Lect ure VI I I Lect ure VI I I

Fundament al s of Physi cs Fundament al s of Physi cs

PHY 11004 PHY 11004
Heat
temperature
thermal expansion
ideal gas
specific heat
phase transitions
Heat
temperature
thermal expansion
ideal gas
specific heat
phase transitions
htt p: / / www.physics.wayne.edu/ ~ apet rov/ PHY2130/
Thermal Physics Thermal Physics Thermal Physics Thermal Physics
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
I f obj ect s A and B are separat ely in t hermal
equilibrium wit h a t hird obj ect C, t hen A and
B are in t hermal equilibrium wit h each ot her.
Allows t o int roduce t emperat ure.
Temperature Scales
Thermometers can be calibrated by placing
them in thermal contact with an environment
that remains at constant temperature
Environment could be mixture of ice and water in
thermal equilibrium
Also commonly used is water and steam in
thermal equilibrium
Thermometers can be calibrated by placing
them in thermal contact with an environment
that remains at constant temperature
Environment could be mixture of ice and water in
thermal equilibrium
Also commonly used is water and steam in
thermal equilibrium
Celsius Scale
Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0 C
This is the freezing point of water
Temperature of a water-steam mixture is
defined as 100 C
This is the boiling point of water
Distance between these points is divided into
100 segments
Temperature of an ice-water mixture is
defined as 0 C
This is the freezing point of water
Temperature of a water-steam mixture is
defined as 100 C
This is the boiling point of water
Distance between these points is divided into
100 segments
Kelvin Scale
When the pressure of a gas goes to zero, its
temperature is 273.15 C
This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scale
273.15 C = 0 K
To convert: T
C
= T
K
273.15
When the pressure of a gas goes to zero, its
temperature is 273.15 C
This temperature is called absolute zero
This is the zero point of the Kelvin scale
273.15 C = 0 K
To convert: T
C
= T
K
273.15
Some Kelvin
Temperatures
Some representative
Kelvin temperatures
Note, this scale is
logarithmic
Absolute zero has never
been reached
Some representative
Kelvin temperatures
Note, this scale is
logarithmic
Absolute zero has never
been reached
Fahrenheit Scales
Most common scale used in the US
Temperature of the freezing point is 32
Temperature of the boiling point is 212
180 divisions between the points
Most common scale used in the US
Temperature of the freezing point is 32
Temperature of the boiling point is 212
180 divisions between the points
Comparing Temperature Scales
273.15
9
32
5
9
5
C K
F C
F C
T T
T T
T T
=
= +
A = A
273.15
9
32
5
9
5
C K
F C
F C
T T
T T
T T
=
= +
A = A
Thermal Expansion
The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence
of the change in the average separation between its
constituent atoms or molecules
At ordinary temperatures, molecules vibrate with a
small amplitude
As temperature increases, the amplitude increases
This causes the overall object as a whole to expand
The thermal expansion of an object is a consequence
of the change in the average separation between its
constituent atoms or molecules
At ordinary temperatures, molecules vibrate with a
small amplitude
As temperature increases, the amplitude increases
This causes the overall object as a whole to expand
Linear (area, volume) Expansion
For small changes in temperature
The coefficient of linear expansion, , depends on the
material
Similar in two dimensions (area expansion)
and in three dimensions (volume expansion)
t L L
o
A = A
o
For small changes in temperature
The coefficient of linear expansion, , depends on the
material
Similar in two dimensions (area expansion)
and in three dimensions (volume expansion)
o
2 , = A = A t A A
o
3 , solids for = A = A t V V
o
Example
A copper t elephone wire has essent ially no sag bet ween poles 35.0
m apart on a wint er day when t he t emperat ure is 20.0C. How
much longer is t he wire on a summer day when T
C
= 35.0C?
Assume t hat t he t hermal coefficient of copper is const ant
t hroughout t his range at it s room t emperat ure value.
A copper t elephone wire has essent ially no sag bet ween poles 35.0
m apart on a wint er day when t he t emperat ure is 20.0C. How
much longer is t he wire on a summer day when T
C
= 35.0C?
Assume t hat t he t hermal coefficient of copper is const ant
t hroughout t his range at it s room t emperat ure value.
Applications of Thermal Expansion
1. Thermostats
Use a bimetallic strip
Two metals expand differently
2. Pyrex Glass
Thermal stresses are smaller than for ordinary glass
3. Sea levels
Warming the oceans will increase the volume of the oceans
Unusual Behavior of Water
At the temperature of water increases from 0C to 4 C, it
contracts and its density increases
Above 4 C, water exhibits the expected expansion with
increasing temperature
Maximum density of water is 1000 kg/m
3
at 4 C
Ideal Gas
Properties of gases
A gas does not have a fixed volume or pressure
In a container, the gas expands to fill the container
Ideal gas:
Collection of atoms or molecules that move randomly
