1

ngha thc tin ca cc dng s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng trong

tiu chun thit k

Nguyn Ngc B
Tin s, Vin Nghin cu c bn v Tiu chun ha Xy dng - Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng, Ngha Tn, Cu Giy,
H Ni

Practical use of concrete stress blocks in design standards

Abstract: For practical design purpose, most of design standards provide simplified concrete stress blocks to be used
instead of the complex stress-strain curve that can represent the curve obtained from testing of concrete. Although different
shapes of concrete stress blocks are provided by different standards, only one that design engineers concern, the others
may be used by other purposes. This paper introduces different concrete stress blocks provided in advance design
standards and discusses the practical use of such blocks.

1. M u
Khi thit k kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp chu un hoc nn un trng thi gii hn v kh nng chu lc, thng
thng kh nng chu ko ca b tng c b qua, kh nng chu nn ca b tng c tnh n thng qua mt s
phn b ng sut nn ca b tng dng hnh ch nht, hnh parabol ch nht, hnh thang hay cc dng s khc c
cho trong cc tiu chun thit k. Mi quan h ng sut bin dng thc ca b tng chu nn rt phc tp v khng bit
trc c [1], do cc s nu trong cc tiu chun thit k l cc s c n gin ha tin cho vic tnh
ton vi mt mc sai lch chp nhn c. Thng thng cc s ny c xy dng trn c s thc nghim, da trn
nguyn tc cn bng v lc v tng thch v bin dng vi gi thit tit din ngang trc v sau khi bin dng vn duy tr
phng. Trong cc tiu chun thit k kt cu b tng tin tin trn th gii c nhiu quan im khc nhau v vic s dng
cc s n gin ha ny. Bi vit ny s gii thiu cc s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng c cho trong cc tiu
chun thit k ca M, Canada, New Zealand, Anh, chu u, Hng Kng, Trung Quc v quan im ca ngi vit v cc
dng s ny.

2. Tng quan v cc s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng trong mt s tiu chun thit k trn th gii
2.1 Nhm tiu chun ch a ra s phn b ng sut nn hnh ch nht
a) Tiu chun M ACI 318M-05 [1] v Australia AS 3600-2001 [2]
ACI 318M-05 cho php s dng tt c cc dng s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng dng trong thit k, min sao
chng minh c rng vic p dng s cho kt qu ph hp vi kt qu thc nghim ng tin cy (iu 10.2.6). Tuy
nhin trong tiu chun ch a ra mt dng s (iu 10.2.7) l s hnh ch nht (Hnh 1) vi cc h s cho trn s
c tnh nh sau:
Trc trung ha
cu

1 d
f
1
c
c

a) Bin dng b) ng sut
Hnh 1. S phn b ng sut nn ca b tng hnh ch nht

1
= 0,85 (1)

1
= 0,85 0,05(
'
c
f 28)/7 (0,65
1
0,85 ) (2)
f
d
=
'
c
f

(3)

Trong
'
c
f l cng nn quy nh ca mu b tng hnh tr, tnh theo MPa; c l chiu su trc trung ho;
1
v

1
l cc h s ca s hnh ch nht nh th hin trn Hnh 1; f
d
l k hiu chung cho cng thit k s dng trong

2
bi bo ny.
Gi tr bin dng nn ln nht dng tnh ton
cu
ly bng 0,003
1
.
Tiu chun hin hnh ca Australia AS 3600-2001 cng quy nh tng t tiu chun ACI 318-05 v vic la chn s v
cc h s cho s hnh ch nht.
b) Tiu chun Canada CSA A23.3 1994 [3]
S hnh ch nht trong tiu chun CSA A23.3 1994 c cc h s
1
v
1
c xc nh nh sau:

1
= 0,85-0,0015
'
c
f 0.67 (4)

1
= 0,97-0,0025
'
c
f 0.67 (5)
Gi tr bin dng nn ln nht dng tnh ton
cu
ly bng 0,0035.
c) Tiu chun New Zealand NZS A23.3 1994 [4]
S hnh ch nht cho trong tiu chun NZS A23.3 1994 c cc h s
1
v
1
c xc nh nh sau:

1
= 0,85 0,004(
'
c
f 55) (0.85
1
0.75) (6)

1
= 0,85 0,008(
'
c
f 30)

(0.85
1
0.65) (7)
Gi tr bin dng nn ln nht dng tnh ton
cu
ly bng 0,003.

