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Child Care

Congenital
Heart Defects

nadersmadi@hotmail.com
I . ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD):

Abnormal opening between the atria


allowing the blood to flow from the left
atrium to right atrium, according to
pressure differences. Then a mixing
between oxygenated and nonoxygenated
blood happened.
Clinical manifestations :
• Murmur during auscultation
• Cardiac arrhythmias
• Risk of emboli formation
• Atrial enlargement
• Difficulty in breathing
• CHF (congestive heart failure )
II . VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD):

Abnormal opening between the ventricles


allowing the blood to flow from left
ventricle to right ventricle, according to
pressure differences. Then a mixing
between oxygenated and nonoxygenated
blood happened.
Clinical manifestations :
• Murmur during auscultation
• Risk of respiratory infections
• Cardiomegaly
• Difficulty in breathing
• CHF (congestive heart failure )
III . PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA) :

Ductus arteriosus is an artery connecting


the aorta and the pulmonary artery. And
this defect results from failure of this
duct to close after delivery, causing the
blood to flow from aorta to pulmonary
artery according to pressure.
Clinical manifestations :
• Hypoxemia
• Wide pulse pressure
• Risk of respiratory infections
• Difficulty in breathing
• Paleness of the skin
• CHF (congestive heart failure )
IV . AORTIC STENOSIS ( AS ) :

Narrowing of the aortic valve, causing


resistance to blood flow in the left
ventricle and decrease cardiac output.
Clinical manifestations:
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Chest pain
• Dizziness when standing
• Murmur
TREATMENT :

They are treated by surgical


repair of the opening before
school age.
ALL THESE DEFECTS MAY
LEAD TO
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
(CHF).
V . CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF):

Inability of the heart to pump an adequate


amount of blood to the systemic
circulation to meet the demands of the
body.
Clinical manifestations :
• Tachycardia
• Sweating
• Decreased urine output
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Anorexia
• Chest pain
• Weak pulses
• Cardiomegaly
• Edema in lower limps
• Weight gain
• Tachypnea
• Hypotension
TREATMENT AND NURSING CARE

 Improve cardiac function by medications


as digitalis
 Remove accumulated fluids by diuretics
 Decrease cardiac demand by bed rest
 Improve tissue oxygenated by O2
therapy
 Decrease pain by analgesics
VI . HYPERTENSION ( HTN ) :

It is the elevation of blood pressure due to


increase cardiac output or increase
resistance in the peripheral arteries or
gland disorders.
Clinical manifestations:
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Sweating
• Drowsiness of eyes
TREATMENT AND NURSING CARE:

 Bed rest
 Monitoring of blood pressure B.P
 Medications - antihypertensive drugs
 Suitable diet ( low salt diet )

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