Statistics

Objectives
learn about the nature and purpose of statistics construct frequency tables display data using bar charts, pictographs, pie charts, histograms and frequency polygons find the mean, median and mode for a set of data and know when to use them

11

construct a cumulative frequency table and corresponding cumulative frequency curve find the mean and median from a set of grouped data determine and use measures of spread

Whats the point?

What is an average? How can you tell? Statistics help you to interpret data and, for example, help a company to determine what quantities of a product they should stock.

Before you start You should know ...

1 How to read information from a graph. For example: Here is a graph showing the height of water in a stream at certain times.
Height of water (cm) 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Check in
1 Use the graph in the example to find: (a) the height of the water after 5 hours (b) the height of the water after 1.5 hours (c) the time when the water was at a height of 165 cm.

Go up to the line then across

Time (h)

After 3 hours the height of water was 140 cm.

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11.1

Collecting data
2

In the modern world huge amounts of data are collected every week by many different people: Person needing data Store manager Pollster Teacher Purpose Stock control Find public opinion of an issue Determine student progress 3

(c) School principals (d) Hospital administrators (e) Politicians The students in my class watch less than 2 hours television at night. (a) Decide what data to collect to test this statement. (b) Design a suitable data collection instrument. (c) Use your instrument to collect the data. (d) Look at your data and decide whether the statement is true. Do boys perform better in maths than girls? (a) Decide what data to collect to test this question. (b) Design a suitable data collection instrument. (c) Use your instrument to collect the data. (d) Study your data to decide the answer to the question.

To collect data you need a suitable data collection instrument. Simple instruments are:

questionnaires tests checklists or tally sheets.

To find answers to many everyday questions a survey is often used. For example, you may wish to find out about television viewing in your school. A survey question might be:

11.2

Organising data

For how long do you watch television at night?

1. Ask a question 4. Use results to answer question 3. Analyse data 2. Collect data

Data types There are two basic types of data:

There are four steps in carrying out a survey:

discrete and continuous.

Discrete data can only take definite values. For example: shoe sizes size 1, size 2, etc. gender male, female colour red, green, blue, etc. Continuous data can take any value. For example: height, weight, time. Frequency tables When you have collected your data, you need to organise it. A good way to organise discrete data is in a frequency table using a tally.

Often your results will prompt you to make a followup survey. In the case of television viewing a followup question might be:

Do you watch less television on a school night or a weekend night?

The mathematical topic that involves the collection, display and analysis of information is called statistics.

Exercise 11A
1 For what purpose do you think the following people would need to collect data? (a) Hotel managers (b) Tourist promotion officials

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Example 1
Make a frequency table for the scores for a class of students in a test. 3, 7, 6, 4, 2, 8, 8, 1, 10, 9 2, 5, 5, 6, 4, 7, 8, 6, 5, 8 Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tally Frequency 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 4 1 1

Example 2
The heights of 25 boys, in centimetres, are: 103, 145, 138, 162, 149, 150, 175, 168, 138, 142, 161, 136, 125, 111, 143, 147, 159, 172, 165, 166, 133, 147, 152, 168, 171 Construct a grouped frequency table to show the data. Use groups of 100109, 110119, p 170179. Group 100109 110119 120129 130139 140149 150159 160169 170179 Tally Frequency 1 1 1 4 6 3 6 3

The table shows that only four students scored less than 4 marks and six scored 8 or more.

Exercise 11C
1 The heights of 25 girls, in centimetres, are: 101, 111, 159, 172, 132, 125, 113, 126, 138, 142, 158, 107, 109, 117, 125, 104, 129, 121, 143, 133, 168, 141, 121, 118, 141 Display the data in a grouped frequency table, using the same groups as Example 2. 2 Rainfall (mm) in London, England is shown for the 30 days in November. 21, 20, 0, 12, 1, 11, 0, 3, 1, 4, 9, 1, 9, 0, 13, 3, 7, 18, 8, 4, 7, 18, 0, 4, 1, 2, 0, 12, 2, 16 Construct a grouped frequency table to show the data. Use groups of 04, 59, 1014, 1519 and 2024. 3 The times taken by 24 students to complete a mathematical puzzle are shown in minutes. 5, 22, 8, 13, 7, 9, 6, 8, 12, 10, 4, 9, 3, 19, 18, 9, 14, 2, 5, 15, 21, 11, 5, 17 Make a grouped frequency table for the data using groups of 04, 59, 1014, 1519 and 2024.

Exercise 11B
1 Here are the shoe sizes of 20 adults: 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7, 10, 6, 5, 8, 9, 10, 7, 6, 5, 9, 8, 7 Show the data in a frequency table. 2 The favourite colours of 16 pupils were noted during a survey: red, blue, green, red, yellow, red, green, blue, blue, red, yellow, red, blue, blue, red, green Make a frequency table to display the data. 3 A 6-sided dice was rolled 30 times. Here are the scores: 1, 3, 2, 6, 5, 4, 5, 2, 5, 3, 6, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 1, 3 Display the scores in a frequency table. A grouped frequency table is often used for both continuous and discrete data.

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11.3

Displaying data

10 9 8 Frequency 7 6 5 4 3 2

Barcharts and pictograms One of the simplest ways of displaying discrete data is to use a bar chart.

Example 3
The favourite singers of a class are: Beenie Man 5 Shaggie 9 Vybz Kartel 7 Lady Saw 3

1 Blue Red Green Yellow Orange

Display this on a bar chart.

10 Frequency 8 6 4 2 Beenie Shaggie Vybz Man Kartel Lady Saw

(a) Which colour is the most popular? (b) Which colour is the least popular? (c) How many students does the bar chart represent? (d) Copy and complete this table using the information from the bar chart.
Favourite colour Number of students Blue Red Green Yellow Orange

The pictograph shows the number of soft drinks sold by a cafe last week.
Soft drinks sold last week

You can also use a pictograph to display the information in Example 3. In a pictograph a picture is used to represent the data.
Beenie Man Shaggie Vybz Kartel Lady Saw Scale: represents one student

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday = 2 soft drinks

Exercise 11D
1 This bar chart shows the favourite colours of a group of students.

