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Exam Questions
1.
In an experiment designed to find the mechanism of the reaction between a halogenoalkane, RX,
and hydroxide ions, the following data were obtained at constant temperature.
I n i t i a l c o n c e I nn ti rt ai a t il o c n o no cf e n
R X
/ m 3 o l d m O H
/ m 3 o l d m
t I r n a i t t i i o a n l ro a f t e
/ m
o l 3 d1 m
s
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
(i)
Deduce the order with respect to RX and OH and hence write the rate equation for the
reaction.
(ii)
(4)
2.
This question is about the reaction between bromomethane and aqueous hydroxide ions
CH3Br + OH CH3OH + Br .
(a)
NT Exampro
(b)
By sketching the energy distribution of the molecules at a given temperature, T, show how
the presence of a catalyst will increase the rate of the reaction.
(3)
(c)
(ii)
Rate constant
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
NT Exampro
(d)
(i)
e / m
3
i n0
r 3 ] 0 / .m 1
0o0 0l . 0 d 70 m 4. 0
50 7. 0
40 3. 0
3 0 3. 0
20 5. 0
10 9 . 0
Plot a graph to show that the reaction is first order with respect to bromomethane.
(4)
(ii)
If the concentration of the hydroxide ion doubles, all other factors remaining
constant, the rate of the reaction doubles. What is the order of reaction with respect
to the hydroxide ion?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Based on the kinetic information obtained above write the mechanism for the
reaction between CH3Br and aqueous OH- ions.
(3)
(Total 17 marks)
NT Exampro
3.
(ii)
(iii)
Given that the reaction occurs in two stages and the rate determining step is:
CH3CSNH2 + OH CH3CONH2 + HS
Write an equation for the second step in the reaction.
.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
NT Exampro
CH
4.
CH
C
CH
(b)
If the conditions are altered potassium hydroxide will react to give an elimination reaction
with the same halogenoalkane.
Draw the structural formula and give the name of an organic product of this elimination reaction,
showing all the covalent bonds.
(2)
(c)
Write the formula for this polymer showing the structure of the repeating unit.
(2)
(ii)
Suggest why, in terms of the nature of the bonds in such polymers, they are
persistent in the environment but are not particularly hazardous.
(2)
(d)
(1)
(ii)
If the same halogenoalkane is reacted with cyanide ions instead of hydroxide ions,
and all other conditions remain the same, state with reasons whether the rate of the
reaction would alter.
(3)
(e)
Reaction rates generally increase with an increase in temperature for two reasons.
(i)
(2)
NT Exampro
(ii)
N um ber of
m o le c u le s
w ith a
g iv e n
e n e rg y
E n e rg y
(4)
(iii)
By using the graph, or otherwise, explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of
a reaction.
(2)
(Total 22 marks)
NT Exampro
5.
Iodine reacts with propanone in the presence of an acid catalyst according to the equation:
C H 3C O C H
H +
+ I2
C H 3C O C H 2I + H I
Data concerning an experiment to determine the rate equation for this reaction are given in the
following table:
R e la t iv e
r a te
R e la tiv e c o n c e n tr a tio n s
(a)
(i)
[C H 3 C O C H 3]
[I 2 ]
[H +]
State why a rate equation cannot be written from a knowledge only of the chemical
equation representing the reaction.
...........................................................
...........................................................
(2)
(ii)
Iodine ..
hydrogen ions .
(3)
(iii)
What does the value for iodine tell you about the part that iodine plays in the rate
determining step of the reaction?
...........................................................
(1)
(iv)
(b)
(i)
Use the bond enthalpies given, in kJ mol1, to calculate the enthalpy change for the
iodination of propanone:
CH
11
C1
H1
+413
+151
+228
+298
(2)
NT Exampro
(ii)
Draw an enthalpy level diagram for the reaction, showing on it both catalysed and
uncatalysed pathways.
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
6.
(a)
The kinetics of the hydrolysis of the halogenoalkane RCH2Cl with aqueous sodium
hydroxide (where R is an alkyl group) was studied at 50 C. The following results were
obtained:
Experiment
[RCH2Cl]
[OH]
0.050
0.10
4.0 104
0.15
0.10
1.2 103
0.10
0.20
1.6 103
(i)
Deduce the order of reaction with respect to the halogenoalkane, RCH2Cl, and with
respect to the hydroxide ion, OH, giving reasons for your answers.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(ii)
(iii)
Calculate the value of the rate constant with its units for this reaction at 50 C.
(2)
NT Exampro
(iv)
Using your answer to part (ii), write the mechanism for this reaction.
(3)
(b)
(i)
Write the equation for the reaction of concentrated sulphuric acid with solid sodium
chloride.
......................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to solid sodium bromide a different type
of reaction occurs. Explain why the reactions are different. Identify the gases
produced with sodium bromide and write an equation to show the formation of
these gases.
