Chapter 31 Study Guide Unit 7 APUSH Mr. Parkinson Continuing Divisions and New Limits 1.

Discuss the problems that African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans faced in American society during the 1970s; discuss the emergence of identity politics and cultural nationalism as approaches to those problems; and discuss the extent to which these groups were successful in achieving their goals. Identity Politics i. Emerged due to the separate Power movements of the 60s and 70s as groups strove to be recognized culturally as a whole ii. These groups did not want to be recognized as individuals by the government but instead as distinct racial and cultural groups 1. Groups would therefore be treated differently iii. African Americans i. End of the strive for racial integration 1. Now emphasized their differences and wanted to be recognized for such 2. Believed that integration would mean subordination in a white dominated society ii. Cultural Pride grew strong 1. Emergence of African American studies, Kwanza, natural hair. Mexican Americans i. Poverty 1. Though they were classified as white, they were treated very differently and lived a very different life a. were below the poverty line b. Most lived in run down barrios c. Widespread discrimination in schools, housing, hiring, pay, and the courts 2. Migrant workers had it worst of all ii. Grape strike 1. Led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta 2. Strike against grape growers in an attempt to gain better wages and housing for the migrant workers 3. UFW (United Farm Workers) grew strong 4. Great success a. Led to more cultural pride as well iii. Chicano movement 1. Emerged for a short time but never became substantial

a. Did lead to more Mexican pride as well as some new rights and the formation of the La Raza Unida, which brought Mexican Americans into the political scene Native Americans i. Red Power 1. Occupied Alcatraz Island for 19 months as part of a panIndian protest ii. Radical Occupation of Wounded Knee and the Bureau of Indian Affairs office in Washington D.C. iii. Moderate 1. Worked through the government to form the National Congress of American Indians and the Nave American Rights Fund a. Congress passed the Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act as well as returned millions of acres of Native land 2. Despite these success, Native Americans as a whole stayed way below the poverty line and had rampant and terrible alcoholism and suicide rates that continue to today Affirmative Action is born i. Increased minority participation in almost all areas of society but especially business and education

2. Discuss the shift in emphasis during the late 1960s and 1970s from individual opportunity to group outcomes as a remedy for discrimination and inequality; and examine the successes and failures of this concept. Group Outcomes o Many argued for group outcomes to questions of discrimination and inequality Believed that they should be treated not as individuals but as groups Cultural pride led to this Discrimination was widespread in the workplace Tens of thousands of complaints of racial or sexual discrimination o Critics believed that this violated the principle of people being evaluated based on their own merits Too large of a group to pass strong legislature o Philadelphia Plan All business hoping to get a government contract must show affirmative action to meet the goals of increasing minority employment

Very successful and led to many large corporations and educational institutions implementing their own programs

3. Explain the emergence, characteristics, and goals of the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s, and discuss the success and failures of this movement and its impact on American society. Feminist movement o Began through the publishing of The Feminine Mystique Disappointment with their position in life o Founding of the National Organization for Women Goal was to end sexual discrimination o Radical protest Bra-burners emerged Protest at the Miss America Pageant against the girlie symbol they thought it provoked o Women consciousness-raising groups Gathered together across the nation to talk about relationships, marriage, sexuality, abortion, healthcare, work, and family. o Accomplishments Rights gained: Unmarried women to obtain birth control, married women to obtain credit in her own name, women to serve on juries, and the end of sex segregated help wanted ads. Changed national feelings about rape and rape victims Also established rape crisis centers across America and educated all people, especially local police and health officials, about rape. Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress but not he states Title IX Womens participation in sports boomed Universities had to show no discrimination against women or else lose their federal funds

4. Discuss the emergence, characteristics, and goals of the antifeminist and antiabortion movements, and discuss their impact on American society during the 1970s and 1980s. Anti- Movements o Often feminist ideals were protested by other women Did not want to give up the traditional gender roles in marriage or work o African American women and Latinas protested because they saw the movement as white and that it was drawing attention away from the fight for racial equality o STOP-ERA

Organize religious based movement Pretty radical and believed that this movement would destroy family life and good gender roles set in the Bible Was anti abortion as well according to their religious beliefs Was successful in stropping the Equal Rights Amendment o Marginally successful with the stop of the ERA, this antifeminist movement was not as strong as its counter part and did not make a huge dent in the typical American thought process 5. Explain the emergence of the gay rights movement, and discuss the movements goals and its impact on American society during the 1970s. Gay Rights i. Hate against gays was very high even as racial and sexual discrimination dropped 1. Consensual intercourse as well as marriage and adoption were illegal for gay couples ii. Gay Power 1. Protest by Gays had been small as many remained in the closet to protect themselves 2. June 28, 1969 a. Confrontation between police and gays in a bar leads to hundreds of gays going out against the police in the confrontation iii. Gay Pride 1. Adopted similar platforms as the other pride groups in not seeking assimilation 2. Wanted nondiscrimination statutes similar to those of the feminist and racial movements 3. Movement truly took off and by 1973 there were 800 gay organization in the US a. Most in cities such as NYC, Miami, or San Francisco b. Or in universities and colleges iv. Truly changed national thoughts on gays but there is still much hatred that continues until today 1. Did make country realize that gays were everywhere and very proud 6. Discuss the course of the Vietnam War from 1969 to 1975; explain the war's impact on southeast Asia, American society, and Vietnam veterans; and discuss the debate in the United States over the meaning of the American experience in Vietnam. a. At the end of the sixties, Vietnam was the most divisive issue.

