Engineering Structures 21 (1999) 277287

Finite element static and dynamic analyses of folded plates

Asokendu Samanta, Madhujit Mukhopadhyay
Received 27 March 1997; revised version accepted 6 August 1997

Department of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India

Abstract Nonlinear geometric analysis of trapezoidal corrugated sheet is reported for the rst time. In addition to three-dimensional analysis, an equivalent orthotropic model is proposed that includes both extensional and bending rigiditiesa consideration not made earlier. The analysis is extended to the determination of free vibration characteristics of the corrugated sheet. Comparison of displacements and natural frequencies of folded plates is made to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed approach. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Finite element method; Static analysis; Dynamic analysis; Corrugated plate; Equivalent orthotropic plate

Notation Ao As a,b [B] Bx, By, B , Bxy c D Dx, Dy, D , Dxy E Ex, Ey, E f [G] [Ke] [Ks] [KT] [M] Mx, My, Mxy Nx, Ny, Nxy

cross-sectional area of an equivalent orthotropic plate cross-sectional area of the corrugated sheet plate dimensions strain matrix extensional rigidities of equivalent orthotropic plate material projected length of one half of a repeating corrugation exural rigidity for the isotropic 2 material Et3/12(1 ) exural rigidities of equivalent orthotropic plate material Youngs modulus for isotropic material Youngs moduli of orthotropic material height of corrugation prole from the centroidal axis matrix in terms of coordinates element stiffness matrix secant stiffness matrix tangential stiffness matrix mass matrix generalised stress components (moment) generalised stress components (force)

ncor P q {R} [S] s [T] t U u Greek

o

number of full corrugations axial load shear ow (force/length) nodal load vector matrix in terms of stress components developed length of one half of a repeating corrugation matrix to correlate midside and corner nodal degrees of freedom sheet/plate thickness strain energy displacement due to strain energy

, y, x, y,
x 1

xy xy

{ v}

axial displacement in the equivalent orthotropic plate axial displacement in the corrugated sheet stress vector strain vector Poissons ratio for isotropic material Poissons ratio in orthogonal direction for orthotropic material trough angle eigenvectors circular frequency (rad/sec)

* Corresponding author.
0141-0296/99/$see front matter 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 4 1 - 0 2 9 6 ( 9 7 ) 0 0 1 7 2 - 7

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1. Introduction Corrugated shells have a wide range of application in various branches of engineering. A potential area of its application as roof structure is rather common. In shipbuilding, corrugated bulkheads are extensively used to reduce the self weight of the ship. Any rigorous analysis involving plates lying in different planes will entail the requirement of high core memory of the computer, especially if it is to be carried out by the nite element method. The solution thus obtained is both time consuming and costly. A simple and economic approach to the solution of folded plate structures is to treat them as orthotropic plates [16] by assigning an equivalent rigidity and stiffness. This results in a substantial savings in computational time and effort. Davis [7] and Nilson and Ammar [8] have used orthotropic plane stress elements for the analysis of corrugated shear diaphragms. Mang et al. [9] have formulated an equivalent orthotropic model for the analysis of the doubly corrugated shells by the nite element method. The majority of papers on orthotropic models of folded sheets have, however, dealt with the stability analysis [29]. Comparisons of exural rigidity of the equivalent orthotropic plate have also been made [1,10]. All these investigations on trapezoidal corrugated sheet equivalent orthotropic plates were based on exural rigidity only. Static and dynamic analyses of trapezoidal corrugated sheets (Fig. 1) based on equivalent orthotropic model have been carried out in this paper. Linear and geometrically nonlinear static analyses have been conducted. The rigidities of the equivalent plate have been derived by the energy method. The approach is expected to be effective in nonlinear analysis where the inplane force plays an important part. Though investigation has been reported on the determination of exural rigidities of equivalent trapezoidal corrugation [5,6,10], consideration of both extensional and exural rigidities is being made for the rst time. No investigation has been conducted to date on the geometric nonlinear analysis of folded plate by treating it as an equivalent orthotropic model. Its performance has been tested by comparing it

with that obtained by three-dimensional analysis using the nite element technique. For this a 3-noded triangular element which is a combination of Allmans [11] plane stress triangle and DKT [12] plate bending element has been used. Comparison of natural frequencies of folded plate by these two approaches has been made.

