FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARTCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

COMPUTER-AIDED-DRAFTING MANUAL EM101/ED109/EE202 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS & DESIGN / ENGINEERING DESIGN

Lecturer/Instructor: _________________________________________

Name: __________________________________________________ Student ID: ______________________________________________ Course: _________________________________________________

MAY 2012

EM101/ED109/EE202 | Engineering Graphics and Design

TABLE OF CONTENTS

General Instructions

Laboratory Protocols

3 LESSON 1 LESSON 2 LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5 LESSON 6 LESSON 7 LESSON 8 LESSON 9

Lab Experiments Startup Drawing Commands Modify Commands 1 Modify Commands 2 Modify Commands 3 Dimensioning Orthographic Projections Solid Modeling Sectional Views 3 5 8 12 15 17 19 22 29

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

The lesson in this manual are designed to provide the students some fundamental concepts in computer-aided drafting. Students are required to practice the exercises as designed in the manual. All exercises are to be complete within the allotted time.

LABORATORY PROTOCOLS

Students are required to comply with the following rules when in the lab. 1. Swapping of lab session is strictly not allowed. Work done in other than the registered lab session will be graded zero (0). 2. Always be punctual. Students later than 15 minutes are not allowed to enter the lab. 3. All hand phones must be switched off. (Lecturer/instructor reserves the right not to allow students who do not follow this rule to enter the lab). 4. Eating and drinking in the lab are strictly prohibited. 5. Always follow the instruction of the lab instructor or lecturer before the start of the lab. 6. Clean the working area and return all benches to their respective places before you leave the lab. 7. All class work must be completed and submit within the allotted time. Any late submission will be graded zero.

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LESSON 1 STARTUP

Objective This topic introduces the fundamentals in starting up of AutoCAD.

Learning Outcome The student is able to begin drawing with AutoCAD and create new layer (lines).

Introduction Design and drafting activities can be accomplished by using a computer, and hence it is refer as Computer-Aided Design (CAD). AutoCAD and SolidWork are common CAD software package used to create designs and generate drawings for documentations. It has better accuracy, productivity and the ability to share CAD file with other software programs.

Starting AutoCAD To start drawing by AutoCAD, the student must be able to identify the: 1. Graphics Area The large central area of the screen is the graphics area. It displays the lines, circles and other objects you draw that will make up the drawing. 2. Command Line Any command that is entered or any prompt that AUTOCAD issues appear here. It gives the current state of drawing activity. 3. Toolbars AutoCAD provides a variety of toolbars. It contains a number of icons that can be picked to invoke commands for drawing or editing objects (Lines, arcs, circle, and etc.) 4. Pull-down Menu It is at the top of the screen just under the title bar. Selecting any of the words in the menu bar activates, or pulls down, the respective menu 5. Screen (side) Menu Screen menu can be made appear by selecting Options from tools pull-down menu. Display background color can be changed from here

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6. Status Bar Status bar is a set of informative words or symbols that give the status of the drawing aids. It appears at the very bottom of the screen. The drawing aids can be toggled on or off by single clicking (pressing the left mouse button once)

Command Entry There are few possible methods for entering commands in AUTOCAD:1. Toolbars 2. Pull-down menu 3. Keyboard

Function Keys F1
Help

F2
Flip screen

F3
Osnap Toggle

F4
Tablet

F5
Isoplane

F6
Coords

F7
Grid

F8
Ortho

F9
Snap

F10
Polar

F11
Osnap Tracking

F12
DYN

Working with Files Same as Microsoft Window

Units You can choose either metric (mm) or Imperial unit (British unit) to start your drawing. Unit can be changed by selecting Units from the Format pull-down menu.

Drafting Setting Object Snap Object snap can be activated by selecting Drafting Setting from Tool pull-down menu. You can activate or deactivate object snap mode from there.

Create New Layer Click layer properties manager Click new layer or Alt-N Click color ,choose the required color) , press OK Click line type, press LOAD, choose required lines type, click OK

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LESSON 2 DRAWING COMMANDS

Objective This topic enables the student to learn the basic drawing commands (line, rectangle, polygon, erase, circle, ellipse, arc)

Learning Outcome The student is able to draw by using line, rectangle, polygon, erase, circle, ellipse, arc commands

Coordinate Entry There are many ways to specify the coordinates (tell AutoCAD the location of points) when you draw or edit objects. There are two coordinates formats: Cartesian format and polar format. The Cartesian format specifies x and y (e.g. 3, 7), while the polar format indicates the distance and angle (e.g. 6 45). The coordinates types are absolute coordinates (3, 7 or 6 45) and relative coordinates (@ 3, 7 or @ 6 45). Absolute coordinates are typically used to specify the first point of a line or other object while relative coordinates are typically used for the next point.