2.2. Nhm tiu chun s dng s parabol-ch nht v s hnh ch nht
a) Tiu chun Anh BS 8110-1:1997 [5] v Singapore CP 65:1:1999 [6]
Tiu chun Anh a ra s ng sut-bin dng ca b tng dng parabol-ch nht (iu 2.4.2.3) nh th hin trn Hnh 2.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
Bin dng

n
g

s
u

t



Hnh 2. S ng sut bin dng ca b tng dng trong tiu chun BS 8110-1:1997

Tiu chun ny cng a ra s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng di dng hnh ch nht (iu 3.4.4.1) vi cc h s
cho trn Hnh 1 l
1
= 1,0 v
1
= 0,9. Trong f
cu
l cng nn c trng ca mu b tng hnh lp phng,
m
l h
s an ton ring cho vt liu. Gi tr bin dng nn ln nht dng tnh ton
cu
ly bng 0,0035.
Lu c hai s ca BS 8110-1:1997 ch p dng cho b tng c f
cu
60 MPa .
Cc s phn b ng sut trong tiu chun ca Singapore CP65:1:1999 tng t nh cc s ca BS 8110-1:1997.

b) Tiu chun Hng Kng [7]
Tiu chun thit k kt cu b tng ca Hng Kng (phin bn nm 2004) da trn c s tiu chun Anh, do cng a
ra s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng di dng parabol-ch nht (iu 3.1.10) v s phn b ng sut nn ca b
tng di dng hnh ch nht (iu 6.1.2.4). Tuy nhin, tiu chun thit k ca Hng Kng c a ra mt s sa i so vi
cc s ca BS 8110-1 vi l do b tng ch to ti Hng Kng c m un n hi thp hn so vi m un n hi ca b
tng cho trong BS 8110-1 [8], v b sung quy nh v bin dng cc hn ca b tng s dng cho b tng c cp cng
ln hn 60 MPa.
Dng s parabol-ch nht cho trong tiu chun ca Hng Kng phin bn 2004 c th hin trn Hnh 3. n nm
2007 s ny c chnh sa li nh Hnh 4, trong E
c
l m un n hi tnh ngn hn ca b tng.

1
Cc phin bn gn y ca ACI 318 s dng t maximum usable strain (tm dch l bin dng nn ln nht dng tnh ton) thay
cho ultimate strain (bin dng cc hn) dng trong cc phin bn c hay trong cc tiu chun khc.
0,0035
2,4x10
-4
m
cu
f

m
cu
f

67 , 0
5,5
m
cu
f

kN/mm
2


3

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
Bin dng

n
g

s
u

t



Hnh 3. S ng sut bin dng ca b tng dng trong tiu chun Hng Kng nm 2004

cu
= 0,0035 i vi f
cu
60 MPa,
cu
= 0,0035 0,00006 60
cu
f i vi f
cu
> 60 MPa.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
Bin dng

n
g

s
u

t



Hnh 4. S ng sut bin dng ca b tng dng trong tiu chun Hng Kng, bn sa 2007
2.3 Nhm tiu chun s dng s hnh ch nht v ng cong khc
a) Tiu chun chu u Eurocode 2 (BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 [9])
Tiu chun chu u Eurocode 2 a ra nhiu s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng dng trong thit k, bao gm s
hnh ch nht, s ng cong-ch nht, s hnh thang. Ngoi ra, tiu chun ny cn a ra phng trnh biu din
quan h ng sut-bin dng dng trong phn tch phi tuyn kt cu nh sau