i. Nixon had pledged to end the war but both expanded and contracted it in office 1. began transferring responsibility to the south Vietnamese army 2. began bringing troops back to the United States a. decreased number from 543,000 in 1969 to 60,000 by 1972 3. Intensified bombings of north Vietnam to advance peace talks 4. Invaded Cambodia, bombed large parts of the country to break Vietnamese supply lines b. Nixon tried to keep the invasion of Cambodia a secret, but word got out, and demonstrations erupted. i. Students in 450 college campuses went on strike and hundreds of thousands gathered in American cities to protest 1. On May 4th, State troopers fired on a crowd of students, killing 4 and wounding ten. 2. Police fired machine guns at an African American women's dormitory at Jackson university, killing 2, wounding 9. ii. Congress ended the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in response.

iii. Two months later the invasion ended, with little accomplished. c. In 1971, Daniel Ellsberg published the pentagon papers, a secret government study of action in Vietnam. i. The papers revealed that the government had often lied about the war to cover up what was going on. ii. Nixon tried to stop the papers publication in the New York Times, but the Supreme Court decided in favor of Ellsberg and the times. d. The peace accords continued in Paris

i. Nixon hoped to force the north Vietnamese to accept American terms, but had little success. ii. After a December meeting collapsed, Nixon launched a bombing raid in Vietnam called the Christmas bombing. e. A diplomatic agreement was reached, calling a ceasefire, but the US had to threaten the South Vietnamese with the termination of American aid, and promise to continue to defend them. i. The cease fire ended quickly, as both sides attacked the other. ii. The North Vietnamese quickly overran the South Vietnamese forces. f. On April 29, 1975, the Southern government collapsed and Vietnam was reunified under North Vietnamese control. g. The war had cost the United States i. The lives of 58,000 Americans ii. The lives of 2 million south east Asians iii. $170 billion dollars iv. The war had hurt foreign relations v. weakened the US with inflation and fewer funds and focus for reform h. Americans debated the lessons to learn i. Right wing analysts stress the protests as weakening the United States ii. Left wing analysts stress the fact that both Johnson and Nixon has abuses their power and pulled the nation to war without following the constitution. 7. Examine, evaluate, and discuss the consequences of the defense and foreign policy views, goals, and actions of the Nixon administration. a. Nixon and Kissinger sought to recover US relations from the low point they had suffered as a result of Vietnam.

i. They hoped to see foreign policy in a wider view than simply the two sided cold war. ii. They created the Nixon doctrine pledging money but not troops to allies. 1. This was a slight retraction of the Truman doctrine. b. They began to negotiate with the soviets to improve relations. i. Both nations wanted to reduce the size of their militaries. 1. Both nations sign the ABM treaty, limiting the construction of ballistic missiles. ii. Nixon hoped to work with both China and Russia at a low point in their relations, to weaken the Communist bloc. 1. Nixon visited China and discussed with Chinese leaders a. This led to formal relations in 1979 c. Israel and the Arab states erupted into the Six Day war in the middle east . i. Expanded the size of Israel ii. Created extreme resentment among Arabs against Israel 1. Violent nationalist groups emerged, and a new war of terrorism and assassinations emerged between Israelis and Palestinians. d. In 1973, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel i. In response to the US's support for Israel, OPEC, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, embargoed oil shipments to the United States. ii. An energy crisis emerged across the nation as gas was in short supply. 1. Although a cease fire was reached, the embargo continued until march, 1974.

e. The US began anti radical efforts in the third world i. Assisting in putting in place Fascist dictator Augusto Pinochet in Chile in place of the democratic government. ii. Backed White minority governments in Zimbabwe and South Africa iii. Tried to defeat Soviet backed rebels in Angola. 8. Discuss the domestic issues that faced the Nixon administration in the late 1960s and early 1970s' explain and evaluate the administration's actions concerning those issues; and discuss the consequences of those actions. a. He instituted liberal reforms i. advanced affirmative action ii. doubled the budget of national endowments for the humanities and the arts iii. supported the Equal Rights Amendment iv. supported environmental legislation and created the EPA v. created Occupational Safety and Health Administration b. He also advanced conservative aims i. shifted federal power to the states ii. gave the states federal money to use however they wanted iii. Promoted division in American society based on backlash against hippies and drug users iv. He appointed four conservative judges to the supreme court. v. Tried to appeal to the south by promoting somewhat desegregationist policies 1. stopping bussing for diversity

