UPCSE Maths Course

Week: 1
(based on Lectures 1 and 2)

Problem Sheet 1
Topics:
Polynomials, Quadratic Eqns., and Nature of roots of QEqns.

1. Given polynomials p(x) = 3x 4 and q(x) = 2x2 5x + 8, verify the following: (i) (v) (p + q)(x) = 2x2 2x + 4 (pq)(x) = (qp)(x) = 6x3 23x2 + 44x 32. (ii) (7p 6q)(x) = 12x2 + 51x 76 (iii) (p q)(x) = 6x2 15x + 20 (iv) (q p)(x) = 18x2 63x + 60

2. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions. In each case, show clearly the intersection(s), if any, with x and y axes. (i) (iv) (x) y = x2 + 5x + 1 y = 2x2 + x 1 y = ax2 + bx (a > 0). (ii) (v) y = x2 + 4x + 1 y = 4x2 + 4x + 1 (iii) y = 3x2 + x 1 (vi) y = 4x2 4x + 1 y = 5x2 8x + 5

(vii) y = 2x 1 x2

(viii) y = x2 2x + 3 (ix)

3. Determine the values of x for which the following inequalities hold. (i) x2 > 7x 12 (ii) x2 + 5 < 2x b2 + a2 x2 > 2abx ; a = 0. (a = 0). (iii) 3x2 + 5x < 2 (iv) 6x2 5x 4 < 0 (v)

4. Given a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c ; (i) Show that p(x) can be written in the form b a x+ 2a
2

1 2 b 4ac . 4a

(ii) Use 4(i) to determine the zeros of the polynomial q(x) = x2 7x + 12. (iii) Write a general formula for the roots of quadratic equation p(x) = 0. 5. For what values of m, will the polynomial m2 x2 + 2(m + 1)x + 4 have exactly one zero? 6. When does the equation 3x2 2x + c = 0 have (i) two distinct roots; (ii) a repeated root? When does the function f (x) = 3x2 2x + c (c constant), take its least value? 7. Use the discriminant () to show that the quadratic equation px2 + (p + q)x + q = 0, has distinct roots unless p = q. p, q R

UPCSE Core Mathematics

Problem Solving Classes Week 1

8. Determine the range of values of the following quadratic functions (for x R): (i) f1 (x) = 4x2 + 9x (ii) f2 (x) = x2 8x + 15 (iii) f3 (x) = (x 2)2 + 1 9. Find the values of x for which the following functions have negative values: (i) f1 (x) = 2x2 + x 15 (x R) x1 (x R {2, 3}) (ii) f2 (x) = (x 2)(x 3) 10. Given and are roots of the equation 2x2 4x + 1 = 0, without solving the equation, obtain quadratic equation whose roots are: (i) (iv) 1 1 and 1 1 and 2 2 (ii) (v) 1 2 and 1 2 and + 1 . (iii) 2 + and + 2

+ 1

11. If , are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, obtain the quadratic equation whose roots are 1 and 1 . 12. Given and are roots of the equation 2x2 + x 6 = 0, nd (without solving the equation), the values of the symmetric functions: (i) 2 + 2 (ii) + (iii) 4 + 4 (iv) 2 + 2 (v) 2 2 + .

13. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has a repeated root , then show that = the values c or a c . a

b 2c = ; and takes one of 2a b

14. Given that x R, for what values of c, is 2x2 + 4x 22 + c(x + 5) > 0? 15. Find the value(s) of d, for which the straight line x + y + d = 0 meet the curve y = x2 + 4x + d in two distinct points. 16. By writing x2 + px 2p2 3x + 3p + 9 = 0 as a quadratic equation in x, show that p cannot take any values between 1 and 3, for real root x. 17. Write x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 12x 24y + 36 = 0 as a quadratic equation in x, and show that if x R, then 0 y 4. 18. Verify that for a R, (x 1)2 is a factor of f (x) = x4 ax2 + (2a 4)x + (3 a). Also show that the roots of f (x) = 0 are real if a 2. Note: If f (x) has a factor (x a), and (x a) divides f (x), then f (x) has a factor (x a)2 . 19. Given that f (x) = 2x4 ax3 + 19x2 20x + 12 = (x p)2 q(x), where a, p N, nd a and p, and show that f (x) is never negative for any x R. 20. If , , and are roots of the cubic equation x3 + 3x2 7x + 1 = 0, nd the value of 2 + 2 + 2 .

UPCSE Core Mathematics

Problem Solving Classes Week 1

21. Show that f (x) =

4x 13 (x 1)(x 3)

(x R {1, 3}) has no value between 1 and 4.

22. Let the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be and , where = 0. = , then b2 = ( + )2 ac. (ii) Use the result obtained in 22(i) to deduce the condition for (1) to have equal roots. (i) Show that if 23. If the roots of x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0 are such that the reciprocal of one root is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the other two , , show that b3 + 8c2 = 4abc. Further, show that 6x3 + 11x2 4x 4 = 0 satises (2), and solve the equation. 24. Show that when a2 > 1, the rational function [1, 1]. Find the possible values of the expression when a2 < 1. 25. The quadratic equations kx2 + 2x + 1 = 0 and x2 + 2x + k = 0 have a common root for k = 1. Find the constant k. x2 2ax + 1 takes only values in the interval ax2 2x + a (2) (1)

Answers (to selected problems)

3 4 5 6 8 9 10 (i) (ii) x < 3 or x > 4 (ii) No x exist.

3, 4. 1 1, . 3 1 1 1 (i) c< (ii) c= (iii) x= . 3 3 3 81 (i) y (ii) y 1 (iii) y 1. 16 5 (i) 3 < x < (ii) 2 < x < 3 or x < 1. 2 (i) (iv) x2 4x + 2 = 0 x2 8x + 8 = 0 (ii) (v) x2 12x + 4 = 0 x2 6x + 9 =0 2 (iii) x2 6x + 17 =0 2

11 12

14 15 20 24 25

acx2 + (2ac b2 )x + ac = 0. 25 25 (i) (ii) 4 12 3 37 (iv) (v) 2 24 8 < c < 24 25 d< . 8 23. | y | 1. 3.

(iii)

337 16