DISTOPIE LETTERARIE: U-TOPIE LINGUISTICHE? Considerazioni sull'Orwell linguista e glottoteta in 1984 Caratteristiche del Newspeak: SEMANTICA 1.

Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods

ipotesi Sapir-Whorf one word : two (opposite) meanings (enantiosemia = assenza di polisemia?) restrizione dei significati 2. A great many [of words] were euphemisms: joycamp, Minipax, Miniluv eufemismo come strada maestra del mutamento semantico MORFOLOGIA 1. almost complete interchangeability between different parts of speech. Any word in the language (in principle this applied even to very abstract words such as if or when) could be used either as verb, noun, adjective, or adverb. frequente transcategorizzazione (processo diacronico che consiste nel cambio di categoria di un elemento lessicale senza che venga segnalato superficialmente): It is well-known that lexical items can be used in different syntactic functions without modifying their
superficial form, but rather by employing them in different syntagmatic contexts [...] verbs may be used as nouns (as Engl. he likes to run and he went for a run) [...] Note that also Engl. Back, originally the name of a body part, may be used as an adjective (the back door), as an adverb (please call me back; dont look back), and finally also as a verb (to back a claim). (Jezek/Ramat, On parts-of-speech transcategorization, in

Folia Linguistica, 43/2 [2009]: 393-4) NB: incongruenze: a. transcategorizzazione solo N <=> V: cfr. 2 e 9 b. Thoughtcrime, they [scil. the Thought Police] called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed for ever. (ca. 9 occorrenze nel corpo del testo) 2. Adjectives were formed by adding the suffix -ful to the noun-verb, and adverbs by adding -wise. [...] grammaticalizzazione di full > -ful > morfema aggettivale e di wise 'way of proceeding' > -wise > morfema avverbiale (cfr. ted. Weise, it. mente) 3. In addition, any word -- this again applied in principle to every word in the language could be negatived by adding the affix un-, or could be strengthened by the affix plus-, or, for still greater emphasis, doubleplus-.[...] It was also possible, as in present-day English, to modify the meaning of almost any word by prepositional affixes such as ante-, post-, up-, down-, etc. cfr. 10 NB: (a) incongruenza: cfr. 6; (b) quale il valore dei prefissi come ante- o up-? 4. [I]n all verbs the preterite and the past participle were the same and ended in -ed.

5. [...] All plurals were made by adding -s or -es as the case might be. 6. Comparison of adjectives was invariably made by adding -er, -est (good, gooder, goodest), irregular forms and the more, most formation being suppressed. forte pressione dell'analogia, cfr. lingue naturali 7. The only classes of words that were still allowed to inflect irregularly were the pronouns, the relatives, the demonstrative adjectives, and the auxiliary verbs. All of these followed their ancient usage, except that whom had been scrapped as unnecessary, and the shall, should tenses had been dropped, all their uses being covered by will and would. prassi nelle lingue naturali (cfr. inglese odierno) NB: Ausiliari: quali? 8. Grossa presenza di composti, di incroci e di [words] mutilated in any way which made them easy to pronounce while indicating their derivation (alias, scorciamenti) fenomeni tipici della formazione di neologismi e del parlar giovane (speakwrite (V+V => N)/copiaincolla; Ingsoc/modem; proles/alterna;...) 9. inflected as follows: noun-verb, goodthink; past tense and past participle, goodthinked; present participle, goodthinking; adjective, goodthinkful; adverb, goodthinkwise; verbal noun, goodthinker. 10. Oldthinkers
vecchio.pensare.MORF-NOM.PL

unbellyfeel
NEG.pancia.sentimento

Ingsoc
Socialismo.Inglese

Those whose ideas were formed before the Revolution cannot have a full emotional understanding of the principles of English Socialism. OS > () isolante ~ NS > (pi) agglutinante 11. Miniluv vs. minilovely; (Ingsoc) non c' (ancora) riforma ortografica

Cenni di sociolinguistica orwelliana: Bidialettismo endogeno ma sovrimposto, a bassa distanza strutturale con diglossia Scenario linguistico per l'Oceania del 2050: rigido monolinguismo (solo Newspeak, Oldspeak aka Standard English ) uno scenario possibile?