Jessa Maureen M.

Carolino 2012-59026 Development of the different atomic models Democritus proposed an Atomic Theory which states that all atoms are small, hard, indivisible and indestructible particles made of a single material formed into different shapes and sizes. Aristotle, however, did not support his atomic theory. Antoine Lavoisier was the first person to generate a list of 33 elements in his textbook. He discovered that combustion occurs when oxygen combines with other elements. He proposed the Law of Conservation of Mass which states, in a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. In 1799, Joseph Proust proposed the Law of Constant Composition. This law was very radical at the time and was hotly contested by Claude Berthollet. In 1803, John Dalton proposed an Atomic Theory which states that: 1. All substances are made of atoms; atoms are small particles that cannot be created, divided, or destroyed; 2. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike, and atoms of different elements are different; and 3. Atoms join with other atoms to make new substances. He also calculated the atomic weights of many various elements. Michael Faraday studied the effect of electricity on solutions, coined term electrolysis as a splitting of molecules with electricity, developed laws of electrolysis. He himself was not a proponent of atomism. George Johnstone Stoney was an Irish scientist who calculated the magnitude of the atom or particle of electricity, for which he coined the term electron. J. J. Thomson proved that an atom can be divided into smaller parts. While he was experimenting with cathode-ray tubes, he discovered corpuscles, which were later called electrons. He also stated that the atom is neutral. In 1897, he proposed the Plum Pudding Model which states that atoms mostly consist of positively charged particles (electrons) located throughout the positive material. In 1909, Ernest Rutherford performed the Gold Foil Experiment and suggested the following characteristics of the atom: 1. It consists of a small core, or nucleus, that contains most of the mass of the atom; 2. This nucleus is made up of particles called protons, which have a positive charge; and 3. The protons are surrounded by negatively charged electrons, but most of the atom is actually empty space. James Chadwick realized that the atomic mass of most elements was double the number of protons, which led to the discovery of the neutron in 1932. He also worked with fellow scientist, Ernest Rutherford.

In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed the Bohr Model, which suggests that electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits or definite paths. Additionally, the electrons can jump from a path in one level to a path in another level (depending on their energy). Louis de Broglie discovered that electrons had a dual nature similar to both particles and wave (Particle/Wave Duality). Werner Heisenberg described atoms by means of formula connected to frequencies of spectral lines. He proposed the Principle of Indeterminacy you cannot know both the position and velocity of a particle. In 1926, Erwin Schrodinger further explained the nature of electrons in an atom by stating that the exact location of an electron cannot be stated; therefore, it is more accurate to view the electrons in regions called electron clouds places where electrons are likely to be found. He also did extensive work on the Wave formula, and later called it the Schrodinger equation.

Sources: www.sciencewithmrjones.com/downloads/chemistry/scientists/history_of_the_atom__with_timeline.ppt cstl-csm.semo.edu/mcgowan/ch181/atomhist.htm www.famousirishscientists.weebly.com/george-johnstone-stoney.html www.atomictimeline.net/index.php