) k (
k
f
cm
c
2 1
2
+

=
(8)
vi =
c
/
c1
;
k = 1,05E
cm
x |
c1
|/f
cm
(9)
f
cm
= f
ck
+ 8 (MPa) (10)

c1
= 0,0007
31 , 0
cm
f < 0,0028 (11)

cu1
= {2,8+27[(98-f
cm
)/100]
4
}x0,001 0,0035 (12)
Trong f
ck
l cng nn c trng ca mu b tng
hnh tr; f
cm
l cng nn trung bnh ca mu b tng
hnh tr; E
cm
l m un n hi ct tuyn ca b tng;
c1

l bin dng ti im c ng sut ln nht;
cu1
l bin
dng nn ln nht dng tnh ton; v k l cc h s.


Hnh 5. Quan h ng sut-bin dng theo phng trnh (8)

cu
c
m cu
E
/ f , 34 1

m
cu
f

67 , 0
3,46
m
cu
f

+3,21

cu
2,4x10
-4
m
cu
f

m
cu
f

67 , 0
E
c
= 3,46f
cu
+ 3,21

4

Cc s n gin ha dng thit k tit din bao gm:
- S ng cong-ch nht (Hnh 6) biu din bi phng trnh sau:
(
(

|
|

\
|
=
n
c
c
cd c
f
2
1 1

i vi 0
c

c2
(13)

c
= f
cd
i vi
c2

c

cu2
(14)
trong
n = 2,0 i vi f
ck
50 MPa (15a)
= 1,4+23,4[(90-f
ck
)/100]
4
i vi 50 MPa <f
ck
90 MPa (15b)

c2
= 0,002 i vi f
ck
50 MPa (16a)
= 0,002+8,5x10
-5
(f
ck
- 50)
0,53
i vi 50 MPa <f
ck
90 MPa (16b)

cu2
= 0,0035 i vi f
ck
50 MPa (17a)
= 0,0026+0,035[(90-f
ck
)/100]
4
i vi 50 MPa <f
ck
90 MPa (17b)
f
cd
l cng thit k ca b tng, tnh bng
cc
f
ck
/
c
vi
c
l h s ring cho b tng v
cc
l h s k n nh hng
di hn v bt li ca ti trng.

- S hnh thang, th hin trn Hnh 7, vi cc gi tr
c3
,
cu3
c tnh nh sau

c2
= 0,00175 i vi f
ck
50 MPa (18a)
= 0,00175+0,00055(f
ck
- 50)/40 i vi 50 MPa <f
ck
90 MPa (18b)

cu2
= 0,0035 i vi f
ck
50 MPa (19a)
= 0,0026+0,035[(90-f
ck
)/100]
4
i vi 50 MPa <f
ck
90 MPa (19b)

Hnh 6. S ng cong ch nht (Eurocode 2)

Hnh 7. S hnh thang (Eurocode 2)

- S hnh ch nht (xem Hnh 1) vi cc h s
1


1
= 1,0 i vi f
ck
50 MPa (20a)
= 1,0 (f
ck
50)/200 i vi 50 f
ck
< 90 MPa (20b)

1
= 0,8 i vi f
c
50 MPa (21a)
= 0,8 (f
ck
50)/400 i vi 50 f
ck
< 90 MPa (21b)
Trng hp chiu rng vng nn gim dn v hng th chu nn nhiu nht (v d tit din trn) th
1
ly gim 10% so vi
kt qu tnh trn.
b) Tiu chun Trung Quc GB 50010-2002 [10]
Tiu chun Trung Quc a ra hai s gn ging vi cc s ca tiu chun chu u. S dng ng cong ch
nht c cho di dng
(
(

|
|

\
|
=
n
c
c c
f
0
1 1

i vi
c

0
(22)

c
= f
c
i vi
0

c

cu
(23)

1
K hiu cc h s thay i so vi tiu chun ph hp vi hnh v

5
trong cc h s c tnh nh sau
n = 2 (f
cu,k
50)/60 2 (24)