(a) What does each represent? (b) How many soft drinks did the cafe sell on Tuesday? (c) How many were sold on Friday? (d) On which day did the cafe sell most soft drinks? (e) How many soft drinks were sold in total during the week?

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(f) Copy and complete the table using information from the pictograph.
Day Number of soft drinks sold Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat

Technology

Project 1 (a) Choose a paragraph in a book. Count the number of times each of the vowels a, e, i, o, u occurs. (b) Put your results in a table. Vowel Frequency (c) Repeat for two more paragraphs. (d) Enter your tables into a spreadsheet and use it to display a bar graph for the number of vowels in each paragraph. (e) Write up your results using a word processing program. Be sure to answer questions such as

The table shows the favourite sports of some students at Portsmouth Secondary School.
Volleyball 4 Football 7 Cricket 11 Netball 6

(a) Show the information on a bar chart. (b) Show the information on a pictograph. 4 The block graph shows the number of children per family, for the families in Donovan.
Family size 12 Number of families 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Which is the most common vowel? Which is the least common vowel? Why do you think this may be the case?

Copy and paste your graphs into your report. Project 2 (a) Carry out a survey in your class to find out the number of brothers and sisters each student has. (b) Copy and complete the table. Number of brothers and sisters Frequency T 0 1 2 3 4

Number of childern in the family

(a) How many families are there in Donovan? (b) How many children are there in Donovan? (c) Draw a pictograph for the information.

Technology

You can use a spreadsheet to show a bar graph. For example, type the table from Question 3 of Exercise 11D into a spreadsheet.

Highlight the table and select the Chart option from the Insert menu. Choose the column bar chart from the pop-up window. Follow the instructions to give your bar chart a title and labelled axes.

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(c) Make a separate table for the number of brothers and another one for the number of sisters. (d) Display charts of your results in a spreadsheet program. (e) Using a word processing program, write a report of your findings and illustrate it with your graphs.

The 300 students at Marigot High School travel to school as follows: 110 bus 20 car 160 walk 10 cycle

Draw a pie chart to show this information. 3 The 32 students of class 1B voted for their favourite subjects. The results were as follows: English 4 Maths 12 Science 8 French 2 Social Studies 6

Pie charts A pie chart is another way to display your data. It is useful when you want to show the relative parts of a total.

(a) Display this data on a pie chart. (b) What percentage chose English as their favourite subject? 4 The council in the town of St. Peters spent money from rates as follows: 45% on public services 25% on road maintenance 10% on transportation 10% on sewage improvements 5% on landscaping 5% on investments (a) Display the data on a pie chart. (b) If $3000 was spent on landscaping, what was the total budget? 5 The pie chart shows the Cricket results of a survey of 124 favourite sports among Netball 1000 people. 81 (a) What fraction of 75 Basket Football the people surveyed ball chose basketball as 60 20 their favourite sport? (b) How many people indicated cricket was their favourite sport? The pie chart shows the budget of a certain island.
Other

Example 4
David won $100 in a lottery. He spent it as follows. Shirt Cap Cinema $30 $10 $10 Record Savings $20 $30

Show this information with a pie chart. The whole circle, 360, represents $100 won.
30 Fraction spent on shirt = 100.

So, the angle representing money spent on a shirt

30 = 100 360

= 108 The pie chart shows Davids expenditure.

Cap 36 36 Cinema 72 Record

Shirt 108

108 Savings

Exercise 11E
1 In the village of Newbury there are 240 people on the voting list. At one election they voted as follows: 150 Labour 60 Independent 10 Radical 20 Did not vote

Services Education 22% 24% Other 9% Health 15% Public works 30%

Draw a pie chart to show this.

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(a) Draw the pie chart again indicating clearly the angle in each sector. (b) If $5 million is spent on health, what is the total budget? (c) Work out how much is spent on each area and draw a bar chart to illustrate the data. 7 The pie chart illustrates the sales of different makes of motor oil.
Shell 120 55 x Texaco West Indies Oil

Technology

Exxon y

Project 3 (a) Make a survey in your class to find out which subject is most popular. (b) Using a spreadsheet, show your results in a pie chart. (c) Make separate pie charts for favourite subjects of girls and favourite subjects of boys. (d) Write up your results using a word processing program and illustrate your report with your pie charts. Histograms Grouped continuous data The heights of 30 plants are shown in the table: Height (cm)
1517 1820 2123 2426 2729

(a) What percentage of the sales does Texaco have? (b) If West Indies Oil accounts for 15% of the total oil sales, calculate the angles x and y. 8 A fruit importer checks the number of bad oranges in 100 boxes. This is what he found.
0 55 1 32 2 10 3 3 4 or more 0

Frequency
2 6 12 7 3

Number of bad oranges Number of boxes

(a) Draw a pie chart to show the data. (b) How many bad oranges were there altogether?

Each group of data is a class or interval.

Technology

You can use a spreadsheet to show a pie chart. For example, type the data from Question 3 of Exercise 11E into a spreadsheet.

When a height is given as 21 cm (to the nearest cm) its true value lies between 20.5 cm and 21.5 cm. Therefore, each height in the class 2123 has a true value between 20.5 and 23.5. These are the class boundaries of the 2123 class. The class width = 23.5 cm 20.5 cm = 3 cm. The class limits are 21 cm and 23 cm. Knowing the class boundaries you can draw a bar chart to show this continuous data.
Bar chart showing the heights of plants

Highlight the table and select the Chart option from the Insert menu. Select the pie chart from the pop-up window. Follow the instructions to give your chart a title.

Notice the bars are drawn on the class boundaries.

12 10 Frequency 8 6 4 2 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 (cm) Height

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This type of bar chart is also called a histogram.

In a histogram: there are no spaces between the bars the area of each bar represents the frequency.

A histogram with equal-width bars is a bar chart.