Drawing Commands line, rectangle, polygon, erase, circle, ellipse, arc

Line Select the line icon or type line Type 10, 10, click enter Type @ 70 0, click enter Type @ 50 90, click enter Type @ 70 180, click enter Type c (close), click enter 10, 10 50 70

Erase Select the erase icon or type erase Click the unwanted object and click enter

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Circle Below are methods in drawing circle: 1. Center radius Select the circle icon or type circle Select center point Type 50 (radius = 50)

2. Center diameter Select the circle icon or type circle Select center point Type D (D = diameter) Type 100 (diameter = 100) 1st point 2nd point 3. 2 points Draw 2 lines as shown Select the circle icon or type circle Select 2p Select first point (as shown in figure) Select second point (as shown in figure) 30 50

Ellipse Draw the figure as shown Select the ellipse icon or type ellipse Type c (center point) Select first point Select second point Second point

First point

30 80

Arc Draw the figure as shown Select the arc icon or type arc Type c (center point) Select starting point of the arc Select end point of the arc 80
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First point

End point 30

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Exercise

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LESSON 3 MODIFY COMMANDS 1

Objective This topic enables the student to learn the basic modifying command (move, copy, offset, array, rotate, mirror)

Learning Outcome The student is able to draw and modify using move, copy, offset, array, rotate, mirror commands

Drawing Commands move, copy, offset, array, rotate, mirror

Move Draw a rectangle (60 30) Click the move icon or type move Select the rectangle (4 boundaries) and click enter Click the lower left edge (point to hold) Move the rectangle to new location

Copy Draw a rectangle (60 30) Click the copy icon or type copy Select the rectangle (4 boundaries) and click enter Click the lower left edge (point to hold) Drag the rectangle to new location

Offset Draw a line (length = 50) Click the offset icon or type offset Type 10 (distance to offset) Select the line Click side to offset 50

Offset line

10 Source

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Array There are two types of array: 1. Rectangular array Select the array icon or type array Select/Click the rectangle drawn (object) and click enter Type 2 (number of row) and 4 (number of column) Type 100 (row offset distance) and 150 (column offset distance) Click enter 150

100 Row (2)

Column (4) 2. Polar array Draw a circle (diameter 15) Select the array icon or type array Select/Click the circle (object) Select polar method Select center point Select Total number of item & angle to fill Type 8 (total number of item) Type 360 (angle to fill column) Click enter Center point 30

Rotate Draw a rectangle Select the rotate icon or type rotate Select the rectangle drawn (object) and click enter Select base point (lower left edge) Type 25 (rotation angle)

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Mirror Draw the Figure shown 80 40 Second mirror point First mirror point Mirror line

10, 10 Click the mirror icon or type mirror Select the rectangle and press enter

Select first mirror point and then the second mirror point Type N to keep the source object and Y if want to erase source object

Exercise

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LESSON 4 MODIFY COMMANDS 2

Objective This topic enables the student to learn more modifying command (construction line, trim, extend, fillet, chamfer)

Learning Outcome The student is able to draw and modify using construction line, trim, extend, fillet, chamfer commands

Drawing Commands construction line, trim, extend, fillet, chamfer

Construction Line Select the construction line icon Type a Type 20 (angle = 20) Select any location to locate the line

Trim Draw horizontal and vertical line Before After

Select the trim icon or type trim Select the horizontal line (trim boundary) Click enter Select the unwanted line

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Extend Draw 2 lines Select the extend icon or type extend Click vertical line (extend boundary) Click enter Click horizontal line

Fillet Draw 2 lines as illustrated Select the fillet icon or type fillet Type r (r = radius) Type 10 (10 = radius of fillet) Select first object (horizontal line) Select second object (vertical line) 50 70

Chamfer Draw a rectangle (60 40) Explode the object Select the chamfer icon or type chamfer Type d (distance) Type 20 (first chamfer distance) Type 15 (second chamfer distance) Select first line of the chamfer Select second line of the chamfer Second line 15 20 First line

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Exercise

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LESSON 5 MODIFY COMMANDS 3

Objective This topic enables the student to learn more modifying command (rectangle, polygon, explode, hatch, scale, multiline text)

Learning Outcome The student is able to draw and modify using rectangle, polygon, explode, hatch, scale, multiline text commands

Drawing Commands rectangle, polygon, explode, hatch, scale, multiline text

Rectangle Select the rectangle icon or type rectangle Select first point Type @ 40, 90 (X distance = 40, Y distance = 90) 1st point 40 90

Polygon Select the polygon icon or type polygon Enter 6 (number of sides) Specify center of polygon Type I for inscribed or C for circumscribed Click enter Type 40 (radius) Edge Explode Draw a rectangle Select the explode icon or type explode Select the rectangle drawn (object) and click enter Inscribed Circumscribed

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Hatch Draw a rectangle (80 40) Select the hatch icon or type hatch Click Add: pick points Select the A area and click enter

40

Scale Draw a rectangle (60 40) Select the scale icon or type scale Select the object Select base point (lower left edge) Type 2 (scale factor) 1st corner

Multiline Text Click the multiline text icon or type multiline text Specify first corner and second corner Change the text height Type UCSI, MALAYSIA

UCSI, MALAYSIA
2nd corner

Exercise

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LESSON 6 DIMENSIONING

Objective This topic enables the student to learn and apply the dimension commands

Learning Outcome The student is able to draw and show all the dimensions

Dimension There are several types of dimensions, including linear, align, radius, diameter, angular etc.

