Megha Majumder BIOHW 1-3 1. Mendel came up with the idea of units of inheritance.

Chromosomes are a physical embodiment of these units of inheritance. Mendel did a lot of theorizing, but it was later scientists with more advanced tools who confirmed his theories with actual findings. This is one such example.On the other hand, chromosomes also contradict Mendel's Law of Segregation, which stated that all genes assort independently. This is untrue, as genes located near each other on the same chromosome are inherited together(With the exception of crossing-over, but that's an exception).Mendel's findings: traits control discrete units of inheritance called genes and that members of a gene pair separate from each other during gamete formation (formation of egg cells and sperm). Chromosome theory of inheritance states that inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation. 2. Dominant recessive - Recessive alleles will not show up if there is a single dominant allele present. Dominant alleles take priority over recessive alleles so if there is a single dominant allele present it will always effect the phenotype. Allele-gene: Genes are something we inherit from our parents- alleles determine how they are expressed in an individual. Alleles occur in pairs but there is no such pairing for genes. A pair of alleles produces opposing phenotypes. No such generalization can be assigned to genes. Alleles determine the traits we inherit. The genes we inherit are the same for all humans. However, how these manifest themselves is actually determined by alleles. Homozygous-Heterozygous - If we assign a letter such as B to a dominant genetic or hereditary trait then b will be a defective allele: So, If homozygous genotypes are represented by BB (normal) and bb (affected) and heterozygous genotypes are represented by Bb (carrier genotype) Phenotype-genotype - An organisms genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organisms phenotype is all of its observable characteristicswhich are influenced both by its genotype and by the environment. So in defining evolution, we are really concerned with changes in the genotypes that make up a population from generation to generation. However, since an organisms genotype generally affects its phenotype, the phenotypes that make up the population are also likely to change. Monohybrid-dihybrid-trihybrid - T means TALL, t means short; a monohybrid cross, it DOES NOT matter that one is homozygygous, the other is heterozygygous, or their both homozygous, etc. THE ONLY THING that makes a monohybrid cross, a monohybrid cross, is that ONLY ONE THINGS IS BEING COMPARED. Dihybrid cross- You compare TWO traits. Lets say, Tounge Rolling and the ability to whistle. AGAIN, IT DOES NOT MATTER if one is homozygous, heterozygous, or w/e. THE ONLY THING THAT WILL MAKE THE CROSS DIHYBRID, IS IF TWO TRAITS ARE BEING CROSSED. Trihybrid will be 3 traits crossed. (lets say tounge rolling, whistling, and wiggling your ears). 3. True breeding - Referring to organisms for which sexual reproduction produces offspring with inherited traits identical to those of the parents. The organisms are homozygous for the characteristics under consideration.