0
= 0,002 + 0,5(f
cu,k
50) x 10
-5
0,002 (25)

cu
= 0,0033 - 0,5(f
cu,k
50) x 10
-5
0,0033 (26)
f
c
l gi tr thit k ca cng nn ca b tng (MPa), ly theo cp b tng cho bng tra; f
cu,k
l cng mu lp
phng c trng ca b tng (MPa);
0
l bin dng ti im giao gia ng cong v ng nm ngang;
cu
l bin dng
nn ln nht dng trong tnh ton.
S hnh ch nht c cho vi hai h s tnh nh sau (xem Hnh 1)

1
= 1,0 i vi f
cu,k
50 MPa (27a)

1
= 1,0 0,06(f
cu,k
50)/30 i vi 80 f
cu,k
> 50 MPa (27b)

1
= 0,8 i vi f
cu,k
50 MPa (28a)

1
= 0,8 0,06(f
cu,k
50)/30 i vi 80 f
cu,k
> 50 MPa (28b)

2. Nhn xt v cc dng s phn b ng sut nn
S phn b ng sut nn ca b tng hnh ch nht l s tin li nht i vi thit k, tng s dng s ny
c von Emperger xut nm 1904 [11]; n nm 1937 da vo cc kt qu thc nghim Whitney rt ra cc h s
thc nghim ban u cho s hnh ch nht ca b tng v s ny c nh hng rt ln i vi tiu chun thit k kt
cu b tng ACI 318 ca M [12]. Nhc im ca s hnh ch nht l khng ph hp vi trng hp trc trung ha nm
ngoi tit din. Tuy nhin cc sai s trong cc trng hp ny l nh v thng c x l bng cch ni suy tuyn tnh t
trng hp trc trung ha nm cnh ca tit din v trng hp ton b tit din chu nn. Do mt s tiu chun nh
ACI 318, AS 3600, NZS 3101, CSA A23.3 tuy c cho php cc dng s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng khc nhau
dng trong thit k nhng ch a ra s hnh ch nht.

S parabol ch nht ca BS 8110 c c im l nh ca parabol trng vi giao im gia ng parabol v ng
nm ngang. Do c im ny m vic tnh ton cng rt tin li, tuy c phc tp hn so vi s hnh ch nht. Din tch
v v tr trng tm ca phn parabol c th xc nh c mt cch d dng [13] theo cng thc (xem Hnh 8)
A
p
= 2
1
f
d
/3 (29)

G
= 5
1
/8 (30)
Tuy nhin, trong thc t ng dng, s parabol ch nht ca BS 8110-1 ch yu c dng lp cc biu thit k
(design charts) tnh sn cho dm v ct cho BS 8110-3, y l cng vic ca nhng ngi lm tiu chun. Khi tnh ton
trc tip, thng thng cc k s ch dng s hnh ch nht.


A
p



Hnh 8. Xc nh din tch v trng tm phn parabol ca s parabol-ch nht

Trong phin bn 2004 ca tiu chun thit k ca Hng Kng, khi tm cch thay i gi tr m un n hi E ca b tng so
vi tiu chun BS 8110-1, ngi ta b qua c im nh parabol phi trng vi giao im gia ng parabol v ng
nm ngang m cho rng ng tip tuyn vi parabol gc to trng vi m un n hi ca b tng. y l im sai
ca phin bn nm 2004 bi v khi v ng parabol theo cc tham s cho trn Hnh 3 s cho cc ng parabol khng c
nh ti im tip xc vi ng nm ngang (Hnh 8) v do khng p dng cng thc n gin tnh din tch v v tr
trng tm phn parabol c. im sai ny tn ti 3 nm khng c pht hin v thc t cc k s thit k khng quan
tm n s ny m h ch dng hoc bng tra hoc s hnh ch nht.

