
MuseodeIslaCozumel(QuintanaRoo)
234

*CPN
*CRN
*DBC
*DBN
*DCB
*EKB
*EML
*ETZ
*HRZ
*ICC
*IKL
*ITZ
*IXK
*IXZ
*JAI
*JNT
*SJS

Copan
LaCorona
Dzibilchaltun
Dzibilnocac
DosCaobas
EkBalam
EmilianoZapata
Edzna
LaHonradez
Ichmac
Ikil
Itzimte
Ixkun
Ixtutz
Jaina
Jonuta
SanJos(Belize)

MNAH
MqB
MRBA
MPV
MRdY
NMA
PM
PSM
PUL
RMV
SAMA
SLAM
SMB
TSM
YUAG

MuseoNacionaldeAntropologaeHistoria(Mxico,D.F.)
MuseduquaiBranly(Paris)
MusesRoyeauxdesBeaux-Arts(Brussels)
MuseoPopolVuh(GuatemalaCity)
MuseoRegionaldeYucatan(Mrida)
TheNasherMuseumofArt(formerly:DukeUniversityMuseumofArt)
PeabodyMuseumofArchaeologyandEthnology,HarvardUniversity
Pomona(Tabasco)SiteMuseum
PrincetonUniversityLibrary
MuseumofEthnology(Leiden)
SanAntonioMuseumofArt
St.LouisArtMuseum
StaatlichenMuseenzuBerlin-EthnologischenMuseum
ToninaSiteMuseum
YaleUniversityArtGallery

235

*K
*KAB
*KHN
*LAC
*LTI
*MAR
*MCW
*MLC
*MRL
*MTL
*NAY
*NKB
*NMP
*NTN
*NSY
*OJO
*OXP
*PAL

Kerr(followedbynumber;numberindicativeofKerrcatalogofphotographs,fromrolloutarchiveorportfolio)
Kabah
Kohunlich(notanofficialcode,employedbytheauthor/compiler)
Lacanha
Laxtunich
LaMar
MountainCow(Belize)
Mulchic
Moral-Reforma(aka.Balancan-Moral)
MotuldeSanJos
LaNaya
Nakbe
NimliPunit(Belize)
NajTunich
Nohsayab(aka.Losayab),Campeche
OjodeAgua
Oxpemul
Palenque

Bench-S
Bench,SouthSide

Bench-W
Bench,WestSide
R.Stone
Re-usedStoneBlock

N.Group
NorthGroup

Orator
PaneloftheOrator

Pal.HS
Palace,HieroglyphicStairway

Pal.Tablet PalacePablet

Sarc.
Sarcophagus

Scribe
PaneloftheScribe

T.

Temple(followedbyRomannumberforidentification)

Tabl.96
Tabletofthe96Glyphs

Tabl.Slaves TabletoftheSlaves

TempleoftheInscriptions

WT
WestTablet
TI

CT
CenterTablet

ET
EastTablet

TC
TempleoftheCross
236

*PBX
*PNG
*PRU
*RAZ
*NAR
*PMT
*PSD
*PUS
*SBL
*SBR
*SCU
*SEP
*TAM
*TBI
*TIK

*TNA
*TRT
*TZB
*UAX
*UCN
*UXM
*XKB
*XLM
*XUL
*YAX
*YXH
*ZPT

TFC
TempleoftheFoliatedCross

D.Head
DeathHeadMonument

TS
TempleoftheSun
PolBox(notanofficialcode,employedbytheauthor/compiler)
PiedrasNegras

MSS
MiscellaneousStone
ElPeru
RoAzul
Naranjo
Tabletofthe96Glyphs
Pomona,Tabasco
H.Panel
HieroglyphicPanel
T.96
LaPasadita
Pusilha
Seibal
SanBartolo(notanofficialcode,employedbytheauthor/compiler)
Sacul
SantaElenaPocoUinic
Tamarindito
Tabi
Tikal

Hombre
HombredeTikalStatuette

MT
MiscellaneousText

Marcador MarcadordePelota
T.