Molecules exert no long-range force on one another
Molecules occupy a negligible fraction of the volume of their container
Most gases at room temperature and pressure behave
approximately as an ideal gas
Properties of gases
A gas does not have a fixed volume or pressure
In a container, the gas expands to fill the container
Ideal gas:
Collection of atoms or molecules that move randomly
Molecules exert no long-range force on one another
Molecules occupy a negligible fraction of the volume of their container
Most gases at room temperature and pressure behave
approximately as an ideal gas
Moles
Its convenient to express the amount of gas in a
given volume in terms of the number of moles, n
One mole is the amount of the substance that
contains as many particles as there are atoms in 12 g
of carbon-12
mass molar
mass
n =
Its convenient to express the amount of gas in a
given volume in terms of the number of moles, n
One mole is the amount of the substance that
contains as many particles as there are atoms in 12 g
of carbon-12
mass molar
mass
n =
Avogadros Hypothesis
Equal volumes of gas at the same
temperature and pressure contain the same
numbers of molecules
Corollary: At standard temperature and pressure,
one mole quantities of all gases contain the same
number of molecules
This number is called N
A
Can also look at the total number of particles: N =
n N
A
Equal volumes of gas at the same
temperature and pressure contain the same
numbers of molecules
Corollary: At standard temperature and pressure,
one mole quantities of all gases contain the same
number of molecules
This number is called N
A
Can also look at the total number of particles: N =
n N
A
Avogadros Number
The number of particles in a mole is called
Avogadros Number
N
A
=6.02 x 10
23
particles / mole
The mass of an individual atom can be
calculated:
The number of particles in a mole is called
Avogadros Number
N
A
=6.02 x 10
23
particles / mole
The mass of an individual atom can be
calculated:
A
atom
N
mass molar
m =
Equation of State for an
Ideal Gas
Boyles Law
At a constant temperature, pressure is
inversely proportional to the volume
Charles Law
At a constant pressure, the temperature is
directly proportional to the volume
Gay-Lussacs Law
At a constant volume, the pressure is directly
proportional to the temperature
Boyles Law
At a constant temperature, pressure is
inversely proportional to the volume
Charles Law
At a constant pressure, the temperature is
directly proportional to the volume
Gay-Lussacs Law
At a constant volume, the pressure is directly
proportional to the temperature
Ideal Gas Law
Summarizes Boyles Law, Charles Law, and Guy-
Lussacs Law
PV = n R T
R is the Universal Gas Constant
R = 8.31 J / mole K
R = 0.0821 L atm / mole K
P V = N k
B
T
k
B
is Boltzmanns Constant
k
B
= R / N
A
= 1.38 x 10
-23
J/ K
Summarizes Boyles Law, Charles Law, and Guy-
Lussacs Law
PV = n R T
R is the Universal Gas Constant
R = 8.31 J / mole K
R = 0.0821 L atm / mole K
P V = N k
B
T
k
B
is Boltzmanns Constant
k
B
= R / N
A
= 1.38 x 10
-23
J/ K
Question
An ideal gas is confined t o a cont ainer wit h const ant volume.
The number of moles is const ant . By what fact or will t he
pressure change if t he absolut e t emperat ure t riples?
a. 1/ 9
b. 1/ 3
c. 3. 0
d. 9. 0
An ideal gas is confined t o a cont ainer wit h const ant volume.
The number of moles is const ant . By what fact or will t he
pressure change if t he absolut e t emperat ure t riples?
a. 1/ 9
b. 1/ 3
c. 3. 0
d. 9. 0
Question
An ideal gas is confined t o a cont ainer wit h adj ust able volume.
The number of moles and t emperat ure are const ant . By what
fact or will t he volume change if pressure t riples?
a. 1/ 9
b. 1/ 3
c. 3. 0
d. 9. 0
An ideal gas is confined t o a cont ainer wit h adj ust able volume.
The number of moles and t emperat ure are const ant . By what
fact or will t he volume change if pressure t riples?
a. 1/ 9
b. 1/ 3
c. 3. 0
d. 9. 0
Kinetic Theory of Gases --
Assumptions
The number of molecules in the gas is large and the average separation
between them is large compared to their dimensions
The molecules obey Newtons laws of motion, but as a whole they move
randomly
The molecules interact only by short-range forces during elastic collisions
The molecules make elastic collisions with the walls
The gas under consideration is a pure substance, all the molecules are
identical
The number of molecules in the gas is large and the average separation
between them is large compared to their dimensions
The molecules obey Newtons laws of motion, but as a whole they move
randomly
The molecules interact only by short-range forces during elastic collisions
The molecules make elastic collisions with the walls
The gas under consideration is a pure substance, all the molecules are
identical
Pressure of an Ideal Gas
The pressure is proportional
to the number of molecules
per unit volume and to the
average translational kinetic
energy of a molecule
The pressure is proportional
to the number of molecules
per unit volume and to the
average translational kinetic
energy of a molecule
|

