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Solar PV power generation, applications and use

@@@ Khondoker Mamunur Rahman@@@ Member, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) U.S.A Member, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Austria Member, (Researcher), Global Development Network

Every day we use renewable energy and talking about panel, inverter, batteries, solar pump etc. Let go inside and have a details idea. For solar pv power generation, first we need solar pv panel. What is panel and types? Currently there are four main types of solar panels that you can easily purchase and install on your home to generate electricity or heat your home. They are Monocrystalline Silicon Panels, Polycrystalline Silicon Panels, String Ribbon Silicon Panels, and Amorphous Silicon Panels. Monocrystalline Silicon Panels - Monocrystalline (or single-crystal) silicon solar panels have a return electricity rate of anywhere from 14% to 18%. These panels are made from one continuous sheet of silicon that has pieces of metal nailed to the edges to increase the conductivity and to excite the electrons.

Polycrystalline Silicon Panels - Polycrystalline (or multi-crystal) silicon panes have an electricity return rate of about 12%-14% so they are less efficient than monocrystalline silicon solar panels. These panels are made up of lots of individual PV cells that have metal conducting materials nailed to the sides that will help excite the electrons and also connect the cells together.

String Ribbon Silicon Panels String ribbon silicon panels are made in a similar way to the polycrystalline silicon panels and have about the same electricity return rate. The difference between string ribbon silicon panels and polycrystalline silicon panels is that the PV cells in a string ribbon panel are made of strips of silicon attached to metal bars that connect the strips to form a cell. Using strips of silicon to form the cell instead of using one solid square of silicon make the production cost of string ribbon silicon panels a bit lower than the production cost of polycrystalline silicon panels.

Amorphous Silicon Panels Amorphous silicon panels have the lowest electricity return rate of any type of solar panels. Traditionally amorphous silicon solar panels have an electricity return rate of between 5%-6%. Thats because these panels arent made with crystalline silicon. They are composed of a piece of semi conductive metal, like copper, with a thin silicon film over the top that is attached to some metal pieces.

Now, how those panel produce power? Solar panel produce DC voltage power . As a simple word, solar electricity systems capture the sun's energy using photovoltaic (PV) cells. The cells convert the sunlight (photon) into electricity, which can be used to run household appliances and lighting. PV cells need direct sunlight to work but you can still generate some electricity on a cloudy day. Coming to efficiency word. We always heard this things but most of the people do not know what is efficiency. The efficiency of a solar cell may be broken down into reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency and conductive efficiency. The overall efficiency is the product of each of these individual efficiencies. In generally, panel written STC (Standard testing condition) watt and efficiency. STC is 25 degree cel, 1000 watt in square meter, air mass 1.5 spectrum, sun facing 37 degree tilt surface with the sun at angle 41.81 degree above the horizon condition. As we get the definition now calculation are watt divided size of cell/ module= total PSM divided 1000 watt = panel efficiency.

Being located near the Equator, Bangladesh is recipient of sufficient sunshine round the year with daily average solar radiation ranging between 4~6.5 kWh / m2 As in most cases, we are installing the solar panel in fixed frame, our best tilt angle is 23 degree and south facing. You can get a idea from NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy table.

It is better to use tracking frame because we can get 30 to 40 % higher power from traditional fixed tilt frame. All solar systems need a suitable solar controller--In a perfect world it would seem straightforward that we would take the wires from our solar panels, hook them up to our batteries and be done with it. Unfortunately its not that simple. Both the panels and the batteries are dumb and so the charge controller needs to act as a brain to keep the charging process running smoothly and efficiently. How smart the controller is depends on the technology and manufacturer, but the best models will sense incoming power from the panels, the charge level and temperature of the batteries and adjust the controllers output accordingly. The two main issues it is compensating for are varying input power from the panels and varying charge levels of the battery as explained in the following two paragraphs. The voltage output of a solar panel is affected by how much sunlight is striking it and at what intensity. In the simplest case of a 12 volt nominal panel this can vary from slightly below 12 V at the crack of dawn to above 17 V in broad daylight, especially if its cold outside. If your battery is moderately charged hovering around 12.5 V, its going to not get charged at all in the morning, then by midday it will be boiling and destroy itself. The primary function of even the simplest charge controller is to prevent this from happening.