Temple(followedbyRomannumberforidentification)
Tonina
Tortuguero
Dzibanche
Uaxactun
Ucanal
Uxmal
Xkombec
Xcalumkin
Xultun
Yaxchilan
Yaxha(Guatemala)
Zacpeten(Guatemala)
237

Miscellaneousabbreviations
Capt.
Caption
Inc.Burner IncenseBurner
Sec.Text
SecondaryText

Referencescitedinthefootnotes
Boot,Erik
2005
MatandThroneintheMayaArea:TheJaguarStatuetteintheSub-CastilloatChichenItsaandaRe-evaluationoftheHieroglyphic

SuperfixT168.PaperpresentedattheinternationalsymposiumentitledMatandThrone:CosmovisionandSocietyin

Mesoamerica,May10-12,2000,LeidenUniversity,Leiden,theNetherlands.
inpress
Loanwords,ForeignWords,andForeignSignsinMayaWriting.PaperpresentedattheinternationalsymposiumTheIdeaof

WritingII:LoanwordsinWritingSystems,June7-9,2006,ResearchSchoolCNWS,LeidenUniversity,Leiden,theNetherlands.
inprep.
SomeRareandUniqueSpellingsonMayaCeramicsandPortableObjects.Manuscriptinpreparation.

Houston,StephenD.(editor)
1983
ContributionstotheDeciphermentofMayaHieroglyphicWriting,Vol.1.NewYork:HRAFBooks.

Lacadena,Alfonso,andSrenWichmann
2004
OntheRepresentationoftheGlottalStopinMayaWriting.InTheLinguisticsofMayaWriting,editedbySrenWichmann,pp.103-162.

SaltLakeCity:UniversityofUtahPress.

Lounsbury,Floyd
1973
OntheDeravationandReadingoftheBenIchPrefix.InMesoamericanWritingSystems,editedbyElizabethP.Benson,pp.99144.

Washington,D.C.:DumbartonOaks.

Stuart,David
2005
TheInscriptionsfromTempleXIXatPalenque:ACommentary.SanFrancisco:ThePre-ColumbianArtInstitute

VanAkkeren,Ruud
2000
PlaceoftheLordsDaughter:Rabinal,itshistory,itsdance-drama.CNWSPublicationsVol.91.Leiden,theNetherlands.

ResearchSchoolCNWS,LeidenUniversity.

Zender,Marc
2005
TheRaccoonGlyphinClassicMayaWriting.ThePARIJournal5(4):6-16.
238

AppendixB:ClassicMayaNumbers
Numbershigherthan20arerecordedinClassicMayainscriptions,aspartoftheso-calledLunarSeries,forexampleindescribingtheamountofdaysa
specificlunarmonthhas(e.g.,20+9;20+10)orthecountororderofdynaststobecounted(e.g.,Naranjo:15+20,18+20).Notethedifferentorder
orplacementof20inthesetwocontexts.However,aslinguistsandepigraphersstilldebatetheprecisereadingofthesenumbers,notransliterations
regardingthesenumbershavebeenenteredintothisvocabularyyet.
balun
balunlajun
bolon
bolon
buluk
cha
chan
chanlajun
ho

holajun
huk
huklajun
jun
ka

kan
kanlajun
lajcha
lajka
lahun
mih
ox

oxlajun
ux

uxlajun
wak
waklajun

nine
nineteen
nine
nineteen
eleven
two
four
fourteen
five
fifteen
seven
seventeen
one
two
four
fourteen
twelve
twelve
ten
zero
three
thirteen
three
thirteen
six

sixteen

9
19,9-LAJUN-na
9,see:balun
19,see:balunlajun
[]-lu-ku
2,see:ka
4,SUN.GOD,see:kan
14,see:kanlajun
5
15,HO-LAJUN-na
7,see:wuk
17,see:wuklajun
1
2,ka,see:cha
2,ka-na,see:chan
14,see:chanlajun
12,see:lajka
12,see:lajcha
10,LAJUN-na
mi
3,o-xo,see:ux
13,see:uxlajun
3,see:ox
13,see:oxlajun
6
16
239

waxak

waxaklajun

winak

wuk

wuklajun

MayaNumeralsinOrder
zero

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

eight
eighteen
twenty
seven
seventeen

8,MAIZE.GOD
18,18-na
20,20-na-ki,20-ki
7,see:huk
17,see:huklajun

mih
jun
cha,ka
ox,ux
chan,kan
ho
wak
huk,wuk
waxak
balun,bolon
lajun
buluch,buluk
lajcha,lajka
oxlajun,uxlajun
chanlajun,kanlajun
holajun
waklajun
huklajun,wuklajun
waxaklajun
balunlajun,bolonlajun
winak