Example 5
The times taken by a group of children travelling to school are given in the table. Time (minutes) 59 1014 1519 2024 2529 Frequency 2 8 10 6 4

(a) Suppose the heights are rounded off to the nearest centimetre. In which class would you put a tick for a child whose height is: (i) 140.4 cm (ii) 149.2 cm (iii) 149.9 cm (iv) 161.3 cm (v) 164.8 cm (vi) 139.6 cm? (b) Into which class would you put a height of: (i) 159.5 cm (ii) 139.5 cm (iii) 144.5 cm? (c) What is the least height belonging to the class 155159 cm? (d) Write down the class boundaries for these classes. (i) 135139 cm (ii) 140144 cm (iii) 145149 cm (iv) 150154 cm 2 This is the completed frequency table for the 25 children. Height (cm) 135139 140144 145149 150154 155159 160164 165169 Frequency 1 3 4 7 5 4 1

Draw a histogram to show this information.

Times taken travelling to school 10 Frequency 8 6 4 2 5 10 15 20 25 Time (minutes) 30 Class boundaries are at 4.5, 9.5, 14.5, 19.5,..

The histogram for this table must show the class boundaries, at 134.5 cm, 139.5 cm, p 169.5 cm. Below is part of the graph. Copy and complete it. Write a title for it.
5 Number of children 4 3 2 1

Exercise 11F
1 A group of 25 children measure each others heights and record the answers by putting a tick on a chart: Height (cm) 135139 140144 145149 150154 155159 160164 165169

130

135 140 145 Height (cm)

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The histogram shows the results of weighing 100 apples to the nearest gram. (a) How many apples are in the class 110119 grams? (b) Why are the boundaries of this class drawn at 109.5 and 119.5?
The results of weighing 100 apples 50 40

(a) Write down the class boundaries, starting at 19.5 mm. (b) Draw a histogram of the results. Use one small division to represent one unit, as in the graph in Question 3. 5 The heights of 154 boys, to the nearest centimetre, are:
160 4 167 25 161 5 168 18 162 6 169 11 163 9 170 6 164 16 171 3 165 22 172 2 166 27

Height (cm) Frequency Height (cm) Frequency

Frequency

30 20 10 0 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Mass (grams)

(c) Draw a frequency table using the information in the graph. Use classes of 100109, 110119, p 150159. (d) What is: (i) the lower boundary of the fourth class (ii) the upper boundary of the fifth class? (e) What is: (i) the minimum mass of an apple (ii) the maximum mass of an apple? 4 In a biology experiment, the leaves of a plant are measured and recorded to the nearest millimetre, as shown. Length (mm) 2024 2529 3034 3539 4044 4549 5054 5559 6064 Frequency 1 4 8 18 25 24 17 2 1

(a) Redraw the frequency table, using intervals of 160161, 162163, p 172173. (b) What are the boundaries of the interval 164165 cm? (c) What is the boundary between the interval 166167 cm and 168169 cm? (d) Draw a histogram using the intervals in part (a). 6 The percentage marks of 100 students in a test were: Marks % 019 2029 3039 4049 5059 6069 7079 8089 No of students 5 6 13 22 24 16 8 6

(a) Draw up another frequency table using equal intervals of 20 marks. (b) Write down the boundaries for each interval. (c) Illustrate the information by a histogram.

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Frequency polygons Frequency distributions can also be illustrated by a frequency polygon. Frequencies are represented by single points, at the centre of each interval (midinterval value). The points are joined by straight lines.

(a) What is the mid-interval value of the class 500549 kg? (b) Draw a frequency polygon to show this information. 3 The lengths of insect larvae are measured to the nearest mm. Length (mm) 2024 2529 3034 3539 4044 Frequency 15 33 58 50 4

Example 6
The masses, in kilograms, of 24 children are:
Mass (kg) 1019 2029 3039 4049 5059 No. of children 1 2 6 12 3

Draw a frequency polygon to show this. The interval 1019 goes from 9.5 up to 19.5. The centre of the interval is at 9.5 + 19.5 29 = = 14.5 2 2 So the frequency polygon is:
10

(a) How many insect larvae were measured? (b) What is the mid-interval value of the class 2024 mm? (c) Draw a frequency polygon of the information.

Number of childern

11.4 Averages measures of central tendency

Sometimes, instead of looking at a large set of numbers it is more convenient to use a single number that is a good representation of all the data. This number is an average or a measure of central tendency.
10 20 30 40 50 14.5 24.5 Mass (kg) 60

There are three commonly used averages:

Exercise 11G
1 2 Draw frequency polygons to illustrate the data in Questions 3 and 4 of Exercise 11F. Here are the weights of cattle sold at a livestock market: Mass (kg) 450499 500549 550599 600649 Frequency 16 130 42 12

mean mode median.

The choice of which measure to use will depend on the circumstances. The mean The most frequently used average is the mean. It is found by adding up all the data and dividing by the number of values. sum of data Mean number of values

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Example 7
A batsman scored 35, 2, 71, 16, 8 runs in five innings. What is his mean score? Mean = 35 + 2 + 71 + 16 + 8 5
132 5

The mean of a frequency distribution is sometimes written as fx Mean = f where x = value of each observation f = frequency and is the Greek letter sigma meaning the sum of. So in Example 8: f = the sum of the frequencies = 40 fx = the sum of number of goals frequency = 117

= = 26.4 runs You calculate the mean of a frequency distribution in the same way.

Exercise 11H
1 Here are the total scores of two dice, thrown together twenty times: 9, 2, 8, 6, 10, 7, 7, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 3, 10, 8, 11, 7, 4, 6, 9. Calculate the mean score. A biologist takes a sample of 10 grasses and measures the stem length. His results, in centimetres, are: 30, 28, 32, 29, 25, 27, 31, 39, 33, 26. Calculate the mean stem length. Two dice are thrown together 100 times. The following table is used to record the results and to calculate the mean: Score x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Frequency f 1 4 7 8 12 15 16 16 12 7 2 fx 2 12

Example 8
The numbers of goals scored by a football team over a 40-game period are:
No. of goals Frequency (No. of games) 0 3 1 7 2 6 3 5 4 12 5 7 6 0

What was the mean number of goals scored per match? To find the total number of goals scored you need to multiply the number of goals by the frequency. This is best done in a table:
No. of goals (x) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frequency ( f ) 3 7 6 5 12 7 0 40 No. of goals Frequency ( fx) 033= 0 137= 7 2 3 6 = 12 3 3 5 = 15 4 3 12 = 48 5 3 7 = 35 630= 0 117

Mean =

total number of goals total number of matches

= 117 40 = 2.93 (to 3 s.f.)

