Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
no commercial monitors in use on operating transformers to detect changes in the winding geometry
Case Study - Between 2000-2003, a 215 MVA, 132/15 kV, relatively new
(made in 1999) generator set-up transformer has been investigated - This transformer was sent to the factory in order to repair - in the factory
- FRA 1: before the first repair (06.11.2000) - FRA 2: after the first repair (07.12.2000) - FRA 3: after the second repair (30.01.2001 - Vibration test 1: after one year service (07.03.2002) - FRA 4: the 4th FRA test (25.03.2002) was performed because the vibration test has been indicating the probability of looseness in the phase C of the
Case Study (cont.) -Two further FRA tests and one vibration test were performed on-site: - FRA 5: half year later after the 1st vibration test (27.09.2002) - FRA 6: half year later after the previous FRA 5 test (18.06.2003) - Vibration test 2: Parallel with the 6th FRA test another vibration test was carried out directly through the oil
measurements and the recorded in-rush current during the three switch-on processes, the experts have announced that there would be looseness in the winding, maybe in the phase C.
Short description of the FRA measurement - The test was carried out with a gain/phase analyser (TRAFTEK) - Before the test the terminals should be disconnected - There is a double coaxial cable: - One of the cables is used to carry the swept-frequency output voltage from the analyser to one end of a winding (excitation voltage) - The other brings back the output voltage from the other terminal of winding -The cable is terminated with their characteristic impedance (75 Ohm) at the analyser output in order to eliminate reflection problems - The analyser performs a frequency sweep in a selected frequency range at the number of points per sweep can be specified on either a linear or logarithmic scale
TRAFTEK
6 4 0 x 4 8 0 T F T D is p la y
O p to Is o la tio n
486 D X 100 C P U
Sine wave generator 50Hz ... 1MHz A D C o n v e rs io n Voltage input signal conditioner Voltage input signal conditioner
75Ohm
In te rfa c e
Ap
75Ohm
K e y b o a rd
Test Cable
75Ohm
F lo p p y
Tank Np
T ra n s fo rm e r w in d in g
M a in s P ow er
Pow er s u p p ly
Termination Clips
TrafTek
Three possible cases of interpretation of FRA results: The FRA diagnostic technique is not based on absolute measurements but rather on curve comparison. We have an earlier FRA curve of the same transformer
(Fingerprint) and we can compare the results phase-by-phase winding-by-winding. After some practice and the knowledge of the transformer construction we can make a decision that this movement was important (dangerous) or not. - We have no fingerprint but we have measurements on same type (or construction) transformers. We know the distribution of curves (peaks) within the units of the same transformer type, and we can evaluate our FRA curves. - We have neither fingerprint and nor reference data. We can compare the three phases usually the shape of the curves of a transformer is similar at the three phase windings. We can compare them to each other. (We have to be careful because not all transformer construction has symmetrical phase response)
Some examples of test arrangements on a two winding three phase transformer Excitation Grounded Termination voltage Open terminals (short circuited) Measured impedance at at terminals Ap Np As,Bs,Cs,Ns,Bp,Cp Primary winding x phase Bp Np As,Bs,Cs,Ns,Ap,Cp Cp Np As,Bs,Cs,Ns,Ap,Bp Ap Np Bp,Cp As,Bs,Cs,Ns Primary winding x phase Bp Np Ap,Cp As,Bs,Cs,Ns (+ effect of leakage imp. between primary and secondary winding) Cp Np Ap,Bp As,Bs,Cs,Ns As Ns Ap,Bp,Cp,Np,Bs,Cs Secondary winding x phase Bs Ns Ap,Bp,Cp,Np,As,Cs Cs Ns Ap,Bp,Cp,Np,As,Bs As Ns Bs,Cs Ap,Bp,Cp,Np Secondary winding x phase Bs Ns As,Cs Ap,Bp,Cp,Np (+ effect of leakage imp. between Cs Ns As,Bs Ap,Bp,Cp,Np primary and secondary winding) Ap As Bp,Cp,Bs,Cs Np,Ns Leakage impedance between Bp Bs Ap,Cp,As,Cs Np,Ns primary and secondary Cp Cs Ap,Bp,As,Bs Np,Ns If the transformer has Delta winding it can be measured as AsBs, BsCs and CsAs in a circle.
4.1. Measuring on the 132 kV windings (Ap, Bp, Cp , Np), 15 kV windings (As,Bs,Cs) were floating or open"
Z (O h m ) 1 .0 0 0 M
2002.03.25.
1 0 0 .0 k
1 0 .0 0 k
1 .0 0 0 k
1 0 0 .0
1 0 .0 0
1 .0 0 0 k
1 0 .0 0 k f (H z )
1 0 0 .0 k
1 .0 0 0 M
4.2. Measuring on the 120 kV windings (Ap, Bp, Cp , Np), 15 kV windings (As,Bs,Cs) were "short circuited
Z (O h m ) 1 .0 0 0 M
2002.03.25. Low Voltage side Short Circuited
1 0 0 .0 k
1 0 .0 0 k
1 .0 0 0 k
1 0 0 .0
1 0 .0 0
1 .0 0 0 k
1 0 .0 0 k f (H z )
1 0 0 .0 k
1 .0 0 0 M
4.3/A: Comparing of the curves of 132 kV side as function of service time: the first 4 FRA tests of Ap-Np, floating15 kV side, magnified central part
Z (O h m ) 1 .0 0 0 M
Ap...Np
1 0 0 .0 k
1 0 .0 0 k
1 .0 0 0 k
1 0 0 .0
1 0 .0 0
1 0 .0 0 k f (H z )
1 0 0 .0 k
4.3/C: Comparing of the curves of 132 kV side as function of service time: the first 4 FRA tests of Cp-Np, floating15 kV side, magnified central part
Z (O h m ) 1 .0 0 0 M
Cp...Np
1 0 0 .0 k
1 0 .0 0 k
1 .0 0 0 k
1 0 0 .0
1 0 .0 0
1 0 .0 0 k f (H z )
1 0 0 .0 k
4.4/A: Comparing of the curves of 132 kV side as function of service time: the latest 3 FRA tests of AN-Np, "open15 kV terminals
4.4/C: Comparing of the curves of 132 kV side as function of service time: the latest 3 FRA tests of CN-Np, "open15 kV terminals
-FRA technique is relatively new method so there has not been a guide line or something similar
-Although both methods (FRA and vibro-acoustic) seem to be sensitive alone, but results show that the efficiency of the application and the reliability of result interpretation can be increased by using them simultaneity, and not separately. -Interpretation of the results is not too easy, the full scale of interpretation of result has been missing yet