Synthesis and characterization of sodium carboxymethylcellulose Prepared By: Muhammad Farooq Matriculation # 764316

INTRODUCTION
Cellulose falls in the category of polysaccharides, which have a liner chain composed of DGlucose units. Cellulose is found in abundance in nature. It is renewable and biodegradable material with high molecular weight. Carbohydrates or polysaccharides are chemical compounds that consist of carbons, hydrogen and oxygen atoms And they are classified by the by the number of sugar units present in. This is The most abundant organic compounds on earth Plants synthesize carbohydrates through photosynthesis If we analyses the structure of cellulose it consist of Structure of D-glucose unite linked by -1, 4 glycoside bonds and in particular Cellulose is poly (1,4--D-glucopyranoside)

D-glucose

Cellulose

Cellulose composed of repeat units of glucose. The presence of enormous no of hydroxyl groups leads an important property of cellulose, since OH has the ability to hydrogen bond to a neighboring molecule that keeps the chains bounded tightly together. It becomes almost impossible for the water molecules to penetrate in, thus cellulose is water insoluble.

Cellusose chian in water As we can see in above picture these inter change links produce a rigid structure of layered sheets of cellulose. This bulky and inflexible structure not only imparts exceptional strength to cellulose, it also renders it insoluble in water.

Reaction mechanism
Reaction for producing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a two-step process. First step is called basification and the second one is called etherification. Cellulose is suspended in alkali to open up the chains, as the tightly held chain opens up it allows the water to go inside. As we succeed in this then cellulose is reacted with Sodium Monochloro Acetate (NaMCAc) which produces sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Basification

Scheme 1 . reaction between NaoH and Cellulose

NaOH attacks on the primary alcohol, which is the most reactive of all our hydroxyl groups, and water is released and alkoxide forms which act as a nucleophile. Etherification The alkoxide obtained in the previous reaction is further reacted with formed then react with Sodium Monochloro Acetate to get our desired product CMC that will be characterized using titration process by product of our process is NaCl.

Scheme 2. Reaction Between alkoxide Sodium Monochloro Acetate

EXPERIMENT Following values of monomer and initiator were used. Table 1 Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 Cellulose powder Sodium hydroxide solution (5 wt%) in H2O i-Propanol Sodium Monochloro acetate (NaMCAc) 1M HCl Regent & material Amount 5g 20 mL 100 mL 7g As required

PROCEDURE In a 250 mL flask loaded with a magnetic stirrer and as Described above in the table, amounts of cellulose powder, NaOH and i-propanol were added to flask. Alkalization of cellulose was carried out at ambient temperature for 1 hour and NaMCAc was added, the temperature was raised to 55 C and the reaction continued for 3 h. The slurry was acidified by adding acidified i-propanol. Excess acid was removed by washing with ethanol/water solution. Using pH paper it was made sure that our slurry is neutralized now and excess amount is washed away. Answer 1 Possible side Reactions: One of the most occurring side reaction is in between MCA with additional NaOH is given below for sodium glycolate

Scheme 3. Reaction between MCA with NaOH

There is also possibility of hydrolysis of cellulose into D-Glucose Another possibility of a side reaction is between NaMCAc with OH groups. Polymer degradation is also expected in case of side reaction for example hydrolysis of cellulose into D-Glucose. Answer 2 We were not able to perform titration in our experiment because of loss of sample. But I will define here the procedure and the formula or the calculation of the degree of substitution. Dried samples of cellulose are dissolved in distilled water, they contain excess amount of base which is titrated by adding HCl and phenolphalein is used a pH indicator. The degree of substitution (DS) of a polymer is the (average) number of substituent groups attached per base unit.

Answer 3 Use of free acid can hydrolysis of cellulose, therefore, we used the sodium salt of monochloroacetate.

Answer 4
Phenolphthalein becomes pink in basic pH near 12. Therefore, we need such an pH indicator which can change color to high basic ph. It is colorless in a pH range of 0-8.3 There are variety of pH indicator available depending upon thon pH range and color variation we use different pH indicator. Table 2 Indicator Thymol Blue Pentamethoxy red Tropeolin OO 2,4-Dinitrophenol Methyl yellow pH Range 1.2-2.8 1.2-2.3 1.3-3.2 2.4-4.0 2.9-4.0 Quantity per 10 ml 1-2 drops 0.1% soln. in aq. 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 70% alc. 1 drop 1% aq. soln. 1-2 drops 0.1% soln. in 50% alc. 1 drop 0.1% soln. in 90% alc. Acid red red-violet red colorless red Base yellow colorless yellow yellow yellow

REFERENCES

M.P. Adinugraha, D.W. Marseno, Carbohydrate Polymers 2005, 62, 164-169 R.W. Eyler, E. D. Klug, F. Diephuis, Anal. Chem. 1947, 19, 24-27