The second concern is the charging profile of a battery. If its at 12.5 V, depending on the battery it is perhaps most happy being charged at a constant voltage of 13.8. All the current will flow into the electrolyte ion chemical reactions to store more power. However, eventually the battery will be full and instead of storing more charge it will get hot, start to boil and after an extended period permanently damage itself. Any decent modern charge controller will sense the battery voltage and realize once its held it at 13.8 for awhile and the battery is full, it should perhaps back it down to something like 13 V to go easy on the little guy as he cant store any more charge. A third bonus a good charge controller can take care of here is temperature compensation, that 13.8 V might be perfect if its 25 OC, but if its -25 OC maybe it should be backed off to 13.2 V to reduce stress. Voltage difference--The basic method used in any charge controller is something called pulse width modulation (PWM). It might sound like a scary engineering term, but its a simple concept. If the panels are outputting at 17 V and I only want to charge the battery at 13.6 V, a simple solution is to have the charge controller only on 80% of the time (17*0.8=13.6). While this is achieved with transistors that turn on and off thousands of times per second, its easy to visualize looking at the graph and thinking of it at a high level. However, pulse width modulation alone has one massive drawback here, you arent harvesting energy 20% of the time because the circuit is open. Sure, its better than frying your battery, but its incredibly wasteful and inefficient. For this reason PWM controller should only be considered in smaller solar installations where the cost of better technology wont be recouped over time, although many good pwm controller exist. But we have better technology. It is something called maximum power point tracking (the abbreviation at the front of mppt controller, and is vastly superior to PWM alone. The basic idea is through more complex and expensive power electronics in the solar charge controller it is able to act as a variable DC power supply. So if you have 17 Volts input from the panel at a current of 10 amps (170 Watts) and still want to output that at 13.6 V, youll wind up with just a tad under 12.5 amps from the MPPT controller. The other major benefit of an MPPT charge controller is allowing the use of higher nominal voltage solar panels. For example, Using 36 volt panels charging 12 volt batteries would not be possible with PWM (unless you wanted 30% efficiency), but with the variable DC power supply of MPPT Im able to do it easily with an efficiency around

96%. The greater this step down in voltage, the less efficient the charge controller will be and the hotter it will get, but for the versatility afforded in choosing panels, improved energy recovery in low light and less ohmic loss over a 36 volt wire run, its more than worth it. Thus, a good MPPT charge controller doesnt just increase efficiency on the output side by monitoring the battery charge state (PWM controllers can do this too), it can also control the input power by modifying the solar array voltage. If you have a 36 Volt nominal array, an MPPT solar charge controller will perform a voltage sweep and see exactly what point produces optimal power. Left to their own devices, the panels might stabilize at 42 Volts, but the MPPT charge controller could find during its voltage sweep that harvested power is highest if the panels are held at 40.5 Volts, so it will force them to stay there. Choosing an MPPT Charge Controller--The main factors of considering to select a charge controller are whether your solar power system is large enough to warrant the cost of MPPT, choosing an appropriate amp rating based on system size, and what additional charge controller features you need/want. The most logical way to decide on getting an MPPT charge controller vs a PWM charge controller is payout, i.e. will the increased efficiency pay for the increased cost. Because almost all major solar panel manufacturers guarantee panel output for 25 years, thats plenty of time to get your money back.

Next items are battery: Why battery? Yes, if you use grid tie system (From panel power produce it will convert DC power to A/C power and supply to grid line), you do not need battery (optional). But as off grid (not to feed grid line), you need battery for storage the power and stable the inverter. Battery got many types like tubular, gel, nimh etc. In solar, most popular is tubular plate, nimh, gel or deep discharge. Most of the people asking warranty and life of battery. In generally, battery got charge and discharge cycle. Like

Cycle Life The cycle life is the number of charge, discharge, or rest cycles a cell or battery can provide. Cycle life is usually expressed by the number of cycles available before duration of discharge decreases to a half of the initial value. Cycle life of the battery is dependent on the depth of discharge in each cycle. The deeper the discharge is, the shorter the cycle life (smaller number of cycles), providing the same discharge current. The cycle life (number of cycles) of the battery is also related to such factors as the type of the battery, charge method, ambient temperature, and rest period between charge and discharge. Typical cycle-life characteristics of the battery by different charge/discharge conditions are shown by the Figures. This data is typical and tested at a well-equipped laboratory. Cycle times are different for each battery model. Cycle times are also different from this data when using batteries under real conditions.

Inverter: Another essential parts of solar pv power generation system. It convert DC power to a/c power. If we want to use dc power, we need to use dc application like dc pump, dc light, dc fan and main problem is dc is weak in long transmission. Therefore for big system like 1 kilo to higher, we must use inverter. Now we have mini grid like 5 kilo and 10 kilo generating system where power producing and inverter convert to a/c power and transmit to distance. It will be popular shortly because putting small solar home system individually is highly cost involving subject and only lighting or television they are using but in mini grid you can light up street light, shops, run irrigation pump etc. As we discuss already that grid tie inverter and offgrid inverter. In any inverter, sine wave output is very much essential for application and for system. In offgrid, there are hybrid/ by directional inverter also available in market. It takes power from different sources like panel, grid, generator (only one source of power at a time) and give output. It sense like line one (pv), line two(grid), line three (generator) and give gate only single one. If it sense line one is off, it goes to line two, if two line is off, it goes to line three or even it can be customized by controlling the parameter.

@@@ Khondoker Mamunur Rahman@@@ Member, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) U.S.A Member, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Austria

Member, (Researcher), Global Development Network

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