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(a) Copy and complete the table. (b) What is the mean score? 4 A biologist takes a sample of 200 grasses to measure stem length, and obtains the following data: Length x cm 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Frequency f 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 Length x cm 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Frequency f 15 19 22 26 30 20 8 2

7 Calculate the mean of the number x, from the following data: x f 99.6 3 99.7 8 99.8 17 99.9 32 100.0 100.1 22 8

8 The table shows the length of 100 rods: Length (mm) Frequency 196 9 197 18 198 31 199 22 200 20

(a) Calculate the mean length. (b) Calculate the mean length of the 80 rods that measure less than 200 mm. 9 These are the scores for 20 throws of a dice: Score x Frequency f 1 3 2 5 3 6 4 3 5 1 6 2

(a) Check that f = 200 (b) Draw up a table to calculate the mean. 5 A sample of 50 electric light bulbs was tested for length of life, and the results were: 80 1 81 5 82 11 83 18 84 8 85 4 86 3

(a) What is the value of f ? fx (b) Calculate the value of . f What name is given to this measure? 10 This frequency table gives the scores of a pair of dice, obtained in 100 throws: Score 2 3 4 5 6 7 Frequency 0 3 7 8 8 12 Score 8 9 10 11 12 Frequency 15 21 11 8 7

Hours No. of bulbs

Calculate the mean length of life.

well we could make bulbs that would last for years. But we wouldnt stay in business long then!

It only lasted 3 days!

Show that the mean score is a whole number. 6 In a game, a machine shows the numbers 0, 1, 2 or 3. An analysis of 100 games produces the results: Number Frequency 0 25 1 55 2 15 3 5 Means of grouped distributions Using the mid-interval value In the case of grouped frequency tables the midinterval value is used to help find an estimate of the mean.

Calculate the mean of the numbers displayed.

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For example, here is a frequency table recording the heights of 25 children: Height (cm) 140144 145149 150154 155159 160164 165169 170174 Frequency 1 3 11 7 2 0 1

Exercise 11I
1 A group of students record the distances of their homes from school: Distance (km) Under 1 12 23 34 45 Number of students 10 15 7 2 1

The table shows that 11 children had heights in the class interval 150154 cm. This interval includes all heights between 149.5 cm and 154.5 cm. 149.5 and 154.5 are the interval boundaries. 149.5 + 154.5 The mid-interval value is = 152 cm. 2 The mean height of the children can be calculated using the mid-interval value. This will give an approximation to the mean, as it assumes that all 11 children have a height of 152 cm. Use a table to calculate the mean height for the children: Mid-interval value (cm) x 142 147 152 157 162 167 172 Frequency f 1 3 11 7 2 0 1 25 fx 3 142 441 1672 1099 324 0 172 3850 2

(a) What is the mid-interval value of the class interval 23 km? (b) Use mid-interval values to calculate the mean distance from school. A census gives the following data for the ages of the population of a small village. 09 92 4049 55 1019 88 5059 52 2029 85 6069 42 3039 68 7079 18

Age (years) Number Age (years) Number

(a) What is the mid-interval value of the class interval 2029 years? (b) Use mid-interval values to calculate the mean age of the population. The age, in years, of 40 people in a certain village are: Age (years) 09 Frequency 8 Age (years) 4049 Frequency 3 1019 13 5059 1 2029 6 6069 2 3039 6 7079 1

What is the mean age of the villagers? 4 The heights of 60 children in a school were:
100109 3 7 110119 7 150159 6 120129 13 160169 2 130139 20 170179 2

f = 25 fx = 3850 fx 3850 Mean = = = 154 f 25 So the mean height is 154 cm.

Height (cm) Frequency Frequency

Height (cm) 140149

Estimate the mean height of the children.

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The marks in a test of 70 students were:

09 2 5059 6 1019 5 6069 6 2029 10 7079 3 3039 13 8089 2 4049 21 9099 2

Marks Frequency Marks Frequency

The mode The mode is the most common item in a distribution. It is the easiest average to find.

Example 9
The shoe sizes of ten girls are 6, 4, 5, 4, 2, 1, 7, 6, 3, 6 What is the mode? The most frequent shoe size is 6, so the mode is 6.

Estimate the mean mark. 6 The masses of 100 school children were: 3135 6 5155 12 3640 8 5660 11 4145 22 6165 5 4650 31 6670 5

Mass (kg) Frequency Mass (kg) Frequency

For a frequency distribution the mode (or modal class) has the highest frequency.

Example 10
The ages of 50 people in a village are:
Age 09 12 5059 4 1019 9 6069 3 2029 7 7079 1 3039 7 8089 1 4049 6 9099 0

Estimate the mean mass. 7 A biologist measures the lengths of 190 leaves: 01.9 3 67.9 49 23.9 33 89.9 36 45.9 62 1011.9 7

Length (cm) Frequency Length (cm) Frequency

Frequency Age Frequency

What is the modal class? The age group with the highest frequency is 09 years. The modal class is 09 years.

Estimate the mean length. 8 The table shows the marks obtained by 100 candidates in two mathematics papers. Number of candidates Paper A Paper B 0 0 5 0 10 0 15 0 18 20 19 20 11 40 10 12 12 8 1

Exercise 11J
The number of books in 30 students bags are: 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 4, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 6, 5, 2, 5, 8, 2 What is the modal number of books? 2 3 Find the modal class for Questions 37 of Exercise 11I. Find the modal class for this distribution.
20 15 Frequency 10 5 0 0

Number of marks 020 2130 3140 4150 5160 6170 7180 8190 91100

(a) What is the mid-interval value of the interval 2130? (b) Draw separate tables to calculate the mean mark obtained in each paper. (c) Which paper was easier? Give reasons for your answer.

10

20

30

40

Age in years

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The median When the data is arranged in ascending or descending order, the median is the middle value.

Sometimes you have to be careful which average you use.