=
2
mv
2
1
V
N
2
3
P
Molecular Interpretation of
Temperature
Temperature is proportional to the average
kinetic energy of the molecules
The total kinetic energy is proportional to the
absolute temperature
T k mv
B
2
3
2
1
2
=
Temperature is proportional to the average
kinetic energy of the molecules
The total kinetic energy is proportional to the
absolute temperature
T k mv
B
2
3
2
1
2
=
nRT KE
total
2
3
=
Internal Energy
In a monatomic gas, the KE is the only type of energy
the molecules can have
U is the internal energy of the gas
In a polyatomic gas, additional possibilities for
contributions to the internal energy are rotational
and vibrational energy in the molecules
nRT U
2
3
=
In a monatomic gas, the KE is the only type of energy
the molecules can have
U is the internal energy of the gas
In a polyatomic gas, additional possibilities for
contributions to the internal energy are rotational
and vibrational energy in the molecules
Speed of the Molecules
Expressed as the root-mean-square (rms) speed
At a given temperature, lighter molecules move
faster, on average, than heavier ones
Lighter molecules can more easily reach escape speed
from the earth
M
T R
m
T k
v
B
rms
3 3
= =
Expressed as the root-mean-square (rms) speed
At a given temperature, lighter molecules move
faster, on average, than heavier ones
Lighter molecules can more easily reach escape speed
from the earth
M
T R
m
T k
v
B
rms
3 3
= =
Energy in Thermal Processes
Internal Energy vs. Heat
Internal Energy, U, is the energy associated with the
microscopic components of the system
Includes kinetic and potential energy associated with the random
translational, rotational and vibrational motion of the atoms or
molecules
Also includes the intermolecular potential energy
Heat is energy transferred between a system and its
environment because of a temperature difference between
them
The systemQ is used to represent the amount of energy transferred
by heat between a system and its environment
Internal Energy, U, is the energy associated with the
microscopic components of the system
Includes kinetic and potential energy associated with the random
translational, rotational and vibrational motion of the atoms or
molecules
Also includes the intermolecular potential energy
Heat is energy transferred between a system and its
environment because of a temperature difference between
them
The systemQ is used to represent the amount of energy transferred
by heat between a system and its environment
Units of Heat
Calorie
An historical unit, before the connection between
thermodynamics and mechanics was recognized
A calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5C to 15.5C .
A Calorie (food calorie) is 1000 cal
Joule 1 cal = 4.186 J
This is called the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
BTU (US Customary Unit)
BTU stands for British Thermal Unit
A BTU is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature
of 1 lb of water from 63F to 64F
Unit s Unit s
SI SI Joule ( J) Joule ( J)
CGS CGS Calorie ( cal) Calorie ( cal)
US Cust omary US Cust omary BTU ( bt u) BTU ( bt u)
Calorie
An historical unit, before the connection between
thermodynamics and mechanics was recognized
A calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water from 14.5C to 15.5C .
A Calorie (food calorie) is 1000 cal
Joule 1 cal = 4.186 J
This is called the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
BTU (US Customary Unit)
BTU stands for British Thermal Unit
A BTU is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature
of 1 lb of water from 63F to 64F
Specific Heat
Every substance requires a unique amount of energy
per unit mass to change the temperature of that
substance by 1C
directly proportional to mass (thus, per unit mass)
The specific heat, c, of a substance is a measure of this
amount
Every substance requires a unique amount of energy
per unit mass to change the temperature of that
substance by 1C
directly proportional to mass (thus, per unit mass)
The specific heat, c, of a substance is a measure of this
amount
T m
Q
c
A
=
Unit s Unit s
SI SI Joule/ kg Joule/ kg C ( J/ kg C ( J/ kg C) C)
CGS CGS Calorie/ g Calorie/ g C ( cal/ g C ( cal/ g C ) C )
Notes: Heat and Specific Heat
Q = m c T
T is always the final temperature minus the
initial temperature
When the temperature increases, T and Q
are considered to be positive and energy flows
into the system
When the temperature decreases, T and Q
are considered to be negative and energy flows
out of the system
Q = m c T
T is always the final temperature minus the
initial temperature
When the temperature increases, T and Q
are considered to be positive and energy flows
into the system
When the temperature decreases, T and Q
are considered to be negative and energy flows
out of the system
Example1: How much heat is needed to raise temperature of aluminum by 5C?
Given:
Mass: m=0.5 kg
Temp. T= 5
Specific heat:
c
Al
=900 J/kgC
Find:
Q=?
, ), ), ) Joules C C kg J kg
T mc Q
Al
2250 5 900 5 . 0 + = + =
A =