2. Finite element formulation of corrugated sheet The basic at shell element is a combination of Allmans [11] plane stress triangle and DKT [12] plate bending element. The starting point in the formulation of the combined membrane and bending element is a 6noded triangle (Fig. 2a and b) having 24 degrees of freedom which are reduced to 18 by using constraint conditions. The degrees of freedom nally are u, v, w, x, y and z at three corner points of the elements. The FEM formulation of shell element is not given here, as it is already discussed in detail elsewhere [11,12]. Using quadratic variation of displacement functions for the membrane and bending action, the stiffness matrix can be written as [Ke] [T]T[B]T[D][B][T]dxdy (1)

where [T] is the transformation matrix which correlates the midside nodal degrees of freedom to the corner nodal degrees of freedom, [B] relates the strains to the nodal displacements and [D] is the rigidity matrix. Integration is performed by using three point Gauss quadrature rule in area coordinates. To determine the element stiffness matrix in local coordinates of a particular element the global coordinate of each node of that element is transformed into the local coordinate. The stiffness matrix in local coordinates is then transformed into corresponding global coordinates. A transformation is required for this purpose which is discussed in detail in Zienkiewicz [13]. A general shell surface is generated using this faceted element. After the generation of element stiffness matrix and assembly, the nal solution follows the standard procedure.

3. Nonlinear static nite element formulation The formulation of a nonlinear problem is accomplished by total Lagrangian approach using B-notation [13]. The generalised strain of von Karman large deection plate theory has been used. Through the virtual work method [13] and equilibrium equation the stressstrain relationship can nally be expressed as
Fig. 1. A typical corrugated sheet with trapezoidal corrugation.

[Ks]

(2)

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279

Fig. 2.

The basic elements to formulate (a) Allmans plane stress triangle and (b) DKT plate bending element.

where {R} is the nodal load vector and [Ks] is the secant stiffness matrix, which can be dened as [Ks] [B0]T[D][B0]dA
A

cal. The integration is performed by three point Gaussian quadrature rule in area coordinate.

1 2 1 2

[B0]T[D][BL]dA
A

4. Free vibration analysis of corrugated sheet (3) The basic equation for free vibration is [K][ ]
2

[BL]T[D][B0]dA
A

[BL]T[D][BL]dA
A

[M][ ]

(5)

The subscript 0 and L are used to indicate the linear and nonlinear parts, respectively. In the NewtonRaphson method the derivative of the nonlinear equation is needed which is obtained by taking the variation of the equilibrium equation. A tangent stiffness matrix [KT] has been formed to solve the nonlinear equation and can be written as [KT]
A

where, [K] is the stiffness matrix and [M] is the mass matrix. This is an eigenvalue problem, where 1/ 2 is the eigenvalue and { } is the eigenvector. This eigenvalue problem has been solved by the simultaneous iteration technique of Corr and Jennings [14]. The mass matrix of the above equation has been formulated on the basis of lumped model.

[B0]T[D][B0]dA
A

[B0]T[D][BL]dA 5. Analysis of equivalent orthotropic plate [BL]T[D][BL]dA

A

[BL]T[D][B0]dA
A

[G]T[S][G]dA
A

(4)

where [G] and [S] Nx Nxy Nxy Ny [Ni],x [Ni],y i from 1 to 6

The overall projected dimensions and thickness remain the same as for corrugated sheet (Fig. 3a and b). Due to the corrugation, the stiffness in the X- and Ydirections are not same. The equivalent plate can thus be treated as an orthotropic plate. The stressstrain relationship for orthotropic plate can be written as
x y xy

1 (1
1 2

Ex E ) Ev Ey 0 0 (1

0 0
1 2

x y

(6)

)Exy

xy

Here it is observed that tangential stiffness matrix is symmetrical but secant stiffness matrix is unsymmetri-

McFarland [10] has determined the equivalent exural rigidities for trapezoidal corrugated sheet. Similar expressions for exural rigidities are also given in others references [5,6]. No investigation has been reported so far on the determination of extensional rigidities of the

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Under constant strain conditions, Nx and Ny can be expressed as Nx t (1 t (1

1 2 1 2

(Ex

(7)

Ny and E

(E

Ey y)

(8)

Ex

Ey

(9)
x

Under constant strain written as E or

1 x

, Ny

0. So, Eq. (8) can be

Ey

(10)

Ey

Ey

(11)

or
y 1 x

(12)

Fig. 3. Analysis of corrugated sheet (a) shell model and (b) equivalent orthotropic model.