0
G

1
f
d

6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0,0005 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,0025 0,003 0,0035 0,004
Bin dng

n
g

s
u

t

t
h
i

t

k

(
N
/
m
m
2
)
fcu=35
fcu=55
fcu=75
fcu=95
fcu=115

Hnh 8. S phn b ng sut i vi mt s cp cng b tng tnh theo tiu chun Hng Kng phin
bn 2004.
Cc s ng cong hnh ch nht cho trong Eurocode 2 v GB 50010-02 hon ton khng tin li cho thit k tit din
trc tip (khng thng qua bng tra). Vi cc trng hp n 2 th vic xc nh din tch v v tr trng tm ca phn ng
cong c th phi s dng n tch phn s. Nh vy, ngay c vic ng dng s ny vo vic thit lp cc bng tra dng
cho thit k tit din dm, ct, vic tnh ton cng s phc tp hn c vic s dng s tnh ton phi tuyn theo phng
trnh (8).

Tm li, i vi k s thit k, nu khng p dng phng php tra bng th ch c s phn b ng sut hnh ch nht
mi c ngha thc tin nht. Cc s khng phi hnh ch nht ch nn gii hn vic dng thit lp cc biu thit
k lp sn. Vi cng c my tnh in t ngy nay, nn s dng s m phng gn ng nht cho quan h ng sut ca
b tng thit lp cc biu thit k, chnh l biu cho ti iu 3.1.5(1) ca Eurocode 2 (phng trnh 8 trong bi
bo ny).

3. Kt lun
Bi vit gii thiu cc s phn b ng sut nn ca b tng c cho trong 9 tiu chun thit k tin tin trn th gii.
Cc dng s ny c chia lm 3 nhm: Nhm ch a ra mt dng s hnh ch nht, nhm c a ra s ch nht
v s parabole ch nht, v nhm a ra s ch nht v s khc. V ngha thc tin, ch c s hnh ch
nht c ngi thit k s dng trc tip, cc s khc thng ch dng cho mc ch to cc biu thit k lp sn do
t chc bin son tiu chun thit lp. phc v cho mc ch th hai ny, nn s dng s m phng gn ng nht
cho quan h ng sut ca b tng thit lp cc biu thit k, chnh l biu cho ti iu 3.1.5(1) ca Eurocode 2.

ti liu tham kho ti liu tham kho ti liu tham kho ti liu tham kho

1. ACI 318M-05. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318M-05). ACI Committee
318, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, 436 pp.
2. AS 3600:2001. Concrete Structures AS 3600:2001. Standards Australia, North Sydney, Australia, 2001, 175 pp.
3. CSA A23.3 1994. Design of Concrete Structures. Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, Ontario, 1994, 199 pp.
4. NZS 3101:1995. Concrete Design Standard, NZS 3101:1995, Part 1, and Commentary on the Concrete Design
Standard, NZS 3101:1995, Part 2. Standards Association of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1995, 256 pp. and
264 pp.
5. BS 8110-1:1997 (amended 2005). Structural Use of Concrete Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction.
British Standard Institution, London, November 2005, 159pp.
6. CP65:Part 1:1999. Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete Part 1:Design and Construction. Singapore
Standards, Singapore, December 2000, 198pp.
7. Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2004. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region, August 2004, 180pp.

7
8. KWAN, A.K.H, Concrete Code Handbook An Explanatory handbook to the Code of Practice for Structural Use of
Concrete 2004, The HongKong Institution of Engineers, 2006, 152pp.
9. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings,
British Standard Institution, London, December 2004, 225pp.
10. GB 50010-2002. Code for Design of Concrete Structures. China Architecture & Building Press, Bejing, 2002, 357pp
(ting Trung v ting Anh).
11. MATTOCK, A. H, KRIZ, L. B., AND HOGNESTAD, E. Rectangular Concrete Stress Distribution in Ultimate Strength
Design. ACI Journal. Proceedings. V. 57. No. 8, 1961. pp. 875-928.
12. WHITNEY, C. S. Design of Reinforced Concrete Members under Flexure or Combined Flexure and Direct Compression.
ACI Journal, Proceedings, Vol. 33. 1937. pp. 483-498.
13. KONG, F.K. AND EVANS, R. H. Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, Third Edition. Chapman & Hall, 1987. 508 pp.