240

AppendixC:RecordedClassicMayaNumeralClassifiers

-kul

forheapsofstone(incalendricalcontext)
huk-kultunsevenheapsoftun

ku-lu
7-ku-lu-TUN-ni

forcountsoftimeunits

u-hun-pistunfirstmeasuredtun

pi-si
u-HUN-pi-si-TUN-ni

forcountsofdaysin20-dayperiod
chan-pischak4ChakSijom

pi-si
CHAN-pi-si-CHAK-SIJOM

forordinalcount

u-nah-talthefirst(inorder)is

TAL,ta-la
u-na-TAL-la

forcountsofdaysin20-dayperiod
chan-temak4Mak

TE,TE-e
CHAN-TE-ma-MAK

-pis

-pis

-tal

-te

-tikil

forcountsofpeople

chan-tikilchok-takfour-peopleyoungsters

ti-ki-li
CHAN-ti-ki-li-cho-ko-TAK-ki

-wal
forcountsofthingswithin(?)

-wa?-la

ukawaltithesecond-thingwithinopening u-2-wa-lati-i

AppendixD:ClassicMayaNamesofthe20-dayand5-dayPeriods

InthisappendixspellingsofallMaya20-dayperiodscanbefound.Severalofthese20-dayperiodscanbefoundthroughmultipleentriesandspellings.
HereIpresentthesespellingsinalphabeticorder,aswellintheorderonthe20-dayperiodsthemselves,inthelastcasecomparedtothe20-dayperiod
listfromtheBookofChilamBalamofChumayel.

chaksijom ChakSijom 12thClassicMayamonth

CHAK-SIJOM?-ma

chakat
Chakat
3rdClassicMayamonth
CHAK-AT,CHAK-AT-ta

see:sip
241

chikin

hulol

Chikin

6thClassicMayamonth

CHIK-ni,CHIK-ki-ni

HulOl

18thClassicMayamonth
see:jaw,kumkuh

HUL-OL,HUL-OL-la

Ikat

2ndClassicMayamonth
see:woil,wohil

IK-AT,IK-AT-ta

IkSijom

9thClassicMayamonth

IK-SIJOM?,IK-SIJOM?-ma

Jaw

18thClassicMayamonth
see:kumkuh,hulol

ja-wa

Kasew

5thClassicMayamonth
see:kusew

ka-se-wa

KolAjaw

19thClassicMayamonth
see:uwayhab

[ko-lo]AJAW

KumKuh

18thPostclassicMayamonth
see:hulol,jaw

ku-KUH(or:KUM?-KUH)

Kusew

5thClassicMayamonth
see:kasew

ku-se-wa

Kanasiy

17thClassicMayamonth
see:kanaw,kayab

KAN-a-si-ya,KAN-a-ya

Kanaw

17thClassicMayamonth
see:kanasiy,kayab

KAN-a-wa

KanJalab

1stClassicMayamonth
see:kanjalaw,pop

KAN-JAL-bu

ikat

iksijom

jaw

kasew

kolajaw

kumkuh

kusew

kanasiy

kanaw

kanjalab

242

kanjalaw

kankin

kayab

mak

mol

molol

molow

muwan

pax

KanJalaw

1stClassicMayamonth
see:kanjalab,pop

KAN-JAL-wa

KanKin

14thClassicMayamonth
see:uniw

KAN-KIN,KAN-KIN-ni

Kayab

17thPostclassicMayamonth
see:kanasiy,kanaw

ka-ba

Mak

13thClassicMayamonth

ma-ka,ma-MAK,ma-MAK-ka

Mol

8thClassicMayamonth
see:molol,molow

mo[lo]