With the help of Eqs. (7) and (12), Nx can be written as Nx t (1

1 2

orthotropic plate. This has been derived here in the following based on energy principles. 5.1. Analytical derivation of equivalent orthotropic rigidity of trapezoidal corrugation: modied extensional rigidity, Bx Fig. 4 shows a typical trapezoidal section of a corrugated sheet.

[Ex

Ex(

1 x

)]

tEx

(13)

Taking one half of a full corrugation, the strain energy due to middle straight portion can be expressed as
r r

1 2
0

M2 dr EI

1 2
0

N2 f 2 x dr EI

(14)

Using Castiglianos second theorem, displacement u over a projected length 2c is given by U Nx N2 f 2 1 x dr 2 2 Nx EI

0 r

(15)

or
r

u
Fig. 4. One full trapezoidal corrugation.

Nx f 2 2 dr EI
0

(16)

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281

or u 2Nx f 2 c EI 1 s cos cos (17)

So the extensional rigidity Bx can be written as E Bx 2 c 6 c 1 t 2 t f 4 f 3c sin

Strain energy due to inclined portion (Fig. 5) can be expressed as

h r

s cos cos

(24)

5.2. Modied extensional rigidity, By N2x2tan2 x ds1 EI (18) For an inplane force P, elongation along y direction in corrugated sheet is Pb AsE (25)

1 2
0

M2 ds EI 1

1 2
0

Displacement due to this strain energy is U Nx 1 N x tan 4 2 Nx EI

2 2 x 0 k s 2

dx cos

(19)

or Pb stE (26)

or u 4Nx f 3 3EI sin (20)

From Eq. (13) for one full corrugation, Nx can be written as Nx or, tEx tEx u 2c (21)

where As, t and E are the cross-sectional area, thickness and Youngs modulus of the corrugated sheet and s is the developed length of one half of a repeating corrugation. For the same force P, elongation in equivalent orthotropic plate is Pb AoEy (27)

or tEx Nx2c u (22)

o

Pb ctEy

(28)

With the help of Eqs. (17) and (20), Eq. (22) can be expressed as tEx Nx2c s sin cos (23)

2Nx f EI

c 1

4Nx f 3 3EI sin

where Ao, t and Ey are the cross-sectional area, thickness and Youngs modulus of equivalent orthotropic plate and c is the projected length of one half of a repeating corrugation. As s and o will be equal, Eqs. (26) and (28) can be written as tEy Et s c (29)

So extensional rigidity for the equivalent orthotropic plate, By can be written as By Et s c (30)

Fig. 5. Inclined portion of trapezoidal corrugation.

The shear rigidity can be derived from the energy principles in a similar manner.

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5.3. Modied extensional shear rigidity, Bxy If q is the shear ow (force/length) generated due to the applied axial load P on the corrugated sheet, then q is a function of P. The shear ow, q, is constant for both corrugated sheet and equivalent orthotropic plate. Thus, q and q P constant m (say) (32) f(P) (31)

is similar to the sine wave corrugation of Ref. [1]. Linear and nonlinear analyses of the sheet have been carried out by treating it as a shell model. E 2.1 c 106 kg/cm2 a 0.3 5.08 cm f 40.64 cm b 0.5556 cm t ncor 4 40.64 cm 0.635 cm 45

Now strain energy in the corrugated sheet due to shear can be written as
as b

U
0 0

q2dxdy 2Gt

(33)

where, as developed length of corrugated sheet ncor s and ncor number of corrugation. The displacement due to shear is: U P
as b

q dxdy P Gt

(34)

0 0

f(P)masb Gt

(35)

Similarly displacement due to shear in equivalent orthotropic plate can be written as f(P)ma0b Exyt (36)

where a0 projected length of corrugated sheet 2 ncor c. Now as both the displacements are same, Eqs. (35) and (36) can be written as Bxy Exyt ao Gt as c Et s 2(1 (37)

