Determination of EMF Exposition at LTE transmitter sites with SRM-3006

Worst Case Extrapolation

Measuring LTE = BIG ?

DISCUSSION ABOUT MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE IN EUROPE Issues with Spectrum Measurements Interference with neighboring carriers Low signal quality and noise of common Spectrum Analyzer (sensitivity) Issues with Demodulation Possible interferences Demodulation during handoffs (movements with high speed) or between cells Needs to be considered: Versatility of signal EU wants to minimize investments into new equipment for measuring LTE Requirement for CENELEC Guidelines i.e. EN50492 could be: RBW = 1 MHz, Span = 40 MHz, Detectors: Peak, sample peak and averaging

Summary of technical details

Channel Bandwidth: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz DL Multiple Access: OFDMA Duplexing: FDD and TDD Sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz Data Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64 QAM FFT size (5MHz): 512 Channel Coding: Convolutional coding and turbo coding MIMO: Multi layer pre-coded spatial multi-placing space time / frequency block coding, switched transmit diversity, and cycle delay diversity

Measuring LTE

Facts
center consists of 6 resource blocks with two types of signals which will probably be transmitted at max. power:
primary and secondary synchronization signals PBCH (physical broadcast channel) synchronization signals use the central 62 carriers PBCH uses the central 72 carriers.

Used carriers of a system with a carrier spacing of 15 kHz

The synchronization signals or the PBCH are noise-like bursts with a total duration of
2 symbol interval (142.7 s) or 4 symbol intervals (285.4 s)

The synchronization signals pulse occurs twice within a 10 ms frame, the PBCH occurs only one time. The PBCH pulse occurs always immediately after the synchronization signals pulse.

LTE Nomenclature
LTE
RS (Reference Signal) P-SS (Primary Synchronizing Signals) S-SS (Secondary Synchronizing Signals) PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) EVM (Signal Quality) Frequency Accuracy

~ CDMA
Pilot Sync n.a. n.a. Paging n.a. Paging Traffic Rho Freq Accy

~ W-CDMA / UMTS
CPICH P-SCH S-SCH n.a. BCCH n.a. P/S-CCPCH & PICH Traffic EVM Freq Accy

Assumptions

Assumptions: The resource blocks of the following signals are transmitted with the highest or equal power compared to any other resource block:
1. primary and secondary synchronization signals 2. PBCH 3. Both the primary and secondary synchronization signals and the PBCH

If one the assumptions can be verified by LTE operator following procedure can be used. Assumption 2 will most likely be verified.

LTE Spectrum Broadcast Channel

Broadcast Channel + Sync Channel = 1 MHz

LTE Spectrum can be measured with zero span and 1 or 20 MHz (RBW) => Scope or Level Meter Mode

96 % Traffic

LTE Signal in Scope Mode 1 Frame

Recommended Measurement of LTE

Measure LTE in Level Recorder => offering best (lowest) measurement uncertainty Set-up SRM-3006 as follows
RBW = 800 kHz broadest RBW to minimize spectrum fluctuation VBW = 1.25 kHz for single axis and assumption 2 or VBW = 1.6 kHz for three axis and assumption 2 offering best compromise between settling time and reduction of fluctuations due to noise like structure of signal Set right Center Frequency of LTE Band Select correct Detector: Peak

LTE Signal in Real Time Level Meter Mode

Extrapolation
Extrapolation of worst case scenario:

Pmax = Ppmax * Fc * TBW NBW

Pmax = Ppmax = Fc = Maximum transmitted Power Measured Peak Power correction Factor (depending on settings)
Correction factor for SRM-3006 three axis measurement: 0.925 Correction factor for SRM-3006 single axis measurement: 0.875

TBW NBW

= =

Transmission Bandwidth of LTE signal Noise Bandwidth from measurement device

= 0.96 * RBW (for SRM-3006 in Scope Mode / Level Recorder)

Please Note
worst-case power is based on assumption that all available resource blocks are transmitted with same power as measured resource blocks. This will often not be real-life case. However, in such cases the assumed knowledge about the relationship between measured signals and full traffic power can be used for extrapolation. An additional correction must be applied to extrapolate the worst-case emission if the synchronization signals or the PBCH were not transmitted at their maximum power.

Measurement Uncertainty

Measurement Uncertainty
(to be added to normal measurement uncertainty) for three axis measurement: 0.42 / -0.47 dB for single axis measurement: 0.34 / -0.37 dB There are other possible measurement procedures, but there are less accurate.