For example the heights of eleven boys, in centimetres, are: 150, 146, 158, 165, 168, 170, 158, 154, 162, 180, 181 Written in ascending order they are: 146, 150, 154, 158, 158, 162, 165, 168, 170, 180, 181

Example 11
Here are the weights of nine cricketers: 85 kg, 91 kg, 84 kg, 94 kg, 84 kg, 88 kg, 93 kg, 84 kg, 93 kg (a) Find their median weight. (b) Find the mode. (c) Which one is not a good average to use? (a) First write them in order: 84, 84, 84, 85, 88 , 91, 93, 93, 94 middle value = median = 88 kg (b) mode = most common = 84 kg (c) The mode is not a good average to use for this data as 84 kg is also the lowest weight.

The median height is the height of the middle boythe sixth, that is, 162 cm. 146, 150, 154, 158, 158, 162 , 165, 168, 170, 180, 181 median Sometimes there are two middle values, so we take the median to be halfway between them. For example, if there were only eight boys: 146, 150, 154, 158, 158, 162, 165, 168 median = 158 + 158 2 = 158 So the median height is 158 cm.

Exercise 11L
1 Here are the amounts that eight friends have managed to save over the course of a year: $23, $31, $1602, $58, $39, $31, $33, $23 (a) What was the mean amount saved? (b) Find the median. (c) Which of your answers to parts (a) and (b) is not a good indicator of the average savings? Why? 2 Here are the prices charged in eight different shops for a new watch strap: $9, $4, $3, $5, $6, $9, $3, $9 (a) (b) (c) (d) Work out the median price. Find the mode. What is the mean price? Which of your answers to parts (a), (b) and (c) is not a good indicator of the average price of a new watch strap? Why?

Exercise 11K
1 Find the median of the numbers: (a) 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 (b) 6, 1, 4, 3, 9 (c) 4, 4, 1, 4, 6, 2 Find the median of each set of numbers: (a) 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13 (b) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 8, 4 (c) 7, 2, 1, 7, 6, 9, 15, 13, 4, 9, 1 (d) 5, 8, 12, 15, 10, 12, 17, 13 (e) 3, 4, 9, 9, 6, 10, 12, 10, 8, 6, 10, 9 The masses of five people are 70 kg, 64 kg, 58 kg, 80 kg, 78 kg. What is the median mass?

The heights of six friends are listed: 174 cm, 101 cm, 162 cm, 183 cm, 191 cm, 178 cm (a) Find the mean height. (b) Suggest a better average to use for this data. (c) What is the value of the average you suggested in part (b)?

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Finding medians from frequency distributions When you have a frequency distribution you will need to construct a cumulative frequency table to determine the median value. The total of the frequencies up to a particular value is called the cumulative frequency.

Exercise 11M
1 The shoe sizes of 20 students are given in the table: Shoe size No. of students 4 1 5 1 6 4 7 6 8 6 9 2

What is the median size? 2 The ages of a class of 30 boys are: Age No. of boys 13 2 14 6 15 18 16 4

Example 12
The distribution of ages in Form 4 at Priory School are: Age Frequency 13 8 14 13 15 21 16 18 17 4

What is the median age? 3 The marks of 40 students in a mathematics test were: Mark No. of students 3 3 4 8 5 6 6 10 7 6 8 4 9 2 10 1

What is the median age? First construct a cumulative frequency table: Age 13
14 15 16 17

Frequency 8
13 21 18 4

Cumulative frequency 8
13 + 8 = 21 8 + 13 + 21 = 42 8 + 13 + 21 + 18 = 60 8 + 13 + 21 + 18 + 4 = 64

Find the median mark. 4 The histogram shows the number of brothers and sisters a class of 25 children has.
6 No. of children 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

The cumulative frequency column shows that there are 8 students aged 13 21 students aged 14 or less 42 students aged 15 or less 60 students aged 16 or less 64 students aged 17 or less There are 64 students, so the median age is halfway between the 32nd and 33rd youngest student. From the cumulative frequency table you can see that 21st youngest student is 14 years old 42nd youngest student is 15 years old so the 32nd and 33rd youngest student are both 15 years old. That is, median age = 15 years.

No. of brothers and sisters

What is the median number of brothers and sisters? To estimate the median from a grouped frequency distribution you will need to:

construct a cumulative frequency table plot points as a cumulative frequency curve read the median value off the curve.

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Example 13
The table gives the masses of 100 apples: Mass (grams)
100109 110119 120129 130139 140149 150159

Quartiles To find the median you divide a set of data into two. To find quartiles you divide a set of data into four. The lower quartile is the value a quarter of the way through a set of data. The upper quartile is the value three quarters of the way through a set of data. For the 100 apples in Example 13: lower quartile = 121 g upper quartile = 133 g

Frequency
2 15 45 27 7 4

Find the median mass. First, construct the cumulative frequency table: Mass (grams) Less than 109.5 Less than 119.5 Less than 129.5 Less than 139.5 Less than 149.5 Less than 159.5 Cumulative Frequency 2 17 62 89 96 100

Exercise 11N
1 The lengths of 100 mice, measured to the nearest millimetre, were: Length (mm) 125129 130134 135139 140144 145149 150154 155159 160164 Frequency 3 12 20 34 25 4 1 1

Im really an average sort of mouse

Next, plot cumulative frequency against the upper class boundary for the mass:
The results of weighing 100 apples: cumulative frequency graph 100

80 Cumulative frequency

upper quartile lower quartile 121g

60 median 40 lower quartile 20

median

127g

lower quartile 133g

(a) Draw a cumulative frequency table for this information. (b) What is the greatest length that belongs to the interval 130134 mm? (c) Draw a cumulative frequency graph of the information. (d) Using a cumulative frequency of 50, estimate the median length of the mice from your graph. 2 100 pigs were weighed to the nearest kilogram: Mass (kg) 7074 7579 8084 8589 9094 9599 Number of pigs 6 13 24 30 16 11

Finally, read off graph median = 127g

0 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

If you arrange 100 apples in order of mass, the median falls between the 50th and 51st apples. When using a cumulative frequency graph, it is accurate enough to read off the 50th value as the median. The graph shows that the median mass of the apples is 127 g.