The sheet is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of intensity 70.308 kg/cm2. Boundary conditions have been indicated in Fig. 7. The mesh division for different folds is mentioned in Tables 2 and 3. For a particular mesh division of a corrugated sheet, the rst three values indicate the number of mesh divisions into the different parts of a corrugationinitial horizontal portion (only at the starting and the end of the sheet), inclined portion and intermediate horizontal portion, respectively. The last value indicates the division along the width of the corrugation. For example, 1-2-3-8 mesh division of a corrugated sheet (Fig. 8) indicates that initial horizontal portion of the sheet consists of a single mesh division, inclined portion of the corrugation is divided into two parts, intermediate horizontal portion of the corrugation is divided into three equal parts and along the width it is divided into eight equal parts. The sheet has also been analysed with a general purpose software package NISA for comparison using a 3-noded triangular numerically integrated element (NKTP 40). The deection and stresses at the top, bottom, and centre of the sheet are presented in Tables 2 and 3 for both shell model and NISA. The comparison appears to be reasonable for the mesh division chosen. An attempt has been made to compare the performance of both shell model and the orthotropic model of the folded plate for both static and dynamic analyses. A standard trapezoidal corrugated sheet subjected to uniformly distributed load of intensity 0.70308 kg/cm2 has been analysed by treating it as both a shell model (Fig. 3a) and an equivalent orthotropic model (Fig. 3b). The following dimensions for the corrugation prole (Fig. 6a) have been used for this purpose. E 2.1 b c 106 kg/cm2 81.28 cm 5.08 cm f t 0.3 0.5556 cm 0.635 cm

The equivalent extensional and exural rigidities are presented in Table 1. 6. Numerical results and discussions A simply supported trapezoidal corrugated sheet of the following dimension (Fig. 6a) has been chosen which

Length of the corrugated sheet along the X-direction varies according to the number of corrugations. For example, if ncor 12, then a 10.16 12 121.92 cm. Two types of boundary conditions have been used: simply supported and clamped. These boundary conditions are shown in Fig. 7a and b for the quarter plate. Taking advantage of the double symmetry, only one

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283

Table 1 Extensional and exural rigidities of an eqivalent orthotropic plate Extensional rigidity Bx 2 c c 1 t 2 t f 4 f s sin + cos 3c sin E Dx Flexural rigidity c Et3 s 12

6 B By Bxy

Bx Et s c

D Dy Dxy

0 EIy c s Et3 c 6(1 + )

c Et s 2(1 + )

Iy = is the moment of inertia of one repeating crossection of the corrugation about its neutral axis.

Fig. 6.

Different types of repeating corrugation of a trapezoidal sheet.

Fig. 7.

Different types of boundary conditions (a) simply supported and (b) clamped.

quarter of the shell/plate has been analysed. Linear static analysis has been carried out. Mesh division of the shell has been considered as 1-1-1-16 and for the equivalent orthotropic plate it is 12 12 for the quarter plate. The central deection has been given in Table 4 for different trough angles and number of corrugations. In Table 4 the terms shell and ortho indicate the two different methods of corrugated plate analysis. By the shell method, the corrugated sheet has been analysed as a three-dimensional shell, whereas the method in which the corrugated sheet has been analysed as an

equivalent orthotropic plate is termed ortho. It can be seen from Table 4 that correlation improves with increase in the number of corrugations. Comparison of linear displacements along the centreline of the corrugated sheet, computed by the two different methods, has been made in Figs. 916 for different boundary conditions, for number of corrugations equal to 20, and for two trough angles 45 and 90. Displacements calculated for simply supported and clamped boundary conditions are shown in Figs. 912 and Figs. 1316, respectively. Displacement along both directions (X and Y) have been

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Table 2 Comparison of linear static analysis with NISA Central stresses, kg/cm2( 10 Top Mesh division Present NISA 1-1-1-10 2-2-2-12 1-1-1-10 2-2-2-12 Central displacement (cm) 4.783 4.956 3.936 4.489
x y 4

) Bottom
x y

2.410 2.329 1.944 2.117

5.793 5.933 5.111 5.559

2.178 2.111 1.942 2.063

0.558 0.772 0.217 0.489

Table 3 Comparison of nonlinear static analysis with NISA Central stresses, kg/cm2( 10 Top Mesh division Present NISA 1-1-1-10 2-2-2-12 1-1-1-10 2-2-2-12 Central displacement (cm) 2.424 2.554 2.507 2.614
x y 4

) Bottom
x y

0.890 0.994 0.983 1.101

2.277 2.368 2.519 2.422

1.582 1.783 1.615 1.889

1.201 1.251 1.224 1.266

Fig. 8.