Heat is related to mass and temperature by
Given:
Mass: m=0.5 kg
Temp. T= 5
Specific heat:
c
Al
=900 J/kgC
Find:
Q=?

Thus, energy is flowing into the system!

Consequences of Different Specific
Heats
Water has a high specific
heat compared to land
On a hot day, the air
above the land warms
faster
The warmer air flows
upward and cooler air
moves toward the beach
Water has a high specific
heat compared to land
On a hot day, the air
above the land warms
faster
The warmer air flows
upward and cooler air
moves toward the beach
C kg J c
C kg J c
O H
Si

4186
700
2
=
=
What happens at night?
Question
What happens at night ?
1. same
2. opposit e
3. not hing
4. none of t he above
What happens at night ?
1. same
2. opposit e
3. not hing
4. none of t he above
How t o det ermine specific heat ?
Calorimeter
A technique for determining the specific heat
of a substance is called calorimetry
A calorimeter is a vessel that is a good
insulator that allows a thermal equilibrium to
be achieved between substances without any
energy loss to the environment
A technique for determining the specific heat
of a substance is called calorimetry
A calorimeter is a vessel that is a good
insulator that allows a thermal equilibrium to
be achieved between substances without any
energy loss to the environment
Calorimetry
Analysis performed using a calorimeter
Conservation of energy applies to the isolated system
The energy that leaves the warmer substance equals the
energy that enters the water
Q
cold
= -Q
hot
Negative sign keeps consistency in the sign convention of T
Analysis performed using a calorimeter
Conservation of energy applies to the isolated system
The energy that leaves the warmer substance equals the
energy that enters the water
Q
cold
= -Q
hot
Negative sign keeps consistency in the sign convention of T
Example2: A 0.010-kg piece of unknown metal heated to 100C and dropped into the
bucket containing 0.5 kg of water at 20C. Determine specific heat of
metal if the final temperature of the system is 50C
Given:
Mass: m
1
=0.010 kg
m
2
=0.5 kg
Specific heat (water):
c
W
=4186 J/kgC
Temperatures:
T
1
=100 C
T
2
=20 C
T
f
=50 C
Find:
Specific heat =?
Conservation of energy: heat lost by metal is the
same as heat acquired by water:
Solve this equation:
0 = +
metal water
Q Q
Given:
Mass: m
1
=0.010 kg
m
2
=0.5 kg
Specific heat (water):
c
W
=4186 J/kgC
Temperatures:
T
1
=100 C
T
2
=20 C
T
f
=50 C
Find:
Specific heat =?
, ) , ) , ), ), )
, ) 0 62790 5 . 0
20 50 4186 5 . 0 100 50 01 . 0
0
2 2 2
= + =
+ =
A + A = = +
J c
C C C kg J kg C C c kg
T c m T c m Q Q
metal
metal
O H O H O H metal metal metal metal water