Exercise

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LESSON 7 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Objective This topic enables the student to learn the multiview projection

Learning Outcome The student is able to differentiate the first and third view projection

Orthographic Orthographic projection is a mean of representing a three dimensional (3D) object in two dimensions (2D). It is divided into: 1. First angle projection 2. Third angle projection

First angle projection

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Third angle projection

Exercise

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LESSON 8 SOLID MODELING

Objective This topic enables the student to learn the basic of 3D solid modeling

Learning Outcome The student is able to produce a 3D solid modeling drawing

3D Models Three basic types of 3D models is created to represent the actual object: 1. Wireframe model Like a model constructed of 12 coat hanger wires. Each wire represents an edge of the actual object. The surfaces of the object are not defined; only the boundaries of surfaces are represented by edges. The model is see-through since it has no surfaces to obscure the back edges. It contains no volume. 2. Surface models As all surfaces and edges of the object are defined, it has a better description than the wireframe models. It has volume but no mass. 3. Solid models A complete computerized replica of the actual object, which contains the A complete computerized replica of the actual object which is the most complete and descriptive type of 3D modeling. It contains complete surface and edge definition, as well as description of the interior features of the object. If a solid model is cut into half, the interior features become visible. It is considered to have mass, as it is solid.

3D Coordinate When creating a model in three-dimensional drawing space, the concept of the X and Y coordinate system which is used for two dimensional drawing must be expanded to include the third dimension, Z, which is measured from the origin in a direction perpendicular to the plane defined by X and Y

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World Coordinate System (WCS) and User Coordinate System (UCS)

Primitives Solid primitives are the basic building blocks that make up complex solid models. The ACIS primitive commands are: 1. Box Select NW Isometric Select the box icon or type box Type @30, 40, 40 to specify the corner of the box (distance X = 30, Y = 40, Z = 40) Click enter

2. Cone Determine the desired UCS (the base of the cone lies on XY plane) Select the cone icon or type cone Specify center point, radius and height of the cone (height is in Z-axis)

3. Cylinder Determine the desired UCS (the base of the cylinder lies on XY plane) Select the cylinder icon or type cylinder Specify center point, radius and height of the cylinder (height is in Z-Azis)

4. Wedge Determine desired UCS (the base of the wedge always parallel with XY plane while slope is always along X-axis)

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Select the wedge icon or type wedge Specify first corner, other corners (@40, 60, 0), and height

5. Sphere Select the sphere icon or type sphere Specify center point and radius

6. Torus Select the torus icon or type torus Specify center point Specify radius of torus and radius of tube

7. Extrude Draw a rectangle (the object should lies on X-Y plane) Select the extrude icon or type extrude Select the rectangle (objet) Specify the height of rectangle

Moving Solids 1. Rotate 3D Type rotate3d Select object (rectangle) Type 2p Specify 1
st nd

and 2

points of axis

2nd point 1st point

Type angle of rotation 25

2. Mirror 3D Type mirror3d Select object and click enter Type 3 points Click the 3 points location Type N

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Boolean Operation Commands 1. Union (join 2 or more objects) Type union Select object and click enter

2. Subtract (subtract 1 set of solid from another) Type subtract Select the object that you want to keep and click enter Select the object to remove and click enter

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3. Intersect (creates a solid of intersection (common volume) from selected solids) Type intersect Select all desired solids and click enter

4. Chamfer Type chamfer Select solid at desired edge and click enter Specify base surface chamfer and the other surface chamfer, click enter Select edges to be chamfered and click enter

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5. Fillet Type fillet Select object (desired edge to fillet) Specify radius value and click enter

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LESSON 9 SECTIONAL VIEW

Objective This topic enables the student to learn the concept of sectional view

Learning Outcome The student is able to produce the sectional view drawing

Section View A section view is a view of the interior of an object after it has been imaginary cut open to reveal the objects inner details. Hatch lines (section lines) are drawn in the section view to indicate the solid material that has been cut through. For mechanical drawings, a cutting plane line is drawn in an adjacent view to the section view to indicate the plane that imaginary cuts through the object. Arrows on each end of the cutting plane line indicate the line of sight for section view. A thick dashed or phantom line should be used for cutting plane line

Exercise

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