2. nominated a segregationist to the supreme court 9. Examine the issues and personalities and explain the outcome of the 1972 presidential election. a. Nixon 10. Discuss the illegal activities that constituted the Watergate scandal, and explain the threat these activities posed to constitutional government. a. 11. Examine the impact of the Watergate scandal on the American people, American society, and American institutions, and discuss and evaluate the reforms enacted in the scandals aftermath. The Watergate Scandal was first unraveled by two journalists, then more thoroughly by the Supreme Court and Congress o Linked to the presidency Effects on people, society, and institutions o Scandal shook their confidence in their government o Didnt know if they could trust their government o Left a legacy of discredit o People were no longer afraid to ridicule the presidency Saturday Night Live Political cartoons directly attacked the president Respect for the office would no longer prevent people from reporting slips, blunders, and mess-ups

o Congress began to reevaluate the balance of power Reforms

o Beginning 1973, Congress passed several major bills that restricted the power of the president War Powers Act 1974 Budget and Impoundment Control Act Made it impossible for the president to disregard congressional spending mandates

12. Examine the issues and personalities and explain the outcome of the 1976 presidential election.

Republican: Gerald Ford o Had been Nixons vice president, took over after Nixon resigned o Had never been extremely popular, and approval ratings plummeted even lower after he pardoned Nixon o Victim of harsh media attacks o Portrayed as clumsy, klutzy, buffoon-like o Had accomplished little during his two years in office

Democrat: James (Jimmy) Carter o One-term governor of Georgia o Committed to racial equality and integration o Grew up in rural Georgia on a peanut farm, graduated from Naval academy, served as an engineer in the navys nuclear submarine program o Deeply religious, born-again Christian

o Lack of political experience worked as a way to distance himself from the corruption of Washington in the eyes of voters Outcome o Carter wins by a small margin o Faces a challenging presidency I will never lie to you

13. Discuss Jimmy Carters personal and political background; examine the domestic issues and political problems that faced the Carter administration; and explain and evaluate the administrations actions concerning those issues and problems.

Grew up in rural Georgia on a peanut farm Graduated from Naval academy, served as engineer in nuclear submarine program Deeply religious, Christian Little political experience o Served one term as governor of Georgia o Used this as a way to distance himself from the corruption of Washington An outsider president

Was committed to racial equality and integration Broke with traditions to emphasize his outsider appeal Though an astute policymaker, he scorned the deal making necessary to pass legislation in Congress Problems/responses

o Declining economy Talked Spoke of false lures of self-indulgence and consumption; paralysis and stagnation and drift; called for a new commitment to the path of common purpose Created Department of Education

o Energy shortages Carter went on television in a sweater to speak about limits and sacrifice Instituted energy conservation measures at the White House Proposed to Congress a detailed energy plan that conserved energy Created Department of Energy Created environmental protections; established a $1.6 billion superfund to clean up abandoned chemical waste sites; placed more than 100 million acres of Alaskan land under the federal governments protection

o American people did not trust their government Worked to ease burdensome government regulations without destroying consumer and worker safeguards

o Carter was often unable to offer practical solutions for the growing crises

14. Discuss the causes, characteristics, and consequences of the economic and energy crises of the 1970s, and explain and evaluate the attempts by the Ford and Carter administrations to deal with these crises. Energy Crisis

o Cause Americans had grown up with cheap and abundant energy Gas was cheap and easily attainable Most families owned cars, and neither home heating nor household appliances were made to be energy efficient Nearly one third of the nations energy supply came from imported oil In 1973, OPEC cut off oil shipments to the US

o Effects

Oil prices rose 350%; increased costs of goods, services, and transportation Sales of American cars plummeted as Americans rushed to buy energy-efficient imported cars GM laid of 6% of its domestic work force Deindustrialization- the economy began its transition from an industrial economy to a service economy

Economic crisis o Cause Gross national product was dropping after a long period of growth Inflation Stagnant economy

Poor federal management of the economy: Johnson had created inflationary pressure by trying to wage an expensive war in Vietnam while expanding domestic spending Trade deficits: America began importing more than it was exporting

o Effects Stagflation Stagnant economy, high unemployment, and out-of-control inflation

Deepening lack of trust in the government American productivity declined rapidly Deindustrialization- economy began its transition from an industrial economy to a service economy More married women joined the work force because they needed more money to support their families Young people looking for work found few opportunities Sunbelt Boom: as Northern and Midwest industrial cities began to decline, people fled to Southern states to find work

o Response Stagflation was nearly impossible to fight with traditional strategies Spending to stimulate economy aggravated inflation Cuts on spending and the tightening of the money supply to curb inflation made the recession deepen and unemployment rates skyrocket