C kg J c
metal
5
10 25 . 1 =
iron
Phase Transitions
ICE ICE WATER WATER STEAM STEAM
Add
heat
Add
heat
Add
heat
Add
heat
These are three states of matter (plasma is another one) These are three states of matter (plasma is another one)
Phase Changes
A phase change occurs when the physical
characteristics of the substance change
from one form to another
Common phases changes are
Solid to liquid melting
Liquid to gas boiling
Phases changes involve a change in the
internal energy, but no change in
temperature
A phase change occurs when the physical
characteristics of the substance change
from one form to another
Common phases changes are
Solid to liquid melting
Liquid to gas boiling
Phases changes involve a change in the
internal energy, but no change in
temperature
Latent Heat
During a phase change, the amount of heat is given as
Q = m L
L is the latent heat of the substance
Latent means hidden or concealed
Choose a positive sign if you are adding energy to the
system and a negative sign if energy is being removed
from the system
Latent heat of fusion is used for melting or freezing
Latent heat of vaporization is used for boiling or
condensing
During a phase change, the amount of heat is given as
Q = m L
L is the latent heat of the substance
Latent means hidden or concealed
Choose a positive sign if you are adding energy to the
system and a negative sign if energy is being removed
from the system
Latent heat of fusion is used for melting or freezing
Latent heat of vaporization is used for boiling or
condensing
Graph of Ice to Steam
Problem-solving hints:
Use consistent units
Transfers in energy are given as Q=mcT for processes
with no phase changes
Use Q = m L
f
or Q = m L
v
if there is a phase change
In Q
cold
= - Q
hot
be careful of sign, T = T
f
- T
i
Use consistent units
Transfers in energy are given as Q=mcT for processes
with no phase changes
Use Q = m L
f
or Q = m L
v
if there is a phase change
In Q
cold
= - Q
hot
be careful of sign, T = T
f
- T
i
Methods of Heat Transfer
Need to know the rate at which energy is
transferred
Need to know the mechanisms responsible for
the transfer
Methods include
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Need to know the rate at which energy is
transferred
Need to know the mechanisms responsible for
the transfer
Methods include
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
1. Conduction
The transfer can be viewed on an atomic scale
It is an exchange of energy between microscopic
particles by collisions
Less energetic particles gain energy during
collisions with more energetic particles
Rate of conduction depends upon the
characteristics of the substance
The transfer can be viewed on an atomic scale
It is an exchange of energy between microscopic
particles by collisions
Less energetic particles gain energy during
collisions with more energetic particles
Rate of conduction depends upon the
characteristics of the substance
Conduction example
The molecules vibrate about
their equilibrium positions
Particles near the flame
vibrate with larger
amplitudes
These collide with adjacent
molecules and transfer some
energy
Eventually, the energy travels
entirely through the rod
The molecules vibrate about
their equilibrium positions
Particles near the flame
vibrate with larger
amplitudes
These collide with adjacent
molecules and transfer some
energy
Eventually, the energy travels
entirely through the rod
Conduct ion can occur only if t here is a difference Conduct ion can occur only if t here is a difference
in t emperat ure bet ween t wo part s of t he in t emperat ure bet ween t wo part s of t he
conduct ing medium conduct ing medium
Conduction
The slab allows energy to
transfer from the region
of higher temperature to
the region of lower
temperature
The slab allows energy to
transfer from the region
of higher temperature to
the region of lower
temperature
L
T T
kA
t
Q
P
c h