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Draw a cumulative frequency table and use it to draw a cumulative frequency graph. Use your graph to estimate: (a) the number of pigs lighter than 82 kg (b) the number of pigs heavier than 88 kg (c) the median mass. 3 The marks of 100 candidates in a test were: Mark 019 2029 3039 4049 5059 6069 7079 80100 Frequency 5 6 13 22 24 16 8 6

(a) If the 31 applicants stand in order of height, which ones represent the median and the upper and lower quartiles? (b) Use a cumulative frequency graph to find an approximation for the median height. 6 In an aptitude test, the scores were: 22 38 37 19 16 44 17 13 36 31 49 33 38 33 43 28 27 22 17 22 23 28 26 28 16 27 41 6 35 22 37 31 20 29 28 16 7 27 23 14 25 27 36 25 36 41 17 14 43 36

(a) Draw a frequency table using intervals of 0.5 to 10.5, 10.5 to 20.5, etc. (b) Draw a cumulative frequency graph of the scores. (c) Use the graph to obtain an estimate of the median score and the values of the quartiles. 7 The scores of 65 candidates are shown in the cumulative frequency table: 20 or less 30 or less 40 or less 50 or less 3 10 20 46 60 or less 70 or less 80 or less 90 or less 55 60 64 65

(a) Draw a cumulative frequency table using the limits less than 19.5, less than 29.5, etc. Be careful, because the intervals are not equal. (b) Use the table to plot a cumulative frequency graph. (c) Read off the values of the quartiles and the median from your graph. (d) What pass mark allows 60% of the candidates to pass? (e) What percentage of the candidates pass, if the pass mark is 41? 4 This table gives the heights of 110 plants:
16 3 17 5 18 10 19 16 20 24 21 21 22 15 23 9 24 5 25 2

Find, to the nearest whole number: (a) the median score (b) the upper and lower quartiles. 8 100 people took part in a walkathon. Their times were recorded and grouped to give the following table where t is the time in minutes and f is the frequency. t 4150 5160 6170 7180 8190 91100 101110 111120 f 2 11 18 28 21 12 5 3

Height (cm) Frequency

Draw a cumulative frequency table and use it to read off the median height to the nearest centimetre. 5 The table shows the heights of 31 men who apply for jobs in a police department. Height (cm) Under 170 175 180 185 190 Number of applicants 4 10 7 5 5

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(a) Make a cumulative frequency table and draw a cumulative frequency curve. (b) How many people took less than 75 minutes? (c) How many people took more than 95 minutes? (d) Anyone who finished in less than 65 minutes received a prize. How many people won prizes?

In the two groups above: Range of group 1 = 10 0 = 10 Range of group 2 = 6 4 = 2 This indicates that the scores in group 1 are widely spread and those in group 2 are not very widely spread. The interquartile range

11.5 Measures of dispersion

Look at the scores of two groups of six students in a test. Group 1 Group 2 1 4 0 6 0 7 10 5 9 3 10 5

The interquartile range, IQR, measures the spread of the middle half of the data. IQR upper quartile lower quartile

The semi-interquartile range, SIQR, is half the interquartile range: upper quartile 2 lower quartile SIQR = 2

A student claims that both groups did equally well since: 1 + 0 + 0 + 10 + 9 + 10 Mean group 1 = =5 6 4+6+7+5+3+5 Mean group 2 = =5 6 However, the frequency distributions show that the performances of the two groups are very different. The mean does not completely describe the data. The scores in group 1 are much more dispersed or spread out than the scores in group 2. A single number can be found that gives a measure of this spread. There are three commonly used measures of dispersion:

Example 14
The table shows the scores of 20 students in a science test: Score Frequency 4 1 5 0 6 4 7 5 8 3 9 4 10 3

Calculate the interquartile range.

Write the data in ascending order: 4 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 Divide the data into four groups of five 4 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 lower median upper quartile quartile 6+7

range interquartile range standard deviation.

= 61 2 2 9+9 Upper quartile = =9 2 IQR = 9 2 6 1 = 2 1 2 2 To find the IQR for grouped frequency distributions a cumulative frequency curve has to be drawn.

Lower quartile =

Generally the larger the value of any of these statistics the more spread out the data. You will be covering the first two of these in this book. The range

This is a simple statistic. The range is defined as Range highest value lowest value

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Example 15
The results of weighing a group of 25 students are shown in the histogram and cumulative frequency graph.
9 8 Numbers of students 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Mass (kg) 53 54

This can be seen in the histogram where masses of 46 kg and 54 kg are not typical of the group.

Exercise 11O
1 Work out the interquartile range for this table of data. Score Frequency 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 5 3 6 4

Here are the heights of twelve girls: 134 cm, 152 cm, 143 cm, 148 cm, 159 cm, 129 cm, 138 cm, 142 cm, 137 cm, 131 cm, 151 cm, 146 cm. Calculate the interquartile range for the data.

The histogram shows the masses of a group of students.

6 Number of students 5 4 3 2 1 0 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Cumulative frequency graph Cumulative frequency 25 upper quartile 20 15 10 5 0 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Mass(kg) lower quartile

Mass (kg)

Find the range and interquartile range. From the histogram it can be seen that the range is 54.5 kg 2 45.5 kg = 9 kg. From the cumulative frequency graph it can be seen that the interquartile range is 51 kg 2 49.6 kg = 1.4 kg. In Example 15 the interquartile range of only 1.4 kg tells you that the majority of data is closely distributed about the median. The range of 9 kg tells you that there are some extreme results. 4

(a) What is the range for the group? (b) Draw a cumulative frequency curve, and from the graph find: (i) the quartiles (ii) the interquartile range. (c) What information about the masses of the group of students can you derive from your answers to part (a) and part (b(ii))? A lab technician checks the accuracy of two balances, A and B, using a standard 100 g mass. He weighs the mass a hundred times on each balance, and records the readings. The frequency table for the results is shown.