Ford created a voluntary program called Whip Inflation Now to encourage grassroots anti-inflation efforts Ford curbed federal spending and tightened credit This prompted the worst recession in 40 years

Carter tried to stimulate economy, only to exacerbate inflation; he tried to control inflation only to send the country into another recession Carters larger economic policies eventually brought growth, but not soon enough to make a difference to the American people

15. Examine the 1970s as an era of cultural transformation, paying particular attention to: a. The environmental movement: A series of environmental crises drove home the limits of natural resources and the fragility of the environment o 1969: major oil spill off the coast of California o 1969: Cuyahoga river catches fire due to pollution o 1970: oil embargo drives home the limits of resources o 1979: Three Mile Island nuclear accident o 1980: Love Canal declared a federal emergency EPA created 1970 by Nixon under strong public pressure First Earth Day: April 22, 1970 o New thinking stressed the connection between the earth and all living organisms

Rapid global population growth, pollution, and other consequences of human actions were named the most serious threats

b. Technological advances: First man on the moon o Neil Armstrong 1969 Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind

1970s: foundation for the computer revolution is laid Integrated circuit created in 1970 First computer available for purchase in 1975 Advances in technology seemed unable to deal with real problems such as poverty, homelessness, hunger, disease, crime, pollution, and urban decay Failure of wartime technology in Vietnam causes public to question it

c. The search for spiritual fulfillment and well-being: As Americans encountered material limits, they sought spiritual fulfillment Born-again Christians emphasized the immediate daily presence of God in their lives New Age: drew from and often combined versions of nonwestern spiritual and religious practices, including Zen Buddhism, yoga, and shamanism Therapeutic culture: self-help books made up 15% of best selling books o therapists and self-help gurus taught how to discover individual feelings

d. Sexuality and the family: Sex became much more visible in Americas public culture during the 1970s TV loosened its regulation of sexual content o Threes Company, Charlies Angels

Youth fad: streaking The seventies were the era of singles bars and gay bathhouses For most Americans the major changes brought by the sexual revolution were a broader public acceptance of premarital sex and a limited acceptance of homosexuality Many states implemented no fault divorce; fewer women wanted children; the birthrate dropped almost 40% from its 1957 peak

e. The idea of diversity: Racial justice and identity movements of the late 1960s and 1970s made Americans more aware of differences among the nations peoples o Made stronger by an influx of new immigrants from Latin America and Asia The challenge: find a way to acknowledge the new importance of difference in public policy o The solution: diversity o Difference was not a problem, but a strength o Affirmative action causes debates across the country California v. Bakke

Decision: A diverse student body is a constitutionally permissible goal for an institution of higher education

16. Examine, evaluate, and discuss the consequences of the defense and foreign policy views, goals, and actions of the Carter administration.

Carter acted inconsistently on the topic of foreign policy o No consensus existed in foreign policy after the end of Vietnam

His advisors could not cooperate with each other o Zbigniew Brzezinski Polish-born political scientist who became Carters national security advisor Blamed foreign crises on Soviet expansionism

o Cyrus Vance Secretary of State Advocated quiet diplomacy

o Vocal neo-conservative intellectuals Norman Podhoretz Editor of Commentary magazine

o Committee on the Present Danger Founded 1976

Cold War deepened under Carter as a result of his choice to listen more to Brzezinski than Vance

Panama o Carter re-energized negotiations o US signed two treaties with Panama in 1977 Would relinquish control of Panama Canal

Camp David Accords (1978) o First mediated peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation o Ended warfare along one frontier in the Middle East o Highlight of Carters presidency

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan o Late 1979: Red Army invaded Afghanistan o Carter suspended shipments of grain and high-technology equipment to the Soviet Union o Withdrew a major new arms control treaty from Senate consideration o Initiated an international boycott of the 1980 Moscow summer Olympics o Secretly authorized the CIA to distribute aid and weapons to the Mujahidin o Carter asserted that the US would intervene militarily if necessary, should Soviet aggression threaten the petroleum-rich Persian Gulf

Iranian Hostage Crisis o Carter broke diplomatic relations with Iran to attempt a rescue mission, which failed

This record in foreign affairs hurt Carters reputation greatly o More American personnel were stationed overseas in 1980 than in 1976

o Defense budget had grown to $15.3 billion in 1980 o Double standard involving human rights Applied the human-rights test to some nations but not to US allies

o Did not satisfy Americans who wanted a post-Vietnam restoration of economic dominance and military edge o Result: Carter is not reelected; he loses to Ronald Reagan in the election of 1980