Molol

8thClassicMayamonth
see:mol,molow

mo[lo]-la

Molow

8thClassicMayamonth
see:mol,molol

mo[lo]-wa

Muwan

15thClassicMayamonth

MUWAN,MUWAN-na,MUWAN-ni,mu-wa-ni

Pax

16thClassicMayamonth
see:paxil

PAX-xa,pa-xa

Paxil

16thClassicMayamonth
see:pax

pa-xi-la,pa-xi

Pop

1stPostclassicMayamonth
see:kanjalab,kanjalaw

po-po

SakSijom

11thClassicMayamonth

SAK-SIJOM-ma

paxil

pop

saksijom

243

sutz[il]
Sutz(il)

uniw
Uniw

uwayhab
UwayHab

woil
Wo

wohil
Woh

yaxkin
YaxKin

yaxsijom
YaxSijom

TheMonthsinOrder
TheChumayel(fol.13)List
1.
Poop

2.
Woo

3.
Sip

4.
Sotz

5.
Sek

6.
Xul

7.
Yaxkin

8.
Mol

9.
Cheen

10.
Yaax

11.
Sak

4thClassicMayamonth

SUTZ,su-SUTZ,SUTZ-tzi,SUTZ-la,su-tzi

14thClassicMayamonth
see:kankin

UN-wi,UN-wa,UN-ni-wa,u-ni-wa

19thClassicMayamonth
see:kolajaw

u-WAY-HAB,WAY-ya-HAB

2ndClassicmonth
see:ikat,wohil

wo-i

2nd(Post)classicmonth
see:ikat,woil

wo-hi

7thClassicMayamonth

YAX-KIN,YAX-KIN-ni

10thClassicMayamonth

YAX-SIJOM?-ma

ClassicMayaList,IncludingAlternatives
KanJalaw
KanJalab
Ikat

Chakat
Sutz(il)
Kasew

Kusew
Chikin
YaxKin
Mol
IkSijom
YaxSijom
SakSijom

Pop
Woil Wohil

244

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

Keeh
Mak
Kankin
Muwan
Paax
Kayab
Kumku
(Wayeb)

ChakSijom
Mak
Uniw
Muwan
Paxil
Kanasiy
HulOl
UwayHab

Pax
Kayab
Jaw

KumKuh

TheClassicMayaDayNames
In the current version of the dictionary only two of the day names can be found, namely the fourteenth day hix and twentieth day ajaw. Consistent
spellingsofthissignwithinandoutsidecalendarcontextindicatethattheClassicnameofthisdaysignwasindeedajaw(Ishouldnotethatthereare
variousexamplesinwhichthedaysignAJAWispostfixedwith-la,e.g.,PalenqueTIEastTablet:S8,suggestiveofthefactthatthedaynameinsome
regionsoftheMayaareamayhavebeenpronouncedajawal,probablyreducedtoajwal).Fortheremainingnineteendaysigns,whencitationisnecessary,
theYucatecnamesareused(derivedfromtheworkoffrayDiegodeLanda,whoalsoprovidedtheglyphsforeachofthedaynames).InClassictimes
these day namesmayhave beenquite differently, especially whenone takes the different spellings of themonth names into account.Initiated by the
authorisresearchontheClassicMayadaynames(1)ashawater,(7)aschijdeer,chijchandeerserpent,(10)asokdog,(12)asejtooth,and(15)
astzikineagle.Someofthepreliminaryresultshavebeenincludedinthevocabulary(fordaynames7and15).

AppendixE:RecordedClassicMayaPronouns

Aspronominalprefixes(SetA):

in-
I

u-

he,she,it(preconsonantal)

i-ne

u-

ya-,ye-,yi-,yo-,yu-

a-

y-

he,she,it(prevocalic)

Aspossessiveprefixes:

a-

your(infrontofconsonants)

245

aw-

your(infrontofvowels)

a-wi-,a-wo-

ni-

my

ni-

u-

his,her,it(preconsonantal)

u-

ya-,ye-,yi-,yo-,yu-

ka-

-ke-na

-ta

-
he,she,it

Asindependentpronouns:

ha
he,she,it;that,this

ha-a

y-

his,her,it(prevocalic)

ka-

our

Aspronominalpostfixes(SetB):

-en
I

-at

you

hai[n]
haat

he,she,it;that,this
you

ha-i
ha[ta]

hin

he,she,it;that,this

hi-na,hi-ni,hi

they;those,these

ha-o-bo,ha-o-ba,ha-o-bi

Spellings
AK-,ya-ka-
AK-ta-ja,a-AK-ta-ja

haob

AppendixF:RecordedClassicMayaVerbalRoots

Verb
..ak-
..aktaj-

VerbClass
tv.

ivd.

