Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Agenda
What is Vibration? Quantifying Vibration The Single Degree of Freedom Model Structural Resonances and Forced Vibration Vibration Transducers Brief Intro to Vibration Analysis Wrap Up
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2637 retr
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k c
F=kd
F=cv
F=ma
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Velocity, v
v = D = D2f
Acceleration, a
d2d = D2 sin t a= 2 dt
Time
a = D2 = D42f 2
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a = A sin t a=A
Velocity, v
v = a dt = - A cos t
Time
v=
A = A 2f
Displacement, d
d=
Time
a dt dt = - A2 sin t
d=
A A 2 = 42f 2
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1 m/s2
1 m/s
1m
= 1000 mm = 39.4 in
1g = 9.80665 ms-2
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d = D sinnt D
Time
Displacement
T m k
1 T
Frequency
n= 2 fn =
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k m
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time
n = 2fn =
k m + m1
m1 m
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time
m c1 + c2
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Forced Vibration
Displacement
e im T
m dm k c dF F
Magnitude Frequency
Frequency
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Input Forces
Vibration
+
Frequency Forces caused by Imbalance Shock Friction Acoustic Frequency Structural Parameters: Mass Stiffness Damping
=
Frequency Vibration Parameters: Acceleration Velocity Displacement
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891875
Vibration level
12th
Misalignment ofi.e., vibrations caused Vibrations at 50 or 60 Hzcauses vibration at NOISE, the shaft (incl. harmonics) Vibration at lower harmonics = orders st due by of Vibration (subordersbyof main shaft (1 order)in Vibration amplified 6thstructural resonances Harmonics level of at 42-48% of RPM) caused Extra high of rotational frequency caused to the speed harmonic/order Vibration caused by ambience caused by electromagnetic worn gearelectric by other machines or forces or by oil main shaft,fan with 6 blades the filmthe machine structure bearing imperfect caused by unbalance whirl or whip in journal misalignment e.g.,(rotational frequency power cables noise picked up from 1, 2, excitation wind excitation or acoustic 3,)
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Vibration level
12th
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Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Principles of operation F
F
V [mV] F Q [pC] F
V [mV] F Q [pC] F
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Choosing an Accelerometer
or General Purpose, medium weight and sensitivity Small, light and high frequency 1 - 10 mV/ms-2 Weight: 10-50 gram 0.1 - 0.3 mV/ms-2 Weight: 0.5 - 3 g
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~ 35 dB
f1
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f0
Frequency
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Level dB 30 20 10 0
Beeswax
Max.40 C
Frequency 200
20
500
1k
2k
5k
10k
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Inv er ted
Level dB 30 20 10 0
Pr ob e
Frequency 200
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500
1k
2k
5k
10k
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D C
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Transducer
Preamplifier
Filter(s)
Detector/ Averager
Frequency Spectrum
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Overall Level
4 2 1 3 5
Fan
Frequency Vibration 5 4 3 2 1 Date 5 1 2 3 4
Gearbox
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Hz
Date
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Types of Signals
Stationary signals Non-stationary signals
Deterministic
Random
Continuous
Transient
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Peak PeakPeak
RMS
Average
Time
RMS =
1 T 2 x ( t )dt T 0
1 T Average = x( t ) dt T 0
Crest Factor :
Peak RMS
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PeakPeak
RMS =
1 T 2 0 x ( t )dt T
Average =
1 T 0 x(t )dt T
Crest Factor :
Peak RMS
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Modal Analysis
The excitation frequency is coincident with a natural frequency of the structure
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Human Vibration
Human Body is a resonant system Evidence of delirious effects of vibration on health, productivity, & comfort Analysis of human vibration
whole body exposure hand exposure (tools)
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Shaker Applications
Environmental Survivability Stress Screening Modal Testing Squeak and Rattle Studies
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Order Analysis
From a simple runup or coastdown of a machine we can tell so much!
[m/s2]
10 5 0
10 5 0
6th order
Speed [RPM]
1800 Speed [RPM] 1400 1000
Structural Resonance
Speed [RPM]
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Conclusion
You should now have a good understanding of: The SDOF Model (mass, spring, damper) How to quantify vibration Difference between FORCED vibration and STRUCTURAL resonances What the measurement chain is Practical use of accelerometers How to analyze vibration signals Introduced to typical vibration applications
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