= =
Heat flow
Thermal conductivity
Conduction
A is the cross-sectional area
L = x is the thickness of the slab or the
length of a rod
P is in Watts when Q is in Joules and t is in
seconds
k is the thermal conductivity of the material
Good conductors have high k values and good
insulators have low k values
A is the cross-sectional area
L = x is the thickness of the slab or the
length of a rod
P is in Watts when Q is in Joules and t is in
seconds
k is the thermal conductivity of the material
Good conductors have high k values and good
insulators have low k values
Home Insulation
Substances are rated by their R values
R = L / k
More multiple layers, the total R value is the
sum of the R values of each layer
Wind increases the energy loss by conduction
in a home
Substances are rated by their R values
R = L / k
More multiple layers, the total R value is the
sum of the R values of each layer
Wind increases the energy loss by conduction
in a home
2. Convection
Energy transferred by the movement of a
substance
When the movement results from differences in
density, it is called natural conduction
When the movement is forced by a fan or a pump,
it is called forced convection
Energy transferred by the movement of a
substance
When the movement results from differences in
density, it is called natural conduction
When the movement is forced by a fan or a pump,
it is called forced convection
Convection example
Air directly above the
flame is warmed and
expands
The density of the air
decreases, and it rises
The mass of air warms
the hand as it moves by
Applications:
Radiators
Cooling automobile
engines
Air directly above the
flame is warmed and
expands
The density of the air
decreases, and it rises
The mass of air warms
the hand as it moves by
Applications:
Radiators
Cooling automobile
engines
3. Radiation
Radiation does not require physical contact
All objects radiate energy continuously in the
form of electromagnetic waves due to thermal
vibrations of the molecules
Rate of radiation is given by Stefans Law
Radiation does not require physical contact
All objects radiate energy continuously in the
form of electromagnetic waves due to thermal
vibrations of the molecules
Rate of radiation is given by Stefans Law
Radiation example
The electromagnetic waves carry the energy from
the fire to the hands
No physical contact is necessary
Radiation equation
P = AeT
4
P is the rate of energy transfer, in Watts
= 5.6696 x 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
A is the surface area of the object
e is a constant called the emissivity
e varies from 0 to 1
T is the temperature in Kelvins
P = AeT
4
P is the rate of energy transfer, in Watts
= 5.6696 x 10
-8
W/m
2
K
4
A is the surface area of the object
e is a constant called the emissivity
e varies from 0 to 1
T is the temperature in Kelvins
Energy Absorption and Emission by
Radiation
With its surroundings, the rate at which the
object at temperature T with surroundings at
T
o
radiates is
P
net
= Ae(T
4
T
4
o
)
When an object is in equilibrium with its
surroundings, it radiates and absorbs at the same
rate
Its temperature will not change
With its surroundings, the rate at which the
object at temperature T with surroundings at
T
o
radiates is
P
net
= Ae(T
4
T
4
o
)
When an object is in equilibrium with its
surroundings, it radiates and absorbs at the same
rate
Its temperature will not change
Example: Determine solar energy over the area of 1 m
2
. Temperature of Suns surface is
6000 K and temperature of surroundings is 300 K.
Given:
Area: A= 1 m
2
Temperatures:
T
1
=6000 K
T
2
=300 K
Find:
Power =?
Use Stefans law:
, )
4
0
4
T T A Power =
Given:
Area: A= 1 m
2
Temperatures:
T
1
=6000 K
T
2
=300 K
Find:
Power =?

, )
, ), ), ), )
s J
K m
K K A Power
7
4 15 2 8
4 4
10 3 . 7
10 3 . 1 1 1 10 67 . 5
300 6000
=
=
=

Temperature of Suns surface Temperature on the Earth
Ideal Absorbers and Reflectors
An ideal absorber is defined as an object that
absorbs all of the energy incident on it
e = 1
This type of object is called a black body
An ideal absorber is also an ideal radiator of energy
An ideal reflector absorbs none of the energy
incident on it
e = 0
An ideal absorber is defined as an object that
absorbs all of the energy incident on it
e = 1
This type of object is called a black body
An ideal absorber is also an ideal radiator of energy
An ideal reflector absorbs none of the energy
incident on it
e = 0
Applications of Radiation
Clothing
Black fabric acts as a good absorber
White fabric is a better reflector
Thermography
The amount of energy radiated by an object can be
measured with a thermograph
Body temperature
Radiation thermometer measures the intensity of the
infrared radiation from the eardrum
Clothing
Black fabric acts as a good absorber
White fabric is a better reflector
Thermography
The amount of energy radiated by an object can be
measured with a thermograph
Body temperature
Radiation thermometer measures the intensity of the
infrared radiation from the eardrum
Question
The use of fiberglass insulat ion in t he out er walls of a building
is int ended t o minimize heat t ransfer t hrough what process?
a. conduct ion
b. radiat ion
c. convect ion
d. vaporizat ion
The use of fiberglass insulat ion in t he out er walls of a building
is int ended t o minimize heat t ransfer t hrough what process?
a. conduct ion
b. radiat ion
c. convect ion
d. vaporizat ion
Resisting Energy Transfer
Dewar flask/thermos bottle
Designed to minimize energy
transfer to surroundings
Space between walls is evacuated
to minimize conduction and
convection
Silvered surface minimizes radiation
Neck size is reduced
Dewar flask/thermos bottle
Designed to minimize energy
transfer to surroundings
Space between walls is evacuated
to minimize conduction and
convection
Silvered surface minimizes radiation
Neck size is reduced
Global Warming
Greenhouse example
Visible light is absorbed and re-emitted as infrared
radiation
Convection currents are inhibited by the glass
Earths atmosphere is also a good transmitter
of visible light and a good absorber of infrared
radiation
Greenhouse example
Visible light is absorbed and re-emitted as infrared
radiation
Convection currents are inhibited by the glass
Earths atmosphere is also a good transmitter
of visible light and a good absorber of infrared
radiation