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
NT Exampro
7.
In an experiment to determine the rate of the reaction between persulphate ions and iodide ions
in aqueous solution
S2O 82 + 2I 2SO 24 + I2
the following data were obtained:
C o n c e n tra tio n /m o l d m
In itia l ra te
/m o l d m 3 s 1
0 .1 0 0
0 .1 0 0
0 .3 6
0 .2 0 0
0 .1 0 0
0 .7 2
0 .2 0 0
0 .2 0 0
1 .4 4
S2O
(a)
(i)
2
8
Deduce the order of reaction with respect to each of the reagents and hence write
the rate equation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
With reference to this reaction state what is meant by the overall order of a
reaction.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(2)
(iv)
Explain why the rate equation cannot be written directly from the stoichiometric
equation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Suggest a suitable experimental technique that would enable you to determine the
rate of the reaction given opposite.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(1)
NT Exampro
10
(ii)
(iii)
8.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
Explain why the order of reaction cannot be deduced from the stoichiometric
equation for a reaction.
.......
.......
.......
(1)
(b)
Give the mechanism for the SN1 reaction between 2-bromobutane and
hydroxide ions.
(3)
NT Exampro
11
(ii)
(iii)
In an experiment designed to find the mechanism of the reaction between 2-bromo2-methylpropane and hydroxide ions the following data were obtained at constant
temperature.
Initial concentration of
2-bromo-2-methylpropane
/mol dm3
Initial concentration of
OH / mol dm3
0.10
0.10
1.2 102
0.20
0.10
2.4 102
0.30
0.20
3.6 102
Use the data to deduce the rate equation for the reaction of 2-bromo-2methylpropane with sodium hydroxide solution.
.......
.......
.......
(3)
(c)
Suggest, in outline, a method you could use to follow the progress of the reaction between
a bromoalkane and aqueous sodium hydroxide.
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
9.
(a)
In a rate of reaction experiment between two substances, A and B, the overall order of the
reaction was found to be 2. Write three possible rate equations for such a second order
reaction between A and B.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
NT Exampro
12
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
NT Exampro
13
(b)
At a certain temperature the rate of reaction between nitrogen monoxide, NO, and
hydrogen, H2, was investigated. The following data were obtained.
(i)
[NO]/mol dm3
[H2]/mol dm3
Rate/mol dm3 s1
1.0
1.0
0.02
1.0
3.0
0.06
3.0
1.0
0.18
Use the data above to deduce the rate equation for this reaction.
(3)
(ii)
Use your answer to (b)(i) above to calculate the value of the rate constant, with
units.
(2)
(c)
The investigation described in part (b), above, was repeated, but at a higher temperature,
and the rate of the reactions increased. Explain, in terms of particles, why an increase in
temperature increases the rate of a reaction.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(3)
NT Exampro
14
(d)
State the effect of an increase in temperature on the value of the rate constant, k.
...............................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
NT Exampro
15
ANSWERS
1.
In an experiment designed to find the mechanism of the reaction between a halogenoalkane, RX,
and hydroxide ions, the following data were obtained at constant temperature.
I n i t i a l c o n c e I nn ti rt ai a t il o c n o no cf e n
R X
/ m 3 o l d m O H
/ m 3 o l d m
(i)
t I r n a i t t i i o a n l ro a f t e
/ m
o l 3 d1 m
s
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
Deduce the order with respect to RX and OH and hence write the rate equation for the
reaction.
(halving [RX] halves rate ) 1st order wrt RX (1)
(halving [OH-] halves rate ) 1st order wrt OH (1)
explanation of either of statements in brackets (1)
rate = k[RX][OH-] (1)
(ii)
rate
8 10 6
OR 0.02 (1)
k=
=
[RX][0H - ] 0.01 0.04
mol-4 dm3 s-1 (1)
(4)
NT Exampro
16
2.
This question is about the reaction between bromomethane and aqueous hydroxide ions
CH3Br + OH
(a)
(b)
By sketching the energy distribution of the molecules at a given temperature, T show how
the presence of a catalyst will increase the rate of the reaction.
i f t w
d r a w
l s .
e n
e r g
yE
g
nm
( c a t )
r a p h s
ta h x e n1
(
a r e
)
general form of graph (1) must be skewed to the left (no bell shapes)
Ea shown (1)
Ea cat (1) (this mark can still be awarded if speed on x-axis)
Eacat mark can not be awarded if it is to the LHS of the hump
(3)
(c)
(ii)
Rate constant
(proportionality) constant in rate equation (1)
or defined K = Ae E/RT
(1)
(d)
NT Exampro
e / m
3
i n0
r 3 ] 0 / .m 1
0o0 0l . 0 d 70 m 4. 0
50 7. 0
40 3. 0
3 0 3. 0
20 5. 0
10 9 . 0
17
graph of [CH3Br] vs t (2) ie correct points (1) correct line smooth curve (1)
if a plot of [CH3Br] vs 1/t (0)
or in [CH3Br] vs t (2)
penalise () if one or both of the axes are less than half the size of the grid
given show constant half-life using 2 values (2)
if one value of half-life is given and say it is 1st order (1) only
if just state constant half-life with no value used or state . 1st order (0)
(or constant t from constant slope / straight line = 1st order if log plot used
(2))
(ii)
Plot a graph to show that the reaction is first order with respect to bromomethane.