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Reading (g) 99.97 99.98 99.99 100.00 100.01 100.02 100.03 100.04

Frequency for A for B 12 3 48 8 29 19 11 28 0 23 0 10 0 7 0 2

(d) Use the graphs to estimate the median and the interquartile range in each case. (e) Using your results in part (d), describe how the histograms of the results would differ. (f) Draw histograms of the results for papers A and B. Compare them. Are they the shapes you expected? 6 This table gives the masses of 500 men to the nearest kilogram. Mass (kg) Under 55 5564 6574 7584 8594 95 and over Frequency 60 124 147 86 55 28

(a) Construct a cumulative frequency table for each balance. (b) Draw a cumulative frequency graph for each balance. (c) For each, find: (i) the median (ii) the range (iii) the interquartile range. (d) Which machine is more accurate? Explain your choice. 5 The table shows the marks obtained by 100 candidates on two mathematics papers. Number of candidates Paper A Paper B 0 0 5 0 10 0 15 0 18 20 18 20 11 36 10 16 13 8

From a graph of cumulative frequency, estimate the median and the interquartile range. Then calculate the semi-interquartile range.

Exercise 11P mixed questions

1 The heights of 50 plants of a certain species were measured to the nearest centimetre and grouped to give this table. Height (cm) 1517 1820 2123 2426 2729 3032 No. of plants 3 9 15 14 7 2

Number of marks 020 2130 3140 4150 5160 6170 7180 8190 91100

(a) Plot the cumulative frequency curves of the marks for each paper. What is the range for each? (b) What pass mark would allow 70% of the candidates to pass paper A? (c) What pass mark would allow 70% of the candidates to pass paper B?

(a) What are the boundaries of the interval 2426 cm? (b) What is the maximum height of the plants? (c) Draw a histogram to illustrate the information. 2 An organisation gives an aptitude test to all applicants for employment. The results of 100 tests are shown in the table.

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Score 110 1120 2130 3140 4150 5160 6170 7180 8190 91100

Frequency 5 8 11 12 20 16 13 7 5 3

The scores of 50 students in a biology test are shown in the table. Calculate the mean score.
Score 15 610 1115 1620 2125 2630 3135 3640 4145 4650 f 1 4 4 7 13 9 7 3 1 1

(a) Draw a histogram to illustrate this information. (b) What percentage of the applicants scored less than 60.5? (c) What percentage of the applicants scored between 50.5 and 80.5? 3 Draw the frequency polygon for the heights of the 50 children recorded in the table.
Height (cm) 130134 135139 140144 145149 150154 155159 160164 f 1 7 16 15 5 4 2

The table shows the distance travelled by 70 cars on the same amount of petrol.
150159 5 160169 8 170179 18 180189 25 190199 14

Distance (km) No. of cars

Find the mean distance travelled by the cars. 7 The masses, in kilograms, of 50 people are recorded in the table.
Mass (kg) 5155 5660 6165 6670 7175 7680 8185 Frequency 4 6 10 13 9 4 4

Here is a frequency polygon. Draw the corresponding histogram.

50 40 30 20 10 50 100 150 200 250 300

(a) What is the greatest mass in the interval 6165 kg? (b) Draw a cumulative frequency table for the information. (c) Draw the corresponding cumulative frequency graph. (d) Use the graph to estimate: (i) the number of people weighing less than 63 kg

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(ii) the number of people weighing more than 74 kg (iii) the median weight. 8 The table shows the marks obtained by 100 students in a biology class test. Score 110 1120 2130 3140 4150 5160 f 6 9 10 18 32 25

(a) State the range for both subjects. (b) In which subject do the students show more of a mixed ability? (c) Plot both cumulative frequency curves on the same axes, and state: (i) the pass mark in each subject that would allow 70% of the students to pass the test (ii) the pass mark that would allow the same number of students to pass the test in each subject. What number of students is this? 11 In a survey, the masses of students were recorded. The table gives the data. Mass (kg) 2029 3039 4049 5059 6060 7079 8089 9099 f 16 26 34 44 40 24 12 4

(a) Draw a cumulative frequency curve. (b) Use the curve to estimate: (i) the upper quartile (ii) the lower quartile (iii) the mark that would allow 55% of the students to pass the test. (c) Calculate the interquartile range. 9 Use a graph to estimate the median mass of 300 ten-week old rats, given these results:
Mass (g) Frequency 3839 139 4041 89 4243 52 4445 20 4647 0

10 The table shows the marks of 100 candidates in mathematics and geography tests. Score 110 1120 2130 3140 4150 5160 6170 7180 8190 91100 Mathematics 0 0 10 12 21 35 16 6 0 0 Geography 5 7 8 11 19 13 12 11 8 6

(a) Draw a cumulative frequency table for the data. (b) Draw a cumulative frequency curve. (c) Use the curve to estimate: (i) the median mass of the students (ii) the number of students who weighed between 42 kg and 76 kg (iii) the percentage of students who weighed no more than 62 kg.

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11 Consolidation
Example 1 The mass in grams of 20 bars of soap made at a factory are: 134 137 132 134 135 135 134 133 135 136 136 134 134 137 136 132 133 134 134 135 Construct a frequency table for this data. Mass (g) 132 133 134 135 136 137 Tally Frequency 2 2 7 4 3 2
= 444 + 447 + 600 + 1057 + 1824 + 918 + 770 + 620 + 936 50 7616 = = 152.3 cm 50

Exercise 11
1 2 Roll a die 30 times. Construct a frequency table for the data you obtain. The masses of 24 children in kilograms are: 53 48 49 42 52 49 44 53 53 51 65 54 60 44 53 58 55 57 56 54 52 47 53 63

(a) Construct a suitable grouped frequency table to show the data. (b) Draw a histogram to show the data. 3 Three weeks after planting, the heights in centimetres of 50 seedlings were:
02.9 3 3.05.9 12 6.08.9 15 9.011.9 16 12.014.9 4

Example 2 The life time of 100 electric lights bulbs is shown in the table. Draw a histogram to show this information.
Life time (Hours) 801900 9011000 10011100 11011200 12011300 Frequency
Frequency 50 40 30 20 10 0 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Life time (hours)

Height (cm) Number of seedlings

8 12 51 23 6

(a) Draw a histogram to show this data. (b) Estimate the mean height of a seedling. (c) Draw a cumulative frequency graph for this data. (d) Find the median of the distribution. Application 11 4 Conduct a survey to find out how many hours your class spends watching television each week. (a) Draw a grouped frequency table to show the data. (b) Draw a histogram to show the data. (c) Find the mean time spent watching television each week. (d) Draw a cumulative frequency curve from your data. (e) Estimate the median number of hours watched each week.