Meaning

togive,tobring
todance

246

..al-
..an-
..at-
..bak-
..buk-
..but-
..cha-
..cham-
..chok-
..chuk-
..chum-
..chun-
..chuy-
..chab-
..chak-
..cham-
..ek-
..el-
..em-
..ham-
..ham-
..hil-
..hul-
..jas-
..jatz-
..jel-
..joch-
..jom-
..jop-
..joy-(1)
..joy-(2)
..jub-

tv.
iv.
tvd?
tv.
tv.
tv.
tvd?
iv.
tv.
tv.
pv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
pv
tv.
iv.
tr.
pv.
iv.
iv.
tv?
tr.
tv.
tv.
tv.
iv.
tv.
tv.
tv.

tosay

torun

tobathe

tocapture

toclothe

tocover,tobury

todo

todie

tothrow,toscatter

tocapture

tosit

toconjure(?)

toweave

tocreate

toaxe,tocut,todecapitate
toreceive;totake,tograsp
toplace,toenter;toinsert
toburn

todescend

toopen,tountie

toliedown

torest,toplant(?)

toarrive

towound,tosplit

tochange,toreplace

todrill,toperforate

todestroy

tostoke

totrap

tocomeout,todebute

totakedown

ya-la-
a-ni,AJ/a-na
ya-ti-
BAK-
bu-ku-
bu-tu-
cha-
CHAM-,CHAM-mi-
CHOK-,CHOK-ka-,CHOK-ko-,cho-ka,cho-ko
chu-ku-,chu-ka-
CHUM-mu-
chu-ni-
chu-yu
cha?-ba-
CHAK-,CHAK-ka,cha-ka-
CHAM?,CHAM?-ma,cha-CHAM?,cha-ma
e-ke-
EL-,EL-le-
EM-mi,e-mi-
ha-ma-
ha-ma-
hi-li
HUL-li,hu-li
ja-sa-
ja-tza-
je-le-,JEL
jo-cho,jo-cha-
jo-mo-
jo-po-
JOY,jo-JOY
JOY,jo-JOY-,JOY-
ju-bu-
247

..jul-
..ichil-
..ichkil-
..il-
..it-
..jus-
..kach-
..kob-
..koj-
..kuch-
..ka-
..kal-
..kam-
..kas-
..kat-
..kay-
..kub-
..kuh-
..kux-
..lam-
..mach-
..mak-
..mak-
..mis-
..muk-
..na-
..nabaj-
..nak-
..nuch-
..nup-
..och-(1)
..och-(2)

tv.
iv?
iv?
tv.
tvd.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
iv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
inch.
tv.
tv.
tv.
iv.
iv.

tothrow,toshoot;topierce
tobathe

tobathe

tosee

toaccompany

toplaster(?)

tocollect(tobundleup)
tocreate

tohit,tobreak

tocarry

todiminish,todissipate
toreceive;tobind,towrap
toreceive;totake,tograsp
tobreak

towant

tosing

todeposit,tooffer

tovenerate

toeat,togrind,tohurt

todiminish,toexpire
tograb

tocover

tobetroth

toclean,tosweap

tobury

toreveal
tobecomeapool

toconquer

toputheadstogether

tojointogether

toenter

tofeed

JUL-,JUL-lu
i-chi-li
i-chi-ki
IL-,IL-la-,i-la-,yi-li-,yi-IL-
yi-ta-
ju-su-
ka-cha-
ko-bo-
ko-jo-
ku-chu-,ku-cha-
KA-
KAL-,KAL-la-,ka-KAL-,ka-la-
ka-ma-
ka-sa-
ka-ti
ka-ya-,ka-yo-
ku-ba-
KUH-le-
ku-xa-
la-ma-
ma-cha-
ma-ka-
ma-ka-
mi-si-
mu-ku-,mu-ka-
na-
NAB-ja
na-ka-
nu-chu
nu-pa-
OCH-,OCH-chi,o-chi-
OCH-,OCH-chi-ya
248