one (1)
(4)
(iii)
If the concentration of the hydroxide ion doubles, all other factors remaining
constant, the rate of the reaction doubles. What is the order of reaction with respect
of the hydroxide ion?
rate = k [CH3Br] [OH-] (1) consequential on answer to (d)(ii)
(1)
(iv)
H
O
H
C
BH r O
C
H
mr
a y
CB
rH
+
s C h Bo
wr
a s
(v)
Based on the kinetic information obtained above write the mechanism for the
reaction between CH3Br and aqueous OH ions.
(3)
(Total 17 marks)
NT Exampro
18
3.
NT Exampro
19
(ii)
(iii)
Given that the reaction occurs in two stages and the rate determining step is:
CH3CSNH2 + OH CH3CONH2 + HS
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
4.
(a)
(1 )
C H
C 2H
B r
C H
1st arrow
(1 )
r.d .s .
(1 ) C H
(1 )
C 2H
CH
O H
Br
intermediate :
do not allow [ ]+
2nd arrow
it need not come from lone pair but it must not come from the
negative charge
C H
do not penalise if mechanism all correct but C H
C
C H
sticks or R
lone pair not required on the OH but if no negative charge penalise (1) if fully correct
SN2 mechanism given then (max 2)
4
(b)
C 2H
C
CH
CH
H
(1)
CH
C H
C H
2methylbut1ene (1)
C
(1)
(2) methylbut2ene
must show hydrogens in the structure and skeletal formulae not acceptable
NT Exampro
20
(c)
(i)
C 2H
C
C H
C H
or
C
3
C H
C H
s tru c tu re o f o n e re p e a t u n it (1 )
f o r lin e s e ith e r s id e ( )
n fo r n o u ts id e b ra c k e ts ( )
If more than one correct repeat unit is given then (max 1) ie () for lines () for n
outside brackets
mark consequentially on the answer to (b) as long as
it is a 5 carbon alkene
(d)
(e)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(i) & (ii) mark parts (i) and (ii) together and the marks are for :
increase (kinetic) energy (1)
collision frequency increases / more collisions (1)
not faster collisions not more effective collisions
more molecules have enough energy to react / more molecules have
energy greater than activation energy (1)
E
A cat
no of
m o ls
e n e rg y
T2: lower peak (1)
shifted to right (1)
EA shown to right of both humps or stated (1)
(e)(i) & (ii) (6)
(iii)
EA catalysed < EAuncatalysed (1) (can be shown on graph in (ii) but neither line
should be left of peaks)
comment about number of molecules which then have enough
energy to react or catalyst provides an alternative route (1)
2
[22]
NT Exampro
21
5.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
1, 0, 1
(iii)
(iv)
rate = k [CH3COCH3] [ H+] (1) could show [I2]0 but this is not required
Answers to (iii) and (iv) consequential on answer to (ii), and must be
consistent throughout
(i)
(1 )
(1 )
io d o p ro p a n o n e + H I
e n th a lp y
p ro p an o n e
+
io d in e
(1 ) S e e n o te s b e lo w
re a c tio n c o o rd in a te
(ii)
Consequential on b(i) for full marks but if b(i) is correct but diagram is shown as
EXOTHERMIC, maximum 2 marks for profiles.
[12]
6.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
NT Exampro
22
rate
4.0 10 4 mol dm 3s 1
=
= 0.080 (1) mol1 dm3 s1 (1)
[RCH 2 Cl][OH ] 0.050 0.10 mol 2 dm 6
2
(iii)
k=
(iv)
(SN2)
R
H O
C
H
(1 )
R
C l
H
H O
C
H
(1 )
Cl
R
H O
H
(1 )
C
H
+ C l
H
3
Note SN1: allow if first order deduced from parts (1) and (ii) for full marks.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
4
[15]
7.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(b)
NT Exampro
(i)
1
(ii)
(iii)
8.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
H
C 2H
C
B r
(b)
(i)
2
1
H
C H
C 2H
(1 )
:O H
C H
B r
(1 )
In te rm e d ia te (1 )
H
C 2H
CH
O H
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
3
3
[14]
NT Exampro
24
9.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(d)
(e)
k increases
1
NT Exampro
25