A typical mesh division (1-2-3-8) in corrugated sheet.

plotted from the edge of the plate towards the central point. From the gures it is observed that for all cases the pattern of variation is similar for both the models. It is also observed that displacements are much closer for 90 than for 45. The increase in trough angle increases the degree of orthotropy. As a result, better correlation is obtained between the two models with increase in trough angle. Geometric nonlinear static analysis has been carried out for the corrugated sheet and the results are presented

Table 4 Comparison of central displacements (cm) between shell and orthotropic model No. of corrugation Model = 30 = 45 = 60 = 90

ss 8 12 16 20 shell ortho shell ortho shell ortho shell ortho 0.871 0.696 1.011 0.934 1.019 1.028 1.009 1.063

Fixed 0.201 0.196 0.210 0.217 0.206 0.219 0.205 0.219

ss 0.804 0.640 0.915 0.837 0.917 0.909 0.907 0.935

Fixed 0.182 0.175 0.188 0.191 0.184 0.191 0.184 0.191

ss 0.762 0.604 0.856 0.780 0.855 0.843 0.847 0.864

Fixed 0.171 0.164 0.175 0.176 0.172 0.177 0.171 0.177

ss 0.700 0.547 0.772 0.695 0.770 0.747 0.763 0.765

Fixed 0.156 0.146 0.157 0.156 0.155 0.156 0.155 0.156

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285

Fig. 9. Comparison of displacement in X-direction along the centre line, simply supported, ncor = 20, = 45.

Fig. 11. Comparison of displacement in Y-direction along the centre line, simply supported, ncor = 20, = 45.

Fig. 10. Comparison of displacement in X-direction along the centre line, simply supported, ncor = 20, = 90.

Fig. 12. Comparison of displacement in Y-direction along the centre line, simply supported, ncor = 20, = 90.

in graphical form (Figs. 17 and 18). For this purpose the number of corrugations is taken as 10 for a full sheet with trough angle of 45. The plate is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of intensity 0.70308 kg/cm2 and all other properties remain equal to that of linear static analysis. The maximum displacement at the central point with respect to different load factors has been shown in Figs. 17 and 18. The agreement is marginally better for clamped plate than for simply supported plate. For the linear analysis, the equivalent orthotropic plate considers only the exural rigidity, whereas for geometric nonlinear analysis, both extensional and exural rigidities. The overall agreement for both cases for both types of analyses is reasonably good. Determination of stresses in orthotropic models poses considerable difculties. The axial stress components Nx

and Ny have nonzero values along with Mx and My in the shell model. So Nx and Ny are to be considered for determination of the inner and outer bre stresses of sheet in addition to Mx and My. On the other hand, only Mx and My values are considered in the equivalent orthotropic plate model as it is a case of exure only. As such the inner and outer bre stresses of the plate remain the same with different signs. So the computation of the stresses in equivalent orthotropic model proves to be difcult. No attempt has therefore been made to compare the stresses by both methods. The free vibration analysis of the folded plate has been carried out by both approaches. Fundamental frequency (rad/sec) for varying corrugations and trough angles in a full sheet have been shown in Table 5. The following geometric and material properties have been considered:

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Fig. 13. Comparison of displacement in X-direction along the centre line, clamped, ncor = 20, = 45.

Fig. 15. Comparison of displacement in Y-direction along the centre line, clamped, ncor = 20, = 45.

Fig. 14. Comparison of displacement in X-direction along the centre line, clamped, ncor = 20, = 90.

Fig. 16. Comparison of displacement in Y-direction along the centre line, clamped, ncor = 20, = 90.

