Cardiovascular system What is it? It's a big name for one of the most important systems in the body.

Made up of th e heart, blood and blood vessels, the circulatory system is your body's delivery system. Blood moving from the heart, delivers oxygen and nutrients to every par t of the body. On the return trip, the blood picks up waste products so that you r body can get rid of them. Cardiovascular disease Heart disease or cardiovascular diseases is the class of diseases that involve t he heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refer s to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to r efer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions ha ve similar causes, mechanisms, and treatments. In practice, cardiovascular disease is treated by cardiologists, thoracic surgeo ns, vascular surgeons, neurologists, and interventional radiologists, depending on the organ system that is being treated. There is considerable overlap in the specialties, and it is common for certain procedures to be performed by differen t types of specialists in the same hospital. Most countries face high and increasing rates of cardiovascular disease. Each ye ar, heart disease kills more Americans than cancer. In recent years, cardiovascu lar risk in women has been increasing and has killed more women than breast canc er. By the time that heart problems are detected, the underlying cause (atherosclero sis) is usually quite advanced, having progressed for decades. There is therefor e increased emphasis on preventing atherosclerosis by modifying risk factors, su ch as healthy eating, exercise and avoidance of smoking. Pathophysiology Population based studies in the youth show that the precursors of heart disease start in adolescence. The process of atherosclerosis evolves over decades, and b egins as early as childhood. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study demonstrated that intimal lesions appear in all the aortas and m ore than half of the right coronary arteries of youths aged 7 9 years. However, most adolescents are more concerned about other risks such as HIV, accidents, and ca ncer than cardiovascular disease. This is extremely important considering that 1 in 3 people will die from complic ations attributable to atherosclerosis. In order to stem the tide of cardiovascu lar disease, primary prevention is needed. Primary prevention starts with educat ion and awareness that cardiovascular disease poses the greatest threat and meas ures to prevent or reverse this disease must be taken. Screening Some biomarkers are thought to offer a more detailed risk of cardiovascular dise ase. However, the clinical value of these biomarkers is questionable. Currently, biomarkers which may reflect a higher risk of cardiovascular disease include: Higher fibrinogen and PAI-1 blood concentrations Elevated homocysteine, or even upper half of normal Elevated blood levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine High inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein Elevated blood levels of brain natriuretic peptide Prevention Evidence shows that the Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular outcomes. As of 2010 however vitamins have not been found to be effective at preventing cardi ovascular disease. Modifiable risk factors to improve or prevent atherosclerosis include: diet high in fibers from vegetables while low in fat and cholesterol; tobacco cessation a nd avoidance of second-hand smoke; decreased alcohol consumption; lower blood pr essures if elevated through the use of antihypertensive medications; strict diab etes management; decrease BMI if overweight or obese; increase daily activity to 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise; and decrease emotional stress in d ay to day life. Management

Unlike many other chronic. Medical conditions, cardiovascular disease is treatab le and reversible, even after a long history of disease. Treatment is primarily focused on diet and stress reduction however frequently includes medication. (Sources: www.americanheart.org, www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-h ealth/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/)

Answer from the case : 1. 2. 3. Screening test for patient : urine test glucose test blood test cholesterol test uric acid test Screening test for cancer : USG (Ultrasonography) : to search a real diagnose CT-scan : to know metastate to tissue MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : if in USG or CT-scan undetection How to prevent : exercise consume vegetables and fruits sufficient drug : beta blocker