..pak-
..pakax-
..pak-
..pan-
..pas-
..pat-
..pay-
..petaj-
..pich-
..pitz-
..pok-
..puk-
..pul-
..pul-
..sat-
..siy-
..sus-
..tak-
..tal-
..tap-
..tek-
..tet-
..til-
..tim-
..tok-
..tut-
..tab-
..tzak-
..tzik-
..tzutz-
..tzak-

pv.
tv.
tv.
pv.
tv.
pv.
iv.
inch.
tv.
iv.
tv.
iv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
iv.
iv.
tv.
tv.
iv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.
tv.

toinvert,toturnover

toreturn,tofold,todouble-back
toplant,tohoist;toform
todig(?)

toopen
toshape,toform,tobuild
toguide

tobecomeround

toperforate

toplayball

towash

toscatter

toburn

tothrow

todestroy

tobeborn

topeel

toplaster

tocome,toarrive

toextinguish

toplace

tochoose

tostir(fire)

toappease

toburn

tocover,torenovate

toinaugurate

tograb,toconjure

tohonor,tosanctify

toend,toterminate

tocount,toaccumalate,
toputinorder

pa-ka-
pa-ka-xa,pa-ka-xi
pa-ka-
pa-na-
pa-sa
PAT-,PAT-ta-,pa-ta-
pa-ya
PET?-ja
pi-chi
pi-tzi-
po-ko-
PUK?,PUK?-ki
pu-lu-
pu-la-,pu-lu-
sa-ta-
SIY
su-sa-
ta-ka
ta-li-
ta-pa-
te-ka-
te-ta-
TIL-,ti-TIL-li,ti-li-
ti-mi,ti-ma-,TIM
to-ko
tu-ta-,2tu-
ta?-ba-
TZAK-,TZAK-ka-,tza-ku
tzi-ka-
TZUTZ-,TZUTZ-tza-,tzu-tza-,2tzu-,tzuTZAK-
249

..tzan-
tv.

todestroy

..tzap-
tv.

toplant,tohoist

..tzay-
tv.

tocomedown;towin(?)
..tzib-
iv.

towrite,topaint

..uk-
iv.

todrink

..ul-
iv.

toarrive

..ut-
iv.

tooccur,tohappen

..uxul-
tvd.
tocarve,tosculpt

..wa-
pv.
toplant,toplace

..way-(1)
iv.

tosleep
..way-(2)
iv.
totransform

..we-
tv.

toeat(bread-likefoods)

..wol-
tv.

tomakeround,towrapup
..witzaj-
inch.
tobecomeamountain

..yal-
tv.

tothrow

iv.
tofill(?)

..yip-
..yuk-
tv.

toshake

AppendixG:RecordedClassicMayaKinshipTerms

tza-nu
tza-pa-
tza-ya-
tzi-ba-
UK-
u-li-
u-ti,UH-ti,u-tu
u-xu?-lu-,yu-xu?-lu
wa-,WAL-la-,wa-WAL-la-
WAY-
WAY-
WE
wo-lo-
WITZ-ja
ya-la-,ya-AL-
yi-pi-
yu-ku-

Kinshipterms:
al

atan

chit

huntan

juntan

itzin

kit

childofwoman

see:huntan,juntan
wife,partner

chit(unknownmeaning)
childofwoman

see:al,juntan

childofwoman
see:al,huntan
youngerbrother
father,patron

YAL,ya-la

a-AT-na,ya-AT-na
CHIT?-ti,CHIT?-ta,chi-ti
HUN-TAN(-na)

1-TAN(-na)

i-tzi-ni,i-tzi,yi-tzi-na
ki-ti,ki-ta
250

mam

maternalgrandfather

mam

grandson

mijin

childoffather

mim

maternalgrandmother

nich

childofman

see:unen
sakun

olderbrother

see:suku(n)
suku(n)

olderbrother

see:sakun
unen

childofman

see:mijin,nich
yum

father

AppendixH:RecordedClassicMayaAnimalNames

MAM,ma-MAM-ma,ma-ma
MAM
MIJIN-na,mi-MIJIN,MIJIN
mi-mi
ni-chi
sa-ku,sa-ku-na
su-ku
u-2ne,u-ne
yu-mu,yu-ma