E b c

2.1

106 kg/cm2 f t

0.3 0.635 cm 0.06096 cm

101.60 cm 5.08 cm 8.0

7. Conclusions Static and dynamic analysis of trapezoidal corrugated sheet has been carried out in this paper. The sheet has been treated both as a at sheel model and as an equivalent orthotropic model. The proposed equivalent orthotropic plate enclosed extensional and bending rigidities which are needed for nonlinear geometric analysis of folded plate, an approach which has not been considered earliar by any investigator. Static linear and geometric nonlinear analysis as well as free vibration analysis have been carried out. A number of examples have been presented for trapezoidal corrugated sheets with varying number of corrugations and trough angles. The comparison between the two approaches for all cases has been reasonable. The

106 kg-sec2/cm4

The mesh division for the sheet is taken as 1-1-1-20 and for equivalent orthotropic plate it is 16 16. In the case of vibration analysis mass matrix has been modied for the orthotropic plate model taking into consideration the ratio s/c of the corrugation. The mass density of the equivalent orthotropic plate has been taken as s/c times of the mass density of corrugated sheet. As expected the agreement between them improves with the increase in number of corrugations. The same inference can be drawn for the increase of the trough angle.

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287

Table 5 Comparison of fundamental frequencies (rad/sec) between shell and orthotropic model No. of corrugation Model = 30 = 45 = 60 = 90

ss 8 12 16 shell ortho shell ortho shell ortho 279.3 259.7 276.1 258.7 275.0 258.5

Fixed 624.4 585.4 616.4 584.6 614.0 582.6

ss 293.7 277.5 290.3 276.6 289.3 276.4

Fixed 659.2 625.8 651.2 624.7 648.8 622.0

ss 300.6 285.3 297.3 284.5 296.2 284.3

Fixed 675.1 643.5 667.3 642.4 665.0 638.9

ss 305.5 291.1 302.2 290.3 301.1 290.2

Fixed 684.8 656.7 677.5 655.7 675.4 650.9

Fig. 17. Comparison of nonlinear central displacement, simply supported, ncor = 10, = 45.

Fig. 18. Comparison of nonlinear central displacement, clamped, ncor = 10, = 45. [6] Easley TJ. Buckling formulas for corrugated metal shear diaphragms. J. Struct. Div. ASCE 1975;101:140317. [7] Davis JM. Calculation of steel diaphragm behavior. J. Struct. Div. ASCE 1976;102:141130. [8] Nilson HA, Ammar RA. Finite element analysis of metal deck shear diaphragms. J. Struct. Div. ASCE 1973;100:71126. [9] Mang AH, Girya-Vallabhan VC, Smith HJ. Finite element analysis of doubly corrugated shells. J. Struct. Div. ASCE 1976;102:203350. [10] McFarland, DE. An investigation of the static stability of corrugated rectangular loaded in pure shear, PhD thesis. University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 1967. [11] Allman DJ. A compatible triangular element including vertex rotations for plane elasticity analysis. Computers and Structures 1984;19(1):18. [12] Cook, RD, Malkus, DS, Plesha, ME. Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis. John Wiley, New York, 1990. [13] Zienkiewicz, OC, Taylor, RL. The Finite Element Method. 4th ed. McGrawHill, New York, 1991. [14] Corr RB, Jennings A. A simultaneous iteration algorithm for symmetric eigenvalue problems. Int. J. Num. Meth. Engg 1976;10(3):64763.

correlation improves with increase in number of corrugations. It also improves with increase in the trough angle. The proposed approach is valid for any trough angle and boundary conditions and can be extended to any type of corrugation.

References
[1] Briassoulis D. Equivalent orthotropic properties of corrugated sheets. Computers and Structures 1986;23(2):12938. [2] Abdel-Sayed G. Critical shear loading of curved panels of corrugated sheets. J. Engng Mech. Div. ASCE 1970;96:895911. [3] Bryan RE, El-Dakhakhni MW. Shear exibility and strength of corrugated decks. J. Struct. Div. ASCE 1968;94:254980. [4] Davis JM. Simplied diaphragm analysis. J. Struct. Div. ASCE 1978;103:2093109. [5] Easley TJ, McFarland ED. Buckling of light gage corrugated metal shear diaphragms. J. Struct. Div. ASCE 1969;95:1497516.