Example 3 The table shows the heights in centimetres of 50 boys.

Height Frequency 148 3 149 3 150 4 151 7 152 12 153 6 154 5 155 4 156 6

What is the mean height of the boys? Mean height = fx f

= 13 3 148 2 + 13 3 149 2 + 14 3 150 2 + 17 3 151 2 + 112 3 152 2 + 16 3 153 2 + 15 3 154 2 + 14 3 155 2 + 16 3 156 2 3 + 3 + 4 + 7 + 12 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 6

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Do girls in your class spend more time each week on their homework than boys? (a) Conduct a survey to find out the answer to this question. (b) Display your results on: (i) a histogram (ii) a cumulative frequency graph. (c) Estimate the mean and median times spent per week on homework by both boys and girls.

At the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, the distances thrown by the womens discuss finalists are shown below.
Distance (metres) Frequency 56 4 58 3 60 7 62 10 64 6 66 3 68 2

(a) Estimate the mean distance a discuss was thrown by a finalist. (b) Draw a cumulative frequency graph of the data and use it to estimate the length of the median throw.

Companion CD
Want some extra practice? Go to Chapter 11 on your companion CD for further exercises, animations, and full worked solutions.

Summary You should know ...

1 How to show discrete data in a frequency table. For example: this list of scores: 0, 1, 1, 5, 2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 4, 0, 5, 1, 5, 4 can be shown in a frequency table: Score Frequency 0 2 1 4 2 2 3 1 4 3 5 3

Check out
1 Here are the numbers of catches taken by 20 cricketers during a season: 6, 7, 2, 0, 4, 5, 3, 1, 6, 5, 1, 9, 7, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 7, 6 Show the data in a frequency table.

This means there were three 5s in the list. 2 How to display data in bar charts, pictographs and pie charts. For example: the data above can be shown as:
Bar chart 4 Frequency 3 2 1 0 1 2 Score 3 4 5

Pictograph 0 1 2 3 4 5

From your frequency table for Question 1, draw a: (a) bar chart (b) pictograph (c) pie chart.

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Pie chart 5 0 1 3 2 the angle representing a score of 1 =

4 " 360 = 96 15

How to find the interval boundaries of a given interval. For example: in a table in which the class intervals are 100104, 105109, 110114 p the boundaries of the second class are 104.5 and 109.5.

The table shows the mass in kilograms of some boys. Mass 4549 5054 5559 6064 f 7 8 11 3

State the: (a) lower boundary of the second class (b) upper boundary of the third class. 4 A histogram has no spaces between the bars. The area of each bar represents the frequency. For example: the information in this table: Height (cm) 59 1014 1519 2024 can be shown in a histogram.
6 5 4 3 2 1 5 10 The class boundaries of this bar are 19.5 and 24.5

Draw a histogram to show the information in this table. Weight (kg) 1019 2029 3039 4049 5059 6069 7079 8089 9099 Frequency 1 4 9 11 15 27 21 16 7

Frequency 3 5 6 4

Frequency

15 20 Height (cm)

25

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5 How to draw a frequency polygon using the mid-interval values. For example:
Height (cm) No. of children 120129 3 130139 1 140149 7 150159 4

The number of spectators attending a football match are shown in the table. Age (years) 1120 2130 3140 4150 5160 f 30 50 70 60 40

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 120 130 140 150 Height (cm)

Number of childern

Mid-interval value = 154.5 cm

Draw a frequency polygon for the data.

160

Mean =

sum of data number of values

Mode is the most common value in a distribution. Median is the middle value when the data is arranged in order. For example: 3, 3, 4, 7, 8 3+3+4+7+8 =5 5 Mode = most common value = 3 Median = middle value = 4 Mean = 7 How to draw a cumulative frequency table from a frequency table. For example:
Height (cm) No. of children 120129 3 130139 1 140149 7 150159 4

Here is a list of height of plants: 4 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm, 5 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm, 1 cm, 8 cm, 11 cm, 9 cm, 4 cm Find the: (a) mean (b) mode (c) median.

7 Mass (kg) 4049 5059 6069 7079 8089 f 4 13 20 10 3

the cumulative frequency table would be: Height (cm) less than 129.5 less than 139.5 less than 149.5 less than 159.5 Cumulative frequently 3 4 11 15

Draw a cumulative frequency table from the frequency table given.

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8 How to use the mid-interval values to estimate the mean from a grouped frequency table. For example:
Mid-interval value of the first interval is 7

The marks in a test of 50 students were: Mark 019 2039 4059 6079 8099 Frequency 4 12 21 8 5

Height (cm) 59 1014 1519

Frequency 3 5 4

Mean =

f fx

f = 12.4 (to 3 s.f.)

13 3 72 + 15 3 122 + 14 3 172 12

Use the mid-interval values to estimate the mean mark.

So the mean height is 12.4 cm. 9 You can draw a graph of cumulative frequency and use it to find the median, upper quartile, lower quartile, interquartile range and semi-interquartile range. For example:
Mass (kg) Frequency Cumulative frequency 4049 4 4 5059 13 17 6069 20 37 7079 10 47 8089 3 50

The table shows the amount of pocket money received weekly by a group of children. Pocket money ($) 1019 2029 3039 4049 5059 6069 7079 8089 9099 Frequency 5 7 18 24 14 12 10 6 4

Cumulative frequency

50 40 30 20 10 0 40 50 L.Q. 60 70 80 Median U.Q.

Median = 63 kg L.Q. = 56 kg U.Q. = 70 kg Interquartile range = 70 kg 56 kg = 14 kg Semi-interquartile range = 14 kg 2 = 7 kg 90 Mass (kg)

(a) Draw a cumulative frequency table and graph. (b) Use the graph to find the: (i) median (ii) lower quartile (iii) upper quartile. (c) What is the interquartile range? (d) What is the semiinterquartile range?