Mammals:
bah
balam
batz
batzul
chab
chakbalam
chih
chij
chik
chilkayul
chitam
chamak
choh
hix

gopher

jaguar

howlermonkey
howlermonkey
anteater

puma

deer

deer

coati

barracuda
jabal

fox

rat

jaguar

ba,BAH
BALAM,BALAM-ma,ba-la-ma
ba-tza
BATZUL?,ba-BATZUL?,ba-tzu
cha-bi
CHAK-BALAM-ma
chi-hi
CHIJ,chi-ji
CHIK
chi-li-ka-yu
CHITAM,CHITAM-ma
cha-ma-ka?,cha-CHAMAK
CHOH,cho
HIX,hi-HIX
251

hixbalam
ibach
kitam
kej
koj

kanmax
pay
max
may

ok
sipul
sutz
tilal
tul
tzul
tzi
tzutzih
uch

jaguar

armadillo

jabal

deer

puma

kinkajou

opossum

spidermonkey
deer

dog

deer

bat

tapir

rabbit

dog

dog

coati

opossum

hi[HIX]BALAM
i-ba-cha
KITAM,KITAM-ma
KEJ,ke-ji
KOJ-ji,KOJ,ko
KAN-ma-xi
pa-ya
MAX,ma-xi
ma-ya
OK-ki,OK
si-pu
SUTZ
ti-la-la,ti-la
TUL,tu-lu
tzu-lu
TZI,tzi-i
tzu-tzi-hi,tzu-tzi
u-chu

lizard
toad
turtle
turtle
toad
serpent
animal
iguana
iguana
serpent
serpent
turtle

AHIN,AHIN-na,a-hi
a-mu-chi
a-ka
AK,AK-la,a-ku-la,a-ku-lu
a-ma-la,a-ma
CHAN,cha-CHAN,CHAN-na
cha-nu-la
UH
HUJ,hu
ka-KAN,KAN-na,ka-na
ka-KAN-nu
ko-ko

Reptiles:
ahin
ajmuch
ak

akul
amal
chan
chanul
huh
huj
kan
kanul
kok

252

tel.huh

crestediguana

TELHUH,te-le-UH

turkeyhen
heron

boat-billedheron
heron

kindofowl
trogon

harpyeagle
kindofowl
turkey

kindofowl
vulture,zopilote
quetzal

duck

duck

macaw

kindofdove
kindofbird
sparrow-hawk
parrot

tucan

birdofprey
birdofprey
lark,sisonte
turkey

zopilote,vulture
zopilote,vulture
cotinga

hummingbird

a-ka-cha
BAK
BAK-mu-ti-la
i-chi-wa
i-ki-ku-yu
ko-ko
2ko-mu-tu
KUH,ku
ku-tzu
ku-yu
ku-chi
KUK,ku-ku
MAT,MAT-ta,mat-ta
ma-ta-wi
MO,MO-o,mo-o-o
mu-ku-yi
mu-ti
MUWAN-ni,mu-wa-ni
o?-po
pa-ma
pi-pi,2pi,pi
pi-pu
SAK-chi-ku
u-lu-mu
u-su
u-si-ji
YAXUN,ya-YAXUN,ya-xu?-ni,ya-xu?-nu,ya-xu?
tzu-2nu,tzu-nu

Birds:
akach
bak
bak.mutil
ichiw
iki(m).kuy
kok
kok.mut
kuh
kutz
kuy
kuch
kuk
mat
mataw
mo
mukuy
mut
muwan
op

pam
pip
pipul
sakchikul
ulum
us

usij
yaxun
tzunun

253

Insects:
chab

kab

kukul

sayul

xu

Invertebrates:
chapat

chiwoj

sinan
uch

wak

honeybee
honeybee
beetle

kindofant
leaf-cutterant

CHAB
KAB
ku-ku-la
sa-yu
xu?

centipede

tarantula

scorpion

headlouse
centipede(?)

CHAPAT,cha-pa-ta,CHAPAT-ti,cha?-pa-tu,CHAPAT-tu
chi-wo-jo,chi-wo
si-na-na
yu-cha
wa-ka

Fish:
chay

fish

cha-ya
kay

fish

KAY,ka-ya
2po-cha-ya,po-po-cha-ya
popolchay
mat-likefish

xok

shark

XOK,XOK-ki,xo-ki

Filehistory
OriginalFile

January2002
FirstRevisedversion
June20,2007
FurtherRevisions
June25,2007May22,2008,August1823,2008,&March18April22,2009
Thisversion

April22,2009

254